DATACOMM

TELECOMMUNICATION CATEGORIES OF NETWORKS

- Communication at a distance LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LANs)

DATA - Short distance

- Information presented in whatever form is
agreed upon by the parties creating and using
the data.
DATA COMMUNICATIONS
- Designed to provide local interconnectivity
WIDE AREA NETWORKS (WANs)
- Long distances
- Provide connectivity over large areas

- Exchange of data bet 2 devices via some form of METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS (MANs)
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
- Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a
NETWORK campus.

- Set of devices (often referred to as nodes) INTERNET

connected by comm links.
- Has revolutionized many aspects of our daily
NODE lives
- Communication system that has brought a
- Any device capable of sending and/or receiving wealth of info to our fingertips & organized it for
data generated by other nodes on the network. our use.
LINK PROTOCOL
- Can be a cable, air, optical fiber or any medium - Synonymous with rule
w/c can transport a signal carrying info. - Consists of a set of rules that govern data
- communications
- Determines (WHAT, HOW, WHEN) it is
NETWORK CRITERIA
communicated
PERFORMANCE
KEY ELEMENTS
- Depends on Network Elements
- SYNTAX
- Measure in terms of Delay and Throughput
• Structure / format of the data
RELIABILITY • Indicates how to read the bits-field
delineation
- Failure rate of network components - SEMANTICS
- Measured in terms of availability/robustness • Interprets the meaning if the bits
• Knows which fields define what action
SECURITY
- TIMING
- Data protection against corruption/loss of data • When data should be sent and what
due to : • Speed at which data should be sent or
-Errors speed at which it is being received.
-Malicious users

PHYSICAL STRUCTURES

TYPE OF CONNECTION

- Point to Point
(single transmitter and receiver)
- Multipoint
(multiple recipients of single transmission)

PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY

- Connection of device
- Type of transmission
(unicast, multicast, broadcast)
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NETWORK MODELS TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

LAYERS - Layers do not exactly match those in the OSI

model.
- Mailing through postal mail, the process of - Has 4 layers:
sending a letter to a friend would be complex if • Host-to-network
there were no services available from the post • Internet
office. • Transport
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION (ISO) • Application

- Multinational body dedicated to worldwide WHEN COMPARED TO OSI

agreement on international standards.
- Has 5 layers:
- ESTABLISHED ( 1947 )
• Physical
- ORGANIZATION
• Data link
OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI) • Network
• Transport
- An ISO standard that covers all aspect of network • Application
communications.
- First introduced in the late 1970s. ADDRESSING
- MODEL
4 LEVEL OF ADDRESSES
7 LAYERS OF THE OSI MODEL
- Are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP
1. PHYSICAL LAYER protocols:
- Responsible for movements of individual bits • Physical Addresses
from one hop (node) to the next. • Logical Addresses
- To transmit bits over a medium; to provide • Port Addresses
mechanical and electrical specifications. • Specific Addresses
2. DATA LINK LAYER
- Responsible for moving frames from one hop RELATIONSHIP OF LAYERS AND ADDRESSES IN TCP/IP
(node) to the next.
- To organize bits into frames; to provide hop-to- Application Processes Specific
hop delivery. Transport SCTP/TCP/UDP Port
3. NETWORK LAYER Network IP and other Logical
- Responsible for the delivery of individual packets protocols
from the source host to the destination host. Data link Underlying Physical
- To move packets from source to destination; to And physical
provide internetworking. Physical networks
4. TRANSPORT LAYER
- Responsible for the delivery of a message from
one process to another. #NOTE
- To provide reliable process-to-process message
- Physical addresses will change from hop to hop,
delivery and error recovery.
but the logical addresses usually remain the
5. SESSION LAYER
same.
- Responsible for dialog control and
synchronization.
- To establish, manage and terminate sessions.
6. PRESENTATION LAYER
- Responsible for translation, compression and
encryption.
7. APPLICATION LAYER
- Responsible for providing services to the user.
- To allow access to network resources.
DATACOMM
DATA AND SIGNALS FREQUENCY

#NOTE: - Rate of change with respect to time.

- To be transmitted, data must be transformed to #NOTE:

electromagnetic signals.
- Data & Signals can be ANALOG or DIGITAL. - Change in a short span of time means high
frequency.
ANALOG AND DIGITAL - Change over a long span of time means low
frequency.
ANALOG DATA - Signal does not change at all, its frequency is 0.
- Refers to information that is continuous. - Signal changes instantaneously, its frequency is
infinite.
DIGITAL DATA - Phase describes the position of the waveform
relative to time 0.
- Refers to information that has discrete states. - A complete sine wave in the time domain can be
represented by one single spike in the frequency
ANALOG SIGNALS
domain.
- Can have infinite number of values in a range. - A single-frequency sin wave is not useful in data
communications; we need to send a composite
DIGITAL SIGNALS signal, a signal made of many simple sine waves.
- Can have only a limited number of values. FOURIER ANALYSIS
- Can have more than 2 levels. We can send more
than 1 bit for each level. - “Any composite signal is a combination of simple
- A composite analog signal with an infinite sine waves with different frequencies,
bandwidth amplitudes, and phases”.

PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS COMPOSITE SIGNAL IS PERIODIC

#NOTE: - The decomposition gives a series of signals with

discrete frequencies.
- In data communications, we commonly use
PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS and NONPERIODIC COMPOSITE SIGNAL IS NONPERIODIC
DIGITAL SIGNALS.
- The decomposition gives a combination of sine
- We discuss a mathematical approach to sine
waves in Appendix C waves with continuous frequencies.

PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS #NOTE:

- The bandwidth of a composite signal is the

- Can be classified as simple or composite.
- Most fundamental form (SINE WAVE) difference between the Highest and the Lowest
frequencies contained in that signal.
SIMPLE PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNAL

- A sine wave, cannot be decomposed into simpler

- Baseband transmission of a digital signal that
signals.
preserves the shape of the digital signal is
COMPOSITE PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNAL possible only if we have a low-pass channel with
an infinite or very wide bandwidth.
- Composed of multiple sine waves.
BASEBAND TRANSMISSION
#NOTE:
- The required bandwidth is proportional to the
- Frequency and period are the inverse of each bit rate; if we need to send bits faster, we need
other. more bandwidth.
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#NOTE:

- If the available channel is a bandpass channel,

we cannot send the digital signal directly to the
channel; we need to convert the digital signal to
an analog signal before transmission.

TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT

- Signals travel through transmission media, which

are not perfect; causes signal impairment.
- Signal at the beginning of the medium is not the
same as the signal at the end of the medium.
- 3 causes of impairment are attenuation,
distortion, and noise.

#NOTE:

- The value of SNR and SNR(db) for a noiseless

channel are INFINITY. It is an ideal.

DATA RATE LIMITS

- A very important consideration in data

communications is how fast we can send data, in
bits per second, over a channel.
- Depend on 3 factors:
• The bandwidth available
• The level of the signals we use
• The quality of the channel (the level of
noise)

#NOTE:

- Increasing the levels of a signal may reduce the

reliability of the system.
- The Shannon capacity gives us the upper limit;
the Nyquist formula tells us how may signal
levels we need.

#NOTE:

In networking, we use the term bandwidth in 2 contexts:

- First, bandwidth in HERTS, refers to the range of

frequencies in a composite signal or the range of
frequencies that a channel can pass.
- Second, bandwidth in bits per second, refers to
the speed of bit transmission in a channel or link.

BANDWIDTH-DELAY PRODUCT

- Defines the number of bits that can fill the link.