Going Digital...

Bentley Systems

Spring 2019
 2018 Founded in 1984, Bentley Systems has more than 3,500 colleagues in

Performance News...
over 50 countries. Bentley is a global leader in providing engineers,
architects, geospatial professionals, constructors, and owner-operators with

Highlights comprehensive software solutions for advancing the design, construction,

and operations of infrastructure.

New in this issue: • Bentley Systems’ 2018 Performance Highlights ....... 2

• Our latest acquisitions................................................ 3
• OpenBuildings Advancement............................. 8 / 9
• Digital Twins Advancement........................... 14 / 15
Constant Currency ARR Welcome to the Spring 2019 edition • Global Advancement, featuring • Project Digital Twins..................................... 16 / 17
% of Bentley’s Advancements Update.
CAGR: 7.2
winners and finalists of the
13 – 20 18 2018 Year in Infrastructure Awards......................4 / 5
• Success Planning...................................................20
rganic 20
Here is a listing of what’s new
O and noteworthy in this issue: • Bentley’s Open Modeling Environment..................6 / 7

Acquisition News:

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

• Annual revenue runrate surpasses $700 million
• 83% Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR; not including license sales) with 98% subscription retention rate
Agency 9 (October 15, 2018)
Bentley acquired Agency9, provider of city-scale digital twin cloud
services. Bentley’s iTwin cloud services add digital alignment and
change synchronization for infrastructure engineering digital twins
and enable OpenCities Planner (formerly Agency9 CityPlanner) to
serve urban planning requirements at fuller levels of detail.
SignCAD (February 11, 2019)
The acquisition of SignCAD Systems augments Bentley’s software
portfolio with traffic sign design solutions, enabling greater detail
for digital twins of transportation assets. The acquisition builds upon
Bentley’s comprehensive set of solutions for design and construction
of transportation assets through its OpenRoads applications.

• Organic revenues (constant currency) grew 6.5%

• Closed 7 acquisitions, funded by operating cash flows

• Increased colleague headcount by over 250

• Achieved revenue runrate growth exceeding 20% in Greater China

BENTLEY ADVANCEMENTS UPDATE: GOING DIGITAL

• Achieved revenue runrate growth exceeding 20% for brands including AssetWise, ContextCapture, OpenRoads
AIWORX (November 20, 2018) ACE (November 12, 2018)
• Since 2014 nearly $1 billion invested in R&D and acquisitions
Bentley acquired AIworx, Inc., provider of machine learning and The acquisition of ACE enterprise Slovakia, provider of innovative
internet of things (IoT) technologies and services. Incorporation of technology solutions to interface with enterprise resource planning
data provided through AIworx technology with Bentley’s digital twin (ERP), enterprise asset management (EAM), and geographical
cloud services enables users to leverage analytics visibility to improve information systems (GIS), extends Bentley’s scope of engineering
productivity and efficiency of infrastructure assets. digital twins beyond IoT to include IT.
2 3
 Revenue Colleagues

Global The Year in Infrastructure 2018 was a year 11

19%
31%

in which juries chose winning projects from

Advancement
AMERICAS EUROPE, 40%
47.5% MIDDLE EAST,
everywhere in the world.
ASIA AFRICA
33.5%
WINNER

29% 2018
INFRASTRUCTURE
YEARBOOK I Page 106

Sacyr Somague
Hydroelectric Use of the Foz Tua Dam
Foz Tua, Alijó – Vila Real, Portugal

1 10
2018 Year in Infrastructure Award Winners
The winning and finalist projects of the 2018 Year in
WINNER 8 Infrastructure Awards illustrate the comprehensive WINNER
2018
INFRASTRUCTURE
6 scope both of Bentley’s offerings and of the 2018
INFRASTRUCTURE
YEARBOOK I Page 128 4 infrastructure assets our users design, build, and YEARBOOK I Page 240
2
0
operate with our portfolio. To learn more about the
projects shown here and the more than 400 other

CHINA

INDIA

INDONESIA

U.S.A.

U.K.

