Aim: To design a solid-liquid separator STP system for a high rise building.

Objectives:
 Working on a solid-liquid separation system.
 Comparison of solid-liquid separator with another STP system.
 PCB norms of the domestic water.
 Designing a solid-liquid separator system for high rise buildings.

Scope: Includes
1. Space occupancy of the systems.
2. Energy efficiency.
3. Effectiveness of the system.
4. Cost of system.
5. Operation & maintenance cost.
6. Life span.
7. Types of treatments.
8. Frequency of cleaning.
9. Difference between other STP and the solid-liquid separation system.

Limitations:

 Analyse the existing working of the system and implementing to high rise building.

Methodology:
Introduction of the
solid-liquid separator
system.

Literature study of the

system

Desktop study on the

system

Case study

Comparative analysis
with other stp systems

Implementing solid
liquid separation system
to high rise building

Solid liquid separator

Introduction:
History of STP?

STP refers to sewage treatment plant.

This was the beginning of the biological aerobic and anaerobic treatments which are
fundamental to wastewater processes.

As pollution of water bodies became a concern, cities attempted to treat the sewage before
discharge.
At the end of the 19th century, since primary treatment still left odour problems, it was
discovered that bad odours could be prevented by introducing oxygen into the decomposing
sewage.
In the late 19th century some cities began to add chemical treatment
and sedimentation systems to their sewers. In the United States, the first sewage treatment
plant using chemical precipitation was built in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1890. Most cities in
the western world added more expensive systems for sewage treatment in the early 20th
century, after scientists at the University of Manchester discovered the sewage treatment
process of activated sludge in 1912. During the half-century around 1900, these public
health interventions succeeded in drastically reducing the incidence of water-borne diseases
among the urban population, and were an important cause in the increases of life
expectancy experienced at the time.
Sewage
Sewage is wastewater that is produced by a community of people. It consists mostly
of greywater (from sinks, bathtubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes
washers), Blackwater (the water used to flush toilets, combined with the human waste that it
flushes away).
Sewage contains
• organic pollutants and nutrients (concentrations of ammonium,
nitrate, nitrogen, phosphorus)
• pathogens(bacteria, viruses, protozoa ,parasites)
• micro-pollutants(environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants)
Sewage treatment plant helps to utilize the water for further usage& conserve water.

Solid liquid separator

Importance of Having a STP System:
• Sewage treatment is the process of removing the contaminants from sewage to
produce liquid and solid (sludge) suitable for discharge to the environment or for
reuse. It is a form of waste management.
• Sewage treatment results in sewage sludge which requires sewage sludge
treatment before safe disposal or reuse.
• Under certain circumstances, the treated sewage sludge might be termed "bio
solids" and can be used as a fertilizer.

• All categories of sewage are likely to carry pathogenic organisms that can
transmit disease to humans and animals.
• Sewage also contains organic matter that can cause odor and attract flies.
• Sewage contains nutrients that may cause eutrophication of receiving water
bodies; and can lead to Eco toxicity.
• Sewage treatment plant preserve natural environment against pollution

• STP meet the standards for emission of pollutants set by the Government &
avoid heavy penalty

• Installation of sewage treatment plant reduces risk to public health and the
environment

Literature study:

• Solid-liquid separator is the eco-friendly system for those who want their own sludge
handling with easy and fast composting, with less space occupancy, less power
consumption.

• Which separates solids from flowing liquids - all without moving parts, only through
flushing speed of water & centrifugal force.

• In the case of a flushed toilet the solids are broken down to soil on a wormy composting
bed in the chamber below the solid-liquid separator, while the liquids are diverted to
treatment.

• After the point of generation of sewage the sewage flows through main stack, the main
stack is connected to solid-liquid separator which separated the solid-liquid through the
centrifugal force with the help of groves in the separator model.

Solid liquid separator

 • This process completes with the help of flushing speed of the water and momentum
(gravity) of the sewage.
• After the solid liquid separation the solid falls into the bio chamber below the model,
water is further sent for the treatment.
• In bio chamber the solid gets converted into manure by the process of
vermicomposting.
• There will be a filter mat placed inside the bio chamber for removal of excess water
from the solid waste, the removed excess water is transferred to the treatment process
along with the grey water line.
• The separated water is stored in a tank for further treatment, in that tank water settles
for some time, then transfers to UV and phosphorous trap to remove the viruses and
nutrients.
• Then the water is sent for tertiary treatment.

• Treated water is used for flushing, landscaping, groundwater recharge, hvac chiller
makeup tank.
Desktop study:
Location: CWBR (cape wine lands biosphere reserve) South Africa.
• The toilets is connected to solid liquid separator, which separates the solids and treats
liquids with UV light.

