DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF VERTICAL AXIS

WIND MILL
PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

S.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Register No: 148888888888

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the diploma in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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KKS MANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

VALLAM
DOTE: CHENNAI-600 025
APRIL 2017
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

VERTICAL AXIS WIND MILL” is the bonafide work of S.PUGAZHENTHI ( Reg.

No: 14221540) who carried out the work under my supervision. Certified further that to

the best of my knowledge the work reported here in does not form part of any other

thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier

occasion on this or any other candidate.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT GUIDED BY

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, M.E xxxxxxxxxxxxx, B.E

Lecturer and Head of the Lecturer/Mechanical

Department of Mechanical Engg, Department of Mechanical Engg.,

Rajagopal polytechnic college xxxxxxxxxxxxx polytechnic college

.

Submitted for the Project Examination ,held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge with reference and offer my thankfulness with profound

gratitude, for the sources of inspiration, for the invaluable services rendered and for the

kindness showered upon me by the way of guidance to the following dedicated

luminaries.

I sincerely thank our respected management Mr.D.xxxxxxxxxxxx, Msc., B.ED.,

Managing Director and Mr.S.yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy B.A., Administrative officer of

ddddddddddd polytechnic college arcot, for all his efforts and administration in

educating us in his prestigious institution.

I express our deepest gratitude to Mr.ffffffffffffffffffff principal of ggggggg

polytechnic college fffffffff, for his kind support throughout this work.

We are indebted to acknowledge the effort and substantial contributions of

Mr. M.B hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh, ME.,. Head of Department, Department of Mechanical

Engineering of Shri sitheswarrar polytechnic college arcot, for giving us the required

details, guidelines, invaluable comments and suggestions.

I am extremely grateful to my guide Mr. G.gggggggggggggggggggggg.,,

Department of Mechanical Engg ., who helped me by his suggestion at different stage

that enable me to complete the phase I project work successfully.

We are much thankful to our teaching and non-teaching staff members of

department and our institution us to complete this work

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. WIND ENERGY
4. LITERATURE RESEARCH
5. WORKING OF WIND TURBINE
6. ANATOMY OF WIND MILL
7. VERTICAL AXIS WIND MILL GENERATOR

8. PARAMETERS OF VAWT
9. WIND TERMINOLOGY TO BE CONSIDERED
10. PARTS OF VAW M ILL GENERATOR BLADES
11. DYANAMO
12. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ALTERNATOR AND DYNAMO

13. ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATOR OVER DYNAMO

14. FABRICATION OF MACHINE

15. ADVANTAGES
16. CONCLUSION
17. FABRICATION OF MACHINE
18. DIAGRAM
19. COST ESTIMATION
20. APPLICATION
21. WORKING PRINCIPLE
22. CONCLUSION
23. PHOTOGRAPHY
24. FINAL THANKS
 1.ABSTRACT

It is well known that we rely on the nonrenewable resources such as fossil

fuels, oils, natural gas, etc which will certainly get exhausted some day. So keeping these
things into consideration we thought of generating power using non-conventional sources
which is abundantly available naturally and has zero threat for extinction. Among the
various non-convention methods for generation of electric power, wind has found its
place to be efficient. Wind Energy being renewable resource of energy has got much
attention for power generation, nowadays. Having a nature of abundance unlike
employment of resources in conventional methods satisfies the growing needs. Wind
energy depends upon natural terrains which have wind potential, though these terrains are
not found even in nature everywhere, but those which have, are the places that can be
harnessed for high potential power generation. Taking into consideration the
geographical attributes of our region, the vertical axis windmill will be efficient for
power generation. The basic reason for using VAWT is that, it does not consider the wind
direction and operates at low wind speed.
2.INTRODUCTION

