No.

Topic 1 – Classification, variation & inheritance Answers

1 Name the five classification kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protostista, Prokaryotes
2 What is the name for a group of organisms that share Species
common features?
3 Starting with Kingdoms and ending with species, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
what are the 7 orders of classification Species
4 Which of the five kingdoms is single cells, with a Protoctista
nucleus?
5 Which is single celled without a nucleus? Prokaryotes
6 Which is multicellular, has cell walls and chlorophyll Plantae
and can make its own food?
7 Which is multicellular, has no cell walls, no Fungi
chlorophyll and feeds on dead organic matter?
8 Which is multicellular, has no cell wall or chlorophyll Animalia
and feeds on other living things?
9 Why are viruses not regarded as living things? They cannot survive outside of a host organism
10 What feature do animals in the phylum chordate A supporting rod running through them
share?
11 Give an example of this The backbone in vertebrates
12 What ways can vertebrates absorb oxygen into their Lungs, gills or through the skin
bodies?
13 What does ‘oviparous’ mean? Egg laying
14 What does ‘viviparous’ mean? Gives birth to live young
15 What can homothermous animals do that Control their own body temperature
poikilothermous animals can’t?
16 Why do we have to look at many characteristics Because some species have characteristics which
before putting vertebrates into a group? none others in the group share
17 What is the definition of a species? Organisms that reproduce to produce fertile
offspring
18 Why is this definition limited? Some organisms don’t always reproduce sexually
and some hybrids are fertile
19 What is binomial classification? Using genus and species name to name an organism
20 Why is binomial classification used to target Scientists can communicate clearly about different
conservation efforts species, whatever their language
21 How can classification be complicated by Variation All members of a species look different to one
within a species another
22 How does hybridization in ducks complicate Mallard ducks can produce fertile hybrids with
classification closely related species
23 What is a ring species? A chain of populations where neighboring species
can interbreed but organisms at opposite ends of the
chain cannot
24 How can a ring species complicate classification? Because neighboring species can produce fertile
offspring
25 What do scientists use to help them identify members A key
of particular species?
26 How are organisms in deep sea hydrothermal vents They are able to cope with high temperatures and
adapted to their environment? pressures
27 How are Greenland sharks and polar bears adapted to They are able to cope with extreme cold through
their environment methods of insulating themselves. They also hunt
prey that gives them lots of energy
28 What is variation? All individuals in a population differ slightly from
one another
29 What is over production? Organisms produce more young than will survive
into adulthood
30 What is the ‘struggle for existence’? Individuals in a specie competing for survival
31 Why do only some individuals survive to adulthood? They have characteristics favourable for survival
32 Why do individual survivors produce offspring that Because they pass on their favourable
are more likely to survive? characteristics to their offspring
33 Over time, what will happens to characteristics that Favourable characteristics become more common
are favourable to survival in a population compared and less favourable characteristics become less
to characteristics that do not favour survival? common.
34 What is continuous variation Values can be any number in a range e.g. height
35 What is discontinuous variation? Variation has a fixed set of values e.g. eye colour
36 What does a normal distribution curve show? That most results are in the middle part of the range
in variation
37 What causes genetic variation? Sexual reproduction and mutation of DNA
38 What causes environmental variation? Characteristics acquired from an organisms
environment
39 What is speciation? The formation of new species
40 How can geographic isolation cause speciation? Different environmental pressures at different
locations mean that organisms adapt in different
ways.
41 How do resistant organisms provide new evidence for They show how natural selection can happen in
Darwin’s theory of natural selection? short periods of time
42 How does DNA research provide evidence for It confirms what Darwin predicted about the
Darwin’s theory of natural selection? relatedness of organisms
43 What three ways can scientists share their ideas and Journals, peer review and conferences
findings?
44 What is contained in the nucleus of a cell? DNA
45 What is DNA divided into? Chromosomes
46 What is the name for a part of a chromosome that A Gene
contains information for a particular characteristic or
set of characteristics?
47 What is the name for the alternative versions of the Alleles
same gene?
48 What is a dominant allele? An allele that will be expressed if it is present in an
organism (B)
49 What is a recessive allele? An allele that must be present twice to be expressed
in an organism (bb)
50 What does homozygous mean An organism that has two copies of the same allele
51 What does heterozygous mean? An organism that has two different alleles for a
gene
52 What is a genotype? The two alleles an organism has for a particular
gene
53 What is a phenotype? What an organism looks like as a result of having
those genes
54 What are the symptoms of sickle cell disease? Tiredness, shortness of breath and painful joints
55 What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis? Lungs clogged with mucus leads to difficulty
breathing and risk of infection. Some enzymes
blocked from reaching the small intestine causes
poor digestion

