BEEF CATTLE MANAGEMENT

Prof. Romziah Sidik, Ph.D. Drh.

h.
 BEEF CATTLE
 Beef Cattle is a cattle breed which mainly
produce meat,
 some by products: bone, skin, blood, fat/fatty
acids.
 Waste product: manure, horn

 Food Products: meat, meat ball, humberger,

sosis, fried meat, slices meat, nugget.
 Industrial products: glue/gum, gellatin, meat &
bone meal, leather, soap, candles, etc.
CARCASS OF CATTLE
 VOCABULARY
 BREED: A group of animals trough
selection & breeding have come to
resemble one another and pass those
traits uniformly to their offspring.
 Selection can occur either neutrally or by
man.
 VOCABULARY
 BULL: Male, un-neutered
 Calf: (Calves): baby
 Calve: To have a baby
 Color: Some what depend on breed. Any
combination: white, black, gray, raddish
brown, tan to dark brown.
 Cow: Female that has given birth to calf
 VOCABULARY
 Cud: The portion of food that returns from
the first compartment of the stomach to be
chewed more thoroughtly

 Gestation
period: Length of pregnancy,
approximately 9 months + 1 week

 Forbs: Any non-woody broad leafed plant

 VOCABULARY
 HEIFER: Female before having a calf
 LEPPY /DOGGIE: calf that has lost his
mother
 OX or OXEN: 1-2 neutered male used for
draft (pulling) and meat (pl.2 oxes, 3 oxen)

 STEER: Male, neutered.

 LIVE CYCLE
 Cows usually calve first at 2 years of age, then
once a year.
 Twin are rare.
 Birth weight averaged between 60 – 90
pouns/30 -45 kg.
 Average market weight and age are 250 kg –
700kg or up to 1 ton.
 Species: Bos Taurus & Bos Indicus
(Combination of the two), over 250 cattle breed
in the world.
 CHARACTERISTIC
 Bos Taurus do not perspire & more suited
to colder climate.

 Bos Indicus: cattle perspire, thrive in the

tropical heat, more insecta resistant, such
to have long drooping ears with lots of
folds of skin in order to keep cool.
 Some breeds cattle do not havehorns,
such as Angus they called Polled.
 CARE GIVING COW TO CALF
 1stfew day after a calf is born, the cow will
hide her baby while she goes for water.
 After few days, one cow may baby-sit five
or six calves while the others graze and
water.
 Calves already to be on their own at about
7 months.
 WHAT CATTLE EAT?
 Cattle are ruminants, a type of animal with four
compartment stomachs. They enable eat large amount
of grasses. Later, the nutrient bolus will bring back up as
a cud to chew and digest while resting.
 They have bottom teeth in front, they have no front teeth
on top.
 They used their tongue to gather the grass & other feed.
Ruminant can eat and digest food that humans can not.
 Type of feed: range foranges: grasses, forbs, shcrubs,
crop residue, agriculture industrialby products or waste
products (rice hull, rice straw, corn cobs, corn stubble,
corn gluten, beet pulp, fruit processing residue, brewers
yeast, cotton seeds, peanut hull, etc.) VOCABULARY
 ENVIRONMENT
 Byproper managed , the grazing cattle
cause little damage to the environment &
may improve the habitat of wild life.
BEF CATTLE BREED

Limousin Polled Hereford

 LIMOSIN
 Golden red cattle are native to the south
central part of France, then imported to US
 Health & adaptability
 Excellent on feed efficiency
 Muscling, some times got calving
problems
 Daily live weight gain: 1 – 1.2 kg/hd/d
 POLLED HEREFORD
 US cattle
 Modern Hereford minus horns
 Polled Hereford were developed from the
horned Hereford
 White face cattle
 LWG 0.8-1 kg/hd/d
 Angus Brahman

