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Axles Training PDF
Axles Training PDF
TRAMMING CIRCUIT
MACHINES WITH AXLES
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1 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
The tramming circuit is of “hydrostatic close loop type”.
Hydraulic motor
This circuit consist of a variable displacement double way pump and
A B one hydraulic motor.
Neutral position: the pump is driven by the Diesel engine, due to pump
in neutral position there is no flow delivered at either outlet of the pump.
Therefore the motor is not running, the machine does not move.
Hydraulic pump
A B
One way tramming: the pump supplies flow out of the port B to the port
B of the hydraulic motor.
The motor in now running, the machine moves.
Reverse direction: from the pump flow is now supplied from the opposite
outlet port A.
The motor runs in the opposite direction, the machine moves in reverse.
NOTE: most of the oil is recycled from the pump to the motor then back
to the pump.
CAUTION: avoid contamination within the circuit so as to prevent
particles of foreign material to be recirculating many times in the H.P.
loop circuit
2 TRAMMING PUMP
M1 M2 Centre de gravité
Center of gravity
Valve multifonctions
Multifunction valve
M6
L2 M3
FILTRE
FILTER
C1
M4
A B
M5
C2
L1 S Limiteur de gavage
Charge pressure relief
Ports:
- A: High pressure outlet
- B: high pressure outlet
- S: suction inlet
- M1, M2: High pressure ports, should be connected to the shuttle valve for H.P. testing purpose.
- M4, M5: servo-control trouble shooting test points.
- M3: charge pressure outlet port
AIR COOLER
SHUTTLE VALVE
FILTER
MULTI-FUNCTION
VALVE
CHARGE PRESSURE
SERVO
RELIEF
CONTROL
SERVO CYLINDER
Note: depending on machine model the high pressure test point could be located at the pump or at
the motor.
3 BASIC PRINCIPLE
Hydraulic motor and pump consist of a variable displacement piston type controls by a swash plate.
Swash plate moves due to the servo-cylinder which is controlled by a n hydraulic valve named
servo-control valve. Servo-control valves used pilot pressure to operate.
- Hydraulic pump pilot pressure supplied by the charge pump.
- Hydraulic motor pilot pressure supplied by the flushing loop device.
4 OVERALL CIRCUIT
M1 M2
HYDRAULIC MOTOR
M3
M5
M4 X1
M7
B0
M6 M8
22b
L
L
A B
TRAMMING LEVER
A B
T P
cp> 2b
P
A T PUMP
A B
1
BRAKE CIRCUIT
3 2 M3
front
M6
25b
C2
BRAKES C1
M4
rear
M5
5 CHARGE CIRCUIT
5/1 LUBRICATION FUNCTION
cp> 2b
A B
M3
MULTI-FUNCTION
M6 VALVE
C2
CHARGE CIRCUIT C1
FILTER M4 RELIEF VALVE
M5
CHARGE PUMP
While engine is running if the machine is not moving, the pump does not deliver flow at either main
lines A or B.
First purpose of the charge circuit is to supply a minimum of 10b of pressure in any conditions of use
to lubricate all internal moving parts.
Hydraulic fresh oil from the tank enters the pump at the suction port S.
The charge pump (internal gear type) is linked to the main shaft therefore it runs at the same speed
as the main pump (engine RPM).
At the outlet of the charge pump, oil is directed to the filter then to the charge relief valve.
NOTE: on new pump, engine at full 2300 RPM, the charge pressure should be 25b.
NOTE: The outlet of the charge pressure relief valve flows directly into the housing of the pump.
This is used for cooling all components with fresh oil. From the pump housing drain port L, drain flow
is directed to the tank through the Diesel engine air cooler then directly to tank without filtration to
prevent building up of back pressure.
Due to this cooling circuit a large flow can be seen at the drain line. That does not means that the
tramming component are leaking or worn out.
Charge pressure is directed to the multi-function valves. Those include a check valve function which
allows charge pressure to be directed to both main lines A and B.
Charge pressure lubricates pistons, bronze pads in contact to the swash plate and the distributor
plate.
A B
M3
M6
C2
C1
M4
M5
When the operator uses the tramming lever, a pressure is directed for example to the servo control
pilot port C2.
The servo-valve spool shifts. Charge pressure is then directed to the servo-cylinder. The swash
plate rotates giving stroke to the pistons. There is now flow at the main line B.
Hydraulic motor is running.
Note that due to the highest pressure in line B, the check valve of the multi-function valve B is
closed.
The opposite check valve of multi-function valve A is still open. Charge pressure can flow into the
main line A.
MOTOR
CASE DRAIN
cp> 2b
A B
M3
M6
C2
C1
M4
M5
PUMP
DRAIN
While tramming, both motor and pump are working at high pressure. Tramming pressure range 80b
up to 350b.
There is internal leakage at the motor and pump. Those leakages flow to the case drain lines.
