Name: ABDULQADEER, Nuryasmine Date: January 27, 2020

JUNGCO, Marvie
SANTOS, Cresta
TUBISE, Raquel
UMALI, Alelei
UY, Jastinne
Grade and Section: 12-Pascal

REPORT PLAN
1. Title of the topic
a. Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene Epoch : The Cenozoic Period

2. Objectives (at least 2)

a. By the end of the lesson, the students should know the Cenozoic Period
b. For the students of 12-Pascal to be able to identify and differentiate the different
epochs of the Cenozoic Period

3. Strategies
a. Use of technology
- The reporters will use a PowerPoint presentation of the different
topics that will be discussed. It would show all the necessary
information that the reporters will talk about, so it won’t be hard
for the other students to follow throughout the discussion.

b. Flat materials
- The reporters will use a Manila paper to show the class, what the
timeline of the Cenozoic Period is.
c. Games
- As an energizer, the reporters will use the application Kahoot!, and
Present different questions that may be related to the lesson. The
whole class will play this game by group.
 4. Reports
PALEOCENE
Paleocene Epoch, also spelled Palaeocene Epoch, first major worldwide division of rocks and time of the Paleogene
Period, spanning the interval between 66 million and 56 million years ago. The Paleocene Epoch was preceded by
the Cretaceous Period and was followed by the Eocene Epoch. The Paleocene is subdivided into three ages and
their corresponding rock stages: the Danian, Selandian, and Thanetian.

Marine rocks of Paleocene age are relatively limited in occurrence, and as a consequence much of the information
about this epoch comes from terrestrial deposits. The most complete picture of Paleocene terrestrial life and
environments is afforded by the rock record of North America; elsewhere, Paleocene animals, especially mammals,
are lacking or rare or are only of late Paleocene age. Prominent faunal remains of the late Paleocene Epoch are
known from the regions of Cernay, France; Gashato, Mongolia; and the Chico River of Patagonian Argentina.

The first known supposed primates date to about 60 million years ago, as complete skulls and partial postcranial
skeletons are available for the genera Plesiadapis, Ignacius, and Palaechthon from Europe and North America. The
skulls show a number of dental specializations, including, in the case of Plesiadapis, procumbent rodentlike incisors
in the upper and lower jaw and the absence of other antemolar teeth, though the molar teeth show more
plausible primate affinities. Recent finds of limb bones, especially finger bones, of Ignacius and other genera have
suggested that some, perhaps all, of these Paleocene supposed primates may actually belong to the order
Dermoptera, whose only living representative is the gliding colugo (“flying lemur”) of Southeast Asia.

Terrestrial Life During the Paleocene Epoch

Mammals- Contrary to popular belief, mammals didn't suddenly appear on the planet after the dinosaurs went
extinct; small, mouselike mammals coexisted with dinosaurs as far back as the Triassic period (at least one
mammalian genus, Cimexomys, actually straddled the Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary). The mammals of the
Paleocene epoch weren't much larger than their predecessors, and only barely hinted at the forms they would
later attain: for example, the distant elephant ancestor Phosphatherium only weighed about 100 pounds, and
Plesidadapis was an extremely early, extremely small primate. Frustratingly, most mammals of the Paleocene
epoch are known only by their teeth, rather than well-articulated fossils.

Birds- If you were somehow transported back in time to the Paleocene epoch, you might be forgiven for
concluding that birds, rather than mammals, were destined to inherit the earth. During the late Paleocene, the
fearsome predator Gastornis (once known as Diatryma) terrorized the small mammals of Eurasia, while the very
first "terror birds," equipped with hatchet-like beaks, began to evolve in South America. Perhaps not surprisingly,
these birds resembled small meat-eating dinosaurs, as they evolved to fill that suddenly vacant ecological niche

Reptiles- Paleontologists still aren't sure why crocodiles managed to survive the K/T Extinction, while their closely
related dinosaur brethren bit the dust. In any case, prehistoric crocodiles continued to flourish during the
Paleocene epoch, as did snakes--as evidenced by the truly enormous Titanoboa, which measured about 50 feet
from head to tail and may have weighed more than a ton. Some turtles, too, attained giant sizes, as witness
Titanoboa's contemporary in the swamps of South America, the one-ton Carbonemys.

