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PROJECT OF THE MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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 on of:
Publicati D TECHNOLOGY
IENCE AN
MUSEU M OF SC
ublisher:
For the p r of the Museum
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Son ja Zimon
Editor:
lic
nka Siba
Slob da
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Design:
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Zo n Djo
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Rifat Kule
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 7

9
tion
1. Introduc 14

ia l a rc h eology 16
ust r ce
2. Ind ational experien
e r n
2.1. Int s t ic experien
ce 30
o m e
2.2. D 30
33
y gy
M e t hodolog ology methodolo eritage 34
3. che ial h
ustrial ar f industr
3.1. Ind se of the study o 36
po
3.2. Pur urvey
ld S
3.3. Fie 41
eria
3.4. Crit 41
erbia
l h e r it age of S 43
ustria
4. Ind al data 46
ner
4.1. Ge ic al source ework
s 50
H is t o r age
4.2. o lo g ical fram d u s t rial herit
r o n gue o f in
4.3. Ch il ing catalo
C o m p
4.4. tion
53

s fo r t h e protec 53
ssibilitie e
5. Po u s t r ia l heritag ection 61
of in d t
n d t e c h nical pro
al a
5.1. Leg ical protection 66
hn
5.2 Tec

nclusion
6. Co t s o f industr
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num e n
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7. C f Belgra
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6
 1. Introduction

The subject of research whose results have been partially presented in this
work are old industries and industrial processes viewed within the context
of overall cultural, economic and social life in the territory of the present-day
Serbia in the period from the first half of the 18th century through the Second
World War. The research got its first institutional framework by the launch of
the industrial-archeological project in the Serbian Academy of Science and
Art (SANU) Archeology Department in mid-1990s. Over the past few years, the
Museum of Science and Technology in Belgrade, as an institution, has started
to deal with this issue. This discipline is in its initial stage in Serbia. So far, several
year-long field surveys has been conducted, historical and archive materials
were researched to a certain degree and fundamental data base on industrial
facilities (including production processes) has been set up along with photo
documentation. This research effort has not been undertaken solely in view
of vast importance of industrial heritage as a specific form of cultural heritage
and an integral part of material culture but because a dynamic pace of
technological development threatens to obliterate fast all its traces depriving
the generations already belonging in the age of information from gaining a
comprehensive knowledge and understanding of their own past.
The industrial heritage belongs in the historical period that has started
at the time of industrial revolution in the 18th century and has lasted until
today. However, the research had to encompass also its pre-industrial and
proto-industrial roots and relied on the aspects of human labor phenomena
covered by the history of technology. Industrial heritage comprises buildings
and machines, workshops, facilities and factories, mines and ore processing
facilities, warehouses and storages, energy generation, transmission and
exploitation facilities, transport and auxiliary infrastructure, and even places
designed for industry-related social activities, such as residential or education
facilities. Such material has many values – historic, scientific, social and
technological and architectural and even esthetic.

7
 Major goals of the research included:
• Systematic recognizance of the territory of Serbia in order to identify
and make a list of sites, establish the scope of industrial heritage and compile
as comprehensive archives and photo documentation as possible. Thus
created data base on facilities and production processes may be used for a
multi-disciplinary research, presentations and finally for industrial heritage
protection.
• The in situ presentation and protection of old industries and material
culture processes and presentation of the research results to scholars and
broader public. One of the tasks also included programs of historic research in
support of the policy for the protection of industrial heritage and joining wider
regional programs for the protection of industrial heritage, since international
cooperation and convergence of many industrial activities, may contribute to
identifying sites and types of sites that may be of international importance.
• Possibility to protect the sites and structures whose importance has been
recognized and as such protected by legislation preserving their contextual
existence, thereby promoting awareness of an overwhelming impact that the
industrialization process had on human society and all living or non-living
things. To that end, it is necessary to establish the value of important sites as
well as guidelines for future interventions in order to preserve those values.
In exploring old facilities and processes directly linked to industrial
production, the method of industrial archeology was used which primarily
involves field survey of material culture backed by historic sources.

8
 2. Archeology and industrial archeology

Keeping track of social phenomena that created conditions for the

emergence of archeology as a science, aimed at reconstructing and
understanding past on the basis of material traces, it can be said that in post-
renassiance Europe “archeology” started as a favorite pass-time for idle and
educated rich people, who were given to collecting rare objects or artworks. Up
to the 16th century, historical writers sometimes mentioned monuments from
previous epochs, mostly to express their admiration or illustrate their narrative
and make it more interesting. The goals and concepts of researching the past
may be illustrated by works of many British antiquaries who conducted field
research from early 16th to mid-18th century, like Leland, Camden, Aubrey or
Stokley. Recording archeological sites and excavation of archeological sites in
an effort to research the past was indeed rare. From the moment it began to
take shape as science, archeology adopted some of major interests pursued by
present-day archologists, several topics actually not entirely unrelated, such
as human origin, identification and interepration of tools, observation and
documentation of sites as well as study of early civilizations. However, it was only
in the 19th century that some aspects of archeology such as the study of the
origin of human species and early human communities, became a truly serious
scientific effort. Since the beginning of the 20th century, archeology has been
steadily searching for its own methods and concepts. Today, archeology is part
of university education comprising many aspects of practical and theoretical
work and embracing a mix of scientific and esthetic approaches.1 It also deals
with every-day artefacts and objects including social elites that were as a rule in
the focus of history. In essence, archeology continues to be primarily involved
in sites and artefacts while the development of the research of material traces
of former human activity sheds more light on the basic principles on which the
work of modern archeologists is based.

1 J. Bintliff (ed.), A Companion to Archaeology, Oxford 2004

9
 Unlike distant pre-historic past, historical periods closer to the present-day
offer much more data not only in terms of tangible material traces in the field
but in terms of documentary materials. The archeologists studying a certain
historic period usually deal with a basic framework – dates and a general
picture of a society in a given period – in which to fit their findings.2 The history
of the discipline testifies to many attempts to satisfy a certain conceptual
framework in which the preserved remains should be placed. In that sense,
we should mention the environmental or landscape archeology, 3 not so much
for its theoretical or inherent importance but because it also contributed to
“inducting” industrial archeology in the family of archeological sub-disciplines.
This type of research is not only based on the study of physical remains of a
certain site or structures referred to in documents, but the other way round – it
leads to an idea that archeological study of a an area and/or settlements may be
used to fill in the blanks in documents.4 Landscape archeology is inseparably
linked to the environmental archeology particularly in case of type of soils
and near-surface sites suitable for agriculture, food production or use of other
resources, for crafts and industry. The emergence of industrial archeology as a
separate discipline owes something also to a growing interest in local history,
particularly its social and economic dimenstion in the beginng and mid-20th
century. It revived and strengthened the tradition of field survey. However, in
addition to researching physical remains of sites and buildings it encompassed
various documents, including tax and factory registers, vital statistics records,
origins of topographic names. We should not underestimate the contribution
of amateurs, technical culture, machines and industrial buildings enthousiasts.
As we can see from the history of archeology, enthusiast antiquaries from
the 18th and 19th century, were precursors of a subsequent serious scientific
effort. On the one hand, a dynamic development of archeology as a science
and the objective need, on the other, created the conditions to lay foundations
of another archeological sub-discipline in mid-20th century – industrial
archeology.
Developed European countries have been using the term industrial
archeology or archeology of industry for the past fifty years in which
intensive study of material remains of industrial revolution has been
conducted. Gradually introducing new inventions in the field of energy,
trade and economy triggered in the 18th century-Europe the kind of
changes equaling the so-called Neolithic revolution. The industrial
revolution marked the beginning of an industrial phenomenon that

2 К. Green, Introduction to Archeology. History, Principles and Modern Archeology

Methodology, 15, Belgrade 2003.
3 C. Tilly, A Phenomenology of Landscape, Oxford 1994; A. B. Knapp & W. Ashmore, Ar-
chaeological landscapes: Costracted, Conceptualized, Ideational, Oxford 1999; W. Ashmore & A. B.
Knapp (ed.), Archaeologies of Landscape, Contemporary Perspectives, Oxford 1999.
4 К. Green, op. cit., 91.

