SECURE SYNOPSIS: 18 OCTOBER 2019 SECURE SYNOPSIS: 18 OCTOBER 2019 NOTE: Please remember that flloinganswersate NOT imadel ansier. They are NOT synopsis oof we o by definition of the term, What we are providing conten that both meets demand of the question and at he same time gives you extra pots inthe form of backround information, ‘Urbanization i considered a8 an agent of socioeconomic ‘owt, De you think indian Urbanization has helped in inda's lo economie growth? Discuss{250 words eeronce yi grin ey demande he gions Src ene Introduction: Since histric umes etles are engines of economic growth and Innovation. is sald that, ees, not nation-states, are the main players in macroeconemics. Acoraing to The Econom Survey rom 1991 02011, the percentage of nas population that ves in ets and tours has increased trom a quarter toa thir and this segment produces more than thee-fitne of the countrys gros domestic product (GDP, Ina willbe the nrdargect economy by 2025 (HSBC 20°89), Powering that gor isthe country’s urbanisavon, which e celeating rapidly in absolute numbers, akhough not as fst f considering decacal growth rats. Urbanization ac as a wo-edged sword, 35 tbringsprespery but also new challenges along wihtBody: ‘Urbanization and Socio-Economic Growth: + verte last eno decades, ces have emerged asthe worlds economic platiorms fr preducvon innovation and trade + Therapie economic growth usualy associated wth urbanisation canbe partial tributes to structural transformation. 2: Ibbour moves em he agrcukuralsecor to industry and + Urban areas offer signifeantopaertuitis for bot informal employment, generating sizeable share of new private secorjobs. + Urban zation has helped milons escape poverty through increased productivity employment opportunities, mproved quay of fe ane largescaleivestmentininfastucture and + Thetransformatwe power of urbanization has part, been ‘acirated by the apid deployment f Information and Communications Technology. + Tecan also be atrbuted to agglomeration and scale economies, | proximity and densty reduce the pr capta costs of providing iastuctre and service, + Urbanzaton hale in creating knowledge spiltovers and specalsation tnathugey enhance the prosuctvy of urban residents formal and ‘on the other hand, Urbanization has also posed many Solo Economic challenges ‘+ Thesheer magnitude ofthe urban population, haphacaré ana unplanned growth of urban areas, anda desperate lack of infrastructure are the main causes of such a station, + Poverty, unemployment and under employment among the rural immigrants beggary. thefts, dacoltis, burglaries and ‘other socal evils are on rampage. roan spall rapidly encroaching the precious agreutural lana ‘overcrowding: The urban population of naa ha already ‘crossed the 285 milion mark by 200. 8y 2050, more than SO per ‘cantof India’s population s expectedto vein urban areas Migration: Wiarstion wil cortinue as uroan areas ac asa center ‘of econom growth. Problem of slums is about increase ane ‘hus leading to healt challenges for publc heath system, Unemployment: The eroblam of unemplayment so lass serious than the problem of housing mentioned above. Urban namploymentin india atimated at 1S o 25 per cat ofthe Isbour force. This percentage i even higher among te educated eople Poverty: Urban poverty has avery necular charac tet vendors and paople thar informal sector, worsen, crilren {and old age population wil surfer most rom the deteroracng urcon ecology. The api gromth of urban population both naturaland through migration, has put heawy pressure on publ ule ike housing antaton, ranspor, water electric, health education ang so Housing: thas bean already observes now the cost of Ings. 0 high n metropolitan areas. rumeling nas serviceshas tobe managed on far footings. ‘Slums and Squatter Settlements: The natural sequel of unenecked, unplanned and haphazard growth of urban area is fe growth and spresd of skims and squatter settlements which presenta strking festurein the ecolgleal structure of ndan ties, especall of metropeltan centres. Urban crime: Growing matali, consumerism, competion in everyday Ie, seishess, avshness,appaling soi-economic spares andriing unemployment and feeling of lonelines in some of the primary causes raspensble for alarming trends in urban crime. cure in pubic+ Not only the poor deprive an slum dwellers take to cme youngsters fom welte-d fami also resortte crime inorder ake fast buck and for meeting requirements of ash te (Occasional falures ine alo dag youngsters to crime + Environmental challenges growth in man-made and natural dsaster is anather calange because of unplanned cts. Urban sland efecs have already been observed in urban setup. Bx