Vem12 - Goats

VEM 012
Ruminant Production and Herd Health Management
Basic Biology of Goats,

Terminology, Breeds,
Nutrition and Management
PREPARED BY:
MARI DENISE AMPHY A. LAYOLA, DVM
-Associate Professor 1-
VEM12- GOATS Page 1 of 104

TAXONOMY
goats Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia (Taxon entry)
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Genus: Capra
Species: Capra hircus
polytocous
viviparous
basic Even-toed ungulate
lips as main prehensile organ
biology Dental pads
Horns for both gender
"nonselective browsers"
Polytocous - Giving birth to multiple offspring at the same time
viviparous- bringing forth live young that have developed inside the body of the parent
ungulate- hoofed animals—which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their
five toes
Dental pads- feature of ruminant dental anatomy that results from a lack of upper incisors
and helps them gather large quantities of grass and other plant matter

inclined to forage or browse
from the top of a plant
how do downward
"nonselective browsers"
goats feed? because of their desire to
choose from a large variety of
vegetative types
Polytocous - Giving birth to multiple offspring at the same time
viviparous- bringing forth live young that have developed inside the body of the parent
ungulate- hoofed animals—which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their
five toes
Dental pads- feature of ruminant dental anatomy that results from a lack of upper incisors
and helps them gather large quantities of grass and other plant matter

reproductive
physiology
Male: billy or buck
Female: doe or nanny
Offspring: Kid (Kidding, Freshening)
Puberty onset
Male: 4-6 months
Female: 6-8 months to 12 months
breed dependent
Heat Duration (Standing heat): 5 to 36
hours average of 24 hours
Heat cycle 21 to 23 days (mean: 21
days)
Average gestation period is 150 days

Sexual behavior
Billy goats throw their head up in the air
and ventroflex their neck when they
ejaculate.
They also frequently urinate on their front
legs, which they then rub on the doe as part
of the courtship ritual.
The scent of female urine is important and
is transported into the vomeronasal organ
during flehmen.

Economics of
Goat Production
poor man’s cows

Goat Production
Production systems:
Extensive
Semi-intensive
Intensive
Production purposes:
Meat
Milk
Both
Hair

Extensive production system
"large areas to feed the animals, with a low animal density"
uses soils of poor agricultural
ability, located in mountainous
areas with large rainfall or in
areas of low rainfall,
sometimes with extreme
temperatures
use of natural resources,
made by goat breeds that
are perfectly adapted to the
environment, very rustic, but
with low productivity.

Intesive production system
"decrease in grazing dependence and an increase in the use of concentrated feeds"
a high density or animal

concentration per area
unit, under reproductive
and sanitary control, and
the feeding process
includes advanced
technologies
require higher feed and
labor resources

Breeds of
Goats

Types of Goats
Meat type - for meat and superior
average daily gain
Dairy type - Superior lactation and
reproductive longevity
Material Type - for mohair and fiber
production

BOER
Africander, South African common
goat
Angora x Indian goat
Meat-type
Physical appearance
Ears: long & pendulous
Horns: short and curved to the
head
Large-frames body
Highly resistant to diseases
Docile
Average daily gain: 200g/day in
feedlot
Extended breeding season - 3
kidding every 2 years

BOER

Spanish goat

Spanish goat
“Brush goat” or “Scrub goat”
Origin: Spain
Meat & brush-clearing type
Physical appearance
Medium-sized and lanky
in body conformation
Horns: long & twisty
Hardy breed can thrive in
difficult environment.
long, of
ten t
horns wisty

La Mancha
Origin: Oregon, USA
Dairy breed
Physical appearance
Distinct: gopher ears or elf ears
(what is the difference
between the two?)
Coat: short and glossy
Straight face
All-around sturdy animal that can
withstand harsh environment.
High fat and protein content in milk
Can be milked for two years
without being freshened.
The "gopher ear" is described as follows: an approximate maximum length of one inch but
preferably non-existent and with very little or no cartilage. The end of the ear must be
turned up or down. This is the only type of ear which will make buck eligible for
registration.
The "elf ear" is described as follows: an approximate maximum length of two inches is
allowed, the end of the ear must be turned up or turned down and cartilage shaping the
small ear is allowed.

