Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-7891989, 0333-5319544

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PHYSICS FOR 10TH CLASS (UNIT # 19)

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Read Instructions before study:
• Bullet means you have to write the answer in paragraph shape and you could not change
the sequence. Bullets are used only for your ease.
i) Roman numbered, question may be written as it is. However sequence can be changed.
*** This item should not be written in answer. It is just a hint for you.
Pay more attention on the bold text in answers.
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THEORY
Question: Define electronics and its importance?
Electronics is the branch of physics in which different types of work can be performed
by controlling the flow of electrons.
Importance and usefulness of electronics
i) Radio, TV, computers and other electronic appliances give us lot of information.
ii) Many automatic machines like robot, telephone and mobile phones make our
work easier.
iii) Electronic devices have been installed in artificial satellites, which keep contact
with earth.
iii) Biggest achievement of electronics is computer, which helps us a lot in daily
life.
iv) By using Internet a person can know about all the happenings of the world by
sitting in front of his computer in his house.

Question: Differentiate between analogue and digital electronics?

Analogue Electronics:
Those quantities, whose value increase or decrease continuously with time or remains
constant are called analogue quantities. The branch of electronics, which processes
such quantities, is known as analogue electronics.
Digital electronics:
That branch of electronics which processes the data being provided in the form of
digits is knows as digital electronics.
It is being used in modern electronic devices, such as modern telephone system,
radar system, naval and other military controlling system etc.

Question: Name five analogue and five digital devices.

Digital Devices:
Computer, TV, Digital Camera, Mobile Phone, Security System
Analogue Devices:
Refrigerators, Electric Fans, Electric Iron, Electric Lamps, Radio Receiver

Question: Define conductor, insulator and semi conductor?

Conductor: -
The substances through which electric current flows easily are called conductors.
Some good conductors are gold, silver, copper, aluminum etc. In conductors free
electrons are present in huge number.
Insulator: -

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PHYSICS FOR 10TH CLASS (UNIT # 19)

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The substances through which electric current could not flow are called insulators. For
example plastic, rubber, wood etc. In insulators free electrons are not present.
Semi Conductor: -
The substances through which a few amount of current can flow are called insulators.
For example germanium and silicon. The resistance of semi conductors lies in
between the resistances of conductors and insulators.
Question: Explain Doping?
It is a process in which a semi-conductor is made good conductor comparatively by
adding some atoms as impurity.
For example a semi conductor in purest form is not a good conductor. But it can be
rendered useful by increasing the number of holes and free electrons. This is done by
adding trivalent or pentavalent atoms as impurity. The impurity added crystals are of
two types: -
i) n-type ii) p-type
Question: What is a hole?
The motion of some electrons is so vigorous that the covalent bond is unable to keep
them in their orbits. Such electrons break their bonds and gets free, leaving behind
the vacancy for an electron in the orbit. This vacant place is called a hole.
Question: Describe N-Type and P-Type semi conductors? Or How the number
of free electrons and holes can be increased in a semiconductor?
N-Type Semiconductors: -
When a pentavalent impurity (such as arsenic, phosphorous, antimony) is added to
crystals of silicon or germanium the number of free electron increase in it. The
impurity is usually in the ratio of 1:108. Such a germanium or silicon crystal is called
N-Type semi conductor.
P-Type Semiconductors: -
When a trivalent impurity (such as aluminum, boron or gallium) is doped while
preparing single crystals of germanium or silicon, the number of holes in these
impure crystals is much greater as compared to the number of holes in pure crystals.
Such doped semi conductor is called P-Type semi conductors.
Question: Explain P-N Junction in detail? Why is the potential developed
across a P-N Junction called barrier potential?
i) If a crystal of silicon or germanium is doped in such a way that its one part
becomes n-type and other p-type then a p-n junction would be formed in
between.
ii) The one side of this junction (n-type) has free electrons as majority charge
careers.
iii) Other side of this junction (p-type) has holes as majority charge careers.
(* Draw fig 19.8 from page 105)
iv) After formation of p-n junction some electrons of n-type enters into the p
region. Impurity atom with three valence electron was neutral atom, but when
an electron fills the hole present in its orbit, then number of electrons becomes
four. In this way atoms in P region becomes negatively charged ions.
v) N-type region contain pentavalent impurity atoms having five valence electrons.
Four electrons are bound while one is free. This free electron leave the parent

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PHYSICS FOR 10TH CLASS (UNIT # 19)