Even though the first wind turbine1 was built around 900 A.D. [1], wind power is today a
small addition to the worlds energy demand when compared to coal, nuclear, hydro and
oil. However, today there is a global discussion about if the greenhouse effect [2] exists
or not and if an oil crisis is waiting to happen[3]. Whether or not this is the case, it is a
good idea to investigate more environmentally friendly energy sources. A growing
number of installed wind turbines is not the single solution for the world’s growing
energy demand, but can be a part of a more environmentally friendly solution. To be
competitive, wind turbine developers need to reduce the cost per installed kW and the
maintenance needs have to be as low as possible to reduce downtime. In a studyfrom
2007, it was stated that failures in gearboxes, pitch and yaw systems together stand for
42.1% of the downtime in Swedish wind turbines [4]. This indicates that a less complex
system without these parts has the potential to reduce the downtime and thereby increase
the profit of a wind turbine. Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) can be built without
these parts, but have today a very small part of the wind power market in favour of the
horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT). The VAWMG design shown can be installed in
domestic environment so that it can be efficiently used for household purposes. As these
are economic when compared with previously designed wind turbines and even the solar
panels, the future scope for this kind of wind turbine is quite more.

WHY WIND ENERGY?

Wind energy is friendly to the surrounding

 environment, as no fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity from wind energy.
Wind turbines take up less space than the
 average power station. Windmills only have to occupy a few square meters for the base,
this allows the land around the turbine to be used for many purposes, for example
agriculture. Newer technologies are making the extraction of

 wind energy much more efficient. The wind is free, and we are able to cash in on this
free source of energy. Wind turbines are a great resource to generate

 energy in remote locations, such as mountain communities and remote countryside.

Wind turbines can be a range of different Sizes in order to support varying population
levels.
3.WIND ENERGY

Wind energy is the conversion of wind energy into more useful forms, usually electricity
using wind turbines. Most modern wind power is generated in the form of electricity by
converting the rotation of turbine blades into electrical current by means of an electrical
generator. In windmills (a much older technology) wind energy is used to turn
mechanical machinery to do physical work, like crushing grain or pumping water. Wind
power is used in large scale wind farms for national electrical grids as well as in small
individual turbines for providing electricity to rural residences or grid-isolated locations.
Wind energy is ample, renewable, widely distributed, cleans, and works against the
greenhouse effect if used to replace the use of fossilfuel.
 4.LITERATURE RESEARCH

This chapter discusses in general wind pumps and various types and characteristics of
rotors, principles of wind energy conversion and the history and the technologies for
wind energy conversion to mechanical energy around the world.
WIND TURBINE
A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind (also called wind
energy) into mechanical energy or wind power. If the mechanical energy is used to
produce electricity, the device may be called wind turbine or wind power plant. If the
mechanical energy is used to drive machinery, such as for grinding grain or pumping
water, the device is called a windmill or wind pump. A wind pump is a windmill used for
pumping water from wells, or for draining low- lying areas of land. Wind pumps are still
used today as prime movers in areas where electric power is not available or too
expensive.

HISTORY OF WINDMILL DEVELOPMENT

It is generally agreed that windmills were used to pump water during the 9th century AD
in what is now Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan (Wikipedia, 2012). The use of windmills
became widespread across the Muslim world and has spread to China and India as well.
Windmills were later used extensively in Europe, particularly in the Netherlands and the
East Anglia area of Great Britain, from the late Middle Ages onwards. The purpose was
to drain land for agricultural or building purposes. Early immigrants to the New World
brought with them the technology of windmills from Europe (Wikipedia, 2012). 7
On US farms, particularly in the Midwest, wind pumps were used to pump water from
farm wells for animal husbandry. In California and some other states, the windmill was
part of a self-contained domestic water system including a hand-dug well and a redwood
water tower supporting a redwood tank and enclosed by redwood siding (tank house).
The self-regulating farm wind pump was invented by Daniel Halladay in 1854.
Eventually steel blades and steel towers replaced wooden construction, and at their peak
in 1930, an estimated 600,000 units were in use, with capacity equivalent to 150
megawatts. Early wind pumps directly operated the pump shaft from a crank attached to
the rotor of the windmill; the installation of back-gearing between wind-rotor and pump-
crank allowed the pump to function at lower wind speeds (Wikipedia, 2012).
The multi-bladed wind turbine on top of a lattice tower made of wood or steel became,
for many years, a fixture of the landscape throughout rural America. These mills, made
by a variety of manufacturers, featured a large number of blades that made them turn
slowly with considerable torque at low winds and self-regulating at high winds. A tower-
top gearbox and crankshaft converted the rotary motion into reciprocating strokes carried
downward through a rod to the pump cylinder located below. Rising energy costs and
improved pumping technology are issues of increasing interest in the use of this once
declining technology (Wikipedia, 2012).