Channa floedin 2015, ‘+ Urban Pollution: With apid pace of urbansaton, industries and spor systems grow rather out of properon. These developmerts are primarly responsile or polluton of ew ronment particularly the urban environment. + Service delivery: ureanlocal government wllhave to doa [gant tack of mel erica delivery a there is paraigm shit in public adminiation tarde new publieeanagernent lanning: The new cralleng oday Is management of rural urban fringe ae he expansion oFurban ringe takng place at rapid place, Tere is need of immediate long tem planning for sustanable development f areas in rnges + Solid waste management: Incase of waste management sus, nuclear, cyber and plastic waste wll eeate aig crallnge for tlean and polation fre urban envionment. + Transport and communication The ture challenge willbe Inked the urcan transport facies. Rosds are congestes ral and metro network's inadequate resulting into mavernent thin the ety being slow ane tng ‘+ Thesirstand foremost importance has tobe given tothe providing human face to urban developmen. Playgrounds, geen bets, open spaces footpaths, publi gardens have abe delioeratly created in order to create an ervironmmentof sustainably Dial ala program and informaton technology solutions must, be made svalable a affordable cost taal segments of society Bridging the exsing agra divide prioty for true dernacratie setup of urban areas. Harnessing the power of IT, NeG?, NOFN The recent policy proposal by government to focus on fringe areas ica weleoring ep + Waste management has tobe addressed at point of generation ‘only. The case of Pune can provide some guideline inthis case as {hae a unique medal of contractual sytem for affcent and segregation of urban waste Infestructre hs to fellow the geen norms, Reval of radon water structure cn provide best solutions for water need of The fagenp schemes like the Smarties, AMRUT, Housing for A, HRIDAY and Snaenh 2haratare amas atrat only addressing ‘argue desct to provide beter urban governance, ou alo seek ‘emake Indan ctles and ovine hubs of growth and sustainable development [series of reforms through incentives and dsincentves have been putin place to acnieve shes goals. Incentives for universal housing ging infrastructure status to affordable housing. allowing FO and proving income tax exemption are amang the important measures ‘so, he governments promoting Innovate measures lke aste-te-anery, wasteto-compest and the reusa af eonstrucion and cemoltion waste as part of sustainable urbanisation. ‘+ Housing or A poiy shouldbe pursued with a vigorous annual revi that ranks States onthe basis of performance, Te Centre should alo take ts own National Urban Trangpor: Policy on developing cise around mabilty necworks serious,+ Urean governance polices, atneugh mainly in he domain of the ‘States, mustbe aligned with rational commitments on reduction ‘of carbon emissions under the Pars Agreemen and to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 1 ‘Tere is aneed for plan of action to achieve sustainable human setlemants. should ensure acequate sheer, water, energy. santaton and sold waste management, long wth ater lements ‘Tera sa need for proper planning and various detcts elating talinfactruture, housing hrs upgradation reduce polltn, ‘employment education and heath in urban areas need tobe ‘through public and private paricpation. Cconetusion: Cities aretnving ecosystems. They need tobe managed according. Rather than gong by pols measures or sticking the original ‘master plans, lca scluions to leal problems, nnovatve in stuand tal made solitons should be eveles adapted and adhered, ‘Authortes need 0 be willing to learn. evolve and discard if necessary. 21 In India's developmental journey. tribals have been aft ‘bahing”. Critically analyes. (250 words) Downtosarh yank of eosin Sof esa Introduction: ‘ral people constitute 8.6 ofthe nations total populition, ever 104 rmilos people according tothe 2011 census. The forest occupiers ‘central pation intial cukure anc economy. The tribal way of as ‘very muen dtated bythe forest ght rom bith to death. Despite protecon given tothe bal population by he constitution of ra,tribals si remain the most bakwarl eth group in nd Globalization has various dimensions which sometimes ate tal commutes positively and sometimes negatively. Body: [Negative impacts ofthe India's developmental journey on the + Resource exploitation: © The poly ofliberslzation and tne new state percstions of Ligon of resources are diametrically opposes tothe advas workvew of ezourceexplotation ana this vide has only widened further with te intrusion of globalzations market orient philosophy of development. © The