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atom and enters into p-region. In this way atoms in N region becomes
positively charged ions.
vi) So layers of positive and negative ions are formed just across the junction.
(*Draw fig 19.9 from page 106)
vii) These layers create a potential difference across the sides of junction. This
potential difference tends to stop the motion of electrons from n-region p-
region.
viii) The potential difference does not allow the electrons to cross the junction form
n to p region, so it is known as potential barrier.
ix) The region of layers of positive and negative ions across the junction does not
contain free electrons or holes, so it is known as depletion region.
Question: Describe Diode, forward biased diode and reverse biased diode?
When p and n regions of a p-n junction are connected to metallic wires and enclosed
in metallic case in such a way that only the wires connected to n and p regions
project outside the case, then such a p-n junction is called diode.
Forward biased Diode: -
Under ordinary condition no current passes through a diode. If a battery is connected
across the junction then current begins to flow in it. This diode is called forward
biased diode. Two conditions are necessary for it: -
i) The p part (anode) is connected with the positive terminal of the battery
and n part (cathode) is connected with the negative terminal of the
battery.
ii) The potential of the battery should be greater than the potential barrier of
the diode.
Reverse Biased Diode: -
When the p part (anode) of the diode is connected to the negative terminal of battery
and n part (cathode) of the diode is connected to the positive terminal of battery then
this diode is called reverse biased diode.
Question: What is rectification? Define Rectifier?
Ordinarily electricity is provided to us in the form of alternating current (A.C) but
most of the electronic devices operate by direct current. (D.C). Therefore it is
necessary to convert A.C into D.C. The process of converting A.C to D.C is known as
rectification and the device used for this purpose is called rectifier. Usually a semi
conductor diode is used as rectifier.
Question: Define transistor and its uses?
Transistor is also a semi conductor device. It is used as an amplifier. Digital
electronics is based on three basic operations known as AND, OR and NOT operations.
Question: Define n-p-n and p-n-p transistors?
If a crystal of germanium or silicon is doped in such a way that n-type regions are
formed at its two sides with a very thin p-type region in between, it forms n-p-n
transistor.
If a crystal of germanium or silicon is doped in such a way that p-type regions are
formed at its two sides with a very thin n-type region in between, it forms p-n-p
transistor.
Question: What are the regions of a transistor known as?
The central region is called base and regions of sides are called emitter and collector.
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PHYSICS FOR 10TH CLASS (UNIT # 19)

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Question: Write a note on all basic operations of digital electronics?
Most of the things have only two states. For example:
i) An electric circuit is ON of OFF.
ii) A statement is TRUE or FALSE.
iii) A person is LIVE or DEAD.
iv) A switch is OPEN or CLOSED.
Such things, which have only two possible conditions, are known as Boolean
Variables. These two states of Boolean Variables are represented by two digits (0
and 1).
Digital electronics requires three basic operations:
1. AND operation.
2. OR operation.
3. NOT operation.
AND OPERATION: -
i) Consider the following circuit shown in figure.
Draw figure here (Necessary)
ii) In this circuit, two switches A and B are present as input. Lightening of bulb is
output.
iii) There are following possible operations, which could be made on the above
circuit. Consider the values as (0 for open circuit and 1 for closed circuit)

Value of Switch A Value of Switch B Output (X)

0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
So, we can define the AND operations as:
It is such a logic operation that its output is 1 when all the values of input switches
are 1. it is represented as
X = A.B
Logic Gates:
The electronic circuit which are designed to implement various logic operations. These
circuits are called logic gates.
The electric circuit, which implement AND operation is called AND gate.
OR OPERATION: -
i) Consider the following circuit shown in figure.
***Draw figure here (Necessary)
ii) In this circuit, two switches A and B are present as input. Lightening of bulb is
output.
iii) There are following possible operations, which could be made on the above
circuit. Consider the values as (0 for open circuit and 1 for closed circuit)
Value of Switch A Value of Switch B Output (X)
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1

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PHYSICS FOR 10TH CLASS (UNIT # 19)

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1 1 1
So, we can define the OR operations as:
It is such a logic operation that its output is 1 when at least any one of all the values
of input switches is 1. it is represented as
X=A+B

The electric circuit, which implement OR operation is called OR gate.

NOT OPEATION: -
i) In this operation, only one Boolean variable is used.
ii) Not operation always negates the sense of input.
iii) For example if input is ‘0’ then output will be ‘1’ and if the input is ‘1’ then
output will also be ‘0’.
iii) The truth table for NOT operation is

A A-
0 1
1 0
NAND Gate:
The electronic circuit, which implements the negation of outputs of AND
gate, is called NAND gate.

NOR Gate:
The electric circuit which implements the inversion / negation of outputs of OR gate is
called NOR gate.
Uses of Gates:
Logic gates are building blocks of digital electronics. We shall see one of its example
below:
House Safety Alarm:
i) Let us suppose that there is a room. It has door and window.
ii) We are required that whenever, a person open door or window, alarm start
ringing.
iii) These switches are such designed that they remain OFF when door and
window is closed. And when a door or window or both are opened they
turned ON.
iv) Output of these switches is connected to OR gate, whose output is a alarm
bell.
v) When a door, a window or both is opened both switches or one of them
becomes ON and OR gate gives its output.
vi) And when output of OR gate remains zero, alarm keeps quite.
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More works/Tasks:
Do Exercise from your Book.
Do Objectives from book & from any other objective book.
Do Numerical with the help of your teacher.
Do Interesting Information from book.
Do Scientific Reasons with the help of teacher.
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