WORLDWIDE USE OF WIND PUMPS

Wind pumps are used extensively in Southern Africa, Australia, on farms and ranches in
the central plains and South West of the United States. In South Africa and Namibia,
thousands of wind pumps are still operating. These are mostly used to provide water for
human use as well as drinking water for large sheep stocks.
5.WORKING OF WIND TURBINE
We have been harnessing the wind's energy for hundreds of years. Windmills have been
used for pumping water or grinding grain. Today, the windmill's modern equivalent - a
wind turbine - can use the wind's energy to generate electricity. Wind turbines, like
windmills, are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At 100 feet (30 meters) or
more aboveground, they can take advantage of the faster and less turbulent wind.
Turbines catch the wind's energy with their propeller-like blades. Usually, two or three
blades are mounted on a shaft to form a rotor. A blade acts much like an airplane wing.
When the wind blows, a pocket of low-pressure air forms on the downwind side of the
blade. The low-pressure air pocket then pulls the blade toward it, causing the rotor to
turn. This is called lift. The force of the lift is actually much stronger than the wind's
force against the front side of the blade, which is called drag. The combination of lift and
drag causes the rotor to spin like a propeller, and the turning shaft spins a generator to
make electricity. Wind turbines can be used as stand-alone applications, or they can be
connected to a utility power grid or even combined with a photovoltaic (solar cell)
system. For utility-scale sources of wind energy, a large number of wind turbines are
usually built close together to form awind plant. Several electricity providers today use
wind plants to supply power to their customers. Stand-alone wind turbines are typically
used for water pumping or communications. VERTICAL AXIS
6.ANATOMY OF WIND MILL
7.VERTICAL AXIS WIND MILL GENERATOR
The first people to successfully use vertical axis windmills were in what is now
Afghanistan in the 7thcentury AD. These windmills contained a number of rectangular
blades covered in cloth. At the time, these windmills were used for grinding corn and
pumping water. Advances in aerodynamics and the development of the airfoil also
provided improvements to the vertical axis design. Modern vertical axis windmills have
been nicknamed "eggbeaters" due to their resemblance to the kitchen tool. Vertical axis
windmills can be located closer to the ground than their horizontal counterparts, but have
a reduced efficiency caused by drag on the blades. Vertical axis wind turbines, as
shortened to VAWTs, have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. The main advantage
of this arrangement is that the wind turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind.
This is an advantage on sites where the wind direction is highly variable or has turbulent
winds. With a vertical axis, the generator and other primary components can be placed
near the ground, so the tower does not need to support it, also makes maintenance easier.
The main drawback of a VAWT generally creates drag when rotating into the wind. It is
difficult to mount vertical-axis turbines on towers, meaning they are often installed nearer
to the base on which they rest, such as the ground or a building rooftop. The wind speed
is slower at a lower altitude, so less wind energy is available for a given size turbine. Air
flow near the ground and other objects can create turbulent flow, which can introduce
issues of vibration, including noise and bearing wear which may increase the
maintenance or shorten its service life. However, when a turbine is mounted on a rooftop,
the building generally redirects wind over the roof top.
8.PARAMETERS OF VAWT DESIGN
Numbers of Blade
Material of Blade
Diameter of Wind Rotor Start (out-in)
wind speed
Wind Rotor height
Security wind speed
Wind energy ratio
Generator rated power
Max output power
Generator Type
Output power from Generator
Charging voltage
Output voltage of Inverter Stop method
Tower type
Tower height
Charging control Inverter power supply
Battery Matching (off-grid system)
Grid tied inverter matching Time of charging (off-grid type)
9.WIND TERMINOLOGY TO BE CONSIDERED
START-UP SPEED –
This is the speed at which the rotor and blade assembly begins to rotate.
CUT-IN SPEED –
Cut-in speed is the minimum wind speed at which the wind turbine will generate usable
power. This wind speed is typically between 7 and 10 mph for most turbines.
RATED SPEED –
The rated speed is the minimum wind speed at which the wind turbine will generate its
designated rated power. For example, a "10 kilowatt" wind turbine may not generate 10
kilowatts until wind speeds reach 25 mph. Rated speed for most machines is in the range
of 25 to 35 mph. At wind speeds between cut-in and rated, the power output from a wind
turbine increases as the wind increases. The output of most machines levels off above the
rated speed. Most manufacturers provide graphs, called "power curves," showing how
their wind turbine output varies with wind speed.
CUT-OUT SPEED –
At very high wind speeds, typically between 45 and 80 mph, most wind turbines cease
power generation and shut down. The wind speed at which shut down occurs is called the
cut-out speed, or sometimes the furling speed. Having a cut-out speed is a safety feature
which protects the wind turbine from damage. Shut down may occur in one of several
ways. In some machines an automatic brake is activated by a wind speed sensor. Some
machines twist or "pitch" the blades to spill the wind. Still others use "spoilers," drag
flaps mounted on the blades or the hub which are automatically activated by high rotor
rpm's, or mechanically activated by a spring loaded device which turns the machine
sideways to the wind stream. Normal wind turbine
10.PARTS OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND MILL GENERATOR BLADES: Factors
affecting the performance of windmill blades:

1. SHAPE OF BLADE

 This is important because if an optimum blade shape is discovered, then the overall
productivity of a windmill can be increased. The shape of windmill blades highly
influences their rotation. Few different shapes of windmill blades available are: the flat,
rectangular ones, the wing shaped ones and the ones with edges tapered to a thin line or
edges rounded similar to the ones of an airplane wing. In the case of the horizontal axis
windmills, the wing shape has proved to be the most efficient one. The vertical axis
windmills works very well with all the shapes of the windmill’s blades, however the best
performance this blade is in its first stages and not yet is given by the flat ones as well as
the ones with both edges rounded.

2.MATERIAL FOR WINDMILL BLADES:

 Decades ago wood was used to make the windmill blades. Nowadays wood is still used
but the design is however different and a lighter wood material is used, to carve the blade
and faster speed rotation. The latest blade design is made of fiber-glass and epoxy resin.
Although marketed, what makes it unique is its curvature like tip which allows it to catch
low wind speeds. However some turbine blades have even been made with the raw
material made for PVC piping which have been found to break in strong lengthy winds,
but are inexpensive to replace. The turbine blades made of carbon fiber are light weight,
and has a razor sharp edge which allows it to literally cut through the wind and makes it
almost silent. This material is preferred and is used in most wind turbine machines sold
today.
3.LENGTH OF WINDMILL BLADES
 The length is also an important factor. If a blade is longer, it covers a larger surface
while it rotates, hence they can catch more wind with every rotation. This may show the
way to more torque. These blades are growing longer from the 30 to 40 meters up to 60
meters.

4.NUMBER OF BLADES:
 The most important thing to take into consideration when talking about windmill blades
is their number. The oldones normally had 4 very heavy blades. Majority of them were
use in grain grinding. After that three blades became the most popular. More blades
seemed to raise noise and slow down the rotation of the turbine’s propeller formation.
After more research was done the perception of using more than three blades was no
longer a factor. Currently, the most recent windmills are equipped with two or three
blades.

