SECURE SYNOPSIS: 16 OCTOBER 2019 SECURE SYNOPSIS: 16 OCTOBER 2019, NOTE: Please remember that flloinganswersate NOT imadel ansier. They are NOT synopsis oof we o by definition of the term, What we are providing conten that both meets demand of the question and at he same time gives you extra pots inthe form of backround information, eterence World history by Norman Lowe ep hmando ein Introduetion tn March 1861 Emmanuel procaied the tain nation with himself 25kng and Camilo Cavour as pre minster. Tree othe key fgures| Inthe un ation of rly were Mazin, Garibaldl and Cavour who akbough allnavng diferent ams, ulsmately contribute tothe Uuniicavon of aly In 1815, after te defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at‘Waterloo, the great powers of Europe; Rusia, Prusi, Austra and Great Brain met in Vienna an regarded the changes that had been ‘made to the talon peninsula during French rue Body: “The Contributions of Mazen, Garbald and Cavour in the Unifeaton of taly were a oliows Mazzini: + Acayoung age of 291831, he was eed fr ate ‘evolution in igura + Toturther spreas the revlutlonary ideas, he founded wo more underground soceties-"Young tay in Marslles and Young Furope'in Berne, whose members were ke-minded young men ‘rom Poland, France, kalyand the German states. Following his example, secret sockles were set up In Germany, France, czerland and Poland, Mazzin's opposition to ‘vonarehy and his sion of democratlerepubles scared the ‘conservatives. Metternich deserbed him a the most dangeraus ‘enemy of our soil order. + He wanted unifeation through a demecratirevlution buts lony deal were not supported bythe peasants and middle ‘asses. Aza result he fale In is etorts but prepares the round for oxhers. Mazin believed that God had created nations tobe the natural Lunt of mankind Thus, kal cannot remain dvded into various kingdoms. trast bea single unified republic + Many ofhiswrtngs became dassies inte erature of ‘ational, Mazon made two proposals Without {International support unification of italy saificult and ‘Austria sa big hurdle in tallan unieaton. + 11548, volts were breaking outa over the North aly Mazin ook tne advantage othe ccumstances. So he cme to Rome and drove out the Pope. And establzhad Republic Rome nga + Then formed 2 commit of trae Trumirs, Mazz was one ofthese Teurmis. Suthis young Republe was aacked on ll ‘das: by the Ausians, Neapoltans athe French Garibatdt: ‘+ He was a member ofthe Young taly movement. He was sled In guerila warfare and desares cra for unting Southern alan states under the leadershio of Pedra. + He organized arevelusonary force called Red shits, and _sueceaded n berating Sel ane Naples and uniting them under tne control ofthe King of Sarina, + Allthe sree major powers surrounded and attacked the Roman Repuoti + The chef fghter on te side ofthe Roman Republic wasHe held tne Ausvans ane defeated the Neapolitan armies. He even “sopped ie French llth was done vit he help of volunteers + Gano leadership gave strength tote youre volunteers Volunteers poured in and they marched enthsiasualy. They ‘often marened singing Garbala's hyn. + Garba and Mazzini bath were fiercely devoted allan Lnifeation, The third player in th's game was Cavour. + Cavour was dear that aly required international support + He strongly believed that only through ciplomacy ane poly of ‘war (sir to Bismarck polity of blood an ron) couk Kaan “nifction be sehieved, ented aly under the leadership of Sarnia, Lombardy, Tuscany, Parma and Papal tates aso united wth Sarna Inthis circumstances, the Crimean war of 18 broke out In his ‘war, Cavour sent tain forces to assist Grain an France against Russia, Oue tothe contribution of troops sen by Cavour Brain and France won. So Cavour got the reward off This was lplomatevitory of Cavour«Final, 9 1871, Rome wae Noeratc from french control and tal ‘was united with the King of Sarin, Vitor Emmanuel becoming the King of tal lh Rome as the Capa. Conclision Mazzinis efforts would have run to waste ina questionable insurrections anc Garisld's feat of arms must have ade one ‘chapter more tothe history of unproductive patriotism. In short we ‘can say with confidence that of athe poll and national leaders of aly, Cavour contributed most ta tne unieaton of Ray. 21 bxplain how conflicting geographical differences between the northern and southern states of America led to outbreak of “American Civil War (250 words) Wor history by Norman Lowe ep hmando ein pte ei Sra he ne Invoduetions The American Ci War was cil war foughtinthe Unites States ‘rom 1851 to 1855, becwean the North the Union) andthe South the Confederacy. Te Cl War began primary a a resutof the lore standing corcroversy over the enslavement of lack peopl. Kar Mare defined tas a strugele bernear two historical epochs the feudal andthe capitalist. The wccory of the laser male posible che eventual recognition of te huran dignity andthe