PAPERS

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LECTURER :

ARRANGED BY :
STUDENT LEVEL 2 B
GROUP 1
1. CHIO MIKHAEL P. P. 2018.C.10a.0961
2. JEKICEN 2018.C.10a.0970
3. LEONARDO 2018.C.10a.0975
4. LOREN 2018.C.10a.0976
5. SAPTA 2018.C.10a.0984
6. TRI HARIANTO 2018.C.10a.0989

EKA HARAP FOUNDATION PALANGKA RAYA

INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCE
NURSING S1 STUDY PROGRAM
ACADEMIC YEAR 2019/2020

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 FOREWORD

Praise and thank you to God Almighty. Thanks to my abundance of grace and
gifts we completed a Paper on BREATHING SYSTEMS. The preparation of this
paper aims to enable readers to add insight and knowledge.

We realize that this paper may be in error and far from perfect. Therefore, we
expect suggestions and criticisms from readers and this paper can achieve the
expected goals so that it can benefit us all.

Palangka Raya, 13 March 2020

Group 1

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER ............................................................................................................... i
FOREWORD ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. iii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 4
1.1 Backgrund .................................................................................................. 4
1.2 Problem Formulation .................................................................................. 4
1.3 Writing Purpose .......................................................................................... 4
1.4 Writing Benefits ......................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................... 5
2.1 Understanding of the Respiratory System ................................................... 5
2.2 Respiratory Equipment ...................................................................................5
2.3 Respiratory Mechanism ..................................................................................7
2.4 Disorders Of The Respiratory System ............................................................8
CHAPTER 3 CLOSING .....................................................................................10
3.1 Kesimpulan ..................................................................................................10
3.2 Saran.............................................................................................................10
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................11

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Humans breathe oxygen in free air and release carbon dioxide into the
environment. Respiration is a dual process, namely the exchange of gas in the tissue
or "deep breathing" and that occurs in the lungs "outside breathing". External
breathing which is the exchange between O2 and CO2 between blood and air. Deep
breathing which is the exchange of O2 and CO2 from the bloodstream to the body's
cells.

On humans, the respiratory system, including the channel, is used to carry air
into the lungs where gas exchange occurs. The diaphragm draws air in and also
ejects it. Various variations of the respiratory system are found in various types of
living things.

1.2 Problem Formulation

1. What is the understanding of the respiratory system ?
2. Any Respiratory Equipment ?
3. What are the Respiratory Mechanisms ?
4. Any Disorders of the Respiratory System ?

1.3 Writing Purpose

1. Knowing the Understanding of the Respiratory System.
2. Knowing What Respiratory Equipment.
3. Know the Respiratory Mechanism.
4. Knowing What Are Respiratory Disorders.

1.4 Writing Benefits

It is hoped that this paper can add to the reader's knowledge about the
respiratory system that is in our body.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Understanding of the Respiratory System

Understanding breathing or respiration is a process ranging from oxygen
uptake, expenditure of carbohydrates to the use of energy in the body. Humans
breathe in oxygen in free air and expel carbon dioxide into the environment.

The respiratory system is basically formed by the road or airway and lungs
and their wrapping (pleura) and the chest cavity that protects them. Inside the chest
cavity there is also a heart in it. The chest cavity is separated from the abdominal
cavity by the diaphragm.

In the body of humans and animals, chemical energy in food can be used after
oxidation in the body preformance. The process of producing energy through the
oxidation of food in the body cells is called cellular respiration. Cell respiration
consists of aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is the
process of burning food by requiring oxygen (O2). Anaerobic respiration is a
process of burning food without needing oxygen (O2).

2.2 Respiratory Equipment

Respiratory devices in humans are the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

In these cells oxygen gas goes to the mitochondria to carry out cellular
respiration. Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to produce
energy through the process of glycolysis, the krebs cycle and electron transport.
Glucose-breaking reactions require glucose and oxygen so they can produce energy,
water, and carbon dioxide gas.

Human respiration system can take place thanks to the existence of

respiratory devices. Human respiratory equipment consists of the nasal cavity,
pharynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. If one respiratory organ is not able to function
normally, it can affect the work of the respiratory system in general. The following
is an explanation of the list of names of respiratory devices and their functions.

