TROPICAL DESIGN

PART 2

AR. GLV
PART 2:

PRINCIPLES OF
PASSIVE DESIGN
 PRINCIPLES OF
PASSIVE DESIGN
• AVOID HEAT GAIN
• ENCOURAGE NATURAL VENTILATION
• MAKE USE OF NATURAL LIGHT
• CREATE COOL OUTDOOR AREAS
EXAMPLE OF PASSIVE DESIGN BUILDING
AVOID HEAT GAIN
– Orient the building to reduce exposure to
midday sun, particularly summer sun.
ILLUSTRATION OF PROPER BUILDING ORIENTATION.
ILLUSTRATION OF TECHNIQUES FOR PASSIVE DESIGN.
AVOID HEAT GAIN
– Use materials with thermal mass as a general rule.
SAMPLE TABLE OF MATERIALS AND ITS CAPACITY OF THERMAL MASS/HEAT TOLERANCE.
AVOID HEAT GAIN
– Shade walls and windows, particularly any walls
with high thermal mass.
AVOID HEAT GAIN
– Sunshades and sun protection devices on openings
reduce heat gain and glare, and also help in internal
daylighting.
INSTALLATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHADING TECHNIQUES TO AVOID DIRECT SUNLIGHT.
AVOID HEAT GAIN
– Use glazing on windows that cannot be
effectively shaded.
HOW GLAZED OR LOW-E GLASS WINDOW(S) WORKS.
AVOID HEAT GAIN
– Use insulation, light colors and heat reflective
surfaces.
INSTALLATION OF FIBERGLASS INSULATION TO AVOID HEAT GAIN.
FIBERGLASS INSULATION FOAM BOARD
 PRINCIPLES OF
PASSIVE DESIGN
• AVOID HEAT GAIN
• ENCOURAGE NATURAL VENTILATION
• MAKE USE OF NATURAL LIGHT
• CREATE COOL OUTDOOR AREAS
ENCOURAGE NATURAL
VENTILATION
–Orient the building and windows towards
prevailing easterly winds.
INSTALLATION OF FIBERGLASS INSULATION TO AVOID HEAT GAIN.
ENCOURAGE NATURAL
VENTILATION
– Include operable windows and ceiling vents that
enable the building to naturally ventilate.
 PRINCIPLES OF
PASSIVE DESIGN
• AVOID HEAT GAIN
• ENCOURAGE NATURAL VENTILATION
• MAKE USE OF NATURAL LIGHT
• CREATE COOL OUTDOOR AREAS
MAKE USE OF NATURAL LIGHT
– Install shaded windows.
MAKE USE OF NATURAL LIGHT
– Install shaded skylights, light tubes and other
natural lighting devices.
 PRINCIPLES OF
PASSIVE DESIGN
• AVOID HEAT GAIN
• ENCOURAGE NATURAL VENTILATION
• MAKE USE OF NATURAL LIGHT
• CREATE COOL OUTDOOR AREAS
CREATE COOL OUTDOOR AREAS
– Use verandas and deep balconies to shade and
cool incoming air.
CREATE COOL OUTDOOR AREAS
– Use landscaping to provide shade without
blocking cooling breezes and use planting to
reduce ground temperature and minimise reflected
heat.
 PASSIVE DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
• ORIENTATION
• VENTILATION
• LANDSCAPING
• THERMAL MASS
• INSULATION
• WINDOWS
• NATURAL LIGHTING
 PASSIVE DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
• ORIENTATION
• VENTILATION
• LANDSCAPING
• THERMAL MASS
• INSULATION
• WINDOWS
• NATURAL LIGHTING
BUILDING ORIENTATION
Orientation concerns the position of the
building on the site as well as the
arrangement of the rooms within it.
BUILDING ORIENTATION
The orientation of the lot influences the
physical configuration of the house including
the living conditions and well-being of the
occupants.
BUILDING ORIENTATION
Good orientation means minimizing the
exposure of rooms to direct sunlight which
is on the east-west axis (the sun rises in the
east and sets in the west).
BUILDING ORIENTATION
Good orientation starts with the position of
the lot in relation to the east and west sides.
Normally the lot dictates the shape and
orientation of the building, therefore the
ideal lot should have the long side facing the
north and south axis, while the short side
faces the east-west axis.