civil rights of fran pevrians. oa Conficting geographic + Inthe mis-19t cantury, while the Unites States was exceriencing ners of temendous growth, a fundamental economic aference existed between the country's northern and southern regions Inthe Nom manufacturing nd industry was well establishes, and agriculture was mostly [mites to smallsale farms, hile the Souths ecoramy was bases ona system flarge-scale farming ‘hat Seperded on the labor of black slvest grow eertain erops especially caton and sabacc, Bexeen 1815 and 1861 the economy ofthe Northern sates was rapidly mederrizingand diversifying though agrulture— ‘mostly smaller farms that relied on free labour—remaines the dominant sector inthe North, inusvialzation has taken root sere ‘+ Moreover, Northerners hadinvestes heavily in an expansive ane ‘varied vanspertation system that ndudes cara, roads, steamboats and railroads: nancalindusres suchas barking and insurance; and ina large commmunicavons network that ‘eatured inexpensive, widely valle renspapers, magazines, and books, along with the telegraph. By contrast che Southern economy was base prinepaly on lnrge arms plantations tat produced commercial eps suth as cotton ard tat relied on slaves athe main abou free + Rather han invest in factories or ria as Northerner hag done, Southerners invested ther money in slves—even more ‘than in ane by 1860, 84 percent of the eaptal invested in ‘manufacturing was invested inthe free non slaveholaing) stats. + The pice f cotton the Soutns defining rap, had skyrocketed in ‘the 1850s, ana the value of slaves—who were, ater al propery rose commensurate + 8/1800 he per capta weatin of Southem whites was ice that cf Northerner, and trains ot Conlon “The other factors that led tothe outbreak ofthe cl war inchs The Colapse ofthe Two-Party Systems between Democrats and Whigs, Slavery inthe ertories, secession of the stats lke South Carolina the elections of 1860 where there wae alack of a candicate with navonal appeal 2a Review of ts State Science and Technology Counc (S570) Programme by the government of india i a step forward in decentralization ofthe agenda of science and democratization of access to science and its methods, which was long overdue ‘Comment.250 words lndianexoressbmn ofthe so Sof ean anny Sepia bec tv gen ay Introduction “The state Sclence and Technology Cound (SS7Cs) constituted to spearhead the use of sence and technologies (Sor regonal problems and to foster srt temper have been completely neglected and are now intellecualy adit. Sate Science & Technology Councils have been sep inal the States and Union| Territories. Several tates have also formed a separate Department of Science & Technology. The State Councils are normaly chaired by Chie Miers of respective States or by an eminent scientist Body: rowing challenges ofa developing India: ‘+ Managing loods and droughts, designing better timetables for ‘ty buses or developing bodagrasble paints fr Ganapat dol makers, are all extemal challenging tasks. ‘+ The systematic study of such problems and their solutions wil lead not only to beter development curcomes, butalso new sence enterprises and jobs ‘The primary responsi iy of song themes with our slats and bureaucrats, not polticans, + Unrorsnately tis isnot fully appreciated by cur society or accepted by our elite institutions a their mandate + Mary ofthe development problems, for instance, water or public heath, re on the State Lit. Most sate departments donot make any provision fo esearch In ther budget simply because Ray be too ruptive, or hat ‘they do net fina abl parnerinsttutons. fects ofthese cha nes: ‘+ The results that our industry imports much ofits sophisticated machinery, ‘ur state agencies call on expensive international consultants ‘even in traditional areas sch a iigaton, International companies fil our potholes wth cement, and foreign universes prepare our smart ty plans and assess ut tnking water systems. ‘These universities know that solving hard realite problems is ‘he road to "wold-dass research an international rankings.he SSTCS are wel-plcedo enable problem discovery dentiy higher education institutions to work on these problems and. engage with state agencies. Challenges faced by STC: + Funding: From the DST ity os 3000-4000 re, barely Rs 100 crore makes tothe SSTCSputtogatrer. State fund ng is scare. For example the Maharastra SIC hasan annual budget of about Rs 60 crore. Compare his with the Rs 200 core research grants tha IT Bombay alone receives fom central agencies, with Ite to show. ‘Second, much ofthe SSTC budge is lsbursed inthe same patronising projec: proposal and approval” method ofthe DS rather than in sectoral engagement and peopleariven problem denefieation Chronic issuesin rural elecricty or public health or esasters such asthe recent Sangh floods are never analysed since they are not seenas sent problems tut socal politcal or implementation problems to be unceraken by NGOs or the concerned state agency, + Lack of diversity in research and Development: © the more informed paradigm s that scence is about empowering people, and not merely about fe fashionable «els about the practice of observation, anaes, reporting and argumentation which may happen within 3 laboratory oroutsdeit ana which speaks net onlyto stents, butte administrators people, the represenatves andthe ci society at large Measures needed: ‘+ TheDST stouldsburse about Rs 2000-2800 cove ciretly to SSTCS wth precise guidelines on problem area selection, publicly _valable reports as research outcomes, identestion of regional insttutions, strengthening of universes, and wording wth regional agence. 