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1. Nasal Cavity
The nose is the first respiratory organ through which the outside air. In the
nasal cavity there are mucous membranes and hair that serves to resist
contamination of foreign objects, such as dust and germs, which enter the
nasal cavity. In addition, the human oral cavity also has Konka which contains
many blood capillaries so that it can warm the air that will enter the
respiratory system.
2. Larynx (pharynx)
The pharynx is a meeting between the respiratory tract (nasofarings) in the
front and the digestive tract (orofarings) in the back. The respiratory tract will
open when humans talk, therefore if we eat while talking, it is possible for
food to enter the respiratory tract.
If food enters the respiratory tract, usually the respiratory tract will be
stimulated and try to remove the food through the nose. The form is a choking
event. On the back of the farings there is a larynx (pharynx). In the larynx
there are vocal cords (vocal cords). When the vocal cords vibrate due to the
entry of air into the pharynx, it will make a sound.
3. Throat (trachea)
The windpipe is in the form of cartilage rings that have cilia on the walls
inside. These cilia function to filter out foreign objects that enter the
respiratory tract. Some tracheas are located in the neck and some are located
in the chest cavity. The windpipe in adults is about 10 cm long.
4. Lungs (Pulmo)
The lungs are located inside the chest cavity, at the bottom bordering the
diaphragm, while the front and sides are bounded by the rib cage. Diaphragm
is a barrier between the abdominal cavity and the chest cavity. The right lung
(pulmo dekster) consists of 3 lobes. While the left lung (pulmo sinester)
consists of 2 lobes.
The human lung is enclosed by two membranes, namely the inner pleura
(visceral pleura) and the outer pleura (parietal pleura). The inner pleura
immediately covers the lungs, while the outer pleura is adjacent to the rib

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 cage. Between the two pleura there are rib cavities. Between the two pleura
there is a cavity that contains pleural fluid which functions as a lung lubricant.
The lungs are composed of bronchioles, alveoli, elastic tissue and blood
vessels. Alveoli are air sacs located at the ends of the bronchioles. Alveoli
have a thin membrane and on the surface there are many estuaries of blood
capillaries, therefore diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas can take
place.
5. Bronchus
Bronchus is a branching of the trachea. The trachea branched again into two,
namely the right bronchi and the left bronchi. The structure of the bronchial
mucous layer is almost the same as the trachea. The right bronchi and the left
bronchi branch off again into bronchioles which are part of the lungs.
6. Bronchioles
The bronchiolus functions as an airway from the bronchus to the alveolar
bubbles. The structure of the bronchiolus is almost similar to the structure that
makes up the bronchus but the superficial epithelium is modified to scale.
7. Alveolus
Alveoli have a honeycomb-like structure. In this alveolar gas exchange occurs
between air and blood.

2.3 Respiratory Mechanism

Based on the process of inspiration and expiration, the breathing mechanism
is divided into chest breathing and abdominal breathing.
1. Chest breathing
The chest respiratory system is a respiratory system that occurs due to
contraction and relaxation of muscles between the ribs. The chest respiratory
system consists of 2 stages, namely:
a. Inspiration Stage, which is a condition in which the muscles between the
ribs contract so that the ribs are lifted, the chest cavity enlarges and the
lungs expand. This causes the air pressure in the chest cavity is smaller
than the atsmosphere pressure so that oxygen-rich air is sucked into the
lungs through the respiratory tract.

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 b. Eks Expiracy Stage, the stage of excitement is also called the relaxation
phase, which is a condition where the muscles between the ribs return to
their original position, the chest cavity returns to shrink and the lungs
shrink. This condition causes the chest cavity pressure to increase and is
higher than the atsmospheric pressure so that the air in the lungs flows out
through the respiratory tract.
2. Stomach Breathing System
The abdominal respiratory system is a respiratory system that depends on
diaphragm activity. Abdominal breathing can also be divided into 2 stages,
namely:
a. Inspiration Stage, a condition in which the diaphragm muscle contracts, so
that the chest cavity enlarges and the lungs expand, air pressure drops so
that air from outside can enter the lungs through the respiratory tract.
b. The stage of expiration is a condition where the diaphragm muscles relax
and the abdominal wall muscles contract so that the diaphragm muscle
returns to its original position. As a result the chest cavity is smaller, the
lungs are thin, the air pressure in the lungs increases so that air in the chest
cavity that is rich in carbon dioxide is blown out through the respiratory
tract.