10
influenced not just a growing number of people but all other forms of life
on our planet – the influence that is in a positive or negative sense present
until today. Тhat period of fast social and economic changes in England
and Europe (primarily in northern Netherlands, Cataluna, Lombardy and
Sweden) meant mechanized production and a shift from family, small-
scale manufacture to purposely built factories or facilities with specialized

Interior of water pump station in Jakovo, vicinity of Belgrade

11
production lines. 5 ЗThe changes in social, technical and economic situation
were fast and deep enough to be called revolution. For obvious reasons, it
would be difficult to acknowledge or name one particular site that could be
linked to the birth of industrial revolution. Still, Ironbridge, Shropshire6 in Great
Britain has been traditionally regarded as such site, which became recognized
as a small, self-sustained industrial region.7
Industrial archeology is called industrial because it studies industrial
monuments and it is archeology because it uses archeological methods. It
is usually defined as a discipline dealing with one aspect of former human
activity not a certain period. In short, its chronological framework has been
so broadened that it may encompass industry from pre-historic times until
today, although it is primarily focused on the period of industrial revolution.
Michael Rix defined industrial archeology as recording, selective preservation
and interpretation of sites and early industrial activity structures, particularly
monuments of industrial revolution.8 With the development of the discipline,
its definitions were modified: industrial archeology is an inter-disciplinary
method of studying all traces, material and non-material, documents, artifacts,
stratigraphy and structures, human settlements and natural and urban
landscapes created for industrial processes or their activities. It uses the research
methods that can best contribute to our understanding of industrial past and
present.9 For industrial archeology «sites» means industrial complexes with
buildings and machines, industrial landscapes and structures except when
those terms are used in a more specific sense.
The original need to explore and protect industrial revolution monuments
has today been extended to industrial and technological heritage in the
broadest sense.10 It is defined as a discipline studying the historic period from
the beginning of industrial revolution in the 18th century, touching upon its
pre-industrial and proto-industrial roots, and relying upon the activity and
work practices of the history of technology.11 Some approaches have been
conditioned by the emergence of terms such as ecology and landscape, which
some social science researchers adopted and adapted because of their analytical
value and were particularly suitable for industrial archeology because they
5 T. I. Williams, The History of Invention, New York 1987.
6 www.ironbridge.org.uk
7 W. Grant Muter, The Buildings of an Industrial Community; Coalbrookdale and Ironbridge,
London & Chichester 1979.
8 M. Rix, Industrial Archaeology, Historical Association, 1967.
9 www.mnactec.com/ticcih/herit.htm.
10 Due to popularity and significance of this heritage, Western European countries al-
locate significant resources for its study, maintenance and use. For that purpose, huge funds are
allocated, often at international level, to which in addition to national resources, the funds of
cultural tourism organizations are funneled.
11 K. Hudson, The Archaeology of Industry, London 1976.

12
shift the focus from individual elements to the general picture. For example,
it provides a better explanation not only as to how the machines operate or
how they were constructed, but also a relationship among the workers, or
workers and employers (on the basis of factory plans). Paying more attention
to landscape is a lesson that should be learned from environmental historians.
In addition, in order to embrace a more thorough approach to material culture,
this position makes it possible to blur the distinction between history in the
broadest sense and history of technology and industrial archeology.
If we keep to the simplified framework, i.e. definition that industrial
archeology is interdisciplinary and that it studies material and non-material
testimonies of human activity created for the purpose of industry and
production processes, it is necessary to have specialized knowledge on
methodological, theoretical and historical aspects of industrial heritage which
should be promoted at professional and university level. Moreover, it should
always be kept in mind that the remains of old industries represent testimony
of activities that have had and still have deep historical consequences, while
at the same time they are a testimony of the life of ordinary people. The field
of expertise of industrial archeologists should be viewed as an integral part of
dealing with cultural heritage in general. It is extremely important and should
always be kept in mind that the preservation of industrial sites requires good
knowledge on their original purpose, as well as essential knowledge of various
industrial processes which could have taken place there. The preservation
of industrial heritage should be aimed at keeping the functional integrity
which is why interventions on industrial sites have to preserve the integrity
to the extent possible. In addition to conserved/restored industrial sites an
important means for the protection and interpretation of industrial heritage
are specialized industrial and technical museums, while the establishment
of regional and international tourist routes of industrial heritage may serve
to shed more light on constant process of transfer of technology and mass
migration which often encourages this process.

13
 2.1. International experience

The 2003 Liverpool Management Plan should be singled out as an impressive

example of an attitude of a city administration towards industrial heritage
with the strategy and implementation of a sustainable city development.12
In the Plan Statement of Significance significant attention is paid to industrial
heritage: In the period of industrial revolution from early 18th century until
early 20th century Liverpool played a major role in the promotion of world
trade, industrial revolution, building up of the British Empire and to emigration
to America. It provides an itemized account of Liverpool’s role in world trade
and industrial revolution, explains its leading position in implementation of
new technologies as well as relationship with regions of Lancashire, Yorkshire
and Shropshire (Ironbridge). The part speaking of the Liverpool tradition of
innovative development is of particular importance to industrial heritage:13
'Liverpool was a pioneer in the development of modern dock technology,
transport systems, and port management. The listed sites feature a great
number of significant commercial, civic and public buildings making it a
leader in this field“. It is often said that since the beginning of the 18th century
until early 20th century Liverpool was not merely a successful and important
maritime port but an innovator and pioneer in many fields, especially in the
field of dock technology, port management and transport systems.14
The funds of European states earmarked for registration and maintenance
of national cultural heritage are used for heritage analyses, projects and
interventions (e.g. HPF – Historic Preservation Fund, established by the US
Government). Over the past few years, various non-governmental and non-

12 www.liverpool.gov.uk
13 In explaining the significance of a city for industrial heritage, it is noted that back in
1715 in Liverpool the first dock not exposed to weather was built. By the end of the 18th century
five more were built and in the end of the 19th century they covered 120 ha. The docks are
supplied with a range of warehouses (five preserved until the present day). The oldest one is
Duke’s Dock from 1783, with a fire-proof construction and as of 1847, equipped with a hydraulic
construction for transport of goods, the first of its kind in the world. Complex of docks and
warehouses has been nominated for the inscription in the world list of urban landscapes. Of
course, civil engineering construction were addressed in detail, as well as transport systems and
what is extremely important, the system of industrial canals, built from 1770 to 1816. These are
the first commercially built water canals in the world. Moreover, there is also the first railway line
built in the world connecting Liverpool and Manchester in 1830 and the first electrical subway
from 1903.
14 It is noted that this port was the most important one in the former British Empire. Each
building, each canal and dock system were addressed in detail, with plans, photos, areal shots...
In the introduction for Liverpool's candidature for the inscription in the world heritage list, Niel
Cossons (English Heritage) said that Liverpool was a world destination even before this concpet
was conceived, that it was the first industrial city and a foundation of economic and cultural
revival.