Marine Life During the Paleocene Epoch

Dinosaurs weren't the only reptiles that went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. Mosasaurs, the fierce,
sleek marine predators, also disappeared from the world's oceans, along with the last straggling remnants of
plesiosaurs and pliosaurs. Filling the niches vacated by these voracious reptilian predators were prehistoric sharks,
which had existed for hundreds of millions of years but now had the room to evolve to truly impressive sizes. The
teeth of the prehistoric shark Otodus, for example, are a common find in Paleocene and Eocene sediments.

Plant Life During the Paleocene Epoch

A huge number of plants, both terrestrial and aquatic, were destroyed in the K/T Extinction, victims of the
enduring lack of sunlight (not only did these plants succumb to darkness, but so did the herbivorous animals that
fed on the plants and the carnivorous animals that fed on the herbivorous animals). The Paleocene epoch
witnessed the very first cactuses and palm trees, as well as a resurgence of ferns, which were no longer harassed
by plant-munching dinosaurs. As in preceding epochs, much of the world was covered by thick, green jungles and
forests, which thrived in the heat and humidity of the late Paleocene climate.

THE PALEOCENE CLIMATE

The Paleocene climate was, much like in the Cretaceous, tropical or subtropical,and the poles were temperate and
ice free with an average global temperature of roughly 24–25 °C (75–77 °F).For comparison , the average global
temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F).

Global deep water temperatures in the Paleocene likely ranged from 8–12 °C (46–54 °F), compared to 0–3 °C (32–
37 °F) in modern day.Based on the upper limit, average sea surface temperatures at 60°N and S would have been
the same as deep sea temperatures, at 30°N and S about 23 °C (73 °F), and at the equator about 28 °C (82 °F),
which is comparable to modern day.

3 Ages of Paleocene Epoch

Danian Stage, lowermost and oldest division of Paleocene rocks, representing all rocks deposited worldwide during
the Danian Age (66 million to 61.6 million years ago) of the Paleogene Period (66 million to 23 million years ago).
The Danian Stage is named for exposures in Denmark, in which great quantities of Danian limestones are exposed
and quarried.

The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) in
1991 and located 7 km (4 miles) west of the town of El-Kef, Tunisia, marks the base of this stage and thus the base
of both the Paleogene Period and Cenozoic Era. The lower boundary of the Danian Stage also coincides with the
Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-P) boundary. The upper boundary of the Danian coincides with the top of the zone of the
foraminiferans (pseudopod-using unicellular organisms protected by a test or shell) Praemurcia uncinata and
Morozovella angulata and the first appearance of Globoconusa conusa.

Selandian Stage, also spelled Seelandian Stage, division of Paleocene rocks, representing all rocks deposited
worldwide during the Selandian Age (61.6 million to 59.2 million years ago) of the Paleogene Period (66 million to
23 million years ago). The Selandian Stage is named for marine strata in the Seeland region of Denmark.

The lower boundary of the Selandian Stage is approximately coincident with the first appearance of the
foraminiferan (pseudopod-using unicellular organism protected by a test or shell) Morozovella angulata. The
upper boundary of the Selandian Stage lies within the zone of the dinoflagellate (single-celled, aquatic organism
with two dissimilar flagellae and exhibiting traits of both plants and animals) microfossil Alisocysta margarita. The
Selandian Stage overlies the Danian Stage and underlies the Thanetian Stage.
 Thanetian Stage, uppermost division of Paleocene rocks, representing all rocks deposited worldwide during the
Thanetian Age (59.2 million to 56 million years ago) of the Paleogene Period (66 million to 23 million years ago).
The Thanetian Stage is named for the Thanet Sands, Isle of Thanet, Kent, England.

The lower boundary of the Thanetian Stage is coincident with the first occurrence of the calcareous
nannoplankton (a single-celled, photosynthetic organism with a shell made up of calcium carbonate plates called
coccoliths) Areoligeria gippingensis. The upper boundary (equivalent to the boundary between the Paleocene and
Eocene epochs) is coincident with the first appearance of the dinoflagellate (single-celled, aquatic organisms with
two dissimilar flagellae and exhibiting traits of both plants and animals) Apectodinium augustum. The Thanetian
Stage overlies the Selandian Stage and precedes the Ypresian Stage.

Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

(PETM), also called Initial Eocene Thermal Maximum (IETM), a short interval of maximum temperature lasting
approximately 100,000 years during the late Paleocene and early Eocene epochs (roughly 55 million years ago).
The interval was characterized by the highest global temperatures of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the
present).

Although the underlying causes are unclear, some authorities associate the PETM with the sudden release of
methane hydrates from ocean sediments (see methane burp hypothesis) triggered by a massive volcanic eruption.
The onset of the PETM was rapid, occurring within a few thousand years, and the ecological consequences were
large, with widespread extinctions in both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Sea surface and continental air
temperatures increased by more than 5 °C (9 °F) during the transition into the PETM. Sea surface temperatures in
the high-latitude Arctic may have been as warm as 23 °C (73 °F), comparable to modern subtropical and warm-
temperate seas.

EOCENE
 began 56 million years ago and ended 33.9 million years ago
 Eocene rocks have a worldwide distribution. The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) has
recognized several stages and their temporal equivalents (ages) on the basis of characteristic rocks and
fossils; they are, from earliest to latest, the Ypresian, Lutetian, Bartonian, and the Priabonian.
 The name Eocene is derived from the Greek eos, for “dawn,” referring to the appearance and
diversification of many modern groups of organisms, especially mammals and mollusks.
 Archaic primate forms from the Paleocene Epoch declined during the Eocene as many of their
ecological niches were usurped by the more-efficient rodents
The Eocene is often divided into:
a.Early (56 million to 47.8 million years ago)
 fossil remains of plants and animals believed to inhabit warm environments were found at
much higher latitudes and the poles had little or no ice.
 high carbon dioxide levels, inferred to be between 1,000 and 2,000 parts per million because of
increased volcanic activity
 It was an important time of plate boundary rearrangement, in which the patterns of spreading
centers and transform faults were changed, causing significant effects on oceanic and
atmospheric circulation and temperature.
b. Middle (47.8 million to 38 million years ago)
 The decline of tropical habitats is thought to have begun during the middle Eocene in the interior of
North America
 the separation of Antarctica and Australia created a deep water passage between those two continents,
creating the circum-Antarctic Current. This changed oceanic circulation patterns and global heat
transport, resulting in a global cooling event observed at the end of the Eocene.
 Vertebrate groups arising during the Middle Eocene were not as widespread as those of the early
Eocene

c. Late (38 million to 33.9 million years ago) epochs.

 the new ocean circulation resulted in a significantly lower mean annual temperature, with greater
variability and seasonality worldwide. The lower temperatures and increased seasonality drove
increased body size of mammals, and caused a shift towards increasingly open savanna-like
vegetation, with a corresponding reduction in forests.
 North American and European groups once again came into contact with one another
start of the Eocene is marked by the appearance of two new groups of animals:
a. the perissodactyls or odd-toed ungulates
-a group of herbivorous mammals characterized by the possession of either one or three hoofed
toes on each hindfoot.
-includes the horses, asses, and zebras, the tapirs, and the rhinoceroses.

b. the artiodactyls or even-toed

- Native artiodactyls are absent only from the polar regions and from Australasia, but many have
been introduced into Australia and New Zealand.
- includes pigs, peccaries, hippopotamuses, camels, chevrotains, deer, giraffes, pronghorn,
antelopes, sheep, goats, and cattle.
- It is one of the larger mammal orders, containing about 200 species, a total that may be somewhat
reduced with continuing revision of their classification
* Today there are far fewer species of perissodactyls than artiodactyls, and most of the species still
living are endangered, especially the rhinoceroses, the tapirs, and two of the three species of zebras
 The Eocene Epoch marks the first appearance in the fossil record of the two completely marine
mammal groups:
a. cetaceans (whales, porpoises, and dolphins)
-the ancient Greeks recognized that cetaceans breathe air, give birth to live young, produce milk,
and have hair—all features of mammals.
- they use vertical strokes when they swim, instead of horizontal strokes
- evolved from four-legged (quadruped) terrestrial animals, for which limbs played a primary role
in movements, into virtually limbless aquatic creatures living in an environment where the back
muscles are more important
b. sirenians (akin to the modern manatees and dugongs)
- any of four large aquatic mammalian species now living primarily in tropical waters where food
plants grow
- they are believed to be the basis for the mermaid myth.
- Modern sirenians have two front limbs in the form of flippers but no hind limbs; even the pelvis
is vestigial, and there are no skeletal remnants of leg or foot bones at al