MALAYSIA

KOREA

AUSTRALIA

SPAIN

OMAN

BRAZIL

KAZAKHSTAN
projects nominated in 2018, please visit
Skanska Costain STRABAG Joint Venture (SCS) www.bentley.com/yearbook MCC Capital Engineering & Research Incorporation Limited
HS2 Main Works Lots S1 and S2 400,000 ton/day Water Supply Project of Wenjiang District, Chengdu City

1
London, United Kingdom Chengdu, Sichuan, China

2 9

11 9
2 3
FINALIST FINALIST
2018 2018

10
INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE

6
YEARBOOK I Page 39 YEARBOOK I Page 29

Anil Verma Associates, Inc. GS E&C Corporation

Regional Connector Transit Corridor (RCTC) Jungkun-Jinjeong Bypass (Sueo-chon Bridge)
Los Angeles, California, United States Gwangyang, Jeolla-Namdo, South Korea

8
3 8

FINALIST WINNER
2018 2018
INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE

4
YEARBOOK I Page 175 YEARBOOK I Page 234

7
Alabama Department of Transportation Pestech International Berhad
Birmingham, AL I-59/I-20 Corridor Project Substation Design and Automation for Olak Lempit Substation Project
Birmingham, Alabama, United States Banting, Selangor, Malaysia

4 5 6 7

SPECIAL RECOGNITION FINALIST FINALIST WINNER

2018 2018 2018 2018
INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE
YEARBOOK I Page 17 YEARBOOK I Page 197 YEARBOOK I Page 39 YEARBOOK I Page 94

Infraero – Empresa Brasileira de Infraestrutura Aeroportuária Arab Engineering Bureau Voyants Solutions Private Limited Northern Engineering & Technology Corporation, MCC
Digital Airport – Londrina Burj Alfardan Station Development Plan for Gwalior Railway Station SINO Iron Ore Mine
Londrina, Paraná, Brazil Lusail, Ad Dawha, Qatar Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Perth, Western Australia, Australia

4 5
 Open Modeling Sharing digital components and connecting digital workflows across disciplines Bentley’s Open Modeling Environment achieves
Environment
are the foundation of an open modeling environment. Comprising MicroStation-
based engineering and BIM applications specialized for asset types and solutions, project savings by advancing design integration...
Advancement...
the open modeling environment advances collaboration, enabling clash resolution
and production of multidiscipline deliverables from any application.

N Lu m e
IO
LE G n RT
Open
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Op e s

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ad

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Op
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en

IP E
en

Pla
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LEA

CONNECT Edition

STAAD
OpenBuildings
OpenBridge

CONNECT Edition

Open Modeling

RA M
Environment
PL AX

2018 Year in Infrastructure Award Special Recognition: 2018 Year in Infrastructure Award Winner:

ws
IS

Advancing Digital Twins for Roads and Highways Advancements in Mining and Offshore Engineering

Fl o
Op

en
en

D
Op
Si
S IT

OO

te

Guangxi Communications Design Group Co., Ltd.

EO

FL
S
Op ms
P

BIM-based Collaborative Design and Construction

en U om Northern Engineering & Technology Corporation, MCC
tilities Ope nC Management of All Elements and Objects in the
Lipu-Yulin Expressway Project SINO Iron Ore Mine
SIN
C AL Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China Perth, Western Australia, Australia

The Lipu-Yulin Expressway has a main roadway spanning 263.1 kilometers.
Guangxi Communications Design Group is responsible for design,
coordination, and construction management. The CNY 23.06 billion
roadway project featured technically complex structures, involved numerous
engineering disciplines, and required a large amount of land requisition and
demolition in an area with geological and geographical site constraints.
Located in the remote Pilbara region of northwestern Australia, SINO iron
ore project is the largest monomer mining project in Australia to be invested
by China. The highly precise installation requirements contributed to
design, transport, and installation challenges. Northern Engineering &
Technology Corporation, MCC formed a BIM team to implement a combined
design and construction concept that focused on modular construction.