1 TheDST stould be a dearng house fr data fom central agancies sucha the Natlonal Remote Sensing Agency (NRSAL The SSTC snould become the nodal center for research in and for stae agencies and administrate units such a forts lands, watersheds, distri or ees. This wil enable setralrezearen, tunes, logistical support and access to statelovel data There shouldbe innovative funding mechanisms, for example providing Rs 10 per capa or Rs 1 crore per dtr per year as research funding for work on regional problems The SSTC should work wth tne sate higher education department to evelvecuricula and research frarmeworis for the {tates development requirements and provide academe pace for SSTC projects, and evolve a network of regional stitutions to worth district-level agencies There shouldbe better alignment of researcn and development vith exsng prograrames 3 the national and state level For ‘example the STC may offer a programme for instutions or ‘enterprises to prepare ar qualty ation plans fo cies as required by the National Clean Ar Programme o rrigation plans 2s part af the national PKSY erogramme There should bea Model State Sclence and Technology Cound ‘Actto ensure the above agenda to preven capture by venerable Sent or eltainsttusons, and to allow people and ther representatives t intate tudes on probleme whch Botner Decertralsation ofthe agenda of science and democratisation of access to slance and ts methods ithe need ofthe nour. This wlbring real science closer to schools and colleges an alow the community to parteipae ints own development. This approach i certainly inline withthe spirit of cence and certainly what was intended by Bharat Ratna C Subramaniam, who inated the SSTC programme and was a ky figure in both the Green Revolution and the White revolution, Economies Ahmed ofthe ge phn Cay ete dee ped eho Sof esa ‘igh au Senin toler rb rt Shisinsee ner toe Introduction India remains the world's largest importer of major arms, accounting for 13 percent ofthe global total sales, according (03 ‘new data released by Stackholm International Peace ResearchInstitute (SIPRD, an independent institute that racks arms prolferation among other issues in conti stuses, Curent, nia allocates about 1.8 percent ofits GDP to defence spending and Imports about 70 percent of defence equipment. Army Criet Gen Bipin Rawat on Tuesday pitched fr greater inclusion of indigenous teehnelogy inthe armed forces an asserted hat Ina wl ight nd Win the next war with homegrown solutions, boa Need fo greater inclusion of multiple stakeholders: + Defence production in Indi is currently dominated by state- ‘owned manufacturers and lacks autonomy and modernisation. g: DRDO, BHEL et ++ TheUnion use 2017-18 has allocated Re. 359854 crore tothe Minity of Defence and most of ths amount goes for gefence acquisition. sil nda cant even compare to ts neighbour Chin in madern warfare and has been unable to protec ts borders ‘rom being intrudes bythe mitants ‘+ Themajer problem behind thisislace of hig eves of insigersaton inthis The strategic partnership model is aimed {making efor to stimulate deere manufacturing ecosytem inthe country through nvelement of Indian 35 wall as foreign firms ‘The role a greater inclusion a indigenous technology in bulling robust defence system could hep realise the folowing potential and strengths: + Policy initiatives: ‘+ The governments agenda to reduce import dependence in defence by 35-40 percent itis ately promoting incigenous defence manufacturing with natives ke Make in India and policy reforms including allowing 100 percent Foreign Direct Investment (FD). Defence Procurement Policy (OPP) is seen as a gamechanger to ensure fstr pace n procuramant. especally trough newly Inoduced categories under indigenously designed, developed ‘and manufactured (DDM) provisions Several states are also offering incentives and concessions inthe ‘orm of aerospace clusters or Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for developing an ecosystem were al core and ancllary ails related to cefenca manufacturing can co-it. ‘Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) 2s wel as Small Medium Enterprises (SME) in the defence