14
profit organizations have been established whose goal is to register and take
care of national cultural heritage, such as: Save in England, Europa Nostra in
many European states, Cultural Heritage without Borders… For example, the
North Rhein Westphalia Foundation for the protection of industrial monuments
of culture was established in 1995 as the first foundation in Germany devoted
to the protection of monuments of industrial culture, committed to preserving
and protecting them from decay as well as to studying their history. In addition
to presenting those monuments to the public, the Foundation is committed
to promoting their new uses. The Foundation campaigns towards including
industrial monuments in urban development projects and environmental
planning, monument protection, economy and tourism. So there are many
associations dealing with cultural heritage, the most important being: TICCIH15
– The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage,
one of the largest organizations at the international scene in charge of industrial
heritage, acting also as a specialized advisory body ICOMOS (International
Council on Monuments and Sites) for industrial heritage, including its
representation in the UNESCO;16 then E-FAITH17 – European association at the
level of institutions dealing with industrial and technical heritage, assuming
the role of “platform“ for encouraging contacts and cooperation among non-
profit voluntary associations, exchanging experience, training and mutual
support. In the introductory document of this association it is noted that
research, protection and presentation of industrial and technical heritage in
each European country largely depend on the initiatives and work of non-
governmental organizations and volunteers. There is also SIA – The Society
for Industrial Archeology,18 an association with over 1,800 members from the
entire world interested in industrial past and heritage.

15 www.mnactec.com/ticcih/herit.htm
16 Topics addressed at the 2003 meeting in Moscow can sereve as an illustration of part
of their activities, connected exclusively to urbanism of major cities: industrial monuments as
integral part of city centers; reconstruction of architecture of old/former industrial centers; de-
industrialization and its share in city architecture and protection of industrial zones in cities.
17 www.e-faith.org
18 www.sia-web.org

15
 2.2. Our experience

Having accepted a scientific/research topic Industrial archeology in Serbia,

the Archeology Department of SANU (Serbian Academy of Science and Art)
officialized modern archeology in 1996 as a new sub-discipline. Gathering
historical materials, recognizance and documenting industrial heritage
monuments did not pick up momentum at that time due to generally poor
material situation of our State at that time including that of its institutions.
The scope and work results in this “small” project remain modest to the present
day, and to a large extent correspond to the funds invested in it. However, this
subject was accorded more attention at that time due to the catalogization
of the monuments of industrial heritage for the purposes of several years
long international project the Danube – Cultural Route (ARGE Donaulander –
Kulturstrasse Donau). The initiative for cooperation in this project which in the
late 1990s came from the Government of Serbia, i.e. the Ministry of Culture of
Serbia, triggered a more exhaustive data gathering effort for the catalogue
of technical culture monuments. Within the project’s broader context, a sub-
project Monuments of technical culture in the Danubian region region is being
implemented. Basic characteristics of this sub-project include supporting
cooperation within European context with a view to bringing attention to our
shared cultural heritage and common roots using the following general criteria
– inter-disciplinary approach, European dimension, common cultural heritage
and raising public awareness.19 Thanks to these explorations, a selection of
objects was made and they have been subjected to archive, historical and field
research and photographed. Thus gathered data were included in electronic
cards-masks.20 Published material and presentation of the industrial heritage
of Serbia (the Danubian region) represent the first international presentation
of our part of the Danubian region.21
At that time, industrial culture routes were presented on the internet.22 One
of the routes covered only Belgrade while two of the six proposed included a
broader territory of Belgrade.23 The analysis of industrial heritage of this territory
indicates that the preserved old industrial facilities are mostly concentrated in
19 R. Kulenovic, „Industrial heritage of the Serbian portion of the Danubian region“, in:
Across Southeastern Europe with a baedeker, Belgrade 2005; E. Radonjić & R. Kulenović, „The Dan-
ube, archeology and data bases“, Navoj 2 (2004); R. Kulenović, „Danube-Cultural Street“, Navoj
(2004).
20 R. Kulenović, ARGE Donaulander-Technische Denkmaler; www.01.noel.gv.at/donau/
21 For the purposes of the research, the territory stretching 50km left and right of the
Danube through its section in Serbia (550км) was covered.
22 ARGE Donaulander, Belgrade, Serbia -St.Polten Austria, www.01.noel.gv.at/donau/
23 R. Kulenovic, Industrial heritage of the Serbian section of the Danubian region“, in:
Across Southeastern Europe with a baedeker, Belgrade 2005.

16
 Technical Faculty, Belgrade

larger settlements (Belgrade, Pancevo, Novi Sad) and that they are primarily
connected to the flow of the Danube. In smaller places, Apatin and Celarevo,
ship-building yards and old breweries are still functional, while in Ivanovo,
Dubovac and Plavna old water-pump stations are still working. In addition, there
is a large number of mechanical grain mills (seven in the region of Belgrade). In
some larger settlements, Belgrade in particular, a great number of old industrial
facilities changed function or stopped working altogether. In some cases,
heritage remains are seriously damaged (Mill “Deveti maj” in Belgrade, Brothers
Kniesel Mill in Beska) or destroyed (“Utenzilija“ in Belgrade, thermo-electric plant
»Vrdnik« , a coal mine in Vrdnik).

17
State Chemical Laboratory, Belgrade

The Museum of Science and Technology in Belgrade studies and presents

history of science, technology and industry. In the end of 2001, following several
years’ long preparations the Industrial Heritage Research Sector,24 was established
as an integral part of the Museum, whose task, inter alia, includes: interdisciplinary
research of material remains of old industries and technological processes in the
territory of the Republic of Serbia and their broader cultural context. The following
explanation was offered: study of industry and industrial processes, viewed as
a reflection of overall cultural, social and economic life of the period from the
beginning of the 18th until the end of the first half of the 20th century in the territory
of the present-day Serbia, noting that it: opens up possibilities to interpret recent
history from an inter-disciplinary perspective using all available sources (material
culture, archive materials, witness accounts). In addition, it involves: not only interest
in objects directly connected to industrial production but those connected to them
within a broader cultural matrix.25 What has been defined as an ultimate result of

24 The service has been set up at the initiative of R. Kulenovic, with suggestions of Dr.
Aleksandar Palavestra and Dr. Stasa Babic.
25 “working class culture“: residential and leisure buildings and communications

18
 Brewery, Zrenjanin

such research is the reconstruction of culture perceived as an overall social practice.

It was identified and noted that: at the present time there is a pressing need to
undertake an intensive and systematic research not merely because of the importance
of this specific form of cultural heritage but due to contemporary technological
development whose advanced pace may obliterate objects which are the subject
of this research. Among others, the following goals have also been singled out:
inclusion in broader and regional programs of protection of industrial culture;
compiling more comprehensive documents related to research, protection
and presentation of material culture of old industries and technological
processes; further activities on project ARGE Donaulander – Technisches
Denkmalepflege; protection of material culture of old industries and processes
in situ (independently and in cooperation with institutes for the protection of
monuments of culture and institutes for urban planning); presentation of results
to scholars and broader public (creating internet presentation and catalogue
of industrial heritage monuments of Serbia, articles in specialized national and
foreign periodicals, scientific gatherings, thematic exhibitions and cooperation
with the media).