BUILDING ORIENTATION
Many do not realize that orientation is directly
related to energy efficiency. Houses with poor
orientation have west-facing bedrooms that
require either air conditioning units or ceiling
fans that are constantly running to cool the
rooms. Good orientation brings in natural
lighting in a room particularly at the north side.
BUILDING ORIENTATION
It is better to locate the garage, storage and
laundry areas in the west side. If that is not
possible, a deep porch, window overhangs,
shutters and sunshades make a big difference.
Window openings on the north-south axis will
ensure cross ventilation.
PROPER BUILDING ORIENTATION
SUN PATH
DIAGRAM
SUN PATH DIAGRAM
AZIMUTH LINES
AZIMUTH ANGLES RUN AROUND THE EDGE OF
THE DIAGRAM
ALTITUDE LINES
ALTITUDE ANGLES ARE REPRESENTED AS
CONCENTRIC CIRCULAR DOTTED LINES THAT RUN
FROM THE CENTER OF THE DIAGRAM OUT.
DATE LINES
DATE LINES START ON THE EASTERN SIDE OF THE
GRAPH AND RUN TO THE WESTERN SIDE AND
REPRESENT THE PATH OF THE SUN ON ONE
PARTICULAR DAY OF THE YEAR.
HOW TO
READ SUN
PATH
DIAGRAM
AT 9:00 AM,
AT 9:00 AM,
ON APRIL 1,
 AT 9:00 AM,
ON APRIL 1,
THE AZIMUTH IS 62
DEGREES
 AT 9:00 AM,
ON APRIL 1,
THE AZIMUTH IS 62
DEGREES AND THE
ALTITUDE IS 30
DEGREES
METHODS OF PASSIVE
ORIENTATION
The following methods of passive orientation are
most effective in the tropics.
• ORIENTATION FOR MINIMAL SOLAR HEAT GAIN
• ORIENTATION TO MAXIMIZE AIR FLOW
 WINDOWS AND VENTS OR LOUVRES
LOUVRES ALIGNED AT THE HIGHEST
TO FACILITATE POINT ALLOW HOT
AIRFLOW AIR TO LEAVE THE
BUILDING

WINDOW

LOUVRE
RAISED BUILDING
OR FLOORING
ALLOWS AIR TO
FLOW UNDERNEATH,
COOLING THE
FLOOR SURFACE
ORIENTATION FOR MINIMAL
SOLAR HEAT GAIN
Designing a building in a way that maximises
natural ventilation will greatly reduce the need for
energy-intensive air conditioning. Air movement
over the body, even if the air is not much cooler,
creates a feeling of cool due to the evaporation of
moisture from the skin.
ORIENTATION TO MAXIMIZE AIR
FLOW
In the Philippines, the prevailing winds are north-
easterly from October-March and south-westerly
from April-September. The building design must
take advantage of this.
ORIENTATION TO MAXIMIZE AIR
FLOW
The lack of breeze during the hottest days can pose
challenges for achieving effective natural
ventilation. Designing to encourage convection
flow is very effective at these times.
CONVECTION
FLOW
Warm air rises, cool air
sinks.
CONVECTION
AIR FLOW
 PASSIVE DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
• ORIENTATION
• VENTILATION
• LANDSCAPING
• THERMAL MASS
• INSULATION
• WINDOWS
• NATURAL LIGHTING
VENTILATION
Designing a building in a way that maximises
natural ventilation will greatly reduce the need
for energy-intensive air conditioning. Air
movement over the body, even if the air is not
much cooler, creates a feeling of cool due to the
evaporation of moisture from the skin.
METHODS OF PASSIVE
VENTILATION
The following methods of passive ventilation are
most effective in the tropics.
• DESIGNING FOR MIXED-MODE USE
• ROOF VENTILATION
DESIGNING FOR MIXED-
MODED USE
A building can be design to be mixed-mode.
This means that it will rely on natural
ventilation in cooler months, and use energy-
efficient air-conditioning in the hotter months.
DESIGNING FOR MIXED-
MODED USE
Low thermal mass materials are particularly
suitable for mixed mode design, provided the
building is well-insulated.
ROOF VENTILATION
Ventilating the ceiling cavity is an effective way
of replacing accumulated hot air with cool air
from outside using convection.
ROOF VENTILATION
It also reduces heat radiated from the ceiling
cavity towards the inner parts of the building
RIDGE VENTS CAN LET HOT AIR OUT WHILE COOL AIR ENTERS THROUGH THE EAVE VENTS.