manufacturing sector Partnering for succes: Incia harbours an immense amount of potential hat canbe ‘apped int by way of key strategic partnerships that add value ars the ene length and breadth of RAD, manufacturing 2nd supply chain foreign OEM are encoureeing Inclan industry to adopt best pracces for global qualty standards inter manufacturing processes to lad tothe craton ofa god standard supply chain and defence manufacturing ecosystem in India, ‘Sklled talent pot: ‘Aspe government estates a reduction in 20-25 percent in defence related imports cou directly create an addtional 100,000 to 120,000 highly skilled obs in rca, ‘The acadernia and Industry neds to forge partnerships to ‘encourage research and technoogial advancements and ceate talent pool that sinus ready+ innovation for Defence Excellence: The scheme envisons Setting up innovavon hubs parceulrly forthe defence secor scree ne country, ++ Robust supply chain: + strong supply chain feria for 2 defence manurseturer looking o optimize costs. Gradual, a handle naan SMES are playing a ey roe in the global supply chain of OEMs, ‘+ th the government’ offset policies, procurement plies and regulacry incentives spuring the growth af a domestic defence inusiry the SMES nee to play amore ate role in developing a robust supply chain + Infrastructure development: + Lack of adequate infrarrucure drives India's ogee costs pwards thus reducing he countrys cort competiveneze and efficiency + While the governments investingin this aea the pace of development needs to pick up considerably and pub private parcipation can go along way in hastening this process. + Exablshment of two defence industrial coridorsin the county, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh to develop defence manufacturing ecosystersin she ego. Challenges faced in indigenization: + Lack ofan instutonal eapaciy an capability to take diferent policies aimed a ingerisation of defence tots logial conclusion + Dispute Serlement body There fan urgent need fr 3 permanent aroitration commitee whieh can stl putes expeditiously + Inthe USA, the procurement agency DARPA has a permanent arbitration committee whch esoles such issues amieably and ‘heir decisions rl 1 inrastrucural dete increases india’ logit coss thus raucing the countrys cost competitiveness and aticency. + Lana acquistion sues resi entry a nen players defence manufacturing and production. Policy allamma se: requirements undarthe DP are not rein tach eve ts goal (Ose are sporson ofa contacted pice witha foreign supplier that must be resnvested nthe Inaian defence sector, or against whieh the government can purehace technology + Defence offset policiesnees beter monitoring, removing unnecessary restrictions and linking defence offsets with offset in feilsecor. That shouldbe encouraged + Teboorincigeizavon, the Defence Research & Development ‘Organisation (ORDO) needs tobe gwen more autonomy Ike space and atomic eneray deparoments fen playing eld should be created between he Defence Public Sect Undertakings (DPSUs) andthe prvate sector companies. + Ingin defence PSUs and ordnance facroneshave soto potential they ned to be “revived, revitalise and made alot more dynamic. cablshing courses on defence production across universes and creatingjob opportunites or the gracuates, + The government needs to expeste te sting up a professional defence procurement agency + Mesting the objectives of defence exports encouraging inavation, streaminglining procurements will equie robust, defence diplomacy. A cadre of defence diplomats should be ‘reted to acess tne sues, +The country needs an elaborate ecosystem of innovation of ahi defence innovation ean be apart.‘S.the fate ofthe Kurds isa parable forthe future of West Asan ‘eeonaltcs. Analyse.250 wards) Indanenoress yi ein bm of the gsi Sof ene sencntonee ins fr mens Mpc rel ers Introduction Kurds are the worlds largest stateless ethnic group. They are an festinated 25 milion to 35 milion population. The majority among the Kuraish peopl today ae Sunni Muslim, butthere are adnerens of omer faths too, cling Sufism and athe mystical practices. They vein the highlands of southern and easter Ture, nornern 190, the norheaetarn Syria, ortwester an, and pars of south ‘Armenia, and area minerty ln each ofthese counties. Small communtes lv in Georgia, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, and eastern ran 25 wal Kurds have lng had a reputation for beng fearless hers, ‘and thay have served ax marcanaria in many armies over ths Body Recently the Trump administration ordered US troops to step aide ‘om the border in northern Syria effectively paving the way for Turkey to launch an offensive against US-backed Kurdish forces who ‘they regard.aseneres, Soon after Turkey launched an offensive with ‘wo main geasin northeast yea: to drive the Kurdish YPG mila whicn ie deems a securty chreat away trom ts border and to create 