American White Park Brangus

 ANGUS
 Scotland nature cattle, then imported to
US.
 Black color cattle
 Good source cattle
 Good marbling, high quality beef
 LWG: 1 – 1.2 kg/hd/d
 BRAHMAN
 Originated from Bos Indicus, native India cattle
 Exposure to inadequate food supplies, insect pest,
parasites, diseases, weather extreames of tropical India,
native cattle developed some remarkable adaptation for
survival.
 Characteristic: they have large hump over the top of the
shoulder and neck, their horns which usually curve
upward & some times tilted to the rear to the ears., have
large excess of skin.
 They have developed sweat gland compare to Europe
cattle Bos Taurus), they can perspire more freely, they
produce an oily secretion from sebaceous glds, which
distinctive odor (repelling insect).
 LWG: 1 -1.2 kg/hd/d.
 BRANGUS
 The breed is developed to utilize the superior traits of
Angus & Brahman cattle.
 Genetics are stabilized at 3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angus
 Brahman: developed disease resistance, overall
hardiness and outstanding maternal instincts.
 Angus: superior carcass qualities, extreamely functional
females which excel in both fertility & milking ability.
 Resistant to heat and hight humidity.
 Under cool/cold climate, they produce long hair for
adequate protection.
 The cow is good mothers and calves are usually of
medium size at birth.
 American White Park

 Native cattle in British White bulls, then

imported & developed in US.
 Small medium white breed with black or
red points (ears, nose, eyes).
 Cow: 500 kg, bull: 850 -900 kg/hd/d
 Predominately polled with 3-5 % horned.
 Charolais Chianina

Gelbvieh (Gelp-fee) Hereford

 Charolais
 Originated to west central to Southern
France
 White color or creamy white color
 Pooled breed
 BW: 1000-1250 kg.
 LWG: 1-1.4kg/hd/d
 Heavy muscling, but occasionally calving
problem
Red Angus Salers (Sa'lair)
Shorthorn
Simmental
MADURA CATTLE
RAISING MADURA CATTLE
MADURA CATTLE
BALI
CATTLE
BALI CATTLE
CARE GIVING BEHAVIOUR
ONGGOLE BEEF CATTLE
ONGGOLE BEEF CATTLE
Cattle cage
Pen system
 Cow, Calf and Steer Pens

No welding required to set up the pen.

2 models of of pens: leg-supported panels or concrete embedded bars.
7" (17.5 cm) spacing between bars.
1 5/8" (4 cm) diameter galvanized horizontal pipes.
1 1/16" (2.7 cm) diameter vertical bars.
CATTLE CAGE
COW CAGE
CALF PEN
MOBILE GATE
Design of feed lot Back to Back
GRAZING SYSTEM
GRAZING SYSTEM
PADDOCK SYSTEM
GRAZING SYSTEM
FEEDLOT BEEF CATTLE
BEEF CATTLE FEDLOT
GRAZING BEEF CATTLE
MOBILE STALL
CATTLE HANDLING
MOBILE GATE
 BREED EFFECTS
 Larger continental breeds gain faster than
British breeds but must be carried to
heavier weights to grade choice
 There is little difference in feed efficiency
when fed to the same endpoint
 Holsteins require about 10% more feed
per lb of gain than beef breeds but ADG is
similar to beef breeds
 AGE OF FEEDLOT CATTLE
 Yearlings require 10 to 20 % faster than
calves depending on weight and condition
 Yearlings consume 10 to 40% more feed
than calves
 Yearlings are less efficient in converting
feed to gain than calves
 Yearlings require fewer days in the feedlot
to reach final weight and grade
 BEEF INDUSTRY TIMELINE
 Conception to Calving  9 months
 Calving to Weaning  6 to 8 months
 Stocker/Backgrounder  Variable (2 to 8 mo.)
 Feedlot  Variable (3 to 7 mo.)
 Packer  3 to 7 days
 Retailer  Variable
 Consumer  Variable
 Total  About 30 to 32 mo.
 BEEF BREEDING SYSTEMS
 Straight breeding  Two Breed Cross
 Crossbreeding  Terminal Sire
 Breed  Two Breed Rotation
complementarity
 Three Breed Rotation
 Heterosis or hybrid
vigor  Rotation + Terminal
• Individual heterosis Sire
• Maternal heterosis  Composite
 BREEDING SEASON
 At weaning (7 mo.) heifers should weigh
45% of mature weight
 At breeding (15 mo.) heifers should weigh
65% of mature weight
 At calving (24 mo.) heifers should weigh
85% of mature weight
 Measure pelvic areas prior to breeding
 Use light birth weight and low birth weight
EPD bulls for mating to heifers
 HERD HEALTH PROGRAM I
 Calving Season
 Colostrum within first hours after birth
 Iodine Navel
 Selenium - Vitamin E
 Scour Vaccine ( E. coli &/or Viruses)
 Castrate & Dehorn
 Implant non replacement calves
 Vaccinate Cows (IBR,BVD,PI3 + Lepto)
 HERD HEALTH PROGRAM II
 Preweaning
 Vaccinate calves for IBR, BVD, PI3, Blackleg
& Hemophilis somnus
 Castrate & Dehorn if not done earlier
 Get calves used to eating grain and drinking
water from troughs
 Weaning Time
 Pregnancy Check Females Exposed to
Breeding
 HERD HEALTH PROGRAM III
 Booster vaccinations
 Grub & Lice control
 Late Gestation
 Check mineral for P and Se
 Treat for Lice if problem
 Consider scour vaccine for cows
 FEEDLOT NUTRITION
 Grains - Corn, Barley and Milo
 Roughages - Corn Silage , Alfalfa Hay or
Haylage
 Protein Supplements
 Soybean or Cottonseed Meals
 Brewers Grains
 Urea or Anhydrous Ammonia
STARTING CATTLE ON FEED
 Firstday begin with top quality grass hay
 Second day top dress hay with grain or
silage
 Transition to high energy ration should be
over 2 to 3 weeks to avoid digestive
upsets
 Don’t use all NPN supplements until
calves weigh at least 600 lbs
 Keep feed fresh at all times
 COW CALF NUTRITION
 Pasture 5/15 to 10/30 - 165 days
 1 to 5 acres per cow calf pair
 Harvested Forage 11/1 to 5/14 - 200 days
 Corn stalk residue - 30 to 60 days
 Grass - legume hay or silage - 140 to 200
days
 Free Choice Minerals
• Salt, Ca, P, Mg + Trace Minerals
 Clean, fresh water
 FEED COSTS I