recent raps technological advancement and unvvalled economic and polieal strength of werldcapalism nave ‘rested favourable condone forte evasion and extraction cof natural resources irom the ecologically rage territories oftnbal people, Alva aw proce, water resources et retain people rom using forests. © Primary resource such a uel fodder and miner forest. produce which were avaiable fee to vikagers are today tether non-existent or have to be brovgnt commercial © Forthe Tals, globalization is asscited with rising prices, loss of jo securty and lack of heath cre + Displacement: Since the emergence of Iberalizator,prhatization and obalzaon (LPG), the areas inhabited by trital population have been subject to varous protests due to Ivoluntary ésplacement © Thus, forced eviction of tribals make way for mammoth capitaLintensive evelopment projectshave become a ‘stressing routine anc ever-increasing phenomenen. ose relating to lands, forts, minor forest + Vested interests Inthe name of upgradation of esq of poor indigenous tribal people, he market forces have created wean for thele Interest tte cost of velnagd an secur oftheee tes Inthe ares, ‘+ unemployment: There s heavy concentration of industrial and mining acivtis in the central bak Despite intense ndustial act Inthe central indian tnbal bek, the tibalernplaymentin modern enterprises is negli © Apartom he provisions of Apprenticeship Ac, there is no for privat o jain sector enterprises to rerut percentage of dispossessed tral norkorce © They ae forced onto the ever axpandinglow pai, insecure, transient and destute labour mar © About a0 percent af the tribals of central nda supplement their ncome by participating inthis distorted and over explotatve capcast sector. + Affecting socialite: © Many mare are slowly crushed into oblivion in thelr homeland orn urban sume. Thai conor and cl survivals a take «© The globalization behemoth has added new dimensions to the wherabilty of indi’ downtrodden by exacerbating their soda excusion, and making lrge segments of tribal sroups aso vulnerable and excluded + Leading to subnational movements Imadequate socal and economic inastrucure in areas that have insuicient resources for parscipaton in mainstream development also has been at tha oot of vanous “sub atonal movernens” suchas the Jharknana, Utarakhand ans Bodelans+ Tribal women: «© Teal forest economy is prmarly a womens econemy, anit Is woman who ae mast rectly aected by the corporate explatation oftheir radional lands « Inpoverty stricken tribal area large scale migration as revealed the increasing movement of young women towards Urban cares in searen of work © ThesrWng condtions are unygientg the salary is poor and tribal woman are wiherable «© explotation by unscrupulous agents © They have bacome the prime targats of sexual violation by "manages, supervsors and even fellow male workers inthe plantation industrial sectors. + Informal jobs: ‘Construction ste, suchas mines and quarries and Industral complexes spele doom for helocal adivas communities wt the nu of immigrant labourers + cultural Defacement als are being forcefly integrate into the society leading ther esng thelr unique cultural features and ‘herr haba threstane. ++ TheHigh-Lvel Commitee (Virgnus Xaxacommiee) has made numerous recommendations such a excise mining rights for ‘bas, greater freedom fr trbals to make decisions on land acquiston and other commen property resources and, sit implementation ofthe new and lw, Forest igs Act and strengthening ofthe PESA Ikhas also proposes a complete overhaul ofthe legal constitutional regime by recommending that laws ard pois enacted bythe Parkament and state legiltures shoul be applied automata inthe Fit» Schedule areas + state governmant shouldbe made to obtaln permission ‘rom ‘owners an cecuplar of land fr major minerals, and consult gram Sabha in Sth and sen schedule areas for minor coinaral, IRshould be mandated thatal clearances forest ane ‘environment under forest conservation ac and wld protection ac shouldbe taken before a laze was ven. Tribal cooparatvs shoula be mad elle fr grart of lense of sin inarale in Sth and eh schedule areas, Conetsion: Anough these recommendations are progressive the lack of polticl wil to implement tnem, especaly nthe wake of greater push forindustalzaton by he present government, may become a major stumbling block. The government shoul ensure the cstortes and overexplotative capitalist sector oes end up in cmmm*ting ethnodde by puting ther economic and cultural survival at sake, Indlanexoressigre cet ad apace ‘Stas mv cin it oi de temic ome enced by miiag he ath Yona anaes sae sion Sina Neg Ps Bp Introduction: Inthe recently released Global