PREPARATION and DILUTION of SOLUTIONS

Activity No. 5

Dilution is a process of preparing a solution of lower concentration from a

concentrated one by adding water. When a solvent is added to dilute a solution, the
number of moles solute remains unchanged.

Moles solute before dilution = Moles solute after dilution

Because number of moles = M x liters, we can write the following equation for the
dilution process:
(Initial molarity)(initial volume) = (final molarity)(final volume)
Minitial Vinitial = MfinalVfinal

In this experiment preparation of solutions from solid and liquid and dilution of
solution to a desired concentration are performed whose units are expressed in Molarity.

OBJECTIVE: To be familiarized with the preparation and dilution of solutions

expressed in different units of concentrations.

Apparatus, Chemicals and Other Materials: glass rod, watch glass, 50 mL beaker,
platform balance, medicine dropper, test tube rack, 10 mL graduated cylinder, test tubes,
50 mL graduated cylinder, set of weights, NaOH pellets, concentrated sulfuric acid,
aqueous solutions of 0.1 N Nickel Nitrate and 0.1 M Potassium Permanganate,

PROCEDURE:

1. PREPARATION OF SOLUTION FROM SOLIDS

Sodium Hydroxide solution
 Weigh out on a clean and dry watch glass approximately 40.0 gram of sodium
hydroxide pellets. (Be quick in doing this because sodium hydroxide easily absorbs
moisture).
 Transfer sodium hydroxide pellets into a 250-mL beaker and add 100 mL of
distilled water. Stir with a clean glass rod until all the solid has dissolved.
 Transfer the entire solution into a 1000-mL volumetric flask.
 Rinse the beaker twice with 3 mL distilled water and add these washings into the
solution in the volumetric flask.
 Finally, add more distilled water into the flask until a 1000-mL mark is reached.
You now have a sodium hydroxide solution.
 Calculate the concentration of the solution expressed in Molarity in 3 significant
digits
 Record your data and label the flask. Submit this solution to your instructor.
2. PREPARATION OF SOLUTION FROM LIQUIDS
Sulfuric Acid Solution
 Using a dry and clean pipet, place into a beaker containing 10 mL water exactly
2.0 mL of concentrated H2SO4 (12 M). Be cautious and mix carefully!
 Pour the sulfuric acid solution into 250- mL volumetric flask making sure that no
single drop is wasted.
 Rinse the 10-mL graduated cylinder twice with 3 mL distilled water and add these
washings into the solution.
 Finally, add more water into the solution until the 25-mL mark is reached, and stir
the solution with a clean glass rod.
 You now have a sulfuric acid solution.
 Calculate the concentration of the solution expressed in Molarity in 3 significant
digits.
 Let your instructor check the prepared solutions.

DILUTION OF SOLUTIONS
A. Potassium Permanganate solution
1. Pour exactly 1.0 mL of 0.1 M Potassium Permanganate solution into a clean and dry
10-mL graduated cylinder.
2. Dilute the 1.0 mL solution to 10 mL. (Bring the solution to 10-mL mark).
3. Stir the solution with clean glass rod.
4. You have just prepared a solution of specific concentration from solutions of known
concentration.
5. Write the equation and use this equation to calculate the concentration of the dilute
solution in Molarity and Normality.
6. Transfer all your prepared potassium permanganate solution into a clean and dry test
tube.
7. Compare the resulting potassium permanganate solution with the different
potassium permanganate solutions displayed in the stockroom.
8. Write the resulting color.
B. Nickel Nitrate solution
1. Measure exactly 1.0 mL of 0.1 N Nickel Nitrate solution in a clean dry 10-mL graduated
cylinder.
2. Transfer the 1.0 mL Nickel Nitrate solution into the 50-mL graduated cylinder.
3. Rinse the 10-mL graduated cylinder with 3 mL distilled water twice and pour the
washings into the 50-mL graduated cylinder.
4. Dilute the Nickel Nitrate solution with distilled water to obtain a 0.005 N solution.
5. Use the dilution formula to calculate the volume of water needed to obtain a 0.005 N
Nickel Nitrate solution.
6. Compare the diluted Nickel Nitrate solution with the different Nickel Nitrate solution
in the stockroom.
7. Write the resulting colors.
Name: Date Performed: _________________
Section & Group: Date Submitted:
Instructor: Remarks: ______________________

PREPARATION AND DILUTION OF SOLUTIONS

Activity No. 5

DATA AND RESULTS:

A. PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS FROM SOLIDS

Sodium Hydroxide solution

Weight of NaOH pellets gram

Final volume of NaOH solution mL
Concentration of NaOH solution M
Concentration of NaOH solution N

B. PREPARATION OF SOLUTION FROM LIQUIDS

Sulfuric acid solution
Volume of concentrated solution mL
Molarity of concentrated solution M
Volume of distilled water added to the mL
concentrated solution

Final concentration of H2SO4 solution M

Final concentration of H2SO4 solution N

C. DILUTION OF SOLUTIONS
1. Potassium Permanganate solution
Concentration of 1.0 mL Potassium Permanganate M
solution( before dilution )
Final volume of Potassium Permanganate solution mL
(after dilution)
Concentration of solution after dilution M
Concentration of solution after dilution N
Color of the diluted solution
Color of the solution in the stockroom window

Chemical equation of the reaction:

____________________________________________________________
2. Nickel Nitrate solution

Concentration of 1.0 mL Nickel Nitrate solution M

( before dilution )
Final volume of Nickel Nitrate solution mL
(after dilution)
Concentration of solution after dilution M
Concentration of solution after dilution N
Color of the diluted solution
Color of the solution in the stockroom window

Chemical equation of the reaction:

____________________________________________________________

COMPUTATIONS :
 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:

APPLICATION:
Compute the final concentration of 0.8 grams NaOH pellets dissolved in enough
water to produce 250 mL NaOH solution.