ContextCapture helped the team save substantially in survey and mapping The team used Bentley software to design a variety of 3D models and

BENTLEY ADVANCEMENTS UPDATE: GOING DIGITAL

costs, OpenRoads optimized the modeling of the highway elements, and
Navigator facilitated collision detection to identify and solve issues in
advance. Bentley’s Connected Data Environment based on ProjectWise
reduced communication and collaboration costs. Bentley’s BIM solutions
saved 10 percent in design and construction management, which reduced
costs by 30 percent. Project Playbook: ContextCapture, Descartes,
Multidiscipline Multidiscipline
Components Center LumenRT, MicroStation, Navigator, OpenBridge Modeler, OpenBuildings,
Clash Resolution Documentation Center OpenPlant, OpenRoads, OpenRoads ConceptStation, ProjectWise, ProSteel,
ProStructures, RM Bridge
imported them into RAM for finite element analysis and to perform collision
detection. Bentley’s modeling applications simulated a module assembly
and construction environment, which enabled potential problems to be
identified and resolved in advance, improving construction efficiency and
shortening the construction period. The BIM solution facilitated accurate
drawing extractions in compliance with general international standards,
reducing design changes by 80 percent. Project Playbook: MicroStation,
Navigator, OpenBuildings, OpenPlant, RAM

6 7
 OpenBuildings ...accelerating digital workflows!
Advancement

OpenBuildings applications integrate multiple ContextCapture for Reality OpenBuildings Energy Simulator
disciplines for the design, analysis, construction, and LumenRT for Real-time Visualization
Modeling of the Building Site for Energy and Lighting Analysis
management of high-performance buildings of any
size, form, or complexity. Integrating data from
different files and formats, OpenBuildings applications
enable better project collaboration and help to reduce
Iterative
costly rework.
Workflows

OpenBuildings
Designer

OpenRoads
Iterative
Workflows
and OpenSite

OpenRail

STAAD for Structural Analysis and

SYNCHRO for 4D Construction Modeling LEGION for Pedestrian Simulation
PLAXIS for Geotechnical Analysis

8 Modeling Analysis and Visualization 9

 ProjectWise AssetWise
CONNECT Edition Project Delivery
Industrializing CONNECT Edition
Assuring Asset Performance

ProjectWise +
AssetWise CONNECT Edition leverages a connected data environment to
facilitate the management of performance digital twins via interoperation
ProjectWise: Advancing of multiple data sources across IT, OT, and ET domains, for improved AssetWise: Advancing the
the ENR Top Design Firms decision support and proactive maintenance of infrastructure assets. The Bentley Infrastructure Top Owners
With the integration between ProjectWise 365 Services and Microsoft AssetWise platform uniquely federates the contexts within which asset
365, the collaboration capabilities of Microsoft Teams, Flow, SharePoint, information can be effectively managed across the infrastructure lifecycle,
and Power BI can be applied to mainstream automated digital workflows Among the Top 50 Among the Top 640 to comprehensively support functions that improve asset performance. Among the Top 50 Among the Top 500
within ProjectWise. The integration ensures standards and best practices
are shared across projects, and improves repeatability, scalability, quality,
Learn more: www.bentley.com/AssetWise.
107
and predictability—industrializing project delivery, so that project teams
325 24

Functional
can widely replicate their best projects’ successes. 43
Learn more: www.bentley.com/ProjectWise. Offerings Asset Lifecycle
Compliance
Information
BENTLEY SUBSCRIBERS and Safety
Management
BENTLEY SUBSCRIBERS www.bentley.com/bi500

New ProjectWise CONNECT Edition cloud services for

comprehensive project delivery include:

Bentley and Siemens:

• Deliverables Management to create, send, and receive • Project Performance Dashboards for insight into Enterprise Asset
Interoperability AssetWise
transmittals, submittals, and RFIs project progress Reliability

• Issues Resolution to submit, manage, and resolve issues
• Field Data Management for configurable, forms-based
data collection
• Share to securely share project information
APM for PowerPlants
• Construction Management for contract, cost, change, Bentley and Siemens’ new, jointly developed APM solution
and risk management Operational empowers plant owners to take full advantage of digitalization,
Analytics leveraging Siemens’ deep power plant domain expertise and
accelerating the time-to-value of APM implementation. Using
intelligent models based on predictive analytics, the APM-
as-a-service solution integrates into existing Computerized
Maintenance Management System (CMMS)/Enterprise Asset
Management (EAM) environments to improve maintenance
planning, reduce outages, and increase workforce efficiency.