OLIGOCENE EPOCH
The Oligocene Epoch, right smack in the middle of the Tertiary Period (and end of the Paleogene), lasted from
about 33.9 to 23 million years ago.* Although it lasted a “short” 11 million years, a number of major changes
occurred during this time. These changes include the appearance of the first elephants with trunks, early horses,
and the appearance of many grasses — plants that would produce extensive grasslands in the following epoch, the
Miocene.

Paleogeography

During this period, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Antarctica became more
isolated and finally developed an ice cap.

Flora

Angiosperms continued their expansion throughout the world as tropical and sub-tropical forests were replaced by
temperate deciduous forests. Open plains and deserts became more common and grasses expanded from their
water-bank habitat in the Eocene moving out into open tracts. However, even at the end of the period grass was
not quite common enough for modern savannas.(Haines)

3 Periods of Oligocene

 The early Oligocene was marked by a multitude of different events ranging from the appearance of new
groups such as elephants to the decline in taxonomic diversity in middle- and high-latitude forests. “Micro-
mammals” experienced a period of diversification, as did the marsupials in Australia. This period was also
marked by a relative free change of animals among northern continents, as evidenced by the similarity in
vertebrate faunas.
 The mid-Oligocene was marked by a worldwide marine regression; this included a decline in the total number
of marine species. On land, the first of the open grassland faunas appeared in Mongolia while in North
America, microthermal broad-leaved deciduous forests extended further into southern regions typified before
by evergreen species and for the first time in history covered vast regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
  The late Oligocene was marked by the expansion of grasslands and prairies that were intimately linked to the
expansion of grazing animals. Grasses and composites increased in abundance on the global scale, and humid
forests became increasingly common in the southern parts of South America. Horses experienced a period of
diversification; anatomical modifications in horses indicate an increase in cursoriality compared to more
primitive ancestors. Primitive beavers appeared and the earliest of the New World monkeys inhabited South
America.

5. References
Paleogene Period. (n.d.). National Geographic. Retrieved from
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/paleogene/
The paleocene eocene thermal maximum. (n. d.). Retrieved from
https://sites.google.com/site/thepaleoceneeocenethermalmaxim/1-when-was-the-paleocene-
The Oligocene Epoch. (n.d.). Retieved from https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/tertiary/oligocene.php
_____(n.d.) Eocene Epoch. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/Eocene-
Epoch#ref44392
_____(n.d.) The Eocene Epoch. Retrieved from https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/tertiary/eocene.php
_____(2011). How hot was the Eocene Earth. Retrieved from https://www.astrobio.net/geology/how-
hot-was-the-eocene-earth/
_____(n.d.). Early Eocene Period – 54 to 48 Million Years Ago Retrieved from
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/global-warming/early-eocene-period
Montes,C. (2012). Evidence for middle Eocene and younger land emergence in central Panama:
Implications for Isthmus closure. Retrieved from
https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/124/5-6/780/125806/Evidence-for-
middle-Eocene-and-younger-land?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Gentry, A. (2019). Artiodactyls. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/animal/artiodactyl
Mead, J. (n.d.). Cetacean. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/animal/cetacean
Oshea, T. (n.d.). Sirenian. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/animal/sirenian