Topic 2 – Responses to a changing environment

1 What is homeostasis? The maintenance of a stable internal environment
2 What is the name for the regulation of temperature? Thermoregulation
3 Why is this important? Because enzymes have an optimum temperature
4 What is the name for the regulation of water Osmoregulation
concentration?
5 What parts of the dermis of the skin are involved in Sweat glands, blood vessels, nerve endings, hair,
thermoregulation? erector muscles and sebaceous glands
6 What part of the brain controls temperature regulation The hypothalamus
7 What happens in vasoconstriction? Blood vessels narrow near the skin resulting in less
heat loos to the air
8 What happens in vasodilation? Blood vessels widen near the skin resulting in more
heat loss to the air
9 What is negative feedback? When a change in the body happens in one
direction, the body reacts in the opposite direction
to maintain stability
10 Where are hormones produced? Endocrine glands
11 How are hormones transported? In the blood
12 How does insulin regulate blood glucose levels? Causing excessive blood glucose to be converted to
glycogen and stored in the liver
13 How does glucagon regulate blood glucose? It causes glucagon in the liver to be converted into
glucose
14 What causes type 1 diabetes? Lack of insulin
15 How can type 1 diabetes be managed? Control of diet and injection of insulin into
subcutaneous fat
16 How does the level of physical activity and diet affect More exercise and less sugar in diet both reduce
the level of insulin required? blood glucose so less insulin (and vice versa)
17 What is type 2 diabetes? A person becoming resistant to insulin