 Cow Calf
 Annual Cost is about $ 400 / cow calf unit
 50% of total cost is feed cost
 $ 400 x .5 = $ 200 annual feed cost
 Post Weaning
 500 lb. calf + 600 lb. gain = 1100 lb. market
steer
 $ 70/cwt gain x 6 cwt. = $ 420
 FEED COST II
 65 to 70% of total cost of gain is feed cost
 55% is the energy component ( corn )
 12% is the supplement cost (protein, minerals
& vitamins)
 $ 70 /cwt x 67% = $ 47/cwt gain is feed cost
 $ 47/cwt gain x 6 cwt = $ 282 total feed cost
 COMMON NUTRITIONAL
PROBLEMS IN BEEF COWS
 Thin Cows
 Body Condition Scores ( 1 to 9 ) 5 to 6 is
ideal
 Calving Difficulty and Delayed Rebreeding
 Dry versus Lactating
 Fat Cows
 Calving Difficulty and Reduced Milk Flow
 Legume Bloat
 Grass Tetany
 NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS
 Acidosis on high energy rations
 Ionophores (Rumensin or Bovatec) help
 Founder (laminitis) on high energy rations
 Bloat
 Urinary Calculi
 Need Ca to P ratio > 1:1
 Often seen on high energy diets
 SEPARATE HERD INTO
NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT
GROUPS
 Bred Heifers & Thin Cows
 Dry Mature Cows
 Lactating Cows
 Weaned Heifer Calves
 Mature Herd Sires
 Young Bulls
 EFFECT OF FEEDER BODY
CONDITION
 When placed on comparable diets, thin
cattle gain faster and more efficiently than
fatter cattle
 This phenomenon is called “compensatory
gain”
 Cattle feeders try to avoid buying fat
feeder cattle unless they are priced
somewhat lower per cwt than thin feeder
cattle
STOCKER/BACKGROUNDER
 Buy yearlings in late winter and graze in summer
 Purchase weaned calves in fall, sell in spring
 Goal is 1.5 to 1.75 lb ADG