19
Bajloni Brewery, Belgrade

Upon evaluating the results after six years (notwithstanding aggravating

circumstances like constant lack of material resources and professional staff )
it is obvious that the results range from positive to negative. As for set goals, a
data base has been created not just for internal use but for permanent or on-
going needs of some institutes for the protection of monuments of culture,
institutes for urban planning,26 as well as some international research projects
of industrial heritage,27 including the needs of organizations like tourist
associations of Serbia and Belgrade. The elements contained in the data
base include: lists of objects of industrial heritage of Serbia with basic data,28
two types of “cards“ with a file register, original archive materials, i.e. copies
and photo documents. Due to the lack of adequate equipment this base
does not contain video/film documentation which is extremely important
for still existing old and authentic production processes. Since over the past
few years the number of industrial processes in our country going out of

26 Corridor X-RZZZSK, Master Plan of Belgrade to 2021 – Urban Planning Institute of Bel-
grade, Regulation of the Belgrade coastal area – Urban Planning Institute of Belgrade
27 ARGE, SAIT-CHOROS
28 For industrial heritage list/lists of Serbia, see Annexes to this paper. The documentation
contains separate lists of buildings based upon territorial principle (Belgrade, Vojvodina, etc.)
and based upon whether they were or were not subject to recognizance. Such divisions are used
primarily for practical reasons.

20
 “Cement Hall” (Beton hala), a warehouse in the former Belgrade port

business is on the rise, it is necessary to record as much as possible on tape.

As part of new initiatives for revitalization and recycling of abandoned
industrial sites in Belgrade that could be used by artists, artistic and cultural
initiatives and organizations, several old Belgrade industrial objects have
been researched and studied. In the 2002-2005 period, through project Social
Actors in Transformation (SAIT-CHOROS) 29 this problem was approached
in an inter-disciplinary fashion. In addition to its research part, it contained
direct comparisons with experiences in towns Saint Paul/Minneapolis,
New York, Amsterdam and Belgrade. The knowledge acquired on possible
organizational models, uses, lobbying and project development and initiatives
proved extremely useful. More importantly, in order to assist development of
similar activities in our country, it was possible to take advantage on former
industrial facilities in US towns which changed function and became culture
and art spaces. Creative aspect of the above cities was studied, mapped and
supported at that time. The goal of the Belgrade part included: recording and
analyzing creative sector, its status, needs and possibilities for reaffirmation.
Of ten researched sites (all but one were industrial heritage objects), Belgrade
proposed three important metropolitan sites for feasibility analysis: Cement
Hall (“Beton hala”), former warehouse in the Belgrade port on the Sava river; Old
Fairground, an important historical site and a memorial in Novi Beograd and
Old Electric Power Plant “Power and Light” (“Snaga i svetlost“) in Dorcol. A very
useful part of the research dealt with how some big cities used their resources,
preserving the spirit of the time, selling urban “brands” and making long-term

29 Data obtained by this research were stored in the Institute for Cultural Development,
Belgrade; www.nsaccid.org/PROJECTS.htm, www.danas.co.yu.20030721/kultura1.html

21
Interior of the warehouse of former Belgrade port “Cement
Hall”, a cement construction of one warehouse

profit.30 Having analyzed the Belgrade industrial heritage researched at that

time, it was established that old factory complexes appeared to be in good
condition, that they had a well-preserved and powerful infrastructure, albeit in
most cases they have fallen into neglect and as such represented isolated areas.
The exception is “Cement Hall”,31 which has in the meantime been partially and
rather lavishly transformed into a gallery, a jazz club and luxurious furniture
show room. None of researched objects have been used for their original
purpose for many years/decades, or have not been used for anything at all,
although they are located on the fringes of the city center. Of course, none of
the researched objects contained any trace of old technologies. Research and
revitalization of heritage in a broader sense, and subsequently conversion of
deserted industrial objects for other purposes is carried out also through the
Regional Program for Cultural and Natural Heritage in South Eastern Europe
(Council of Europe and European Commission for Development).32 Within
the Preliminary Technical Assessment of architectural and archeological
heritage in South-Eastern Europe, two detailed studies have bee prepared

30 A large number of thematic workshops with participation of renowned companies for

conversion of former industrial sites were held (Аrt Spаce – www.аrtspаceusа.org), as well as for
marketing and art marketing (NYFА – www.nyfа.org).
31 The structure is located in an extremely attractive location in Karadjordjeva Street 2
at tha bank of the Sava River and is extremely suitable for conversion (covers an area of around
7,000 м2).
32 Guide to urban rehabilitation. Cultural heritage. Program of cooperation and technical as-
sistance, Belgrade 2006.

22
Converted old industrial space, Chelsea Piers, New York, USA

23
“Red warehouse” in an old industrial zone in Pancevo

(with protection measures and proposed conversion), for old industrial zone
Pancevo33 and Senje Coal mine.34 Part of the data base on industrial heritage
of our country posted on the internet proved useful over the past years since
there were direct exchanges of experience and information. In addition, owing
to the data base, the information on our old industries are partially presented
on the TICCIH site.35
A good example of cooperation with the institutes for the protection
of monuments of culture is the 2002 effort to undertake recognizance of
industrial heritage objects in cooperation with the Republican Institute for the
Protection of Monuments of Culture – which went even further and included
the monuments of technical culture, which encompassed a spatial plan of
monuments in infrastructural corridors Nis – Bulgarian border and Leskovac –
Macedonian border.36

33 www.coe.int/t/e/cultural_co-operation/heritage/PTA_Serbia_Pancevo
34 www.coe.int/t/e/cultural_co-operation/heritage/PTA_Serbia_SenjeCoalMine
35 R. Kulenović, Industrial Heritage in Serbia – State of Preservation and Research;
www.mnactec.com/ticcih/herit.htm
36 R. Kulenovic, »Project of recognizance of infrastructural corridors Nis-Bulgarian border
and Nis – FYR of Macedonia border 2002, Recognizance results of industrial heritage« , Review of
Coservators' Society of Serbia 7 (2003), 166–168.

24
 Steam engine in Senje coal mine

The researched sites chronologically cover the period from the second half
of the 19th until the mid-20th century. On the basis of field survey, archive
data and witness accounts, in the period of one month, most of potential sites
were studied and most of them were processed through cards. However, the
objects that were brought down or heavily demolished have not been taken
into account. Moreover, on this occasion as well some of the sites came up
with negative results or have not been recognized primarily due to the pace
of subsequent urbanization in cities under review. It has also been confirmed
that insufficient study of archive/historical sources came up with partial results.
Nevertheless, in addition to providing basic data on the situation and number
of researched monuments/sites, the recognizance effort enabled to draw
more conclusions. As mentioned earlier, most of the buildings were built in
the end of the 19th and first half of the 20th century. Since the southernmost
and eastern territories in Serbia were annexed after the Balkan wars, some
of the structures were built by Bulgarian or Turks. The representation and
concentration of structures according to industrial branches largely reflect the
prevailing situation of the time when the structures were built. For example, a
large number of structures built in the end of the 19th century are connected to
the construction and maintenance of the railway network. Most of them were

25
Zele Veljković, textile mill, Leskovac

solidly built and are still used.37 A large group of textile industry structures built
in the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century are concentrated in
Nis and Leskovac.38 In some buildings, old production processes have been
preserved to a large extent. Several old hydro-electric power plants were built
in the first half of the 20th century: Sveta Petka, Sicevo and Temac.39 Structures
related to tobacco industry40, brickyards and tileries belong in a special group.41
Two preserved big brickyards are practically no longer used i.e. they operate
rarely as the need arises – this situation is similar to the one in the Belgrade

37 These include railway stations and railway factories with original presses and furnaces:
Railway workshop (Preseraj facility) and Bridge workshop in Nis.
38 Concentration of textile factories in a wider center of these cities is similar to that in
Belgrade.
39 These hydro-electric power plants, part of hydro-dynamic systems with dams, dikes
and valves, are absolutely authentic and in outstanding condition and rare even outside Serbia's
borders. They were extremely important for regional economic development and are used even
today for generation of electrical power.
40 The buildings built mostly around 1930, belonging to Tobacco Monopoly in Nis,
Leskovac and Vranje, as well as Tobacco Industry Nis.
41 They were usually built in the end of the 19th century. Only two have been preserved
until the present day, in Nis and Leskovac. These were large, several storeys-high buildings. Most
small brickyards and tileries are completely gone and only rarely and partially preserved.