5.SURFACE TREATMENT
 This is important since if an optimum surface treatment can be determined, the blades
would not only be protected from the elements but also be more productive.

6,TIP SPEED RATIO

 The tip speed ratio is very important. The ratio of the speed of the wind and the speed
of the blade tips is called Tip Speed Ratio. High efficiency 3-blade-turbines have tip
speed of 6 to 7. The tip speed ratio is directly proportional to the windmill’s productivity.
If the efficiency of a wind turbine is improved, then more power can be generated thus
decreasing the need for costly power generators that cause pollution. This would also
lessen the cost of power for the common people. The wind is factually there for the
taking and doesn’t cost any money. Power can be produced and stored by a wind turbine
with little or no pollution. If the efficiency of the common wind turbine is enhanced, the
common people can cut back on their power costs enormously. Wind energy contributes
very little pollution, toxic by-products or greenhouse gasses; it is still a sufficient
supplement for non-renewable fuels
10.ALTERNATOR and DYANAMO
Construction wise, an alternator generally consists of field poles placed on the
rotating fixture of the machine i.e. rotor as shown in the figure above. Once the rotor or
the field poles are made to rotate in the presence of armature conductors housed on the
stator, an alternating 3φ voltage represented by aa’ bb’ cc’ is induced in the armature
conductors thus resulting in the generation of 3φ electrical power. All modern
day electrical power generating stations use this technology for generation of 3φ power,
and as a result the alternator or synchronous generator has become a subject of great
importance and interest for power engineers.An alternator is basically a type of AC
generator which is also known as synchronous generator, for the simple reason that the
field poles are made to rotate at synchronous speed Ns = 120 f/P for effective power
generation.

Where f signifies the alternating current frequency and the P represents the number of

poles.
 In
most practical construction of alternator, it is installed with a stationary armature
winding and a rotating field unlike in the case of DC generator where the arrangement is
exactly opposite. This modification is made to cope with the very high power of the order
of few 100 Mega watts produced in an AC generator contrary to that of a DC generator.
To accommodate such high power the conductor weigh and dimension naturally has to be
increased for optimum performance. And for this reason is it beneficial to replace these
high power armature windings by low power field windings, which is also consequently
of much lighter weight, thus reducing the centrifugal force required to turn the rotor and
permitting higher speed limits.
There are mainly two types of rotor used in construction of alternator,
1. Salient pole type.
2. Cylindrical rotor type.

Salient Pole Type

The term salient means protruding or projecting. The salient pole type of rotor is
generally used for slow speed machines having large diameters and relatively small axial
lengths. The pole in this case are made of thick laminated steel sections riveted together
and attached to a rotor with the help of joint. An alternator as mentioned earlier is mostly
responsible for generation of very high electrical power. To enable that, the mechanical
input given to the machine in terms of rotating torque must also be very high. This high
torque value results in oscillation or hunting effect of the alternator or synchronous
generator. To prevent these oscillations from going beyond bounds the damper winding is
provided in the pole faces as shown in the figure. The damper windings are basically
copper bars short circuited at both ends are placed in the holes made in the pole axis's.
When the alternator is driven at a steady speed, the relative velocity of the damping
winding with respect to main field will be zero. But as soon as it departs from the
synchronous speed there will be relative motion between the damper winding and the
main field which is always rotating at synchronous speed. This relative difference will
induce current in them which will exert a torque on the field poles in such a way as to
bring the alternator back to synchronous speed operation.