La Mancha

Anglo-Nubian
Developed in England
cross between British
goats w/ buck of African
& Indian origin
Meat, milk & hide
heavy milker
high average butter fat
(4-5%)
Physical appearance:
Aristocratic appearance
Roman nose
Pendulous ears

Anglo-Nubian

Toggenburg Origin: Switzerland (Toggenburg Valley)
Oldest known dairy goat breed
Physical appearance
white ears with dark spot in middle;
two white stripes down the face
from above each eye to the muzzle;
hindlegs white from hocks to
hooves, forelegs whitefrom knees
downward wth dark band
White triangle on either side of the
tail
hair is short or medium
Sturdy, vigorous and alert in
appearance
Excellent udder development & high
milk production
Fat content: 3.7%

Alpine Breeds
British-Alphine, French-Alpine
Origin: French Alps
Physical appearance
Ears: medium size, fine textured,
and preferably erect
Hair: short hair, bucks have a
roachof long hair along the
spine
Color: fawn, gray, brown, black,
red, buff, piebald
Straight face, roman nose
Milking breed
Low fat content (3.4%) -
compare to Saanen &
Toggenburg
Peak period of milk productions:
after 4-6wks of kidding
Docile temperament

Alpine Breeds

Saanen Goat
Origin: Switzerland
Medium to large in size
Ears are erect and alertly carried
White or light cream in color
Face: straightor dished
Sensitive to excessive sunlight
Docile, respods quickly to afffection
Best in cooler conditions
Heavy milk producers
3-4% milk fat

Saanen Goat

Philippine Native Goat
Originated from Katjang breed
Meat poduction
fine hair variety: black or
brown and may have a
white belt, usually horned
coarse-hair: cream, tan,
light brown & polled
Small & stocky: 15-30kg

Other goat breeds
Pygmy - small, compact and stockily built
Damascus goat - good producer of both milk and meat
Angora - produces the lustrous fibre known as mohair
Jamnapari - both milk and meat
Hejazi - used for the production of meat
Oberhasli - modern American breed of dairy goat
Cashmere - type of goat that produces cashmere wool
Nachi goat - dancing goat breed

Foundation of
Breeding stock
& Breeding of
Goats

Choosing a
foundation stock
Choose goat breeds adoptable to the
Philippines
One must consider the climate and how
the animal will thrive in the condition
refrain from utilizing breeds that only
perform well in cold areas or regions and
rather opt for breeds that thrive well in
sub- and tropical conditions.

Three Criteria in choosing goat
with reproductive performances
A. Physical
B. Productive
C. Reproductive

Breeding Soundness
in Does
When are you going to perform the
examination? Only when...
The doe does not get pregnant during
breeding season
Examine the for abnormalities:
Enlarged clitoris
Hypotrophic vulva
Adhesions
Fistulas
intersex

Attributes to consider for
breeding nannies/does
Breeding occurs at around 8 months
at least 20 kilos
Minimum of 2 services for new does
Monitor 19-24 days after mating for
signs of heat
Always record the nannies mating cycle so
one could prepare for kidding
Good leg conformity
Well-formed udders with good
attachment.
High average daily gain (AVG)
High milk production

Reason for
Pregnancy failure
Poor quality of the billy semen
Abnormal ovum
Miss timing of mating
Hormone imbalance
Malnutrition
High ambient temperature
Obesity
Stress and injury
Infectious agent of the genital tract

Breeding soundness
in bucks
Cryptorchidism - common and
heritable
Assignment: Describe
Crytorchidism
Testicular degeneration -
common cause of fertility loss in
older bucks

Attributes to consider
for breeding bucks
The buck should be at the age of 8
months when being used
Weight requirement is at 25kg until
50kg as the bucks ages
Always consider the body
condition and over all size of the
bucks

for breeding bucks
Physical
Show masculinity, exhibit
adequate muscling
Head- should be masculine with a
broad, strong muzzle and horns
set far apart enough to not rap or
break legs of other goats
Neck- should smoothly flow into
wide, smooth shoulders

for breeding bucks
Physical
Body- should exhibit a masculine profile with a
heavier chest and forebody.
Should have good legs
Testicle - must have two large, well-formed,
functional, equal-sized testes in a single scrotum
Sperm production is related to the circumference
of the testicles. More semen is produced by bucks
with greater scrotal circumference.
Mature bucks - least 25 cm or 10 inches.
Young bucks- equal size and large for day of
age.

for breeding bucks

When to cull a buck
Abnormal testicles:
single testicle
testicles too small
diseased testes
excessive split in scrotum
The teat structure of the buck should
also be reviewed as the buck has a
large impact on the herd if his
daughters are retained as
replacements.

