ELL715 Digital Image Processing

Lecture 1
Introduction & Fundamentals
 Digital Image
Two-dimensional function f(x,y)
x and y are spatial coordinates
The amplitude of f is called intensity or gray
level at the point (x, y)

Pixel
— The elements of a digital image

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 Digital Image
► Digitization make it an approximation of real
scene

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 Digital Image Processing
► Processing of digital images by means of computer
low-level: inputs and outputs are images
reduce noise, image sharpening,
contrast enhancement etc.

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 Better Perception

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 Image Inpainting

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 Digital Image Processing
mid-level: outputs are attributes extracted from
input images
segmentation, edges contours etc.

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 Digital Image Processing
high-level: an ensemble of recognition of individual
objects
“making sense” Computer vision

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 Origins of Digital Image Processing

Sent by submarine cable

between London and New
York, the transportation time
was reduced to less than three
hours from more than a week
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Printed using halftone pattern
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 Origins of Digital Image Processing

Could transmit
more than 4000
images in 15
minutes
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 Beginning of new Era
► Medical images
 X rays
 CAT scan, images of different section
penetrating rays to get cross sectional view
► Mechanical Industry
 Product assembly defect detection…
► Security/Defense
 finger print, face reorganization
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 Categorizing images : Sources
► Electromagnetic (EM) energy spectrum
► Acoustic
► Ultrasonic
► Electronic
► Synthetic images produced by computer

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 Electromagnetic (EM) energy spectrum

Major uses
Gamma-ray imaging: nuclear medicine and astronomical observations
X-rays: medical diagnostics, industry, and astronomy, etc.
Ultraviolet: lithography, industrial inspection, microscopy, lasers, biological imaging,
and astronomical observations
Visible and infrared bands: light microscopy, astronomy, remote sensing, industry,
and law enforcement
Microwave band: radar
Radio band: medicine (such as MRI) and astronomy

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 Examples: Gama-Ray Imaging

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 Examples: X-Ray Imaging

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 Examples: Light Microscopy Imaging

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 Examples: Visual and Infrared Imaging

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 Examples: Automated Visual Inspection

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 Examples: Automated Visual Inspection

Results of
automated
reading of the
plate content by
the system

The area in which

the imaging
system detected
the plate

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 Example of Radar Image

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 Examples: MRI (Radio Band)

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 Examples: Ultrasound Imaging

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 Example: Acoustic imaging

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 Computer Generated images

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 Computer Generated images

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 Pipeline

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 Image Acquisition

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 Enhancement

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 Restoration

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 Restoration

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 Morphology

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 Morphology : Bridging Gap

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 Morphology : Remove irrelevant

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 Segmentation

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 Representation

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 Recognition

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 Compression

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 Color Image Processing

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