Hunger Index (GH Report-2013, Ia was ranked at ‘02nd poston out of 117 countries, The reports an aneual publication thats joint prepares by the Concern Worldwide {antrsh ageney) ana the Welt Hunger Hilfe (a German organization, or is based on four GH! indleators namely, Lundernourishment, child stunting, child wasting, and child mortality. Body: INDIA WAS AT 93 IN 2015 aso Key findings: + Ina rank ha lipped from 95th poston (in 2070)t0 02nd in 2019), Over longer-term duration, the fallin nal’ rankis Sharper, fom 8rd out of13 countries in 2000 to 102nd out of117 in 2018.Accoraing tthe report, Inia’ child wasting rate was extremely high 220. -thenighesfr any county. Chld wasting refers tothe share of crn under the age of fve wie are waste, Le, they havelow weight with espectto thelr highs reflecting acute undernutrition The shar of wasting among chilien in naa marked a ‘orn 165% inthe 2008-2012 to 20.8% mn 2014-2038, coring to Untac Nations Childrens Fund {UNICE) cil ‘wasting a strong predictor of mortality among eile (under Sys. 0° age) Inala has demonstrated an mprovement nother indicators that includes, undar-S mortalty ate, prevalence af tuning among, éhilren, and prevalence of undemeurlshment owing to inadequate food The reportalso teak note of open defecation in india as an impacting facor for heat. pointed out that as of 2015-2016 59% of indian houeeholis used an improved drikng ws source whla 39% of households had ne sentation faites. (pen defecation jeopardizs the populations heath and severely impacs ealaren's growth and thai ably to absore nutrients. Issues with agriculture: he change from mute mono cropping systemslimts he versity of agricuhural products 6 Indination towards cash crops and changing food habits resultin malnutrition, undernutrition ad even miro rutren deicences Food wastage: © Food wastage is also an emerging challenge that undermines ‘he efforts o ena hunger and malnutrition, © Aecordingo the FAO, the global velume of food wastage is festmated at 16illon tonnes of primary product equivalents + Unstable markets sing food prise make tack forthe porest people to set nutetious fod consistently whichis exactly what hey neaato do + Natural disasters: Natural esastars suchas floods, tropical storms andlong Prods of drought are onthe increase wih calamitous consequences forthe hungry poorin developing courtres © Inmary pars women’s nutrtonal requirements are oten unmet as they consume whatever ltt ater everyone else haz eaten Low agecuttralievestments and poor neath, sentation and childcare praceces are other hindrances in achieving ero hunger. © Conic, economic slonsown and rapidly increasing overweight and obesy levels ae reversing progress made in the ight against hunger and malnutrivon. + climate change impact: © Erratic rainfall and increasing requency of extreme events have impacted agrleuurl actives everywhere creating Uunfevourableconatons for fod production. Climate vanity atfecing rainfall pater and agrcultural searone, and climate exremes such a droughs and loads, fare among the key drvars behind the risen hunger, together with conflet and economic slowdowns «© Changes in elmate are already undermining production of major crops such as wheat rice and maize in tropical and tempera regione and thoutbuilingclmate resilence, this is expected to worsen as temperatures increase and bacome mere extreme. « Araysis inthe UN repor the prevalence and numbar of Undernourshes peopl ted to be higher in countries Nighy exposed to cate excremes.Measures needed: Inna, to combat the maluteion eels both immediate ad long term interventions are needed + round #5 to 90% of wasting el + Now the nutritional ranbiltaton centres are coming up across ‘the county. tcan help in taking cre ofthe instutional needs of ‘the eilsren who ar akeacy malnourshes + Butte preventit rom happening, mothers needto be educated about nutrtion at anganwads, acess ocean drinking water and Ssantaton hast be ensured, and lvenood secunty is needed + However, for immediate intervenson,nutional formulation needs tobe made avalable 3¢ community vel. ‘+ The government can use the exstng network of public dletbuton syste, have the slchelp groups prepare packages, portioned nutitonal formulations te help the moderately malnourished before wasting happens. [section of poliymatershave also advec To Use Therapeusc Foo (RTL. + longterm investments in heat, sanitation and mutton are ar more efectiven preventing deaths due to severe acute rralntrton ‘+ TheNNM would do welto Keep such suds in mind be managed atthe community resthe use of Ready Way forward + Achieving zero hunger requires agriculture and food systems to become more efficent