EN 206: Power Electronics and Machines

Un-Controlled Rectiers

Suryanarayana Doolla
Department of Energy Science and Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

email: suryad@iitb.ac.in

January 27, 2012

Suryanarayana Doolla EN 206: Inverters 1/36

Rectiers - AC/DC Converters

I Applications:
I Front end for power supplies (old)
I Battery chargers
I The power semi conductor devices are always forward biased
due to dc supply voltage.
I Diode is best suited for this converter.
I Power factor is poor

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Lecture Organization - Modules

I Introduction and Power Semiconductor Switches

I Module 1: Transformers
I Module 2: AC/DC converter / Rectier
I Module 3: DC machines and Drives
I Module 4: DC/DC converter
I Module 5: Induction Machine
I Module 6: DC/AC converter / Inverter
I Module 7: AC/AC converter / Cyclo converter
I Module 8: Synchronous Machine
I Module 9: Special Topics: Machines, HVDC, APF

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A Simple Diode Rectier
Circuit Supply Voltage and Current

Supply and Load Voltage Supply and Diode Voltage

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Denitions
I Average value (DC) of function, F(t), is given by
Z T
1
Favg = f (t )dt
T 0

I RMS value of function, F(t), is given by

Z T
s
1
Frms = f (t )dt
2

T 0

I Form factor, FFF = Frms

Favg
I Ripple factor,

Frms − Favg
q
2 2 q
Fripple = = FFF − 1
2

Favg

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Analysis
Average value of output voltage:
Z T #T /2
1 Vm Vm
"
Vo = Vm Sin(ωt )dt = − Cos (ωt ) =
T 0
ωT
0
π

RMS value of output voltage:

Z T
s
1 Vm
Vrms = (Vm Sinω t )2 dt =
T 0
2
Form Factor of output voltage:
Vo 2
FF = =
Vrms π
Ripple Factor of output voltage:
2
r
RF = ( )2 − 1
π
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Half Wave Rectier - RL Load
Circuit Supply voltage, load current

and voltage

I At t=0.01s, supply voltage moves from positive to negative

half cycle.
I The load current is positive and cannot change instantaneously
and hence voltage continues to follow till the inductor current
becomes zero. Load voltage follows supply voltage.
I Once the load current (iload )reaches zero, the diode is reverse
biased and hence opens the circuit till it is forward biased.
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Analysis

I Because of inductive load, the current ows in the circuit even

when Va c is negative.
I The total period for which the diode is conducting is termed
as 'β '
I Average value of output voltage:
#β
1 Vm Vm
"
Z β
Vo = Vm Sin(θ)d θ = − Cos (θ) = (1 − cos β)
2π 0
2π 2π
0

I RMS value of output voltage:

2β − cos β
r
Vrms = Vm
2π

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Eect of Freewheeling diode

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Comparison SPHWR- with R and RL Load

R-Load RL-Load
Vavg Vm Vm ( 1−cos β )
π πq 2

Vm β−cos β
Vrms 2
Vm 2
2π
√ q
π(2β−sin2β)
Ripple Factor 1
2
π2 − 4 2(1−cos β)2
− 1

Suryanarayana Doolla EN 206: Inverters 11/36

Single Phase Full Bridge Rectier -RL Load

I The output voltage is positive in both positive and negative

half cycles on input supply.
I The diodes (D1,D2) and (D3,D4) conduct in pairs.
I The load current is continuous.
I By increasing the value of inductance in the load, the ripple in
load current is reduced ensuring a constant dc curent at the
load.
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Eect of inductance on supply current

I If the load on the DC side is

large (inductive), then the
input current drawn by the
rectier is square wave.
I By applying fourier
transform, the harmonic
components of the input
current waveform can be
computed.
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Denitions

I Crest Factor, CF = FFpeak

rms
I Distortion Factor, DF = FFrms
1

I Fundamental: It is the rms value of sinusoidal component in

the waveform with frequency 1/T.
I Harmonic: It is the rms value of sinusoidal component in the
waveform with frequency K/T
I Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): It is a measure of distortion
of the waveform from its fundamental
qP FK 2 √
−DF 2
I THD = ( F1 ) = 1
DF

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Denitions

I Displacement Factor: If φ is the phase angle between

1

fundamental component of voltage and current then

displacement factor is given by DPF = cos (φ)
I Power factor is dened as ratio of real power to apparent
power and is given by PF = VV1rms
I1 cos φ
Irms
I If we assume that the input voltage to the rectier is
sinusoidal, then V = Vrms , therefore, PF = I1Icos
1
rms ,
φ

PF = DPF × DF
I Power factor is product of displacement factor and distortion
factor.
I TUF is a measure of how eectively the transformer being
utilized. It is ration of average output power to product of
input rms voltage and current.