 PASSIVE DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
• ORIENTATION
• VENTILATION
• LANDSCAPING
• THERMAL MASS
• INSULATION
• WINDOWS
• NATURAL LIGHTING
LANDSCAPING
The hard surfaces of pavement around
buildings absorb and reradiate heat, creating a
hotter microclimate.
LANDSCAPING
Thus, it is smart to minimize the extent of
paving and replace them with vegetation.
HEAT ISLAND EFFECT ILLUSTRATION
URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT ILLUSTRATION
URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT ILLUSTRATION
HEAT ISLAND EFFECT ILLUSTRATION
HEAT ISLAND EFFECT ILLUSTRATION
LANDSCAPING
Planting areas around the building creates a
cooler environment due to a plant’s ability to
transpire or lose moisture, which cools the air.
LANDSCAPING HELPS TO COOL/LOWER DOWN THE TEMPERATURE.
LANDSCAPING HELPS TO COOL/LOWER DOWN THE TEMPERATURE.
LANDSCAPING HELPS TO COOL/LOWER DOWN THE TEMPERATURE.
LANDSCAPING ABSORBS CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION AND CONVERTS INTO OXYGEN.
LANDSCAPING ABSORBS CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION AND CONVERTS INTO OXYGEN.
LANDSCAPING
External temperatures can be reduced by over
5°C by using ground cover or lawn instead of
paving.
PERMEABLE GREEN/GRASS PAVEMENTS
PERMEABLE GREEN/GRASS PAVEMENTS
PERMEABLE GREEN/GRASS PAVEMENTS
PERMEABLE GREEN/GRASS PAVEMENTS
PERMEABLE GREEN/GRASS PAVEMENTS
LANDSCAPING
Denser vegetation provides a greater cooling
effect. Air that is drawn from planted areas is
much cooler than air drawn from paved areas
SHADING AND LANDSCAPING
SHADING AND LANDSCAPING
SINGAPORE SCHOOL OF THE ARTS
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ART, DESIGN AND MEDIA, (SINGAPORE)
TREE HOUSE CONDOMINIUM, SINGAPORE
SOLARIS (SGBC), SINGAPORE
SOLARIS (SGBC), SINGAPORE
SOLARIS (SGBC), SINGAPORE
 PASSIVE DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
• ORIENTATION
• VENTILATION
• LANDSCAPING
• THERMAL MASS
• INSULATION
• WINDOWS
• NATURAL LIGHTING
THERMAL MASS
Thermal mass is the ability of building
materials to absorb, store, and release heat.
THERMAL MASS
In tropical climates, the use of lightweight
construction materials with low thermal mass
is preferable, particularly on walls that are
exposed to the sun.
THERMAL MASS
This is because lightweight construction
materials such as timber, respond quickly to
cooling breezes allowing the building to cool
faster.
TEMPERATURE RANGE AND RESPONSE OF LOW AND HIGH THERMAL MASS MATERIALS
TROMBE WALL
TROMBE WALL APPLICATION ON BAHAY NA BATO
 PASSIVE DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
• ORIENTATION
• VENTILATION
• LANDSCAPING
• THERMAL MASS
• INSULATION
• WINDOWS
• NATURAL LIGHTING
INSULATION
Insulation controls the rate at which a building
loses or gains heat, keeping warmer air in
during winter and excluding external heat in
summer.
INSULATION
Insulation is one of the most effective ways to
reduce heat input to building and can be
installed in the roof, ceiling and walls of the
building.
TYPES OF INSULATION
BULK INSULATION
REFLECTIVE INSULATION
BULK INSULATION
Bulk insulation acts as thermal mass and resists
the transfer of heat. Bulk insulation includes
materials such as mineral wool, cellulose fiber,
polyester and polystyrene.
ROCK WOOL
A type of insulation
that is made from
actual rocks and
minerals.
ROCK WOOL
This type of insulation
is commonly used in
building construction,
industrial plants and in
automotive
applications due to its
excellent ability to
block sound and heat.
APPLICATION OF ROCK WOOL INSULATION
GLASS WOOL
An insulating
material made from
fibers of glass
arranged using
binder into a texture
similar to wool.
GLASS WOOL
The process traps
many small pockets
of air between the
glass, and these
small air pockets
result in the thermal
insulation properties.
REFLECTIVE INSULATION
Also known as foil insulation, is usually made
from aluminum foil or aluminized polyester.
REFLECTIVE INSULATION
Reflective insulation is commonly used in two
main areas. The first is in unventilated cavity
walls; the second is as insulation in pitched or
angled roofs.