26
 St. Petka Hydroelectric Power Plant near Niš

region. Although the territory under research is closely connected to major

road and railway routes and consequently to big cities, it is surprising that there
are no more remains of food industry, like mechanized mills42 and breweries.43
Other industrial branches are represented with one structure or none at
all. Such situation on the ground basically reflects the condition of industry
mostly concentrated in major cities44 in Serbia in the end of the 19th century
and the first half of the 20th. In principle it can be concluded that our industrial
monuments are rarely accorded legal protection – which is true for this region
as well.45 Another example of cooperation with institutes for the protection of
monuments of culture is cooperation with the Institute from Pancevo in the
2003 – 2005 period when the entire territory within its jurisdiction was subject
of recognizance. It started with a global picture of the situation which led to

42 Only one several-storey mill was preserved, Roskov’s Mill in Nis but with a totally new
engine facility
43 Only one brewery was preserved, Apel’s Brewery in Nis.
44 Especially in Belgrade.
45 According to my records, of all reserached buildings/complexes, only few enjoy legal
protection. The importance and condition of some protected sites, such as Tobacco Industry in
Nis and Hydro-electric power plants »St. Petka” and »Sicevo”, deserve to be accorded the highest
level protection.

27
Gamzigrad Hydroelectric Power Plant near Zaječar

the formation a data base with photo documentation facilitating evaluation

and protection of the structures. As a result of this thematic field survey, a small
illustrated guide for industrial heritage of southern Banat was published.46
Recognizance of specifically identified regions for concrete purposes such
as these was extremely useful because it demonstrated the interest in the
subject and at the same time enabled the researchers to evaluate the situation
on the ground within a certain deadline unburdened with material concerns.
The cooperation with institutes for urban planning47 is an imperative in the
work of an industrial archeologist, because good understanding of planning
and strategy for public assets management (industrial heritage structures are
indeed often public assets) is in direct connection with the preservation of
industrial heritage assets which are no longer used for its original purpose.48

46 T. Tasić & R. Kulenović, Industrial heritage – Southern Banat, 2006.

47 In the 2001–2002 period, the Belgrade Construction Agency at the Institute for Urban
Planning of Belgrade for industrial heritage in the territory of Belgrade for the first time used
data base of the Sector mentioned above.
48 R. Kulenovic, „Industrial Heritage in the territory of a wider city center of Belgrade“,
Communications 2004 – Public asset (2004), 62–67.

28
 Semi-portable hois/crane, renovation phase, port of Belgrade

Although at first glance it may appear to be a segment of lesser importance,

the presentation of the project results for research and protection of industrial
heritage to scholars and broader public proved to be very important in
practice. While media demonstrated a lot of interest, unfortunately broader
public demonstrated a surprisingly poor interest in the heritage.49

49 R. Kulenovic, Exhibition„Industrial heritage – Images“, Gallery of Science and Technology

SANU, 2002. This thematic exhibition attracted a small number of viewers. In addition, at several
round-tables devoted to major problems of industrial heritage, conversion of old industrial sites
and their role and place in contemporary urban development of major cities, most participants
were architects (dealing with urban planning and protection) and culturologists, as well as
groups of people interested in a particular (local) industrial site.

29
 3. Меthodology

3.1. Industrial archeology method

Archeological research is a fundamentally important technique for

the study of historical industrial sites. Therefore, it should be conducted
according to all standards valid for sites belonging to other historical or
cultural periods. On the other hand, programs of historical research are
necessary as a support to the protection of industrial heritage.50 In view of
the fact that many industrial activities are interconnected, a broad, inter-
disciplinary research may contribute to better identification of sites and
their types,51 and sometimes of sites of global importance. Most researched
topics deal with events and material culture from the beginning of mass
industrialization of the developed world – from the mid-19th century until
the present-day.52 A considerably less number of researches are directed
to the beginning or middle of the 18th century,53 the time of industrial
revolution, since industry was less developed and hence there are less
material remains. International and domestic practices indicate that
there are a lot of industrial monuments enabling industrial archeology
to deal with them efficiently without essentially broadening thematic
and chronological framework. In western European countries there is

50 G. Rosso Del Brenna, “Industrial archeology and contemporary planning – lost sense?”,
First International conference marking 150th anniversary of torpedo factory in Rijeka and preserva-
tion of Rijeka industrial heritage, Rijeka 2005.
51 V. J. Taylor, “Structuration Revisited: A Test Case for an Industrial Archaeology Method-
ology for North Queensland”, Industrial Archaeology Review XXV/2 (2003).
52 D. Petrovic, History of Belgrade Industry, Belgrade 2006.
53 G. Timmins, “Techniques of Easing Road Gradients During the Industrial Revolution: A
Case Study of Textile Lancashire”, Industrial Archaeology Review XXV/2 (2003).

30
 Bus Station in Obrenovac

considerable interest in industrial heritage.54 With present significant

material base, the results of research, conservation/restoration and new
uses of industrial buildings, are more than obvious.55 Of course, in the
territory of central Balkans the industrialization process started later, was
slower, lesser and less dynamic. Nevertheless, the number of monuments
of this specific heritage rarely from the 18th century and more from the first
half of the 19th or beginning of the 20th century is not small.56 Unlike in
Europe, a considerably large number of production units in Serbia are in
a working and original condition, with preserved production processes.57
54 For example, the magazine of the Society for Industrial Archeology, University of Leic-
ester, Great Britain, Industrial Archaeology Review.
55 New use should be singled out since a large number of such facilities in Europe are
no longer used for original purposes.
56 R. Kulenovic, „Industrial heritage in the territory of the city of Belgrade“, A year-book of
the city of Belgrade XLVII–XLVIII (2003).
57 Concentration of functional objects is characteristic of smaller towns /settelements.

31
Unfortunately, our industrial monuments are not defined in the legislation
as monuments of culture and are very often exposed to various forms of
devastation.
In exploring industrial heritage by applying the method of industrial
archeology, we can emphasize histori,58 social59 or regional context. Still, the
purpose of this type of study is archeological context whose key elements
are time and space. Since archeology provides a time perspective we have
an insight into how a site60 (or landscape or part of equipment) has been
changed or modified.61 Moreover, a wider topographic context enables us
to perceive how a certain industry functioned as a whole. As a discipline,
it primarily uses archeological methods and terms, such as stratigraphy,
typology, group of findings and structural anomalies, although it recognizes
that they can be applied to a larger scope of evidence than that obtained
by excavations. Researchers mostly defined industrial archeology in a classic
manner and focused more on the monuments of culture rather than on a
landscape concluding that such monuments should be viewed within a
context of social history and technology. The approach of the British Society for
Industrial Archeology brings together the methods of mainstream archeology,
paying attention to maps, documents and photographs enabling industrial
archeology to connect the dots between field survey and data obtained from
archives. The approach combining the methods of traditional archeology,
landscape archeology and historical sources, has been applied by the British
industrial archeologists for more than three decades.62 These explorations can
serve as a roadmap for further activities regarding similar industrial sites and
complexes.63