ARC Industry
www.arcweb.com
Reports

Engineering Design Tools for Asset Reliability Software

2018 Year in Infrastructure Award Winner: Plant, Infrastructure, and and Services 2016
Advancements in Project Delivery Building Modeling 2017
AECOM #1 (Overall)

BENTLEY ADVANCEMENTS UPDATE: GOING DIGITAL

Gaining New Perspective through ProjectWise Project Insights
#2 (Overall)
Europe, Middle East, and Africa
#1 Electric Power T&D #1 in Transportation
in Electric T&D and 2018 Year in Infrastructure Award Winner:
If ProjectWise is a 2D Drawing, then ProjectWise Insights is the 3D Model that has #1 Communication Systems in Water & Advancements in Construction
illuminated ‘all of that dull ProjectWise information’. Our Project Managers now #1 in Oil & Gas #1
Waste Water
Oman Gas Company
see the value of the CDE and how accurate metadata can help to identify trends in
in Water and
project performance and provide the information needed to pro-actively influence
better outcomes…
#1 Wastewater Distribution in Pharmaceutical
#1 & Biotech Asset Performance Solution for Reliability Management
– Elizabeth Berna, Information Manager, AECOM Al-Khuwair, Muscat, Oman
published 2018 published 2017
10 11
 Going Digital
Across the ...Digital Context and Digital Components
Infrastructure span Project Delivery and Asset Performance
Lifecycle

Planning Design Construction Operations

Digital Context

Digital Context

Asset Performance
Project Delivery

Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, PowerChina Pennsylvania State University,

Application of BIM Strategy for Shenzhen Qianhai Municipal Infrastructure Department of Architectural Engineering
Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China Virtual Penn State Campus I University Park, Pennsylvania, United States

During project delivery, the practice of industrializing BIM can improve predictability, performance, and outcomes by
using— and reusing—ready-made digital components from concept to completion, adding more engineering content
earlier in the design process, for better, more informed design decisions. Applying industrial UAVs to continuously survey
existing conditions of a project and provide engineering-ready digital context throughout planning, design, and construction,
the BIM process can be further industrialized, by automating both surveying and construction workflows, and providing
visibility into the path of construction, virtually.
Digital Components
Digital engineering models represent an accumulated intelligence—the “digital DNA”—developed throughout the
design/engineering process. Leveraging digital DNA in both construction and operations is made possible by aligning
that data in a connected data environment (CDE) to be securely accessible for reuse by relevant stakeholders. The digital
components and digital context within the CDE can be geo-coordinated for immersive visibility into project delivery and
asset performance, leading to more informed decision making and improved outcomes.

Digital Components
Industrializing BIM Leveraging Digital DNA
12 13
 Digital Twins Newly enabled by convergence of Digital Twins Web access for immersive visualization and
Advancement... Bentley technologies! Accessibility... analytics visibility!

To create a digital twin with the fidelity needed to be useful for either project delivery or asset operations requires 1) the mirroring of the
physical reality of the site’s or asset’s existing conditions—the digital context—2) the aligning of the virtual engineering data—the digital
components—to make that “dark data” available for analytics, and 3) the synchronization of that data to reflect the continuous change
intrinsic to every project or operating infrastructure asset.
Bentley’s infrastructure digital twin advancements converge the digital context that can be continuously surveyed with ContextCapture, and
the digital components that are digitally aligned though our ProjectWise and AssetWise, comprising our Connected Data Environment. Finally,
our iTwin Services provide the change synchronization necessary to maintain the data integrity of the digital twin.
Whether one is deploying a project digital twin, a performance digital twin, or any fit-for-purpose-curated digital twin, the unique benefits come
from the immersive visualization that becomes securely accessible to authorized stakeholders via a web browser interface and the analytics
visibility that opens up the “dark data” of engineering processes for advanced insights through machine learning and big data analytics. In
addition, Bentley’s unprecedented delivery of the iModel.js technology as an open source library, will enable a broad ecosystem of user- and
third-party-developed applications to address an unlimited number of use cases for the infrastructure digital twin.

Requirements: Solutions:

Immersive
Reality...? Reality...! Visualization
1 Mirror Existing Conditions
1 Reality Modeling Image courtesy of FC Barcelona

“Digital Context” Context Capture

Veracity...? Veracity...! Analytics

2 Align Engineering DNA
2 Connected Data Environment
Visibility
“Digital Components” ProjectWise & Image courtesy of Mott MacDonald

AssetWise

Fidelity...? Fidelity...!