2 space inside Syra where2 millon Syian refugees curren hosted in Turkey canbe sete Demands ofthe Kurds: + The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status except iniraq, vnerethey have a regional government called Iraq Kurdistan. Kurdistan mace up of fe diferent regions southeastern Turkey, nortseacter Syria, northern ag, northwestern an anc southanestern Armenia, Inthe cary 20th century, the Kurs began working toward the ‘reation of homelans known as Kurstan, 1920, he Treaty of Sevres — one ofa series of reaties thatthe Cental Powers signed after their defeat in World War | — outlined the dissolution ofthe Ottoman Empire and called for an autonomous Kurdstan,+ Trvee years ater, after the end ofthe war, Wester alles rapped demands for an Independent Kurdish state and he Kurdish pion was dvded armong several countries. The fate ofthe Kurds isa parable forthe future of West Asian -eopolties: ‘+ The Kurds used the calapse of cenvalautherity in Syria and 3g ‘carve out sem’-autenomous pions for themselves. Eaghdad has since rearcerted ite author. ‘+ insyria, the Kurds leveraged the Unted States to maintain ther independence from Damaccus and shied themselves rom 2 hostle Turkey, + With US President Donald Trump suddenly deciding the Kurds were expendable fst Turkey and now Syria have Begun eating may ate enclve ‘+The crusty ofthe Turkish attack has eames Ankara international opprebrium while the Syrians nave arrived as savious. Bath governments, however, see he Kurdisn enclaves dlsappearance hic aries Ike the Kurds terror networks ke the Islamic ‘State, anc various mia ure the chacsin the Levant and Mesopotamia to carve out fefdoms. + Some ike the Kurds, layed a tractonal game of seking an externa patron to balance against powertl regional layers + Some regional players, ‘or example, Turkey andra, saw an, opportunty to extaben themselves a local hegemers The three possible geopolitial trends: + ne, the chaos that gave birth othe Kure enclave i retreating “This return to normal borders sil tobe bloody and messy. + Two, external players wil playa shrinking role in determining Wiest ssa ture + Tre, West Asian poles ibe about te Interplay of ts regional powers. Way forward + The European Union should have a slogue with Turkey despite Anka’ ofensve agaist the Kurds, inorder avoid ares wave f migrants coming to Europe + Rusia, the main international backer of y's President Bashar alas, sid planed fo pus fr aalogue between the Syrian ‘ad Turkish governments flowing che ineusion Conclusion ‘World powers fear the ation could open a new chapter in Syria's wat and worsen te regional turmel, Intemational rls has na had the impact te curb down the otensve of Turkey, {.What is 2 randomised controlled trial inthe context of research that won the Nobel Prize in Economies 2049? Why i itso ‘popular? Explain, also discuss few eitcams of randomised ‘ontroled tials (250 words)yma of te usions teh of i cre ote Irvrodution ‘ha new Economics Nobel laureates Abhjt Banenes, Esther Duo ans Wenael Kremer ~ are considered oe instrumental in using randomised controlled trials to tet the afacienes of various poly interventions to alleviate poverty. Randomised controled tral isan experimen thai signet iste the influence that certain intervention or variable has onan uteome oF eves. Body: ‘The Randomised Conall (AC which was inspired bythe use of RCTs in medial selene was used by the Nobel laureates ost the effet of smalntervenions an the niu Behavour. The texperimentibased approach ofthe laureates involved dividing an issue inte smaller and more manageable questions They have shown that smaller and more preci questions are often best answered through carefully designed experiments among the people who are the most fected, i the rid1990s, Or Kremer and his colleagues cemonstratea how powerful this approach canbe when they used el experiments test a range af interventions that ‘ould improve school results in Westen Ken ITshave become popular due to: + Acany pont nine, there are muhiple factors that workin tandem to inluence varus soil events ‘+ RCTs allow economists ang other socal scence researchers to ‘solace the individual impact that a certain factor alone has on the overall even. Forirstance, to measure the impact hat hiring more teachers ‘an have on ehlenslarring, researchers must ontol far the ‘eecethat other factors such ae ialigence nutrion, mat, ‘economic and soca satus etc, which may alo intuence learning outomes 0 varous degrees, have onthe fnal event. Randomised controlled tials promise to avercome ths probern ‘rough the use of randomly picked samples, + Many development economists deleve that RCTS can help governments to find thoroughly scent way, ene mast potent poly measures that could help end poverty rapidly. Crtictams of randomised control«As pe economist Angus Deaton who won the economics Nobel rae in 2015,"Understanding and msunderstanaing