Belgrade is a typical example for a small percentage of preserved functional industrial heritage
monuments.
58 D. Johnson, „Friedrich Edouard Hofmann and the Invention of Continous Kiln Technol-
ogy: The Archaeology of the Hofmann Kiln and 19th-century industrial development”, Industrial
Archaeology Review XXIV (2002), XXV (2003).
59 R. H. McGuire & P. Recner, “Building a Working-Class Archaeology: The Colorado Coal
Field War Project”; M. Nevell, “The Archaeology of the Canal Warehouses of North-West England
and the Social Archaeology of Industrialization” Industrial Archaeology Review XXV (2003).
60 As such, it should be of crucial importance in archeological interpretation.
61 B. Trinder, “18th- & 19th-Century Market Town Industry: An analitycal model”, Industrial
Archaeology Review XXIV (2002).
62 As an example: attitude towards an important industrial landscape such as the Iron-
bridge Gorge.
63 W. Grant Muter, op. cit.; www.ironbridge.org.uk

32
 3.2. Purpose of the study of industrial heritage

The initiative pursued within sustainable development of Europe since the

1980s has embraced a novel approach to the protection of heritage. It has been
argued all along that Europeans share common European cultural heritage thus
strengthen their own society and thereby the European community, positively
affecting social, cultural and scientific traditions of all European peoples. In that
context, the protection institutions represent a fresh force of European cultural
policy.64 More specifically, this novel approach to the protection of cultural (and
industrial) heritage can be perceived as Recommendation for the protection and
conservation of industrial, technical and building-technical heritage in Europe,65 ....
recalling that industrial, technical and building and civil engineering heritage forms
an integral part of European historical heritage; moreover, that in order to achieve
these goals, the promotion of scientific knowledge regarding technical, industrial
and building-technical heritage has to be accorded additional attention... Some
recommendations of the Council of Europe66 for the protection of industrial
heritage concern the establishment of identification procedures and scientific
analysis of technical, industrial and building-technical heritage, the protection
of industrial heritage by enforcing, in line with its specific nature, relevant legal
regulations and conservation procedures, and finding ways to preserve and
maintain industrial complexes which are part of European common historical
heritage.67 Raising public awareness by promoting technical, industrial and
building-technical heritage was also accorded proper attention with special
emphasis on tourism. It is the position of the world Organization, i.e. the
United Nations68 that the heritage be used, maintained and incorporated in
modern life as well as of the European Urban Charter of the Council of Europe
(Strasbourg 1992).69 A comprehensive approach to the protection of industrial
heritage (and heritage in general), as well as of its environment, necessarily

64 The cultural policy terms perceived as a development of culture defined by a set of

goals and tasks that should be achieved through relevant measures, instruments and activities.
65 European cultural heritage, vol. I, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg 2002.
66 Council of Europe is an international governmental organization bringing together the
largest number of European countries. In the field of culture, the Council of Europe advocates the
concept of cultural democracy enabling that common cultural heritage be available to all citizens
of Europe.
67 T. Rogić, ”Comprehensive approach to valorization of industrial of industrial build-
ings: function, form, space”, First international conference marking the 150th anniversary of the
torpedo factory in Rijeka and the preservation of the Rijeka industrial heritage, Rijeka 2005.
68 Promoting Sustainable Human Settlement Development – Agenda 21, Chapter 7, UN
Conference on Environment & Development, Rio de Janeiro 1992.
69 Еuropean Urban Charter of the Economic Council, Strasbourg 1992. European Urbanism,
UUS and Institute for Urban Planning of the City of Belgrade, Belgrade 1996.

33
implies measures for heritage management, respecting urban development
of a particular part of the city, including spatial planning in accordance with
urban plans and municipality/city development policy. Social factor should not
be disregarded as it can contribute to establishing an efficient link between
the heritage and business world interests whereby protection policy becomes
comprehensive. Such approach enables industrial heritage to be integrated
in modern life – the integration will reaffirm its values and reduce the risk of
damage or devastation.

3.3. Field survey

As with classic archeology, to say the least, field survey is the back-bone of
industrial archeology. But if we seek to be called industrial archeologists and
not merely industrial historians or even technology historians, we have to be
very specific speaking of the methods we use as we interpret the remains of the
past, the methods that would need to be primarily archeological (consulting
historical sources, recognizance, probing and systematic exploration,
processing and publishing materials and presentations). Perhaps this would
merit a wide-ranging discussion. Even though they can be very extensive, field
surveys still rely on the methods developed in the past in surveying sites or
smaller areas. The simplest (and oldest) is a field trip to identify the remains
of old industries, to establish the nature of material remains and whenever
possible, to make out old artifacts at the surfice. It has been demonstrated in
practice that methodical field surveys often came up with the results which,
given a proper analysis, could anticipate significant findings. Good itinerary
should be prepared for a selected area thus enabling that it be evenly covered
by survey. If a site is too big to be explored in its entirety, the sampled area to be
surveyed has to enable statistical data processing and probable extrapolation
to the entire area.70
Based upon foreign and our practice it was possible to define criteria
over the past few years that can be applied to the exploration and protection
of industrial heritage. Documentation on sites and monuments is usually
computer-processed which enables fast access. Details of each site are
connected to maps, literature and photos. Documents presented in this
manner could be useful for research efforts and would undoubtedly represent
a good starting point for all those interested in studying sites or findings of
this kind. In this way, the research helps promote our understanding of the
region and the site as well as prioritize when tough decisions have to be made

70 An example of recently conducted several years long field research in southern Banat,
with some conclusions that may be applied to Banat in general.

34
on their preservation or destruction. In additon to uncovering and recording
sites, field survey involves other responsibilities i.e. the obligation on the part
of an archeologist to interprete the results in light of the latest explorations
and to present his conclusions properly so that even ordinary people can
understand them. Even though the last sentence may sound simple and
clear, the practice proves that the protection of industrial heritage involves
complex and complicated problems. Documentation on sites and monuments
on the regional level also requires good knowledge of the number and
location of recorded sites which facilitates to a large extent the evaluation of
possible consequences of construction activities and other threats posed by
contemporary pace of development. If at an early stage of urban planning
it is possible for the planners to consult our arguments and documentation,
investors and contractors may envisage adjustments in order to circumvent
sites/structures or at least take them into account. In that case, even if heritage
is to be torn down, some time could be bought – to allow for a dislocation
of certain elements of old factories or at least temporarily spare them from
demolishion – avoiding costly construction delays for new structures.
An industrial archeologist surely feels privileged when he comes upon
an authentic rarety like old factory facilities still in operation, with two or three
same -family generations working with old machinery, using the same tools.
Both workers and engineers feel connected to authentic old technologies, even
those who are not directly involved in the production process. It is undisputable
that the interest among the public and its (dis)like of it and appreciation of
its values is one of the safest ways (not) to preserve it. Ideally, the meaning
and value of industrial sites should be actively promoted in publications,
exhibitions, TV coverage, internet and other media, enabling access to major
sites and encouraging tourism in industrial regions.71

71 Regional and international routes of industrial heritage may emphasize the constant
process of transfer of industrial technology and mass migrations which may bring about this
process.