The flow returning from the motor back to the pump is not equal to the flow at the H.P. outlet port. In
the example shown, the flow in line B is greater then the flow in line A, due to the motor internal
leakage.
To prevent vacuum which damage components, the charge pump will make up the amount of oil lost
into the drain line. The charge pressure flows through the multi-function check valve A into the main
line A.
A B
T P
cp> 2b
A B
M3
M6
C2
C1
M4
M5
cp> 2b
brakes CONTROL P
VALVE
A T
A B
1
SAFETY
sequence
valve 3 2 M3
front
M6
C2
BRAKE
BRAKES
cylinders C1
M4
rear
M5
6 HYDRAULIC MOTOR
Variable displacement type
SERVO-CONTROL
VALVE
HYDRAULIC MOTOR
M1 M2
DISPLACEMENT
CONTROL VALVE
M3
M5
M4 X1
SERVO
CYLINDER
M7
B0
M6 M8
22b
L
L
A B
7 FLUSHING CIRCUIT
Hydraulic motor
M1 M2 CONTROL VALVE
SOLENOID VALVE
M3
M5
M4 X1
M7
B0
M6 M8
22b
L
L
A B
To prevent over heating of the oil circulating in the main lines and to replace by fresh and clean oil
some amount of oil, the hydraulic motor includes a flushing circuit.
HIGH PRESSURE CIRCUIT (example line A)
While tramming, the high pressure runs the motor, a pilot line is directed to the selector valve
shifting the spool over. High pressure is also directed to the control valve through the needle valve.
NOTE: if the solenoid is not energized high pressure is directed to the servo cylinder. The hydraulic
motor runs in reduced displacement, high speed, lower torque.
Gauge shows the H. pressure at the port M5.
WARNING: WHEN CHECKING HIGH PRESSURE LINES USE A 600b GAUGE.
The flushing pressure controlled by the relief valve can be tested by connecting a 60b gauge at the
port M6.
CASE DRAIN CIRCUIT
The total drain flow combines the internal leakage from the motor itself plus the flushing flow.
From the drain port L, drain flow is directed to the pump housing.
NOTE: The total drain flow directed to the air cooler includes:
- hydraulic motor: internal leakage + flushing flow
- hydraulic pump: internal leakage + charge pressure relief valve return flow.
8 SPEED RANGE
M1 M2
M3
M5
22b
M4 X1
B0 M7
M6 M8
22b
L
L
A B
The solenoid valve is used to select the high or slow speed range.
High speed range: the motor displacement is reduced, torque is reduced, the RPM increased.
Low speed range: maximum displacement, maximum torque, low RPM.
This schematic shows the circuit when the solenoid valve is energized to achieve low speed range.
A 22b pilot pressure connected at the outlet of the selector valve is now directed to the control valve
through the solenoid valve.
The control valve spool shifts in the position shown.
From the needle valve, H.P is directed to the top chamber of the servo-cylinder through the control
valve.
Operators should always use the low range in congested area to ensure a low speed, in the inclines
to reduce the pressure level needs to move the machine. Using high range in inclines will increase
the pressure resulting in higher working temperature, faster wear of tramming components.
9 MULTI-FUNCTION VALVE
9/1 NEUTRAL POSITION
C
D
B
Pilot
H.P.
A: body of the cartridge
B: main nut
C: adjusting screw lock-nut
D: relief valve adjusting screw
H.P.: main line
Charge
circuit
SPRING
Pilot
Charge
circuit
H.P.
The high pressure flows through the orifice at the bottom of the spool E, both sides of the spool are
pressurized as well as the poppet F.
When the pressure reaches the setting of the valve, the poppet moves upward allowing oil to flow to
the pilot channel.
This channel been connected to the opposite area of the servo-cylinder, the pump will be destroked
automatically.
The large spring is used to set the relief valve pressure which forces on the poppet F.
MULTIFUNCTION VALVE
detail
Undo, 3 to 4 revolutions counter clockwise both multi-function cartridge bodies A. The cartridge is
no longer in contact with pump body allowing free flow from port H.P. to the charge circuit.
NOTE: the relief valve setting is not modified during this process
EXISTING
3 HOSE
4 1
5 2
10
8
11
charge pressure INLET
FILTER
OUTLET
H.P. PERCUSSION
B FILTER
7 9
During the 600 hours main scheduled maintenance, or every 6 month, we strongly recommend to
proceed with a major hydrostatic cleaning high pressure circuit.
Ensure by an hydraulic oil analysis that the oil contained in the tank matches the minimum quality
requirement
Check for:
- water %
- foreign metal particles
- sand or dust
Replace the hydraulic oil if needed.
NOTE: When hydraulic oil analysis is done on regular bases, that indicates premature wearing of
components. Example: bronze particles shows that the pump piston bronze pads start to wear.
Cleaning the circuit and/or replacing contaminated oil will prevent premature failure of costly
components.