BENTLEY ADVANCEMENTS UPDATE: GOING DIGITAL

3 Reflect Continuous Change 3 Cloud Services

“Synchronization” iTwin Services Open

Source

14 15
 Project ...Bringing visibility and predictability
Digital Twins... to Project Delivery

“Dark” Data “Open” (Query-able) Data Continuous and

Comprehensive
Status Review via
Web Browser
Image courtesy of SWECO

OpenBuildings

ProjectWise iTwin
Services
Design Quality
Analytics

Connected Data
OpenRoads
Environment Image courtesy of Mott MacDonald

Change
Digital Components
Accountability

Revit
Digital Context Image courtesy of Mott MacDonald

4D Construction
Modeling

BENTLEY ADVANCEMENTS UPDATE: GOING DIGITAL

In project delivery, the “dark data” contained in engineering files from various sources can be “opened up” in our secure
Connected Data Environment to become data that is query-able and change-synchronized for the stakeholders in the project
delivery ecosystem.

Image courtesy of LAX

16 17
 Digital
Workflows Extending engineering’s Business Value...
Advancement
Conceptioneering
Conceptioneering is a digital workflow that facilitates
the process of creating multiple iterations of a conceptual
design model and providing a streamlined evaluation and
comparison of design alternatives. Digital context plays a
key role in conceptioneering as it leverages a reality mesh
to bring immersive existing conditions and 3D engineering-
ready context to the design environment. Digital components
bring pre-defined, engineering-ready, intelligent 3D “building
blocks” into the conceptual design process to build robust
conceptual models with enough detail to produce preliminary
cost estimates for feasibility studies.
Project Delivery
HNTB Corporation
I-94 Modernization Project I Detroit, Michigan, United States
Constructioneering
Constructioneering is a digital workflow that enables
engineering data to be brought directly from software
applications to the field to inform construction workflows
and enable the use of GPS-connected, machine-controlled
construction equipment. Constructioneering also provides
the capability to bring UAV-captured, continuously
surveyed digital context into the engineering environment
for design development and construction progress
monitoring. Digital components used in constructioneering
contain relevant intelligence to automate fabrication and
construction processes.
Finnmap Infra Oy
Highway 3 Arolampi Interchange I Riihimäki, Finland
18
Inspectioneering
Inspectioneering is a digital workflow bringing as-
operated, and continuously surveyed, engineering-ready
digital context into engineering environments enabling
engineers to virtually inspect and evaluate infrastructure
assets from any location. The use of drones makes
possible the detailed survey of assets too inaccessible or
dangerous for field inspections, with UAV-mounted digital
photography, scanning, thermography, and electromagnetic
sensors gathering a rich set of digital information relevant
to inspection. Machine learning can apply the resultant
Asset Performance
reality meshes for digital component classification and
condition assessment.
SiteSee
Automated Recognition of Antenna on a Cell Tower I Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Operationeering
Operationeering is a digital workflow that can integrate
digital engineering models, the as-operated and continuously
surveyed digital context of the infrastructure asset, and IoT
data generated by sensors on the operating asset, to improve
operational performance, reliability, compliance, and safety,
and to facilitate predictive maintenance. The digital context,
in the form of a reality mesh, connected with IoT data
and dashboards and, augmented with digital components
from the engineering models, can provide an immersive
3D environment offering, enabling remote operations and
operational visibility for better decision support.
19
 Success Automating digital workflows...
Planning to replicate best projects’ successes!

Your
Projects
Success Plans help organizations to implement and
realize maximum value from their Bentley applications

WORST BEST
more quickly, with improved results, and with minimized
risk. By developing a going digital strategy with help
from Bentley experts, organizations can see a 5 to
15% improvement in design efficiency through better
leveraging the capabilities of Bentley’s technology.
Your Projects ON As part of their Success Plans, organizations can learn,
Automated Digital Workflows automate, and institutionalize proven digital workflows
and industry best practices through Bentley Institute’s
Digital Advancement Academies.