• Solid liquid separator systems are based on utilizing the moving energy of the flushing
Fluid, the centrifugal force and the gravity to separate particles from the liquid.

• The toilet is connected to solid liquid separator, the solid waste (feces and paper) from
water and urine.
• The solid waste is composted in a Bio Chamber
• The flushing water with urine is purified with UV to remove all bacteria

• The water further continues to aquaponics where the water is organically post treated,
and plants use the nutrients as fertilizers to grow food and feed local citizens.

• The water is then pumped up to a vertical garden to maximize food production. After
this the water flows back to the aquaponics. The system works as closed, constant flow
system.

Solid liquid separator

Bio chamber is the fixed plastic model in this case, which have 4 different chambers where its
used for settling of bio waste in it ,can be rotated to transfer to another chamber after filling of
one chamber.
Reaction happens in bio chamber is aerobic process, the bio waste is converted to manure
through vermicomposting.
Vermicomposting is a type of composting in which certain species of earthworms are used to
enhance the process of organic waste conversion and produce a better end-product. It is a
mesophilic process utilizing microorganisms and earthworms.
UV and phosphorous trap removes the virus content by passing UV rays in to the water, and
phosphorous trap removes the phosphorous content from the water.
The rich nutritious liquid is sent to natural treating process by aquaponics method where the
plants absorbed nutrients from the water which helps in production of food for plants.

Solid liquid separator

CASESTUDY STUDY (KONARK MULTI-SPECIALTY HOSPITAL)
• Konark Hospitals is a 100-bedded multi-specialty hospital in Jeedimetla, Hyderabad.
• The building has 19 toilets which are connected to one solid liquid separator unit
(placed in a newly constructed underground space) by diverting existing pipes.
• Solid liquid separator removes faecal solids from the wastewater flow and thereby
makes it straight forward and odor-free to treat the daily 13,000 liters (13lkd) of
wastewater from flushing, showers, hand wash and canteen.
• For tertiary treatment ozonator, activated media filter, carbon filter, micron cartridge
filter and bag filter are being used.
• All 19 toilets in the building are now connected to a single solid liquid separator unit
which separates faecal solids for natural decomposition in a 2400-liter bio-chamber.
• 2400 liter bio-chamber is constructed with missionary work.

• In order to reach PCB standards in domestic sewage water they have installed this solid
liquid separation STP system.

Solid liquid separator

 • Under the bio-chamber, there is an 8700-liter settling tank, consisting of three
compartments separated by baffle walls. The settling tank is used to collect all grey
water as well as separated water from solid liquid separator.
• Ozonation takes place in the last compartment of the settling tank. After Ozonation, the
water is further polished with an AMF, ACF, MCF and bag filter.

Underground setup:
Grey water pipe
1. solid-liquid separation
WC pipe (Black water)
2. 2400-liter bio-chamber for
faecal matter decomposition PARKING
3. 8700-liter tank for grey water AREA
and separated flushing water. Any Hospital KONARK
remaining suspended solids settle main
here. Ozonation also takes place entrance HOSPITALS
here 8700-liter UG
WC pipe
Settling tank
Aboveground: (Black water)
Aquatron &
4. Water from the 8700-liter tank 2400-liter bio-
is pumped up for polishing in AMF, chamber
ACF, MCF & bag filter. After Grey water pipe
WTP Shed
treatment, water is released into
the drain. PCB-standard treated
2 Top view of the site
water to municipal drain
5. The ozonator unit is placed in
the same aboveground shed.

 Changes to existing plumbing line which this mainly involved diversion of the existing WC
down takes to solid liquid separator, creating new grey water lines, connections from the
settling tank to the water treatment plant and pipework within the water treatment
plant.

 There was an existing underground pipe with manholes leading out to the municipal
drain so instead of letting the down takes enter that, the pipes were cut and a new pipe
without manholes was drawn along the boundary.
Tertiary Water Treatment Plant and Ozonator
 To complement the removal of faecal matter by solid liquid separator and provide a
sufficient treated water standard, a water treatment plant with an ozonator, bag filter,
AMF, ACF and MCF, 5mg ozonator was installed instead of uf (ultra filtration).

Solid liquid separator

 COMPARISON OF SOLID LIQUID SEPARATION SYSTEM WITH MBBR.

Mbbr (Moving Bed Bio Film Reactor)

The treatment system consists of
1. primary treatment followed by,
2. Mbbr.
3. Tertiary treatment as filtration.
Components of treatment process are
 Bar screen
 Transfer pump/collection tank
 Diffused aeration system
 Diffuser & valves
 Sludge pump
 Filter feed pump
 Pressure sand filter
 Activated carbon filter
 On line chlorination
 Filter press
 Uv filtration

Flow chart of mbbr

Inlet

Treated water is reused for flushing and chiller makeup tank recharge &landscaping.