 Moderate energy, high roughage rations

 Growth and normal development not fattening

• Grazing winter wheat in southern plains from

November to March
• Wintering on hay &/or silage in Michigan
 Goal is 180 to 300 lb gain in 120 to 150 days
 HOW TO IMPROVE PROFIT
 Improve Reproductive Rate
 Wean Heavier Calves
 Wean Higher Value Calves
 Develop Alliances & Retain Ownership
 Reduce Cow Herd Costs
 FEEDLOT STEERS & BULLS
 Bulls gain more rapidly and more
efficiently than steers
 Bulls produce leaner carcasses that are
more variable in tenderness
 Bulls are more difficult to manage than
steers or heifers
 There is only a limited market for bull beef
FEEDLOT STEERS &HEIFERS
 Steers gain 8 to 15% faster than heifers of
same size
 Steers consume 5 to 10% more feed than
heifers
 Heifers require 2 to 10 % more lbs of feed
per lb of gain than heifers
 Some feeders tend to over fatten the heifers
 Tobe equal in profit, heifers must be
purchased about 10 to 15% less than
steers
 FEEDLOT PROFIT OR LOSS
 Profitability
is influenced by changes in the
grain and cattle markets
 Risk can be controlled by use of contracts
and trading for future market access
 Marketing skills are critical for success
 IRM and SPA
 Integrated Resource Management is a
system approach to managing a farm or
ranch
 Standardized Performance Analysis is a
way of analyzing records of both
production and financial performance of a
farm or ranch in order to make better
decisions and impact profitability
 PLANNING
BUDGETTING

CONCLUSION FARMING RECORDING

MANAGEMENT
STRATEGY

EVALUATION PROCESSING

MARKETING
 FARM MANAGEMENT
ASPECTS

 HUMAN RESOURCE (STAFFS &

WORKERS)
 ADMINISTRATION
 ACCOUNTING
 PRODUCTION PROCESS (methods,
packaging, quality control)
 MARKETING
 BEEF CATTLE
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
 BREED
 GENETIC & PHAENOTYPE
 ANIMAL HEALTH & DISEASE CONTROL
 NUTRITION PROGRAMS
 REARING SYSTEMS
 CAGE SYSTEMS
 SANITATION & HYGIENE
 HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
 Body Composition
Changes in Bulls from
Weaning to Yearling
G. Rouse
Iowa State University

American Red Angus Association

National Convention 2002
Image Collection
GROWTH OF BEEF CATTLE
Basic Principles of Growth

Fat
Wt.
Muscle

Birth Age Maturity

Weaning Yearling
 Tissue Deposition
3 Independent Traits related to Weight and
Age
 Muscle
 Waste Fat
 Subcutaneous
 Seam fat and internal
 Taste Fat
 Threshold Theory
G. Rouse
Iowa State University
American Red Angus Association
National Convention 2002

Partition of Nutrients for Growth

Fat

Muscle

Bone

Brain and central

nervous system

Placenta Fetus
 1400
1200
1000
Wt (lbs.)

800
600
400
200
0
220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
Age (days)

Age-weight relationship r =
0.92
 4.5
4.0
3.5
Wt/Day

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
Age (days)

G. Rouse
Average Daily Gain
Iowa State University
American Red Angus Association
National Convention 2002
 0.45
0.40
0.35
Ftk (in.)

0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
600 750 900 1050 1200
Wt (lbs.)

Mean 12th - 13th Rib Fat

Thickness
 0.00050
0.00040
Ftk/lb.

0.00030
0.00020
0.00010
0.00000
600 750 900 1050 1200
Wt (lbs.)

Fat Thickness Rate of Change

per Pound of Gain
 G. Rouse
Ftk Iowa State University
American Red Angus Association
National Convention 2002

0
.
45
0
.
4
0
.
35
0
.
3
0
.
25
0
.
2
0
.
15
Wt Age 0
.
1
0
.
05

Fat thickness three dimensional surface plot as a

function of age and weight.
 4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
%IMF

2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
Age (days)

Mean Percent Intramuscular Fat

 Intramuscular Fat - Subcutaneous Fat
Relationship
“Managing Fat”
Enter Feedlot Harvest

0.1
G. Rouse
Y.G. 1 Iowa State University
American Red Angus Association
National Convention 2002
 Intramuscular Fat - Subcutaneous Fat
Relationship
“Managing Fat”
Enter Feedlot Harvest

0.1 0.2 0.5 0.8

Y.G. 1 Y.G. 2 Y.G. 3 Y.G. 4

 Intramuscular Fat - Subcutaneous Fat
Relationship
“Managing Fat”
Enter Feedlot Harvest

Today
0.1 0.2 0.5 0.8

Y.G. 1 Y.G. 2 Y.G. 3 Y.G. 4

Quality: Standard Select Choice Prime
2.0% 3.2% 4.5% 9.0%
 Enter Feedlot Harvest

Future 0.10.1 0.2 0.5

Y.G. 1 Y.G. 2 Y.G. 3

G. Rouse
Iowa State University Select Choice High Choice
American Red Angus
Association Prime
National Convention
2002 3.2% 4.5% 6-9%