35
 3.4. Criteria

In the course of exploration of the industrial heritage of Serbia conducted

in the past few years, consulting also foreign experience, several criteria were
identified internally. First of all, it was necessary to define basic criteria to
evaluate relevance and condition of industrial assets, which would later be
promoted in order to gain broad public support to rational and consistent
“standards“. On the basis of relevant research, these criteria should be applied
to identify major preserved landscapes, settlements, sites, types, buildings,
machines and processes. Sites and buildings identified as important would
ideally be protected by legal measures effective enough to ensure preservation
of their importance. The need was recognized to evaluate important sites and
establish guidelines for future interventions. It is necessary to enforce any legal,
administrative and financial measure to preserve their value as monuments
and material assets. Moreover, it was necessary to identify vulnerable sites so
that appropriate measures could be taken to reduce the level of threat and
thus facilitate the implementation of a possible and appropriate plan for the
preservation, repair or conversion.72 The criteria for dealing with industrial
heritage may also be made available to groups of enthusiasts engaged in
the preservation of technical heritage. Most important elements include
evaluation of articles’/ structures’ importance and based upon it, the
preparation of the proper protection program. If a local museum or a museum
collection seek professional assistance in order to make a decision on what
type of materials should be gathered, the Collection of scientific instruments
for psychology of the Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy could serve as a good
example.73

1 - Research
Research is the key element which serves the function and the purpose of
every museum regardless of their size or type. It implies research of artifacts
and structures but also a broader historical and scientific research. Institutions
should pursue research activities that are adjusted to new requirements, realistic
and brought in line with the museum’s general orientation, its professional
staff and resources including its public role. That policy is also the result of

72 International cooperation offers a particularly suitable approach to the preservation

of industrial heritage through coordianted initiatives and common use of resources, as well as
criteria compatibility among internaitonal regulations and data bases.
73 Collection of Scientific Instruments of the Laboratory for Experimental Psychology of the
Faculty of Philology, catalogue and exhibition, MST (Museum of Science and Technology) and the
Museum of Applied Art (MAP), Belgrade 2006, and broader, “Association of technical museums in
Serbia“ at the Museum of Science and Technology.

36
cooperation with similar institutions. Moreover, research work is useless unless
its results are published according to the rules of profession.

2 - Field survey
Along with research, field survey is one of the pillars of industrial archeology.
It implies realistic planning of field surveys, whether they last several years,
are conducted in phases or on a monthly basis, followed by consultation of
historical and archive materials, data recording and photo documentation. It is
desirable to publish results of every completed phase of field survey even if it
contained only basic, general data (geographic map of the region, exploration
route, list of monuments, photos, basic data on the region’s industry). As for
movable assets, before they are turned over to the protection institution it is
necessary to carry out in situ recording which implies a detailed exploration
of the asset and surrounding conditions. It is necessary to explore the context
in detail and include the results in the file. As many information as possible
should be gathered on the object/artifact including those that seem to be
of minor importance (e.g. who used the object, who bought or maintained
it). In case of the object’s dislocation it is necessary to record its condition in
detail and to meticulously document it. In case some parts remain in situ, they
should be registered in detail. Whenever possible, everything connected to
the construction, work and use of the object/artifact should be collected or
registered.

3 - Documentation
The elements contained in data base may in a broader sense be perceived as a
basis for documentation, and they include: list/lists of objects of industrial heritage
of Serbia with basic data, objects’ record book, “card“ where data are entered,
electronic form „card” for computerized data, “card“ in which data are entered in the
field and archive materials. So far, a small number of documents have been gathered
connected to copies of archive documents, scanned original archive materials
and first grade historic sources (original archive documents). „Analogous photo
documentation“ 74 („Leica“format) includes: black-white negatives and photos, color
slides (a lesser number of industrial objects documented), as well as color negatives
and photos (a large number of industrial objects documented). „Digital“ photo
documentation75 includes electronic/digital color photographs of a large number of
industrial objects.

74 Photos used for this sturdy are selected from the documentation of the MST Sector.
75 Unfortunately, the Sector’s data base does not contain video/film documentation, of
importance to recording of still preserved production processes. The reasons are of material
nature.

37
 4 - Compiling catalogues of monuments of industrial heritage /
technical heritage
In addition to its scientific and research justification, in the introductory
chapters it is necessary to present a methodological approach and general
indicators (e.g. historical and geographical context). In addition to photographs,
the catalogue should also contain data classified in three units. The first data
group should relate to the name, position and type of industry as well as
the object’s owner. The next group concerns data on time, type, quality of
construction, function – production process i.e. technical characteristics as well
as damage sustained. In the end, data concerning archive sources, status of the
object and date of entry should be provided.

5 - Maintenance of artifacts and structures

Experience indicates that physical condition of an object or a structure as a
source of information as well as its historical integrity has to be maintained to
the extent possible. They should be maintained in a way to reduce potential
risks and deterioration as much as possible. Any major structure requires a
separate plan of conservation and maintenance and should be based on the
most recent assessment. The maintenance program for each object or structure
should be based on a detailed study of material, composition, condition and
historical background. Objects should be checked on a regular basis: whether
they are stored in a specifically designed place, whether documentation is in
order, including control of the physical condition. In case of disassembling, it
should be minimal and re-assembly should be carried out as soon as possible.
Both procedures should be conducted with utmost care and each phase has
to be documented in detail. In order to avoid dangers posed by relocation of
collections, the space for materials and documentation should be ensured
on a long-term basis. Due to specific condition movable/immovable asset
(institution ingerences) and various materials they are made of (essential
problem), this criterion (standard) should be considered and implemented
with utmost care. European experience in conservation of industrial heritage
demonstrates practice which exceeds by far our experience and current
possibilities. In short, these experiences boil to the following:

• preservation of industrial heritage relies on the preservation of

functional integrity. Therefore, the interventions on an industrial site
should be directed at maintaining that integrity as much as possible. An
industrial site may lose much of its value in case machines or components
are removed or if certain elements of the complex are removed.
• preservation of industrial sites requires a thorough knowledge of their
former use or uses, as well as of various industrial processes that may have

38
taken place there. Even though they may have changed over time, all former
uses should be explored and evaluated.
• In situ preservation should always be given priority. Dismantling and
relocating a building or a structure to another location are acceptable only
in case that major economic or social concerns require that the site be
destroyed.
• adaptation of an industrial site for new uses for the purpose of its preservation
is in most cases an acceptable solution, except for sites of outstanding historical
significance. New uses should recognize the importance of the asset and
preserve the original uses and activities and be as compatible as possible with
the original or basic use. It is recommended to use space corresponding to the
site’s original use.
• practice of adapting and using industrial assets diminishes unnecessary
waste of energy and promotes sustainable development. Industrial heritage
may play an important role in economic recovery of regions that experienced
or are experiencing a decline. The continuity ensured by conversion of use
may contribute to psychological stability of communities faced with sudden
disappearance of traditional sources of job opportunities.
• interventions should be reversible and their impact minimal. Each
unavoidable change should be documented and major elements that
are removed should be recorded and properly stored. Many industrial
processes render patina which is an inseparable part of the site’s integrity and
importance.
• reconstruction or a return to a previous condition should be considered as
an intervention applied exceptionally and appropriate only in case it contributes
to the site’s integrity or in case of a violent destruction of an important site.
• craftsmanship related to many old or antiquated industrial processes
represent an invaluable resource and its disappearance may be irretrievable.
Therefore, it should be carefully recorded and passed on younger genera-
tions.
• it is necessary to promote preservation of documentary materials, factory
archives, architectural designs as well as samples of industrial products.

That above criteria may me applied to both movable/immovable assets.

However, some of them are applicable more to “movable“ assets.

39
 6 - Gathering artifacts
With a clearly defined acquisition (and disposal) policy and fullest possible
documentation, we should further be guided by the following questions:
why is a certain artifact necessary; what is its significance at local, national or
international level; does a museum have space for it and how long can it be
kept there; what level of protection can be ensured and at what cost.

7 - Handling, maintaining and repairing artifacts that can be

included in active presentation
Only those artifacts assessed to be in proper condition should be put back
in operation and only by strictly adhering to the maintenance plan (and “labor
book”). This implies detailed instruction manual, control and maintenance
as well as assigning persons authorized to operate them. Limitations to use
should be established to avoid irreparable damage that may occur.

8 - Availability of researched materials (funds and collections)

The institution of protection is open to public in accordance with its purpose,
status of gathered artifacts and beneficiaries’ needs. At the same time, it seeks to
enable as wide access to its material as possible, not making a distinction among
the interested parties. Availability to researches should imply publication of
work results, setting deadlines for provision of requested information, and in
case of researchers outside the institution, setting timeframes for research and
if necessary, establishing a level of availability of researched material. Actually,
the protection institution should carefully balance transparency requirements
with those of security and protection.