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Comparison HW, full wave rectiers

Parameters Half-wave Full wave

Centre -tap Bridge
DC output voltage Vm Vm
2 Vm
2
π π π
RMS output voltage Vm V
√m V
√m
2 2 2

Ripple factor 1.211 0.482 0.482

Peak Inverse Voltage Vm 2Vm Vm
TUF 0.2865 0.672 0.8106

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Three phase Rectier

I Higher dc output voltage, better TUF

I Better input power factor
I Less ripple content in the output current hence better load
performance
I Lower lter size because of high ripple frequency.
Classication:
I Three phase half wave rectier

I Three phase mid-point 6-pulse rectier

I Three phase bridge rectier

I Three phase 12-pulse rectier

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Three phase Half Wave Rectier - R Load

I Cathodes of three diodes are connected to the load

I The rectier element connected to the line at the highest
positive instantaneous voltage can only conduct.
I D1 conduct from ω t = 30o to ω t = 150o as it senses most
positive voltage, D2 conduct from ω t = 150o to ω t = 270o ,
D1 conduct from ω t = 270o to ω t = 390o .
5π
R6 √
I Average output voltage Vo = 3
π
2
Vmp sinωtd (ωt )= 3
2 π
3
Vmp
π
6
I Vrms = 0.84Vmp , ripple factor=0.1826, TUF=0.6644.
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Three phase diode bridge rectier - R Load

I Upper diodes constitute the positive group diodes (D1, D3,

D5)
I Lower diodes constitute the positive group diodes (D2, D4,
D6)
I Positive group of diodes conduct when these have the most
positive anode.
I Negative group of diodes conduct when these have the most
negative anode.
I D1(30-150), D3(150-270), D5(270-390), D2(90-210),
D4(210-330), D6(330-450). All angles are in degrees.

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Three phase diode bridge rectier - R Load

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Three phase diode bridge rectier - R Load

π
R2 Vml
I Average o/p voltage Vo = 3
π Vml sin(ωt + 30o )d (ωt ) = 3
π
π
6
√ √
I Vo = Vπml = πVLL = π Vp
3 3 2 3 6

I Vrms = = 0.9558Vml , ripple factor = 0.0427

I Transformer utilization factor (TUF) = 0.9541

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Three phase Diode Bridge Rectier - RL Load

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Three phase Diode Bridge Rectier - RL Load
Supply Voltage(Phase)

Supply Voltage(Line-Line)

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Output Voltage and Input phase voltage

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Output Voltage and Input phase voltage

I Conduction Sequence: A(D1), B(D3), C(D5)

I AB-AC, BC-BA, CA-CB
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Phase Voltage and Diode Current

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Line Voltage and Diode Current

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Diode and Source Current
ID 1 ID 2

ID 3 Isa

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Input Voltage and Source Current

q
I Assume that peak current is at in nature,Irms = Io 2
3
√
I b1 = 2
π
3
Io (Using Fourier Transforms)
I What happens to power factor assuming the supply is pure
sinusoidal?
I Distortion factor= 0.9549, Total Harmonic Distortion
=31.08%
I Power Factor= DF × DPF
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Classical Diode Bridge Rectier

I Simplicity in circuit and hence used in most of the applications

as a front end.
I Possible to have at dc voltage but generates peaky input
current
I These converters have led to poor power factor and major
problem to utility(current distortion)
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Classical Diode Bridge Rectier

I When diode pair is ON, Vout = |Vin |.

I When the diode is OFF, Vout decreases exponentially
depending on the time constant of RC circuit.
I Diode is OFF when IR + IC = 0, i.e., when capacitive current
and resistive current balance out.
I The decay will continue as long as diodes are reverse biased,
i.e., |Vin | < Vout
I To have low ripple, RC time constant should be much greater
than the half of the input waveform period.

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Classical Diode Bridge Rectier
System: Vs = 20sin(ω t ), R=6,C=0.33000uF

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Classical Diode Bridge Rectier

I Output is directly linked with peak of input and hence line

regulation is poor. To achieve good load regulation large
capacitor is required.
I Transformer provides isolation between input and output, but
average value is restricted once transformer is selected.
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Diode Bridge Rectier - RC Load
Vs ,peak = 20, F=50 Hz, r = 1k Ω, c=200u, ron = 0.1mΩ,
ro = 1M Ω

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Diode Bridge Rectier - RC Load
Vs ,peak = 325, F=50 Hz, r = 1k Ω, c=5u.

I When diode is conducting, capacitor current leads supply

voltage.
I When capacitor current is zero, IR = Is . Capacitor current
slowly increases in negative direction.
I After sometime, Ic = −IR , therefore supply current is zero and
hence diode will stop conducting.
I Capacitor starts discharging, output voltage starts falling till
diode start conducting again.
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Summary

I Uncontrolled Rectiers
I Single phase diode rectier with R, RL and RC loads.
I Three phase diode rectier with R, RL and RC loads.
Next Class
I AC/DC Converter - Phase Controlled Rectiers
I Thank you!!
For Further Reading:
I Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design: N.
Mohan, T. M. Undeland, W. P. Robbins, John Wiley and Sons.
I Power electronics and motor drives: advances and trends:
Bimal K Bose. Pearson Education.

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