CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

Developing communicative competence in two or more languages gives individuals

opportunities to express their feelings and thoughts and shape their identity. It also helps
them satisfy their individual and social needs in the different contexts of the languages
used. Hudson (1980) defined sociolinguistics as the study of language in relation to society,
implying that sociolinguistics is part of the study of language. Thus, the value of
sociolinguistics is the light which it throws on the nature of language in general, or on the
characteristics of some particular language. Sociolinguists might also study
the grammar, phonetics, vocabulary, and other aspects of this socialist.
As we may know that in the society, there are many variations of language. The study of
language variation is concerned with social constraints determining language in its
contextual environment. Language, for instance, is one of several things that people find
different when visiting the village. People especially children prefer to use Javanese in non-
formal conversation rather than Buginese where the region is originally from Buginese.
In sociolinguistics, the phenomenon above known as Bilingualism or Multilingualism.
Bilingualism is the situation which the speakers use two languages when communicate with
others. Multilingualism is the situation of speakers who use three or more languages in
communication. The speakers usually use the pattern of code-switching or code mixing in
using those languages.

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B. Problem statement
1. What is the definition of code?
2. What is the meaning of code switching?
3. What are types of code switching?
4. What is the meaning of code mixing?
5. What are types of code mixing?

C. Purpose of the study

1. To find out the definition of code
2. To distinguish the meaning of code switching.
3. To classify the types of code switching.
4. To recognize the meaning of code mixing.
5. To identify the types of code mixing.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. The Definition of Code

In everyday interaction, people   usually   choose   different   codes   in   different
situation. They may choose a particular code or variety because it makes them easier to
discuss a particular topic, regardless where they are speaking. When talking about work
or school at home, for instance, they may use the language that is related to those fields
rather than the language used in daily language communication at home.
people  are  usually  required  to  select  a  particular  code whenever they choose to
speak, and they  may  also  decide  to  switch  from  one  code  to another or to mix
codes, sometimes in very short utterances and it means to create a code. Based on Saleh
(2017) code is a set of conventions for converting one signaling system into another. In
socio linguistic code refers to a language or a variety of language.

B. Code Switching
1. The Definition of Code Switching
According to Holmes (as cited in Saleh 2017) code switching refers to the
situation, where peoples switch from one language into another language in the same
situation. While according to Baker & Jones (1998) code-switching describes any switch
among languages in the course of a conversation, whether at the level of words, sentences
or blocks of speech, such as what often occurs among bilinguals who speak the same
languages, whereas code-mixing describes the mixing of two languages at the word level
(one word in the sentence is in a different language). From the definitions above, it is
learned that code switching is found more with bilingual or multilingual speakers,
although monolinguals may actually be said to switch from a variety or style to another.
And the definitions also suggest that code switching should be found in a single
conversation. In other words, there is situations where speaker deliberately change a code
being used, namely by switching from one to another.

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 Example :

[The Mandarin Chinese is in italics. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITALS. ]

A group of Chinese students from Beijing are discussing Chinese customs.

Li : People here get divorced too easily. It is like exchanging the faulty goods. In China
it’s notthe same. JiàgoJsúigoJ, jiàjCsúij.[ IF YOU HAVE MARRIED A DOG, YOU
FOLLOW A DOG, IF YOU’VE MARRIED A CHICKEN, YOU FOLLOW A
CHICKEN. ]
The switch involves just the words that the speaker is claiming the quoted person said.
Sothe switch acts like a set of quotation marks. The speaker gives the impression – which
may or may not be accurate – that these are the exact words the speaker used. A related
reason for switching is to quote a proverb or a well-known saying in another language
[CITATION Jan13 \p 37 \l 1033 ].
The other examples:
 Jangan lupa ya, it’s really hot and absolutely gorgeous. Kamu pasti puas (Indonesia-
English)

 Saweyti l homework tabaa’ik? (Arabic + English)

 Are we eating chez ta mère demain? (English + French)

 Gracias for the lovely gift. Está awesome! (Spanish + English)

C. Type of Code Switching

Fitria (2014) cited that, the grammatical classification divided code- switching into three
types, such as tag-code-switching, inter-sentential code- switching, and intra-sentential
code-switching [CITATION Tir14 \p 1-20 \l 1033 ].
1.     Tag code- switching
A tag code-switching happens when a bilingual inserts short expressions (tag) from
different language at the end of his/her utterances. Some the example, they are ;
 An Indonesian bilingual switches from English to Indonesian, for example ;
It’s okay, no problem, ya nggak?
2.     Inter-sentential code-switching

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 An inter- senstential code- switching happens when there is a complete sentence in a
foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language.
 An Indonesian bilingual switches from Indonesian to English , for example ;
It’s oldies song but goodies. Tapi masih enak kok didengerin.
3.     Intra- sentential code-switching
An intra-sentential switching is found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign
language is found within the sentence in a base language.
 An English bilingual switches from English to Indonesian, for example ;

“You are sleepy, mata pandamu kelihatan jelas banget. You have to take a rest dude”