Solid liquid separator

Solid liquid separator system:

The solid liquid separator Treatment system consists of

1. Solid liquid separation
2. Tertiary Treatment as Filtration

Components of treatment process are

 Solid liquid separator.
 Bio chamber.
 Filter mat.
 Settling tank.
 UV filtration.
 Activated media filter.
 Activated carbon filter.
 Pressure sand filter.

Solid liquid separator

CASE STUDY OF MBBR AT PVR IRRUM MANZIL
Capacity: 270kld
Flow mechanism:
Bar screen chamberequalization tank aeration tanktube settler tankclarifier
tankfilter feed pumppressurized sand filter activated carbon filterhypo
dosingtreated water tank.

Bar Screen Chamber:

Operation:
First stage of filtration where the large objects are separated from the
raw sewage.
Maintenance:
• Check and clean the bar screen at frequent intervals.
• Do not allow solids to overflow/escape from bar screen.
• Ensure no large gaps are formed due to corrosion of the screen. Bar screen Chamber
• Replace corroded/unserviceable bar screen immediately.

Equalization Tank:
Operation:
• In aeration tank they will add oxygen to the sewage.
Maintenance:
• Keep air mixing on all times Equalization Tank
• Ensure that the air mixing is uniform throughout the entire tank.
Tube Settler Tank:
Operation:
In tube settler tank they add cow dung and alum as a bioreactor to take Place
-Activated sludge process and after that the water is settled up to 2 to 3 hours.
Maintenance:
Tube Settler Tank
• Check and clean the bottom of the tank once a two years.

Solid liquid separator

Filter Feed Tank:
Operation:
It clarifies the sewage by removing the solid floating particles and removes the
Odour. Filter Feed Tank
Maintenance: Check and clean the tank periodically

Filter Feed Pump:

Consists of a filter which removes suspended particles above 30 microns size and
a centrifugal pump to transfer water with necessary operating pressure.

Filter Feed Pump

Pressure Sand Filter:

The Pressure Sand Filter consists of a multiple layer of sand with a variety in size
and specific gravity. These Filters are designed to remove turbidity and
suspended particles present in the feed water with minimum pressure drop.

Pressure Sand Filter

Activated carbon filter:

Consists of a carbon filter bed which are most effective at removing chlorine,
particles such as sediment, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), taste and odor
from water.
Activated Carbon Filter

Chemical dosing:
NAOCL is used to remove the iron salts.

The obtained clarified water is utilized for flushing in toilets.

Chemical Dosing

Solid liquid separator

Number of pumps used in mbbr system, and there capacities.
1. Air blowers (3) for aeration, each of 5hp.
2. Filter feed pump (2), each of 7.5hp.
3. Sludge recirculation pump (2), each of 5hp.
4. Filter feed press pump (2), each of 5hp.
5. Filter press pump(1), 5hp
Power consumptions of pumps
1hp =745 watts
Power consumption of air blowers = 5*3*745=11,175watts.
= 11.175 kW.
Power consumption of filter feed pump = 2*7.5*745=11,175watts.
= 11.175 kW.
Power consumption of sludge recirculation pump = 2*5*745=7450watts.
=7.45 kW.
Power consumption of filter feed press pump = 2*5*745=7450watts.
= 7.45 kW.
Power consumption of filter press pump = 1*5*745=3725watts.
=3.725 kW.

Mbbr system runs 6 hrs. a day on an average.

Total power utilization per hour = 11.175 + 11.175 +7.45 + 7.45 + 3.725 = 40.975kw/hr.
Total consumption per day = 40.975kw/hr. * 6 hrs.
= 245.85kw
1 unit = 1kw
Total no of units consumed by the system are 245.85 units, that is 246 units
Energy bill for STP is 246unit*10rs/unit= 2460 Rs /day charge.
Monthly = 2460*30 = 73,800rs.
Annual cost = 73800 * 12 = 8, 85,600rs.

Solid liquid separator

Average Characteristics of Raw Sewage effluent

Comparison of Characteristics of treated Sewage effluent

Sl. Parameter P CB Test method Mbbr Solid liquid
no system separator
Norms

01 Ph 5.5 - 9.0 IS:3025(PT-11) 6.85 7.5

02 Total Suspended Solids < 100 mg/l IS:3025(PT-17) 30 53

03 Oil & Grease < 10 mg/l IS:3025(PT-39) 1.2 9

04 Chemical Oxygen Demand < 250 mg/l IS:3025(PT-58) 36.4 28

05 Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand < 30 mg/l IS:3025(PT-44) 9.6 6

Solid liquid separator

Types of treatment after solid liquid separation .
In solid liquid separation system primary treatment is done by solid liquid separator.
Secondary treatment is done in 2 ways.
1. Reed bed method.
2. Mechanical treatment.