6. Quiz
Questions: EOCENE EPOCH
1. When did Eocene period began
2. The name Eocene is derieved from the word ________ referring to the appearance and diversification
of many modern groups of organisms
3. What are the 4 stages of rocks during the Eocene epoch
4. Name the 3 stages of Eocene epoch
5. What stage during the Eocene epoch does fossil remains of plants and animals believed to inhabit
warm environments
6. A group of herbivorous mammals during Eocene epoch characterized by the possession of either one
or three hoofed toes on each hindfoot.
a. Artiodactyls b.perissodactyls c.cetacians d.sirenians
7. These are virtually limbless aquatic creatures of Eocene epoch living in an environment where the
back muscles are more important
a. Artiodactyls b.perissodactyls c.cetacians d.sirenians
8. Any of four large aquatic mammalian species during Eocene epoch now living primarily in tropical
waters where food plants grow whom are believed to be the basis for the mermaid myth.
 a. Artiodactyls b.perissodactyls c.cetacians d.sirenians
9. This is a stage in Eocene epoch where the separation of Antarctica and Australia happened
a. Early b.middle c.late d. none of the above
10. A stage in Eocene epoch where North American and European groups once again came into contact
with one another
a. Early b.middle c.late d. none of the above

Answers: EOCENE EPOCH

1. 56 million years ago

2. Dawn
3. Ypresian, Lutetian, Bartonian, and the Priabonian
4. Early, middle, late
5. Early
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. B
10. C

Question: OLIGOCENE EPOCH

1. During this period, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions.
a. Paleocene b. Eocene c. Oligocene d. Tertiary
2. How many years did Oligocene Epoch lasted?
3. What plant continued their expansion throughout the world as tropical and sub-tropical forests were
replaced by temperate deciduous forests?
a. Angiosperms b. Gymnosperm c. Eudicots d. Dicotyledon
4. What type of animal experienced a period of diversification?
5. This period was marked by a relative free change of animals among northern continents.
6. An animal that experienced an anatomical modifications that increases in cursoriality compared to
more primitive ancestors.
7. What New World animal inhabited South America?
8. This period was marked by a worldwide marine regression.
a. Tertiary period b. Early oligocene c. Mid oligocene d. Late oligocene
9. Where did the first of the open grassland faunas appeared?
a. North America b. South America c. Antarctica d. Mongolia
10. This period was marked by the expansion of grasslands and prairies that were intimately linked to the
expansion of grazing animals.
a. Tertiary period b. Early oligocene c. Mid oligocene d. Late oligoce
Answers: OLIGOCENE EPOCH

1. C
2. 11 Million Years
3. A
4. Micro-mammals
5. Early Oligocene
6. Horse
7. Monkey
8. C
9. D
10. D

Question: PALEOCENE EPOCH

1. The temperature during the paleocene epoch ranged from _____ to _____?
A. 26 °C; 28 °C B. 8 °C; 10 °C C. 25 °C; 26 °C D. 11 °C; 12 °C
2. The paleocene epoch saw the reemergence of the _____ due to the _____.
A. ferns; disappearance of dinosaurs B. cacti; increase of the earth's globale average temperature’
C. rodents; absence of natural predators D. arachnids; changing of the global climate
3. During archaeological activities, this prehistoric shark was commonly found to be from the Paleocene
epoch. What is it?
A. Cladoselache B. Acanthodia C. Ptychodus D. Otodus
4. Paleocene rock records are mainly found in what region of the world?
A. Africa B. Eurasia C. North America D. South America
5. The Paleocene epoch is divided into three ages. This is based from their corresponding _____.
A. unique geological features B. rock stages C. fossils D. state of the fauna and flora
6. The three Ages in the Paleocene epoch are (in order):
A. Miocene, Paleocene, Pliocene B. Paleocene, Eocene, Pleistocene
C. Eocene, Paleocene, Oligocene D. Oligocene, Eocene, Paleocene
True or False
7. The ancestor of elephants, the Phosphaterium, weighs about 150 pounds.
8. Animals, particularly mammals, from the Paleocene epoch are mostly known from their teeth.
9. The bird Gastornis, the so-called “terror bird”, evolved not in the regions of Euroasia but in Africa due to
migration.
10.Reptiles and dinosaurs were the primary targets of extinction during the period before the Paleocene
epoch.

Answers: PALEOCENE EPOCH

1. C.
2. A.
3. D.
4. C.
5. B.
6. D.
7. False
8. True
9. False
10. False