Artificial
Insemination

what you need to remember
Proper heat detection and/or hormonal
synchronization of the estrous cycle is essential.
Ovulation does occur toward the end of standing
estrus; therefore, insemination must occur around
this time to be effective.
The AM-PM rule is generally used.
Assignment: What is the AM-PM rule?

when to inseminate

Methods of insemination in
goats
1. Vaginal (pericervical deposition)
2. cervical (intracervical deposition)
3. Transcervical or laparoscopic intrauterine
insemination - for frozen semen sample

Advantages of AI
1. Allows goats of superior quality to proliferate
2. Increases the chance of reproduction for old billies
3. Removes the need for large billies
4. More hygienic and will conform with bio security
5. Reduces the cost of having billies in different
farms

Disadvantages of AI
1. Highly technical - needs train personnel to do the
procedure
2. Processing cost can be high
3. Needs careful planning and breeding records to
be successful
4. If AI is done wrongly it will facilitate the spread for
venereal disease
5. Cost of proper cold chain and storage of semen

Mating
Systems

Mating Systems
1. Inbreeding
2. Outbreeding
3. Crossbreeding

Crossbreeding
can be used for upgrading, i.e. moving from breed to
another, or “upgrading” from common stock to more
superior stock.
used in a perpetual system to produce market stock
and replacement females at the same time.
Two major factors make systematic crossbreeding

effective:
Combining the attributes of two or more breeds
Taking advantage of hybrid vigor

Crossbreeding systems
Rotational crossbreeding systems
Two-breed rotational system
Three-breed rotational system
Terminal sire systems
Static terminal-sire crossbreeding system
Static Terminal-Sire System
Rotational/terminal systems
Two-breed Spatial Rotational/Terminal System
Composites

Herd
Management &
Kidding

Gestation and Kidding
Length - 145–155 days (average
150 days)
first-kidding - one or two
kids
subsequent kiddings -
triplets and quadruplets

Gestation and Kidding
Good mothering ability - capability to
care and raise kids successfully
cleaning their kids by licking
immediately after kids are born.
Does bleat from time to time to
communicate and get the kids’
attention.
Keep their kids nearby and protect
them from other animals in the
herd.
Nourish their kids

Kidding management
1. Separate the female from the rest of the
herd 1 week before expecting parturition
2. Always keep correct breeding records to
promote predicting of parturition
3. Always clean and sanitize the area
before putting the pregnant doe in the
area
4. Always provide proper bedding and
lighting when parturition arrives

Signs of approaching
kidding
1. Enlarged udders and teats 2 months
before kidding
2. Does become nervous
3. She appears with a very hollow on both
side
4. Slight mucus discharge will appear a few
days before birth

Management of the
kid
1. Basic Management
a. Allow the kid to suckle colustrum it
acts both a laxative and internal
antiseptic (this will ensure
meconium removal)
2. Check the does udder after a few
hours
a. force the kid to suckle if udder is
full

Weaner and Grower
Management
1. Separate billy weanling from susceptible
and young does to prevent in breeding
2. Allocate a different paddock for
weanlings
3. Allow the 6-8 months old does to run with
the breeding herd
4. Culling of excess billies can be done
5. Allow non breed mature female does to
run with bucks

Care of Dairy Does
1. Minimize stress as much as
possible
2. Trim hair and maintain udder
hygiene as much as possible
3. Separate bucks from milking
herd to avoid milk taint

Basic goat nutrition
and feeding
management

Nutrition for goat
consume up to 6% of their live
weight
2 to 4% of their body weight
on a dry matter basis in feed
very large influence on flock
reproduction, milk production
and kid growth