18 How can type 2 diabetics control their blood glucose More exercise and less sugar in diet both reduce
using diet and physical activity blood glucose
19 Which type of diabetes is linked to obesity? Type 2
20 What is phototropism and what causes it Plants respond to light using hormones
21 What is gravitropism and where does it happen A plant responds to gravity in roots
22 How do auxins cause shoots to curve towards the Auxin moves to shaded side and causes elongation
sun? of cells in the shoot, this only happens on one side
of the shoot causing shoot to curve
23 Name another plant hormone used in germination Gibberellin
Selective weed killers
Rooting powder
24 Name four uses of plant hormones
Seedless fruit
Fruit ripening
Brain
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist
Spinal cord
of and how is it linked to the sense organs?
25 Linked by nerves
Dendrons are found on neurones receive chemical
signals from other neurones.
What do dendrons and axons do? An axon is the long section of neurone that
transmits the electrical signal away from the cell
26 body. It is insulated by a myelin sheath.
What triggers an electrical signal in a sensory
A stimulation of a sense receptor
27 neurone
 Stimulus> Receptor>Sensory neurone> relay
What are the steps in the reflex arc?
28 neurone>motor neurone> effector > response
Neurotransmitters are chemicals found at the
What do neurotransmitters do and where are they
synapse and they carry the impulse from one
found?
29 neurone to the next.
Topic 3 – problems of and solutions to and
changing environment
A chemical substance that affects the central
What is a ‘drug’? nervous system causing changes in psychological
30 behaviour and possible addiction
Block nerve impulses
What do painkillers do? Name an example
31 Eg morphine
32 What do Hallucinogens do? Name an example Distort sense perceptions e.g. LSD
Increase the speed of reactions and
What do Stimulants do? Name an example
33 neurotransmission at the synapse e.g. caffeine
34 What do depressants do? Name an example Slow down the activity of the brain e.g alcohol
Ruler drop test
Name two ways in which reaction times can be
Computer programme where speed of on-screen
measured
35 events are timed using mouse clicks
Nicotine- addictive, raises blood pressure
Name three chemicals in cigarettes and their effects Tar- a carcinogen (causes cancer)
on the body Carbon monoxide reduces the blood’s ability to
36 carry oxygen
Blurred vision
Name three short term effects of alcohol abuse Lowering of inhibitions
37 Slowing of reactions
Liver cirrhosis
Brain damage
Name three long term effects of alcohol abuse
Liver cancer
38 Fatty liver
- Liver transplants for alcoholics
Name three ethical issues surrounding organ
- Heart transplants for the clinically obese
transplants
39 - The supply of organs
40 What are pathogens? Microbes that cause infectious disease
In water- cholera
By food- Salmonella
Airborne – flu
Name six ways pathogens are spread with an example
Direct contact- athletes foot
of each one
Body fluids- HIV
Animal vectors –dysentery (housefly)
41
42 Name two physical barriers against pathogens Skin, cilia, mucus
Hydrochloric acid in stomach and lysozymes in
Name two of our body’s chemical defences
43 tears
Killing microbes on surfaces or on the outside of
What is an antiseptic used for?
44 the body
What do antibiotics treat and where do they Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics. The
45 originate? first antibiotics to be discovered were in fungi
Misuse of antibiotics- often by not taking the full
What causes ‘superbugs’ like MRSA to arise? course and ‘selecting’ for the most antibiotic
46 resistant strains.
47 What does the term ‘interdependence’ mean? ‘The dynamic relationship between living things’ or
 in other words how all animals and plants rely on
each other (e.g. in a food web)
Energy is lots and each stage (trophic level) in a
Why are food chains not usually longer than five food chain as it is transferred into less useful forms.
steps? This means that the length of an individual food
48 chain is limited.
49 What does a pyramid of biomass show? The amount of energy at each trophic level
An organism who’s survival depends on the
presence of another species from which it takes
What is a parasite? Give four examples
food and other resources
50 Fleas, head lice, tape worms, mistletoe
Organisms that exist in a close, mutually beneficial
relationship where both aid the survival of the
other.
What does the term ‘mutualism’ mean? Give four Oxpeckers that clean other species
examples. Cleaner fish
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Chemosynthetic bacteria in tube worms in deep sea
51 vents
Increases in human populations lead to increases in Carbon dioxide, Phosphates, nitrates and sulphur
pollution. Name three pollutants and explain why this dioxide. Increased burning of fossil fuels and
52 is. overuse of pesticides and fertilisers.
Triggered by excess fertiliser/nitrates/waste being
washed into bodies of water.
Increased algal growth, leading to death of plant
What triggers eutrophication and what problems does
life.
it cause in an aquatic environment?
Increased biological oxygen demand in water from
decomposer bacteria. This leads to scarcity of
53 oxygen for fish and other aquatic life.
A species whose’ health or presence indicates to an
What is an indicator species?
54 observer the health of the environment it lives in
Polluted water indicator- bloodworm, sludge worm
Name three indicator species and the condition of the Clean water indicator- stonefly, freshwater shrimps
environment it is in? Air quality indicator- lichen species, black spot
55 fungus on roses
Paper, plastics and metal
List three commonly recycled materials and explain
Reduces demand for resources
what problems recycling help solve?
Problem of waste disposal
56
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose and Oxygen
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
57 Light is used to do this
Glucose and Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water +
What is the word equation for respiration?
58 (Energy)
Which common greenhouse gas is released in
Carbon dioxide
59 combustion that is also released in respiration?
Which gas comprises nearly 80% of our atmosphere
Nitrogen
60 but cannot be used directly by plants and animals?
Where do nitrogen fixing bacteria live and what do The live in the soil or root nodules and they can
61 they do? ‘fix’ nitrogen gas from the air
Which weather phenomenon can also convert
Lightning
62 nitrogen gas into nitrates?
 Break down dead animals and plants
What is the role of decomposers? Give two examples.
63 Fungi, worms
64 What can nitrifying bacteria in the soil do? Convert ammonia into nitrates
65 Why do plants need nitrates? To make proteins for growth
Convert nitrates to nitrogen gas and return it to the
What is the role of denitrifying bacteria?
66 atmosphere.