Reed bed method

 Red beds construction ponds are treatment ponds used for secondary & tertiary
treatment process.
 Water contaminants are cleaned through the reed bed is cleaned by microorganisms
living on the root.
 Reed beds are natural habitats found in floodplains, waterlogged depressions.
 Reed beds are used to remove pollutants from grey water.
 Reed beds can be constructed in a range of different shapes and scales designed to
complement the surrounding landscape.
 Reed bed construction is done with course of gravel and sand with local available plants
tunga plants.
 Reed bed Technology is a highly effective environmentally sustainable alternative to
high energy mechanical treatment systems, resulting in naturally lower operating costs
and a reduced carbon footprint:
 Lowered operating costs by 80%.
 Reducing carbon emissions by 90%.
 Reduced noise and pollution.
 Reduced maintenance.
 Reduced energy consumption.

Solid liquid separator

Mechanical treatment
 After primary treatment by the solid liquid separator
 Secondary treatment is done with ozone generators, micron cartridge filters and bag
filters.
 Tertiary treatment would be done with UV, and ACF (activated carbon filter), and sand
filter.

Cost comparison:
Cost comparison of Nicmar 30kld treatment system.

 NICMAR in shameerpet had taken a quotation of solid liquid separator for their new
hostel building, of 30KLD requirement.
 Solid liquid separator treatment system quotation which including secondary and
tertiary treatment was about 6 lakhs.
 MBBR treatment system quotation was 9 lakhs. Where this is excluding tanks and civil
work. Which goes up to 14 lakhs including tanks & civil work.

Cost of konark hospital 13kld treatment plant.

 Konark hospital in jeedimetla.

 Which were taken from solid liquid separator which includes civil work and tertiary
treatment was 6 lakhs.
 Where mbbr provided coated 10 lakhs for 13lkd treatment plant.

Solid liquid separator

Operational & maintenance cost
1. Solid liquid separator
2. Mbbr

Annual O & M costs for solid liquid separator-based STP at Konark Hospitals
Item Action Frequency Approx. cost/year
Underground room Cleaning and disinfection Annual
Aquatron Cleaning from inside and outside Annual
Bio-chamber Emptying compost Annual
Bio-filter mat Pressure wash Annual ₹ 12,000.00
Barrel & filter Pressure wash Monthly ₹ 6,000.00
Pump Repairs Occasionally dependent
AMF NA NA 0
ACF Media refill Annual ₹ 12,000.00
MCF Filter refill Monthly ₹ 5,040.00
Bag filter Filter refill Monthly ₹ 2,000.00
Ozonator electricity ₹ 6,000.00
Pump electricity ₹ 30,000.00
Total ₹ 73,040.00

Annual O & M costs for MBBR - based STP at IRRUM MANZIL

Item Action Frequency Approx. cost/year
Bar screen cleaning 12,000
Annual
collection tank cleaning 12,000
Annual
Diffused aeration system Pressure wash Monthly 6,000

Diffuser & valves Pressure wash Monthly 1,000

Sludge pump Pressure wash& repairs Monthly 1,500

Filter feed pump Pressure wash& repairs Monthly 2,000

Pressure sand filter Media refill Annual 25,000

Activated carbon filter Media refill Annual 12,000

On line chlorination Media refill dependent

dependent
Pump electricity 8,85,600

Total o&m cost of mbbr system=

12,000+12,000+72,000+12,000+18,000+24,000+25,000+12,000+8, 85,600=10, 72,600.
Power consumption:

Solid liquid separator

In solid liquid separation system.

 There is no power consumption in primary treatment, every action is done with the
momentum of flushed water & centrifugal force.
 Secondary treatment is done with ozone generators.
Ozonator power consumption: 0.2unit/hr.
Per day consumption: 1.4kw

200watts for hour consumption

Tertiary treatment would be done with UV, and ACF (activated carbon filter), and sand
filter.
System runs for 7hrs a day
 UV unit power consumption: 30w/hr.
Per day consumption: 210watts = 0.21kw
 Acf pump power consumption: 745kw/hr.
Per day consumption: 5.215kw
Total power consumption by the unit at the end of the day = 5.215+0.21+1.4=6.825kw
Monthly power consumption = 6.825*30= 204.75kw
Electric bill per month = 204.75*10= 2047.5rs.