sustainable, cimate-smart ang nutri ‘+ Theres a need for synchronisation among malnutrition, latary diversity and production diversity. + Poles must pay specal attention ta groupe who ae tne most ‘vulnerable othe harmful consequences of poor food acces: infants, cnlaren aged under five, schockaged clare, asolescent gi, ana women + Asurtainable sit must be made towards nurtionsenetve agriculture and foad systems that can provide safe and high ualty feed fra + TReUN epar alo call for greater efforts to bull dimate resilenca through polices that promote dimate change adaptation and mitigation, and disaster risk reduction, ‘itis an rony of indian democracy that citizens have more faith often in unelected institutions than elected representative, ‘Comment.250 words Mndustantimesey bmn ofthe eso sare hae Democracy a form of government in which power ukimately comes ‘rom the people who are governed, ether through direct voting ‘through elected representa, India today the largest functioning darmocracy in he word The State of Democracy in the World in ‘2018 index report led "We Too? Poll arclpation,protst ang democracy" was pubisned recent bythe Economist intelligence nie (1. India was ranked 41, a midrange country among lawed ‘democracies. Body: Surveys have shown that ath inthe armed fores and institutions such asthe Election Commission often surpasesthe fat ctizens have inthe legislature o the execute, Buti there is one institution | ‘that has aspecal plac, in bath constitutional design as elas popular sentiment isthe udiiary Reasons for such perspective: + iiceracy, Poverty, Gender Discrimination, Castel, ‘Communalism, Religious Fundamentalism, Regionalism, Corruption, and Criminalization of Politic resi plaguing Inaion Democracy Accorsing othe last two reports, theresa ise of onsenative Felgious ideologies" inthe court. Vigiane’sm violence, narrowing scope for ssent threatto rminortes and marginale groups has afected India’s ‘democratic values, + Importantssues tke horse-trading in politics, the ant fection aw, pros and cons of post pol alliances 2nd Aiscretionary powers ofthe governor has brought tolight the ‘orous challenges ‘acing indian democracy. + Journalists are inreasingly under attack, with murders aking place in several areas.‘As 2 esut flimitea scope for‘ar reportage, te Indian media's dlasstied as only“paraly re’ This 3 fat whieh is aso “supported by the Freedom nthe World Report, 2018 Unlike prepol allances, where the voters are aware of wham 7/38 ving for, post pol alances present a new set of challenges + Ant:-Defection law does nat seerto be doing mucnto stop MLAs from detecting. + Dynastic politics, lack of strong opposition at the centre and Religion based polities. Governments decsion to dassy Lirgayats as 2 relglous minor in Karacaka The delyin disposal of cases by the cours isa concem to people + Misuse of data on social media stes, privacy of users andthe power of social medi to intuence mporantpolisalcutcomes + Universal literacy. eduction fr al, poverty alleviation, elimination of gender dscrimination, removal regional imbalances aminsvative and judidalreforms and sustained economic socal and environmental development. ++ Rsetof rules which woul eur the menace of defection a= well asthe misuse of powers of the governor office's requred + Adefecting MLA must be disqualified trom contesing or becoming minster for atleast sxc years. + Aaistncion needs to be drawn whether amembers leaving 2 ary foridelogcalcverences or for money and power. + Incase of hung assembly, whether the governor mustcllthe ‘singe largest part frst or a posepolallance, the process must be uniform across he county. + The governors discretionary powers must be abolshed and replaced with le guidelines based onthe Sarkaria Commission The Judean must attend 0 urgene cases onan urgent bass; drop he practice of sealed envelopes except inthe rarest cases be independent and be seen ac independent in appointments and seta strong benchmark on issues related to ightsin parveula. «+ Setar data protacon laws are raquradto ensure hat pot farves do not indulge in practices that involve undue inslencing of vting behaviour. Voter education, electoral reforms and periodical highlighting ofthe performance or non-performance) ct ‘lected represeratvs should be high pricy. People must exercse ther right te vote paripate in democracy and contribute toward the development ofthe county, The youth must be aware ofthe problems thatthe coutry¢ facing and cnocee the candidate wo most aly to bring about change Democracy cannot survive without both etizens participation land politicians accountability. The promise of democracy an only be realised through callacve acon in