WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE

A climate of excess moisture, in which the solar heat received

is sufficient to evaporate all the moisture occurring in the form
of precipitation.

This climate id found near the equator extending to about 15

deg north and south.

There is very less seasonal variation throughout the year

example: colombo, singapore, hawaii, Malaysia etc

 CHARACTERISTICS
• TEMPRATURE

• During day : 27-32 deg

• During night: 21-27 deg

• HUMIDITY

• 55%-100%

• VAPOUR PRESSURE

• 2500-3500 N/M2

• PERCIPITATION

• 2000-5000 mm

• SKY CONDITION

• Cloud cover: 60-90%

• WIND

• Velocity is low, calm and periodic

 DESIGN OF HOTELS
NATURAL VENTILATION

the main driving force that causes natural ventilation is the pressure difference
across the building envelope.this difference can be generated by wind pressure,
thermal buoyancy or by a combination of both
 I. ATRIUMS

An Atrium is large open space within a building providing daylight and visual amenity for the
surrounding building space (Kleiven, 2003). Vitiated air from the building is removed by the
process of stack effect through atriums as warm air is lighter and rises up while cold air is denser
and falls to the ground.

GROUND COOLING/COUPLING

Ground cooling is a technique used for passive

cooling as well as heating of buildings which is
made possible by the earth acting as a massive
heat sink. It is also referred to as geothermal,
geoexchange or earth energy cooling/heating
system. This cooling system take advantage of the
stable temperature underground using a piping
system, commonly referred to as a “loop.”
BUILDING ORIENTATION/MASSING

Good building orientation increases the energy efficiency of a building making it more
comfortable to live in and cheaper to run (Marin, 2007). Orientation refers to the azimuth
angle of a surface relative to true north (eCubed, 2008). With regard to building design,
Orientation of a building can significantly affect its potential to capture prevailing breezes
and its exposure to solar radiation

THERMAL MASS/INSULATION

Thermal mass is the ability of a material to absorb and store heat when there is an
excess of solar energy and/or internal gain in buildings and releases the stored heat
when the building starts to cool down. Thermal mass also reduces the extreme swings
in peak temperature
VENTILATION/AIR MOVEMENT

Openings are important design

elements for ventilation and air
movement. Openings help in admitting
daylight, air flow, providing cross
ventilation and views. Gut
(1993)recommend that windows
should be large and fully operable,
with inlets of a similar size on opposite
walls for proper cross-ventilation in a
composite of hot-humid and hot-dry
climates.
EXTERNAL SHADING DEVICES

These are horizontal, vertical or inclined overhangs or projections placed outside

the building to minimise solar heat gain into the interior spaces. This type of
shading devices include; over hangs, vertical or inclined fins and egg-crates. The
external shading device elements have efficiency in controlling solar energy
penetration to the interior spaces(
VEGETATION

Vegetation and other buildings in the immediate environment can also serve as
shading to the building against solar radiation. Shading needs to be provided in
form of landscaping and foliage. Deciduous trees are effective as they block the
sun in the summer when it is not desired and allow sun penetration during the
winter.The density of tree foliage and the presence of lawn or shrubs under a
group of trees also generates distinct flow patterns. For aline trees with foliage
starting from 1.5M above the ground, the wind flow rates may be reduced by
30-50%
MATERIALS AND INTERNAL SHADING

Materials with heat storage capacity such as

bricks and concrete are of little benefit. A
lighter house construction of timber, fibre will
cool quickly at night.Ceiling is the upper
interior surface of a habitable space. Ceilings
and roof spaces account for 25–35% of
winter heat gain in buildings and must be well
insulated. To prevent heat gain, place most of
the insulation next to the ceiling as this is
where the greatest temperature control is
required
 MOULD AND MOISTURE
PROBLEMS IN HOTELS
Fresh air supply tempering
External fresh air supply also brings in humidity. Fresh air supply in hotel rooms is a regulation
requirement and is needed to remove carbon dioxide and other pollutants. The flow rate however
varies among hotel operators. Whereas ASHARE design guide recommends 30 l/s per room, some
operators specify up to 40 l/s of fresh air inside the room and which can be a significant source of
humidity.

Air infiltration control

Infiltration of outside air into the room is another problem which must be tackled to avoid  high
humidity and therefore mold growth. It can also avoid high energy consumption. Designers
usually assume infiltration rates of 0.5 air changes per hour in their cooling load calculations but
if the actual infiltration is higher, the resulting humidity inside the room will be higher.
Set back temperature
Another possible solution to reduce moisture accumulation in guests’ room is to set its
temperature above the dew point of the outside air, when they are vacant. The dew point is easy
to determine from the psychometric chart for a given climatic condition. For example the dew
point of the external air can determined daily based on the prevailing outside relative humidity
and the room temperature set one degree above. This will avoid condensation forming both
inside and in the adjacent rooms.

Thermal barriers
Condensation rapidly forms on surfaces which are at a temperature lower than the dew point of
the air. As explained earlier “sweating” of the floor and walls in conditioned rooms occur when
doors are opened. Condensation also forms on the walls and floors of unoccupied rooms adjacent
to occupied air conditioned rooms because the heat flow through the walls and in thermal
bridges like gaps, cracks, beam edges and expansion joints.