WORST BEST

Digital Twin Success Stream Digital Advancement Academies

Digital Advancement Academies partner with industry leaders as a
catalyst for thought leadership and knowledge exchange, helping
to better align all stakeholders involved in the design, construction,
and operation of infrastructure assets. With their process-focused
Road Airport Tunneling
Digital Twin Digital Twin Digital Twin approach, Academies provide opportunities for participants to define
Success Stream Success Stream Success Stream and explore desired industry outcomes and best practices.

• Digital Advancement

• Construction

• Constructioneering (in partnership with

Topcon Positioning Group)
Rail Bridge Hospital
Digital Twin Digital Twin Digital Twin

BENTLEY ADVANCEMENTS UPDATE: GOING DIGITAL

• Process Industries (in partnership with Siemens)
Success Stream Success Stream Success Stream

Digital Advancement Research

The Digital Advancement Research Team collaborates with
Bentley experts can be embedded on project teams to help overcome project challenges and ensure that organizations achieve their best outcomes. government, university, and industry visionaries to demonstrate
innovative solutions for future infrastructure needs.
• Components Center Administration • Projects Insights Dashboards • Context Insights
• Digital Workflows Setup • Project Portfolio (Machine Learning) Library Learn more: www.bentley.com/services.
20 21
 Digital Integrating cloud services across infrastructure
Co-venturing supply chains...
Dr. Horst Kayser
Chief Strategy Officer, Siemens
Trudy Norris-Grey
Global Managing Director, Local
and Regional Government and
CityNext at Microsoft
Ray O’Connor
President and CEO, Topcon
22
Bentley and Siemens introduced PlantSight, a jointly developed
digital solution to enable as-operated and up-to-date digital
twins, which synchronize the physical plant and its engineering
data. Because process industries are characterized by ongoing
capital projects, the effectiveness of digital twins depends
upon the integrity and accessibility of continuously updated, PlantSight
as-operated data. With PlantSight, every process plant owner-
operator can realize the benefits of as-operated digital twins
– consistent operational readiness, improved reliability, and
better efficiency – without disruption to their existing physical or
virtual environment.
At the Mobile World Congress 2019 in Barcelona, Bentley
presented SYNCHRO XR, its app for immersively visualizing 4D
construction digital twins with the new Microsoft HoloLens 2.
Selected as a Microsoft mixed reality partner representing
SYNCHRO
and HoloLens 2
the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry,
Bentley demonstrated how with SYNCHRO XR for HoloLens 2,
users can interact collaboratively with digital construction models,
using intuitive gestures to plan, visualize, and experience
construction sequencing.
Bentley Institute and Topcon have established the
Constructioneering Academy to provide opportunities for
learning best practices in constructioneering, a digital workflow
that enables engineering and survey data to be used to inform
construction workflows and improve project delivery. Since its Digital
BENTLEY ADVANCEMENTS UPDATE: GOING DIGITAL
Construction
launch, the Constructioneering Academy has offered sessions in
North America, Australia, and the U.K. Also, as part of an ongoing
constructioneering initiative, Bentley and Topcon are working Works
together to integrate the Topcon point cloud and 3D mesh service,
MAGNET Collage Web, with the Bentley ContextCapture Cloud
Processing Service to enable fast generation of 3D engineering-
ready reality meshes and digital surface models.
Image courtesy of Topcon
23
www.bentley.com

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© 2019 Bentley Systems, Incorporated. Bentley, the Bentley logo, AECOsim Building Designer, AssetWise, AutoPIPE, ContextCapture, ConstructSim, Descartes, FLOOD, iTwin, LEAP, LEGION, LumenRT, MicroStation, Bentley
Navigator, OpenBridge, OpenBridge Modeler, OpenBuildings, OpenBuildings Designer, OpenBuildings Energy Simulator, OpenCities, OpenCities Planner, OpenComms, OpenFlows, OpenPlant, OpenRail, OpenRoads, OpenRoads
Concept Station, OpenSite, OpenUtilities, PlantSight, PLAXIS, ProjectWise, ProSteel, ProStructures, RAM, SINCAL, SignCAD, SITEOPS, STAAD, and SYNCHRO are either registered or unregistered trademarks or service marks
of Bentley Systems, Incorporated, or one of its direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries. Other brands and product names are trademarks of their respective owners.