Factors affecting the
nutritional requirements:
Maintenance
maintenance requirements increase as
the animals’ activity level increases
Growth
Pregnancy
Lactation
Fiber production
Activity
Environment
Goat require more feed to maintain
body heat in cold and severe weather

Water
unlimited access to fresh, clean, freely
accessible water
most essential nutrients needed
amount of intake is influence by the
moisture content of the diet
intake increase greatly during late
gestation and during lactation
A 50kg goat will require 3-12L of water
per day
A lactating goat will require an
additional 1 L of water for every 500ml
of milk produced

Water
Water should be kept clean to
encourage intake.
Safe levels in drinking water are as
follows (in parts per million): less
than 100 for nitrate nitrogen, or less
than 443 for nitrate ion, or less
than 607 for sodium nitrate.

Carbohydrate
principal source of calories or energy
Starch
Hemicellulose
Cellulose - fiber
Types:
Young plants -highly digestible & a high level of
energy
Older plants - poorly digested and only half the
energy
Crude fiber (CF)
Acid detergent fiber (ADF)
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)

Carbohydrate
amount of energy is derived from
rumen microbial activity and
amount of lignified cellulose
lower the fiber level = higher the
level of digestible energy
Source: cottonseed, corn, wheat
middlings, soybean hulls, soybean
meal and corn gluten feed

Carbohydrate
Energy
affected by age, body size, body condition,
stage of production
Best assessment of energy intake adequacy:
proper body condition
fat covering the loin, brisket, inner thigh, and ribs

Protein
Most expensive component of the goat diet
Most normal functions of the body, including maintenance,
growth, reproduction, lactation, hair production, and the
immune system
Amino acid: essential for building and repair of animal
tissue
excess protein: serve as energy source
Diet should have a minimum of 7% crude protein
Dietary crude protein requirements are higher for
growth, gestation, and lactation.

Protein

Protein
When feed is ingested by a goat, salivary enzymes initiate the digestion process
immediately. Upon
arrival in the rumen (the largest of the four stomachs), the feed is gre eted by literally
millions of micros copic
bacteria. These bacteria are the key to the nutritional well-being of a ruminant. In fact, it is
these
cellulose-digesting bacteria that enable a goat to digest leaves from woody plants, forbs
(weeds) and grass.
Bacteria in the rumen break down dietary proteins into individual amino acids. These
amino acids
are then used by the bacteria to construct bacterial protein and make more bacteria.
Bacteria are continuously being flushed out of the rumen, through the reticulum, to the
omasum
(where moisture is removed from the digesta) and finally to the abomasum or fourth
stomach .
The abomasum is similar to a monogastric (meaning one stomach; human, pig, chimp, etc.)
stomach . It is a very acidic environment. In the abomasum, the bacterial proteins are
broken down into
amino acids, which pass through the small intestine and in to the bloodstream.

Fat
Fats and oil are present in varying amounts.
consume some amount of fats while browsing
act as solvent for fat-soluble vitamins
disadvantage: susceptibility to partial oxidation or
rancidity→ unpalatable feeds

Mineral
inorganic elements essential for life and health
Two groups:
Macrominerals - required in larger amounts
Microminerals - required in traced amounts

macromineral

Calcium
found in high concentration sin leafy plant materials
absorbed in the small intestine with the aid of Vitamin D
Browsing or grain-fed goats- add calcium supplement
(dicalcium phosphate, limestone, etc) to the feed or to a
salt or trace mineral–salt mixture usually meets calcium
requirements.
Legumes (eg, clover, alfalfa, kudzu) are also good sources
of calcium.
Deficiency
Rickets- young animals
Osteomalacia- adults

Phosphorus
important in bone and teeth formation
activator in energy utilization by the animal
Ca:P ratio should be maintained between 1:1 and 2:1
because of their predisposition for urinary calculi
Deficiency: similar with Ca
Note: Goats can maintain milk production on phosphorus-deficient diets for several
weeks by using phosphorus from body reserves, but during long periods of phosphorus
deficiency, milk production was shown to decline by 60%.

Magnesium
adequate amount of this nutrient in grasses
goats do have marginal ability to compensate for low
magnesium by decreasing the amount of magnesium they
excrete
Deficiency:
hyper irritability
convulsion
death

Sodium
a necessary dietary component
important in regulation of body fluid, acid base balance
and osmotic pressure
Deficiency:
slow growth
reproductive failure
pica
Assignment: How to increase salt consumption?