GENERALIZATION

REFERENCE(s): (Author, title of book/article, year and place of publication)

 DETERMINATION OF pH and [H+] USING INDICATORS
Activity No. 6

The concentration of H+(aq) in an aqueous solution is usually quite small. For

convenience, we therefore express [H+] in terms of pH (pH means power hydrogen or
potential hydrogen), which is defined as the negative logarithm in base 10 of [H +]:

pH = - log [H+]

The pH of a neutral is 7.00. What happens to the pH of a solution if we make the

solution acidic? An acidic solution is one in which [H+] > 1.0 x 10-7 M. Because of the
negative sign in the equation above, the pH decreases as [H +] increases. For example,
suppose an acidic solution in which [H+] = 1.0 x 10-3 M. The pH of this solution is

pH = - log [1.0 x 10-3] = - (-3.00)= 3.00

The relationships among [H+], [OH--] and pH is summarized in this table:

Solution Type [H+] (M) [OH--] (M) pH value

Acidic > 1.0 x 10-7 < 1.0 x 10-7 < 7.00

Neutral = 1.0 x 10-7 =1.0 x 10-7 = 7.00

Basic < 1.0 x 10-7 > 1.0 x 10-7 >7.00

The pH solution can be measured quickly and accurately with a pH meter.

Although less precise, acid-base indicators are often used to measure pH. An acid-base
indicator is a colored substance that itself can exist in either an acid or a base form. The
two forms have different colors. Thus the indicator turns one color in an acid and turns
another color if placed in a base.
In this experiment, the acid-base indicators used are carmine (indigo), litmus
paper, methyl orange, phenolphthalein and universal indicators. Litmus paper is one of the
most common indicators, it changes color in vicinity of pH 7. However, the color change is
not very sharp. Red litmus paper indicates a pH of about 5 or lower and blue litmus indicates
a pH of about 8 or higher. Methyl orange changes color over the pH interval from 3.1 to
4.4. Below pH 3.1, it is in the acid form, which is red. In the interval between 3.1 and 4.4, it
 is generally converted to its basic form, which has a yellow color. By pH 4.4, the conversion
is complete, and the solution is yellow.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the hydrogen ion concentration and the pH of solution of acids
and bases using appropriate indicators.

Apparatus, Chemicals and Other Materials: dropper,10-mL graduated cylinder, 10

pieces test tubes with test tube rack, 0.1 M HCl, 0.01 M HCl, 0.001 M HCl, 10.1M
NaOH, 0.01M NaOH, 0.001 M NaOH, 0.1 M acetic acid, carmine ( indigo),
litmus paper, methyl Orange, Unknown solution

PROCEDURE:

A. pH Values for Acidic and Basic solutions

1. Obtain about 5 mL of each prepared solution of Hydrochloric acid with

concentrations : 0.1M, 0.01 M and 0.001 M. Place them accurately in 3 labeled test
tubes . Tabulate data and calculate the pH values and [H+] of the 3 solutions. Add
one drop of methyl orange to each test tube. Record the colors and keep these
solutions for procedure

2. Follow the same procedure as in A-1, but use the prepared solution of the sodium
hydroxide solution instead of hydrochloric acid solution. This time use carmine (
indigo) as the indicator . Tabulate data and compute for the pH and [H+] values of the
3 NaOH solutions.

B. Hydrogen Ion Concentration of an unknown solution

1. Get an unknown solution at the counter. Test a portion of the unknown solution with
red and blue litmus papers. Is the unknown solution acidic or basic?
2. Place 5 mL of the unknown solution to each of the 2 test tubes. Add a drop of methyl
orange to one test tube and to the other add a drop of carmine ( indigo). Compare
the resulting color of the solution. Is the unknown solution acidic or basic? Tabulate
data and results.
3. Test the unknown solution with a universal indicator. Record the pH and calculate
value of [H+].
Name: Date Performed: _________________
Section & Group: Date Submitted:
Instructor: Remarks: ______________________

DETERMINATION OF pH USING INDICATORS

Activity No. 6

DATA AND RESULTS

A. pH Values of Acidic and Basic solutions

1. HCl aqueous solutions

Concentrations p Color with
[ H+ ] H Methyl Orange
0.1 M
0.01 M
0.001 M

2. NaOH aqueous solutions

Concentrations p Color with
[ OH - ] H Phenolphthalein
0.1 M
0.01 M
0.001 M

COMPUTATIONS for A:
1.

2.
 B. Hydrogen –Ion Concentration of Unknown solution
Indicator pH [H+]
color Acidic /
Basic
1. Red
litmus
2. Blue
litmus
3. Methyl
Orange
4.
carmine Indigo
5.
Universal
Indicator

COMPUTATION for B:
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION :

APPLICATION:
Calculate the pH value of 0.10 M CH3COOH and 0.1 M NaOH.

GENERALIZATION:

REFERENCE(s): (Author, title of book/article, year and place of publication)