randomised orto vias that simply choosing samples fr an RCT fxperimantin a random manner doesnot rly make these {samples genial in thal many characters Whe two candemly enasen samples might tur outto be simlar in some care, he argued there ae greater chances that most samples are not really similar to eah other. + Other economists argue that socal eclenceraaarch, Including ‘esearch inthe field f development economies, maybe arene unsultes for uch controlled research since may be humanly impossible control for mutiple factor ivuence socal ever, “Governments across the word spend big money on soil schemes without the vaguest of ideas on whether thelr bjectves nave been ‘mat India has been among the biggest laboratories ofthese expermenss wth several experiments on cverseiemes such 35, Ieracy, nutri, neath mizzo“inance and soon. The field-werk. based approach tnt these economists have perfected has revolutionise the field of development economics and made it more relevant in polity making, The government would do well to borrow from he research ofthese laureates fo understand the impact of ts several schemes, ans where necessary tweak thers to derive ‘maximum bereft forthe thousands of rors of rupees that spends. ose study: For example fo study wheter proving o mobile vocination von andior a sack of grins would incentive ilgersto vaccinate their ids unde onan RCT, lage housenods would be dude no four groups. + Group A wove be proved with mobile a + Group 8 would be given a sock of foods inaion van oct, + soup Cwoud get both + croup D would et aetner Group 0 cates the contro group while others ae cae "reatment”| {troup Nuseholds would be chosen ona rondom boi ensure here ios no bios, and that ay ference m vaccination levels was essen becouse ofthe “intervention” ‘Such an experiment would nt only demonsirot nether a plicy Initive works bur would also provide a measure of the aference it brings about. The approach would aso show what happens when mare than ene neaives oe combined, this woud help poigmoker to have the dence before they chooce@ poly. ‘D.Dayou thinkit is imperative that India’s egal prowess be ‘angle othe situational complexities of space exploration? ‘iscuss in the backdrop of world's first space crime, (250 words)bmn ofthe esi enh ei other yeni neem Yu ae Sof ene Irtroduction: owas recently reported that the worlds rst space crime” may have been committed by 8 NASA astronaut, Anne MeClain She is suspected 0 siginginto the personal bank account af her estranged spouse ‘rom computer aboars the nernational space Station (SS). Ish conten tis necessary to understand te ambi of space laws, Sues inthis elation and way forward Body: ‘The case of Anne MeCiain: *+ currantly, there no deal framework fr iteration sp2¢e| law nor is there any way te handle criminal putes that aise on commercial space vessel. eget even lees defined when Iecomes to alputes between Indias fom saparate countries. ‘ur only outer space presence comes rom the International Space Station, hich i currently governed under an international ‘reat called the Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA) on Space Station Cooperation. ‘arti 2 ofthe Agreement concerns itself wth eriminal Jurisdiction and sates that countries which are mentoned nthe agreement may exercise criminal jurissiion over personnal in Flights who are thir respective national. Hence the laws ofthe US. wile apslicablein this stuaton concerning the fist space zim ‘ere are legal documents that goven space, such as the O.ter space Treay, che Moon Agreement, the Registration Convention, the Rescue Agreement and the Lablty Convertion, none of ‘hem comprehends 3 detailed framework to cater to criminal clputes that might arse on commercalspace vessel, which will have personnel and space tourist rom diferent jurisdictions. lssues persist: ‘+ NASA has recently announced the opening othe 85 for ‘commercial uses ke fring et which can naturally give rs o crimes commitedin outer space + Incas present not party of IGA but wi have to become considering its ambitious projec lice the Gaganyaan ee+ so, nda wil have to indude provisions relating t offences in space inshe ndan Penal Code as tat could be materalin tuations involng outer space, nen citizens, and space equipmen:. Way forware ‘+ Thusits opines that Ind’ lgislature should proactively legslate on tis front and remain pace in space explrstion + Ina might also need 0 formulate new international agreements on pace, o sign MOUS to that effect. Ieisimperatve, therefore, tha Indi agl prowess is therefore applied urgency and rigorously tothe situational eomsplenties of space exploration. ‘nly by keeping pace wth te explosive growth in space ‘echnology can nia hope to remain atte foretonto eens developmertin ths excnng fal More comprenensive international codes and legslaton ill need oe drafted and hought up a5 space becomes increasingly ore populate.