The salient features of pole field structure has the following special feature-
1. They have a large horizontal diameter compared to a shorter axial length.
2. The pole shoes covers only about 2/3rd of pole pitch.
3. Poles are laminated to reduce eddy current loss.
4. The salient pole type motor is generally used for low speed operations of around
100 to 400 rpm, and they are used in power stations with hydraulic turbines or diesel
engines.
Salient pole alternators driven by water turbines are called hydro-alternators or hydro
generators.
Cylindrical Rotor Type

The cylindrical rotor is

generally used for very high speed operation and employed in steam turbine driven
alternators like turbo generators. The machines are built in a number of ratings from
10MVA to over 1500 MVA. The cylindrical rotor type machine has uniform length in all
directions, giving a cylindrical shape to the rotor thus providing uniform flux cutting in
all directions. The rotor in this case consists of a smooth solid steel cylinder, having a
number of slots along its outer periphery for hosing the field coils. The cylindrical rotor
alternators are generally designed for 2-pole type giving very high speed of Ns = (120 ×
f)/P = (120 × 50) / 2 = 3000 rpm. Or 4-pole type running at a speed of Ns = (120 × f) / P
= (120 × 50) / 4 = 1500 rpm. Where, f is the frequency of 50 Hz. The cylindrical rotor
synchronous generator does not have any projections coming out from the surface of the
rotor, rather central polar area are provided with slots for housing the field windings as
we can see from the diagram above. The field coils are so arranged around these poles
that flux density is maximum on the polar central line and gradually falls away as we
move out towards the periphery. The cylindrical rotor type machine gives better balance
and quieter-operation along with lesser windage losses.

OUR PROJECT ALTERNATOR

 The proposed mini-electricity generator project is very simple to build and can be
used by students as a school project, or just for hobbyists. The set up can be used
to charge a battery with electricity produced from wind power.

 A dynamo is a type of alternator commonly associated with

bicycles for generating electricity that is used for lighting a small head lamp. The
unit eliminates the need of a battery and provides an easy alternative for
illuminating a lamp whenever the bicycle is in motion.
  A dynamo is a pretty interesting little generator which starts generating pure
electricity the moment its wheel is rotated. Basically, it works on the fundamental
principles of electromagnetism where current is induced in coils of copper wire
under the influence of a rotating magnetic flux, generated by alternate shifting of
the magnets North and south poles.

11.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ALTERNATOR AND DYNAMO

Dynamo vs Alternator
The dynamo and alternator are two very similar devices that have the same function; to
produce electric power via a mechanical input. Both dynamos and alternators use the same
concept of electromagnetic fields to produce power. The main difference between dynamos
and alternator is the type of current they produce. Dynamos produce a direct current that
flows in the same direction. In comparison, alternators produce an alternating current, which
constantly changes directions.
 The part that allows the dynamo to produce direct current is the commutator. At its simplest,
it is basically a fixed switch connects and disconnects as the shaft turns. The commutator
constantly changes the polarity of the output current so that the output is always of the same
polarity. Without a commutator, a dynamo would simply produce alternating current just like
an alternator. But, the commutator adds another point of possible failure, which lowers the
reliability of the device. Even more so since the commutator contacts are constantly moving
and wear down quite quickly due to friction.

Direct current is desirable because most of our devices need direct to function. Anything with
semiconductors, which includes pretty much all appliances and gadgets, require direct
current. Although we need direct current, the power supplied to us via our mains is
alternating current provided by alternators. This is because it is easier and more efficient to
transmit power via alternating current. Converting AC voltage to thousands of volts for
transmission then reduced to usable levels at the receiving end can be easily achieved via
transformers. The same is very difficult to do with direct current. The alternating current is
then easily converted to DC at the homes by rectification using solid state devices.

Power generation via alternators is the widely accepted practice around the world. Even
vehicles like ships, cars, and motorcycles use alternators to charge their batteries and provide
power to the accessories. On the other hand, dynamos are rarely if ever used to produce
power but are still in widespread use as motors. Devices that use motors but rely on batteries
for power use dynamos, since it can be run via DC. Toys, power tools, and other devices are
some examples of things that use dynamos.