REFLECTIVE INSULATION
Reflective insulation mainly resists heat flow
due to its high reflectivity and low ability to
re-radiate heat and is more effective when
installed with an air layer next to shiny
surface.
SAMPLE INSTALLATION OF REFLECTIVE INSULATION
SAMPLE INSTALLATION OF REFLECTIVE INSULATION
SAMPLE TYPES OF REFLECTIVE INSULATION WITH R-VALUE
 ADVANTAGE &
DISADVANTAGE OF
REFLECTIVE
INSULATION
ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGE OF REFLECTIVE
INSULATION
•It is very effective in warm climates where it
is useful in keeping buildings cool.
ADVANTAGE OF REFLECTIVE
INSULATION
•Unlike other insulation, it does not degrade
over time due to compacting, disintegration,
or from absorbing moisture.
ADVANTAGE OF REFLECTIVE
INSULATION
•It is thin and fairly lightweight and much less
bulky than other forms, making it easy to
work with and fit.
ADVANTAGE OF REFLECTIVE
INSULATION
•It can also be used as a vapor barrier, as it is
relatively waterproof and unaffected by
moisture.
ADVANTAGE OF REFLECTIVE
INSULATION
•Unlike other forms of insulation, it is also
non-toxic and non-carcinogenic, making it
safer and easy to install with the use of less
safety equipment.
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES OF REFLECTIVE
INSULATION
•It is generally more expensive due to being a
metal-based product.
DISADVANTAGES OF REFLECTIVE
INSULATION
•Though effective in warmer climates, it will
require being combined with other forms of
insulation in colder climates. This is in order to
prevent heat loss in cold weather from
convection.
DISADVANTAGES OF REFLECTIVE
INSULATION
•There is the potential of reflective insulation
becoming an electrical hazard should a
wiring fault occur. After all, it is a metal and
conducts electricity.
DISADVANTAGES OF REFLECTIVE
INSULATION
•It also relies on being clean and free of dust
and debris, both when fitted and when in use.
This means in some areas, such as roofs, it
may require being cleaned of dust from time
to time to ensure maximum efficiency.
R-VALUE
R-VALUE
A value that is used to measure how well a
specific type of insulation can resist heat flow.
R-VALUE
The higher the R-value, the better the
insulation and the more energy you will
save. An R-value only applies to specific
materials, not to systems.
R-VALUE
The R-value depends on the type of insulation,
its thickness, and its density. The R-value of
some insulations also depends on
temperature, aging, and moisture
accumulation.
R-VALUE
When calculating the R-value of a multilayered
installation, add the R-values of the individual
layers.
R-VALUE
For instance if you have a material with an R-
Value of 12 attached to another material with
an R-value of 3, then both materials combined
have an R-value of 15
U-VALUE
U-VALUE
The U-value is the heat transfer coefficient
which simply means that is a measure of an
assembly’s capacity to transfer thermal energy
across its thickness
U-VALUE
The U-value of an assembly is the reciprocal of
the total R-value
U-VALUE CALCULATION
R-VALUE RECOMMENDATIONS
In the tropics, it is generally recommended to
have a minimum of:
•R-2.5 insulation in naturally ventilated house
ceilings and;
•R-3.5 insulation in ceilings and walls of air
conditioned houses.
R-VALUE OF MATERIALS
 PASSIVE DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
• ORIENTATION
• VENTILATION
• LANDSCAPING
• THERMAL MASS
• INSULATION
• WINDOWS
• NATURAL LIGHTING
WINDOWS
Windows are important way to encourage and
direct air flow into a building.
WINDOWS
Louvers and casement style windows allow
building users to control how much natural air
enters the building.
WINDOWS
Well-placed louvers or
windows at floor level
and at the highest point
of the room, create
convection air flow which
draws air into the building
and creates breezes to
cool
WINDOWS
In tropical climate, windows should ideally be
shaded from direct sunlight all year round and
should open to allow air flow.
WINDOWS
Where effective shading cannot be achieved,
insulating windows against heat transfer can
reduce cooling costs.
IDEAL GLASS TYPE
FOR WINDOWS
TINTED GLASS
Refers to any glass that
has been treated with a
material such as a film or
coating, which reduces
the transmission of light
through it.
REFLECTIVE
COATINGS
Reflective coatings are
thin films of metal or
metal oxide that are
applied to standard
glass.