Chlorine
major anion in the body fluids
major determinant of the osmotic pressure of ECF and is
of great importance in maintaining water balance in
animals
Deficiency:
unthrifty appearance
low appetite
loss in weight

Potassium
important role in metabolism
important in cell fluid volume, ph, osmotic pressure and
necessary for muscle contraction and normal heart
activity
Excessive potassium intake (particularly in late gestation)
may be associated with hypocalcemia in dairy goats.
Source: Alfafa

Sulfur
interacts with copper, molybdenum and selenium
component of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, some
vitamins and several hormones
Required in:
systemically, to meet the need for specific organic
compounds that the body cannot synthesize
ruminally, to meet the needs of ruminal microbes.
its requirements are difficult to predict.

micromineral

Iron
important in transport of CO2 from tissue to lungs
stored in the liver, spleen and bone marrow
Milk is very low in iron
Sources: Soil contamination on forages, iron sulfate,
forages
Deficiency:
poor growth
lethargy
increased respiratory rate

Copper
key role in synthesis of several enzymes and in
pigmentation
formation of red blood cells, hair pigmentation,
connective tissue and enzymes
normal immune system function and nerve conduction
Angora goats may be more sensitive to copper toxicity
than meat and dairy goats
Deficiency:
anemia, uncoordinated movement of hind legs,
staggering gait, swaying of hindquarters

Iodine
regulate energy metabolism and reproductive function
Deficiency:
Reduced growth
milk yield
pregnancy toxemia
reproductive problems (late-term abortion, hairless
fetus, retained placenta and weak kids)

Cobalt
Rumen microbes utilize cobalt for growth
Essential constituent of vitamin B12
Most natural feedstuffs contain adequate levels of cobalt.
If Co in diet is lower than 0.11ppm DM basis a deficiency
will occur.
Deficiency:
loss of appetite
anemia
decreased production
weakness

Zinc
Found in all animal tissue and is required by the immune
system and for normal skin growth
Essential for male reproduction
Sources: Bran and germ of cereals contain high levels of
zinc.
Deficiency:
hair loss, skin lesions, swollen feet, and poor hair
growth

Selenium
Interacts with other compounds (sulfur-containing amino
acid,
functions with vitamin E as an antioxidant
protecting cell membranes from oxidation
affects reproduction; and metabolism of copper,
cadmium, mercury, sulfur and vitamin E
More effective to provide selenium supplementation
through feed than by injection
Toxicity: unthriftiness, listlessness, emaciation, lameness,
liver cirrhosis, anemia and death

Other microminerals
Manganese
Important for bone formation, reproduction and
enzyme functioning
Deficiency symptoms: reluctance to walk, deformity of
forelegs, delayed onset of estrus, poor conception rate
and low birth weight
Molybdenum
used to treat copper toxicity in animals

Feeds for Goat

Roughages
cheapest source of nutrients for goats
fibrous herbage plants or by-products of agro-industrial
enterprise
fed with 2-3kg of fresh leaves
access to tree and shrub leaves also allows them to
consume compounds that may have antihelminthic and
chemotherapeutic effects
goats prefer shrubs and tree leaves

Pasture, forbs and browse are usually the primary and most economical source of
nutrients

Roughages
Grasses
Napier grass
Para grass
Guinea grass
Centrosema
Legumes
Crop by-products
tree/shrub leaves
Ipil-ipil
kakawate
caimito
Banana

nutrients

Roughages
Grasses
Napier grass
Para grass
Guinea grass
Centrosema
Legumes
Crop by-products
Tree/shrub leaves (Browse)
Ipil-ipil
kakawate
caimito
Banana

nutrients

Browse
contain higher levels of crude protein and phosphorus
during their growing season than do grasses
High concentrations of tannins = Excessive tannins may
also increase sulfur requirements
Grazing or browsing tannin-containing plants may help
control many species of internal nematode parasites.
Early part of the grazing season, browse (woody plants,
vines and brush) and forbs (weeds) tend to be higher in
protein and energy

nutrients.