Summary:
A dynamo produces direct current while an alternator produces alternating current
A dynamo has a commutator while an alternator doesn’t
A dynamo is less reliable than an alternator
A dynamo based system is less efficient than an alternator based system

12.ADVANTAGES OF AN ALTERNATOR OVER DYNAMO

The alternator has the following advantages over a commutator-type generator (dynamo).
Higher output. Alternator rotating parts are more robust allowing a higher speed of rotation. For
achieving higher speed a drive pulley of smaller diameter is used. Although extra
output at high speed is required, the improvement at a low engine speed is more significant (Fig.
14.33).
Lower weight and more compact. With the constructional features and improved efficiency of
an alternator, a smaller unit delivers the required output.
Less maintenance. As output current is not required to be conducted through a commutator and
brushes in case of alternator, the breakdown due to brush wear or surface contamination is
eliminated.
More precise output control. The use of a solid state regulator in alternator enables precise
output control with

Fig. 14.33. Comparison of outputs.

reduced maximum output limit. This permits the use of maintenance free batteries and other
efficient electronic systems.
Requires no cut-out. As rectifier diodes serve the same purpose as a cut-out for an alternator, no
additional system is required.

13.FABRICATION OF THE MACHINE

There are few types of fabrication methods that are done on the machine.

They are:

Arc cutting.

 Drilling

. Grinding.

 Turning
 . Further Operation: Cleaning

. Assembling.

 Machining Operations: In this paper it is used to cut the raw material such as plates, rod.
This is done by arc cutting machine.

Drilling: Drilling is used to produce holes in objects. In this project the square type pipe
required the holes for making rake assembly. These holes are done by vertical type drilling
machine. Fine Grinding: It is nothing but a grinding process, which is done as smooth with
fine grains. It is done by convention grinding machine.

Turning: It is used in this project to make the groove on the both sides of top cover plate.
This is done by conventional lathe.

Further Operations: Cleaning: It is the operation to clean the all machined parts without
burrs, dust and chip formals. By meaning the parts they are brightened and good looking.

Assembling: It is the operation, its deals with the assembling of various parts produced by
above operations.

14.ADVANTAGES
 The generator, gearbox and other components may be placed on the ground, so the
tower doesn’t need to support it, and it is more accessible for maintenance.
 Relatively cost of production, installation and transport compared to horizontal
axis turbines.
 The turbine doesn’t need to be pointed into the wind to be effective.
 This is an advantage on sites where the wind direction is highly variable. Hilltops,
ridgelines and passes can have higherand more powerful winds near the ground
 than higher up because due to the speed up effect of winds moving up a slope. In
these places, vertical axis turbines are suitable.
 The blades spin at slower speeds than the horizontal turbines, decreasing the risk
of injuring birds.
 It is significantly quieter than the horizontal axis wind turbine. As a result, vertical
axis wind turbines work well on rooftops, making them particularly useful in
residential and urban environments.
 They may also be built in locations where taller structures are prohibited by law.
They are particularly suitable for areas with extreme weather conditions, like in
the mountains where they can supply electricity to mountain huts.

15.CONCLUSION
In the recent era of rapidly developing technology the design of this vertical axis wind
mill generator can be able to full fill certain amount of energy requirements.
Thesegenerators can also replace the costly and less efficient solar panels.
16. COST ESTIMATION

S.NO COMPONENT COST

1 7 INCH DIA PVC PIPE 8 FEET
2 M.S ANGLE 6 FEET
3 CAR STEERING COLUMN WIYH BEARINGS
4 SQUARE TUBE 1 LENGTH
5 FRAME FARICATION
6 BOLTS AND NUTS
7 MANUFACTURING,TRANSPORTATION AND
LABOR COST
TOTAL COST

17. PHOTOGRAPHY
 18. FINAL THANKS

We finally thanks our principal, our guide other staff members and
other members of our department in providing valuable suggestion, guidance
and help in making this project a Grand success.
 We are thankful for the kind co-operation Contributed by other
student in helping us in this project work.