D. The Definition of Code Mixing

According to Holmes (as cited Saleh, 2017) refers to the situation, where people
mix up two languages or more than two languages in the same situations (speech act).
The code-switch corresponds exactly to the proverb being recited from Chinese. The
similarity of quotation and proverb recitation is very clear. Both are referentially
motivated switches in that the speaker wishes to be accurate – the exact words are
important. But switches often serve several functions at once. In these examples, the
switches not only emphasize the precise message content, they also signal ethnic identity.
In other words, they have an affective as well as a referential function.
Code-mixing (also known as intrasentential code-switching) is the switching of
one language to another within the same utterance or sentence. It has become a common
phenomenon in communities where two or more languages are alternately used for
communication. On the contrary, code-switching (also known as intersentential code-
switching) is defined as a means of communication involving a speaker alternating
between one language and another at the level of sentence. Actually code mixing
phenomena can never be avoided. People can apply the code mixing in spoken or written
language. As a foreign language, english becomes an inseperable part of  of indonesian
language, even though they are different in grammar and lexicon. It is important to note
that code mixing between english and indonesian languange does not only occur in the
daily conversation, but also takes place in mass media such as newspaper, magazine and

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academic writing. So code-Mixing: The use of two or more language by putting
in/inserting linguistic elements in one language into other language consistently.
In code-mixing, dependency features are marked by the relationship between the
language role and function. If the speaker mixes his/her code/language, then it must be
asked who the speaker is: his/her social background, level of education, religion, etc. A
speaker who masters many languages will have chance to mix code more than the other
speaker who only masters one or two languages.

There are some factors, that cause people do code mixing according to Kim
(2006:43). Some of them are:

1. Bilingualism. It cannot be avoided that the ability to use to speak more than one
language is a basic factor of code mixing. Most of the world’s population is
bilingual or multilingual.
2. Speaker and partner speaking . Communication is the process of expressing
ideas between two participants of conversation. Speaker needs partner speaking
to communicate and code mixing could appear if both use and understand it well.
3. Social community. An individual lives and cooperates in one community either in
monolingual or bilingual community. Now most communities are bilingual that
use two languages in their interactions. In this case, an individual will be
influenced by social community directly.
4. Situation. Usually code mixing occurs in relax or informal situation. This
situation is closer with daily conversation and for writers is also describe as their
habitual communication.
5. Vocabulary. There is not appropriate word or when there is a lack of vocabulary
in one language. The inability to find an appropriate word or expression in one
language makes people change the word or phrase from one to another language
and it can be combined together.
6. Prestige. Globalization era has lad people must able to speak more than one
language, especially English. For many young people code mixing becomes awn
style which is hoped to be modern and educational one. They mix language
because of prestige.

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E. Types of Code Mixing
According to Siregar (1996:50), code mixing divided into two types, intra-sentential
mixing and extra-sentential mixing.

1. Intra-sentential mixing

Intra-sentential mixing may range from the alternation of single words or phrases to
clauses within a single sentence or utterance. Below some examples of code mixing in
English- Indonesia:

 Aku benar-benar busy hari ini. (Busy as code mixing of word in the sentence)
 Semalam, maaf aku enggak bisa datang ke pestamu, because I have many duties.
(because I have many duties as code mixing of clause)
 Tinggal follows up di dalam nanti. (Follow up as code mixing of phrase in the
sentence).
The sentence codes mixing in this study are in the following form:
a. Declarative. In declarative, the subject and predicate have normal word order.
The sentence ends with period in writing and drop in pitch in speech. For
Example: “I want to sleep now. Capek gara-gara tadi pagi.”
b. Interrogative. In interrogative includes yes/no question, WH (What, when,
why, where, when) question, and subject question. For Example: “Yan, baju
yang kamu pilih apa? Green or blue?”
c. Imperative. Imperative sentence usually contain the imperative of a verb. “The
imperatives used in request which according to circumstances may range from
brusque commands to humble entreaties, the tone generally serving as key to
the exact meaning. For Example: “Hurry up!! Aku mau pake motornya”
Based on the example above, it can be seen that those are code mixing
sentences with single word, single clause, and single phrase.
2. Extra sentential mixing

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Normally extra sentential mixing occurs between sentences. Because it occurs at
sentence boundaries, it requires less complex syntactic interaction between two
languages involved in code mixing.

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 CONCLUSION

From explanation above, we can conclude that in everyday interaction, people usually choose
different codes in different situation. They may choose a particular code or variety because it
makes them easier to discuss a particular topic, regardless where they are speaking. Code given
by many linguists above, the writer can make conclusion that a code can be said as a language.
The code is a form of the language variation that is used by a society to make communication
with other people. We have to understand how to use or when we use those codes, code mixing
and code switching, so are not happening misunderstanding and confusing in understanding
language.

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 REFERENCES

Fitria, T. N. (2014). Academia.edu. Retrieved March 5, 2020, from

https://www.academia.edu/29900838

Holmes, J. (2013). An introduction to sociolinguistics. London: Routledge.

Kim, E. (2006). Reasons and Motivations for Code-Mixing and Code-Switching. TESOL
Journal. Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 43-61

Saleh, H. (2017). Bahasa dan Gender dalam Keragaman Pemahaman. Cirebon: Eduvision.

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