Concentrates
provide the nutrients that forage
alone cannot provide often is
necessary, particularly with high-
producing animals
feeds that are low in fiber and high
in energy content
Two types of concentrate feeds
can be used:
Energy feeds
Protein feeds

nutrients

Energy Feeds
include cereal grains such as corn,
barley, wheat, oats, milo and rye
high in phosphorus content, but
low in calcium
Disadvantages:
can cause urinary calculi in
wethers and intact males
inadequate Ca also can lead
to milk fever in pregnant or
lactating does

nutrients

Protein Feeds
animal or plant origin
Plant proteins: soybean meal
and cottonseed meal
Meat and bone meals
Protein quantity is generally more
important than protein quality
Protein --> energy --> nitrogen

nutrients

Concentrates
Rice bran - feeding value is related to the amount of finely
ground rice hull mixed with bran.
Corn barn - lower fat content compared to rice bran
Copra meal - good source of both energy and protein for
goats
Cane molasses- a good energy source, low in protein
content
Wheat

nutrients

Supplementing Concentrates
Fattening Stocks
Supplement with grower stocks with concentrate mixture 1
month before selling the animals
Breeding stocks
Feeding concentrates 1 month before lambing until does
bred again
bigger kids with higher survival rates
more milk from does – > heavier weaning kids
early and regular post-lambing estrus
high succeeding pregnancy rate
better body conditions of does and kids during
lactation period

nutrients

Nutritional
Management Goats

Nutrition of Newborn Kids
Colostrum - first milk produced after birth
high content of immunoglobulins (antibodies),
vitamin A, minerals, fat and other sources of
energy.
Antibodies are proteins which help the goat kid
fight diseases.
must be ingested within the first hour after birth,
and certainly within the first 6 hours
Newborn kids - ingest 10% of their body weight in
the first 12 to 24 hours of life

nutrients

Nutritional Management of
Replacement Does
Doe kids needed for replacement - grazed with their mothers
during as much of the milking period as possible and not weaned
early.
After weaning, doe kids should be separated from the main herd
and have access to high quality forage and receive good
nutrition through first kidding at 1-2 years of age
Note: Leaving doe kids with the main herd will result in undernourished doelings that are
bred too young and too small; these animals will never reach their production potential.

nutrients

Flushing
Increasing the level of feed offered to breeding does, mostly
energy, starting about one month prior to breeding, to increase
body weight, ovulation rate and litter size
Accomplished by moving breeding does to a lush nutritious
pasture 3 to 4 weeks prior to the introduction of the bucks
Corn is the grain of choice for flushing
Goal being to increase the intake and body weight, breeding
does should be grouped according to their body condition.

nutrients

Suggested Supplemental
Feeding Program for Goats
Trace mineralized salt containing selenium should be given to all
goats year around.
A complete goat mineral should be offered free choice year-
around in most production situations.
Browsing: abundant supply should be made available to allow
goats to be very selective and to ingest a high quality diet that
will meet their nutritional requirements.

nutrients

Use of urea

Urea
Goats are efficient in utilizing non-protein nitrogen in
their diet.
The capacity of microorganisms to utilize nitrogen into
microbial protein makes it possible to incorporate small
amounts of urea in the ratio of goats.
Goats are more subject to urea toxicity than cattle.

nutrients

Following guidelines are
recommended for the safe
use of urea:
Add fertilizer grade urea at not more than
1% of the ration or 2-3% of the concentrate mixture or
25-30% of the total dietary protein
Mix urea well with other feed ingredients
UMMB (urea-molasses-mineral block) - highly
recommended to grazed on poor quality pastures
low cost protein, energy and mineral lick supplement
for ruminants
a 15-20kg goat needs 50-80 g/day of UMMB

nutrients

Assignments
What is flehmen?
Why are goats called the poor man's cow?
What is the AM-PM rule?
How to increase salt consumption?

nutrients

Vem12 - Goats

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VEM 012

Ruminant Production and Herd Health Management

Basic Biology of Goats,

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Polytocous - Giving birth to multiple offspring at the same time

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Polytocous - Giving birth to multiple offspring at the same time

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a high density or animal

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Two major factors make systematic crossbreeding

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