el saclay. The state must respect the atleultion ofthe pots of voles and not ust the polis oF he vote option and eof aed and tig ction ‘S.with the Global Paltice changing ata fast pace india stands at ‘Shecenssrnadsin terms of its foreign policy anpraach. do you ‘agree? Give your opinion with suitable justifications 250 words,Sof ean Sony ing ate pt es ow Spin soe of eae ‘Som! tpg seis nd egerme errno Introduction: Nationalnterest has been the governing principe of nis foreign poly even athe time, of Neb who was inspired bythe idea of ‘world peace oleration ane mutual respect among natans. Foreign polys not ained concept as itkeeps an changing accor to ‘hanging domestic and international eonations. I operational ters, the idea of national interest takes the form of concrete objecves of foreign pli. The secondary navonalincerest may charge wth time botthe primary nationalinterest endures, Body: reign Policy of Independentindia India's core foreign policy objectives are: ‘The geopolitical scenario ofthe worlds changing. an this nas rout up new global sues for Ina Seal with, Therefore, various aspects of na’ foreign poi aso ae required be changed to fit the changing geopotis ofthe work Changing geopolitics ofthe work: ‘South Asian concerns and realities to India: + Inthis baccrop, Inca needs to rework many ofits policies inthe coming ve years + South Asan particular and the region of our highest priory, ‘need close attenson,Jeturbac nthe werld and nas «The region sone ofthe mo has Ile or no sayin any ofthe outcomes taking place. Ind-Pakistan alors are perhaps ot mei lowest pon. Tarrng Poketan wth tne teeror rush sharly poly. and tle ralasons continue to be elusive, Inala has no rolein Afghan affars ands also exudes from current talks involing the Taliban, the Afghan government Pakstan, the US. and even Rusia and China. India mght have recouped is postion more recently inthe Males, butts pasion in Nepal and Sri Lanka remain ‘eruous. In West Asa again Indasro longer 2 player to reckon wth, China, Us, Eurasia Challenges: ‘+ chinais the major enallange that ncahasto contend with ‘Smaller counties in herepon are being inveigled to paricpate in China's programmes suchas te Bek and Road Intitve (0, + Inca and Bhutan ae the only two countries inthis region that have oped ou ofthe Bland they seem ike the edd men out + Deepening Incia-US. elatons today again cary the danger of Inaia becoming involved in anew kind of Cold War. + Inca mast ensue rat does not bacome a party othe confess land rivlnes between the US. anda sing Cina the heightened ‘ensons between the US, and Russa and alzo ala becoming 2 own inthe USctran conte + Closer reasons wit the U.S. also cares the isk of aggravating ‘ensons between Inca and china even as China and tne US. ‘+ TheUS-China-Rurss conf has another dimension which could afectindia + Thestrategic ans forged between the Mr. Pui Russia and Mr. X's China willimpac: net ony the US. bu alo Incas poston in both Asi and Eurasia, wth India being seen as incrensinaly aligned tothe US. ++ Hence, Ind’ needs to devise a policy tat does nt eve it salated inthe region + The challenge inch coming years fr ndia isto checkthe se, ‘especialy in Asia, and ty and restore nda te the postion held previously aia cannot afford te wat teolong recy the Need to focus on newer threats as wall: + As inci intensifies ts search for stateottneartmitary ‘equipment from different sources, may be worthwhile for India ‘tap back nd reconsider some of ts options + bitary powers but one aspect of the confi that rage today. Experts point out that outright war, nsurgences and terror _xsack ae fast becoming passe + Nations contrant mary other anc newer thats a present Teday, disruptive technologies have werendous danger potential and nations tnt possess these technologes have the abit to become the dominant powers inthe 21st and 22nd Centuries. + Amajor challenge or Isiawill hence be how to overcome our ‘urrantinadequacies inthe realm of disruptive tecnlogies rather shan remaining confined to the purely milary demain, ‘+ TheUS. china, fuss, srael and few other countries dominate ese spheres as also cyberspace and aber metnodologis. Way forward: + Despite a plethora of offal statement, the state ofthe ‘economy remains a mater af nereasing concern India needs to ays greater heed tots econerny. Notwithstanding India's ambition to become a $Srillon ‘economy by 2024-25, the realty todays thatthe economy appears tobe ina state of decine. New policy parameters wil need to be drawn up by nd, anc ‘ur eapatilies enhanced in areas such as arial intligencs, Biotechnology and er methodology allo whieh constitute real elements of re eruptive technology matrix