Operation& maintenance of solid liquid separator

1. Depending upon the site utilization the internal walls of the separator has to be
cleaned.
2. Cleaning of bio chamber for every 2-3 years according to the requirement.
3. Bio chamber level has to be monitored (can be done manually or automation)
4. Acf cartridge refilling.
5. Bio mat needs to be pressure washed while cleaning of bio chamber.

Solid liquid separator

Design of a solid-liquid separator STP system.

Depends factors

 Inlet Water Tank Capacity.

 Filtration plant sizing.

 No. of solid liquid separators.

 Bio chamber.

 Reuse purpose.

Inlet Water Tank Capacity.

Inlet water tank capacity defines the load of the system.

Filtration plant sizing

Filtration plant sizing depends upon the treatment capacity.(filtration hours)

Filtration hours being taken at an average of 10-12 hours per day. This ensures the system is not
overused. For example 40KLD, you take a 4000 LPH plant.
No of solid liquid separator
1 solid liquid separator connects for 25 -28 water closets.
No. of solid liquid separators depends upon
1. No of toilets.
2. Total horizontal distance from the last toilet in the pipeline.

Bio chamber
As a standard consideration
For residential = 1800 liters bio chamber for 50users.
For non-residential = 1800 liters bio chamber for 200users.
Sizing done according to the scaling factor of above references.

Solid liquid separator

Reuse purpose
Reuse purpose for the treated water determines the type of tertiary water treatment plant.

a. Reuse for gardening  ACF and UV will suffice

b. Reuse for flushing  AMF, ACF, UF

c. Reuse for chillers AMF, ACF, UF and RO if there is high TDS in the water

d. Groundwater recharge  UV

e. Discharge after meeting PCB norms  AMF, ACF, UF

Proposing a solid liquid separator STP system for Sandhya elite:

 Sandhya elite is an 11 floors commercial building, with a built up area of 6, 50,000 sq.ft.
Located at nanakramguda.

 Design for Reuse for flushing  AMF, ACF, and UF.

Solid liquid separator

 Reuse for chillers AMF, ACF, UF and RO if there is high TDS in the water.

 Sandhya elite is g+10 floor building with 3basement levels.

 Sandhya elite has a load around 4790 users (occupancy).

 Where we calculate standardly as 1800 liters bio chamber for 200 users for non-
residential purpose.

 Therefore we require around 43,110 liter capacity bio chamber on peak demand, so by
considering some extra load also lets choose 50k liters.

 It is a typical floor structure building with 2 washrooms for ladies and gents situated side
by side on backside facing of the building.

 Gents toilet has 13 water closets, 11 washbasins, 10 urinals, 1 ph toilet (1water closet, 1
wash basin).

 Ladies toilet has 13 water closets, 16 washbasins, and 1 ph toilet (1water closet, 1 wash
basin).

 Each solid liquid separator connected to 28wc’s, where total requirement of solid liquid
separators are 12.

 Depending upon the location of toilets zoned into 2 parts, left zone (gents) and right
zone (ladies).

 Each zone consists of 6 solid liquid separators. Where each solid liquid separator is
connected to 2 floors and placed in basement levels 1, 2.

 Treatment plant can be installed in b3 level.

 Where the size of the stp is 50kld.

 Each solid liquid separator size is 600*600*600 (l*b*h).

 Where in left zone we have 6 sls (solid liquid separator).

Left zone (gents) Solid liquid No.of wc’s users

separators(sls) connected
Ground & 1st SLS-1 28 610
2nd & 3rd SLS-2 28 610
4th & 5th SLS-3 28 610
6th & 7th SLS-4 28 610
8th & 9th SLS-5 28 610
10th SLS-6 14 305

Solid liquid separator

 Right zone (ladies) Solid liquid No.of wc’s users
separators(sls) connected
Ground & 1st SLS-7 28 261
2nd & 3rd SLS-8 28 261
4th & 5th SLS-9 28 261
6th & 7th SLS-10 28 261
8th & 9th SLS-11 28 261
10th SLS-12 14 130

Total 12 SLS for 11 floors with 2 zones and a load of 50kld and 4790 users.
SLS: solid liquid separator.
Treatment plant mode
Design for Reuse for flushing  AMF, ACF, and UF.
Reuse for chillers AMF, ACF, UF and RO if there is high TDS in the water.

Where system is designed as connective mode of both process

Tertiary treatment plant size of 10k lph plant where it takes 5 hrs. Of run time for
treatment in a day.

Solid liquid separator

Solid liquid separator
Solid liquid separator