2.4 Disorders Of The Respiratory System

1. Sinusitis, which is an infection of the sinuses. This infection occurs when the
nasal passages that lead to sinus congestion.
2. Tonsillitis, which is an infection of the tonsils so that it is inflamed and
swollen. Inflammation and swelling of the tonsils that occur in the base of the
pharynx are called tonsils. if it occurs in the nasopharynx is called adenoids.
3. Laryngitis, which is an infection of the larynx that causes hoarseness or
hoarseness.
4. Acute bronchitis, which is an infection of the bronchial region that is usually
preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection by a virus followed by a
bacterial infection.

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5. Pneumonia, which is an infection of the lungs caused by viruses and bacteria
so that the bronchi and alveoli contain lots of fluids. This condition resulted
in the disruption of the air exchange process.
6. Tuberculosis or tuberculosis, which is an infection of the lungs caused by the
bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
7. Chronic bronchitis, which is blocked airways by mucous fluid so that the air
supply to the lungs is disrupted.
8. Emphysema, which is a disorder in the lungs characterized by damage to the
walls of the alveoli so that the ability of air exchange is reduced
9. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease (inflammation) of the airways
causing an increase in airway hyper-responsiveness which causes recurrent
episodic symptoms in the form of wheezing (wheezing sounds), shortness of
breath, chest feels heavy and coughing especially at night before dawn. These
symptoms occur associated with broad, varied airway obstruction and are
often reversible with or without treatment. As is known, the human airways
start from the mouth and nose, then unite in the neck area into a trachea
(throat) that will enter the lungs. In the lungs, one tracheal airway will branch
off in two, one to the left lung and one to the right lung. After that, each will
branch off again, the longer the course is smaller until 23 times and ends in
the alveoli, where the exchange of gas, oxygen (O2) enters blood vessels, and
carbon dioxide (CO2) is released.
10. Lung cancer, more experienced by men than women. The cause of this cancer
is one of which is triggered by the habit of smoking for a long time, both
active and passive.
11. Flu, which is a disease characterized by slimy nasal cavity, cough, and fever.
This disease is caused by an influenza virus infection.

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 CHAPTER 3
CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion
Humans breathe in oxygen in free air and expel carbon dioxide into the
environment. Respiratory devices in humans are the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. In the process of inspiration and
expiration, the respiratory mechanism in humans is divided into chest breathing and
abdominal breathing. While the factors that influence the frequency of breathing
are age, sex, body temperature, body position. Breathing or gas exchange in humans
takes place through two stages, namely External Respiration and Internal
Respiration. And there are some disorders in the human respiratory system.

3.2 Suggestion
Take care of the health of respiratory organs, especially in the lungs and other
respiratory system organs. To avoid interference with our respiratory system, avoid
air pollution and toxic gases, and especially avoid smoking. And take care of your
lungs (pulmo) to stay clean, because the lungs are susceptible to infectious diseases
that cause tissue damage.

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 REFERENCES

Heil, M., Hazel, A. and Smith, J. (2008). The mechanics of airway closure.
Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 163(1-3), pp.214-221.

Lesauskaite, V. and Ebejer, M. (1999). Age-related changes in the respiratory

system. Maltese Medical Journal, 11(1), p.25.

Majumder, N. (2015). Physiology of Respiration. IOSR Journal of Sports and

Physical Education, 2(3), pp.16-17.

Patwa, A. and Shah, A. (2015). Anatomy and physiology of respiratory system

relevant to anaesthesia. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 59(9), p.533.

Srinivas, P. (2012). Steady State and Stability Analysis of Respiratory Control

System using Labview. International Journal of Control Theory and
Computer Modeling, 2(6), pp.13-23.

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