40
 4. Industrial heritage of Belgrade

4.1. General data

Although we are aware of the significance of industry (and broader

of science, technical science and technology) for our civilization, we
sometimes tend to underestimate the overwhelming complexity behind the
phenomenon of production systems. We are dealing with an incredible scope
of themes ranging from a scientific discovery and its applicability up to a low-
cost and efficient product. It is relatively easy to define industrial heritage
as the heritage comprising the remains of industrial culture with historical,
technological, social, architectural or scientific value. Still, we are able to grasp
true scope and complexity of these systems only when we see their remains:
buildings and machines, workshops, mills and factories, mines and processing
and enrichment facilities, storages and warehouses, production, transfer and
use of energy, transport and related infrastructure, as well as places for social
activities related to industry, like residential, religious and education facilities.
Inter-disciplinary character of industrial archeology enables the study of
material and non-material testimonies on these specific human activities
in a certain period of time (from the 18th century until today). At the same
time, complexity and large scope of these production systems require close
cooperation with institutions dealing with industrial production today.76 The
value of industrial heritage lies in the fact that it is a testimony of the activities
that have had and still have profound historical consequences. The motives for
study and protection of historical heritage may be based on universal value of
these testimonies and specific character of unique sites. It is possible to classify
industrial heritage i.e. to define its types. The existing broad division is one of
science and technology which can be further divided according to scientific and
economic branches. Another parallel, independent division is the one referring

76 Technical faculties and institutes, industrial companies; of particular importance are

those with developed awareness of their own technical/technological branch.

41
Galovica Water Management Company, Zemun

to the condition,77 i.e. the level of preservation. Division and categorization can
also be effected according to the importance (general or scientific and technical),
as well as the one dividing heritage to that which enjoys legal protection and the
one that does not. Historical heritage has a social value as part of testimony of
the life of ordinary people and as such it is an important element of identity. It
has technological and scientific value in the history of production, engineering,
civil-engineering, but it can also have a significant esthetic value, which depends
on the quality of architecture, project or planning. These values are inherent in the
locality itself, its structure, components, machinery and environment, as well as
in industrial landscape, in written documents and immaterial traces of industry
contained in human memory and customs. Rarity in terms of survival of certain

77 The condition in this case is defined as working (whether it is actually operating or not)
or non-working.

42
processes is a special value that needs to be carefully evaluated. Of particular
importance are early or pioneer research activities when a large number of
identification, recording and researches at regional level were conducted.78
Regional recognizance effort – such as, for example, the one covering the territory
of Belgrade and comprising all types of diverse industries – we establish the scope
of industrial heritage and sometimes its significance at national level. On the basis
of these data lists of all identified sites should be made. Recording is an essential
part of industrial heritage study. A lot of information may be obtained if recording
is done while the site or a process is still operational. How important presentation
and interpretation are becomes clear once we recognize the appreciation and
interest of the public in industrial heritage. Actually, in our country this interest on
the part of a broader public is selective compared to the interest of professional
public which demonstrates affection and understanding for its value which can
lead to its more efficient presentation and preservation.

4.2. Historical sources

Materials on Serbian industrial heritage are sometimes found in local

factory archives although several Belgrade archive institutes store substantial
materials. The archive of Serbia has materials on Serbian industry while the
Archives of Yugoslavia/Serbia and Montenegro and the Archive of Belgrade
have categorized these materials property and according to subject matter.79
Particularly useful are factories’ old address books,80 and a number of
publications dealing with the history of Serbia or Belgrade,81 or those that
indirectly deal with these problems. Certain chapters contain a lot of data on
general economic situation or industry of Serbia82 and Belgrade83 Sometimes,
useful information can be found in the comments contained in works not
dealing with industry in the first place.84 Luckily, there are publications that

78 N. Vuco, in: The History of Belgrade 2 and 3, Belgrade 1974; the research (primarily of ar-
chive nature) of old crafts and industries in Belgrade and Serbia, conducted in the 20th century
by Dr. Nikola Vuco.
79 Belgrade Through the Centuries (XVI-XX Century), Archives of Belgrade, Belgrade 2006.
80 Factories' list and address book, Belgrade 1940.
81 D. Petrovic, History of industry of Belgrade, Belgrade 2006.
82 C. Popov, in: History of the Serb people VI-2, Belgrade 1983, 7–50.
83 D. Milic, in: History of Belgrade 2, Belgrade 1974, 370–372; N. Vuco, in: History of Bel-
grade, Belgrade 1974, 444–468; R. Samardzic, in: History of Belgrade 2, Belgrade 1974, 613; N.
Vuco, in: History of Belgrade 3, Belgrade 1974, 197, 217–232, 254–263; R. Samardzic, in: History of
Belgrade 3, Belgrade 1974, 320.
84 D. Gnjatović, Old State Debts. Supplements to economic and political history of Serbia and
Yugoslavia 1862–1941, Belgrade 1991; Belgrade Through the Centuries, Beograd 2006; Ž. Avram-
ovski, Britain on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1921–1941, I–II, Zagreb–Belgrade 1986.

43
Mill Grinding Chambers in Omoljica mill, used until 1990 in »9. maj« mill

are primarily dealing with industry in our territories. In addition to offering a

general historic background, they often address these problems in an analytical
and methodical fashion. Data are usually well-organized in wholes, dealing
with the birth of industry, conditions for development and establishment of
privileged companies, with cumulative data on majority of important factories,
classified according to types of industries.85 Sometimes they contain a review of
economic factors of industrial development, implementation of energy forces
and impact of industrial development on economic and social changes.86 On
the other hand, it is often the case that data taken from archives and official old
statistics are not compared with the true situation. Throughout their existence,
some industrial facilities, especially bigger ones, modernized their production

85 R. Đunisijević, Establishment of industrial companies and development of industry in Ser-

bia until 1918, Belgrade 1990.
86 N. Vuco, Development of industry in Serbia in the 19th century, Belgrade 1981.

44
 Mill »9. maj«, Belgrade

processes by introducing new machines and sometimes new production lines.

In addition, in war-damaged factories, such is the case in 1919-25 period, while
the production process were reinstated it was done with machine components
of other manufacturers. Recent comparisons of machine and other compo-
nents that factories needed for the production processes and data contained
in publications, on the other hand, often reveal discrepancies.87 Monographs on
87 Actually, published information are relevant only for one of the phases in the working
cycle of a factory, disregarding subsequent changes or the condition at the time when the
publication was made. For example, the data on machinery of the Mill of the First Shareholder's
Society in Belgrade (later called »9. maj«) related to the period before its restauration in 1919–20.
Detailed inspection of the mill in 1990–93 indicated that the machines manufactured by AEG,
Korlis, Biller, etc. were replaced, probably in 1919–20, by the same type machines manufactured
by Miag from Hungary.
Having been thoroughly engaged in the history of this mill, important and interesting in many
ways, which had several storeys, I have repeatedly encountered inevitabilities dictated by econ-
omy. The mill stopped its operation due to complex ownership issues and poor fire protecton.

45
industrial branches88 or on concrete factories89 offer abundance of information
and as such represent an unavoidable and valuable source of information.90

4.3. Chronological framework

This specific heritage in Vojvodina can be tracked down from the 18th
century and from the mid-19th century in central Serbia, in view of the fact that
there are practically no material traces of industry in the true sense of the word
before that time. The differences between Serbia and Vojvodina according as
to type and scope of industry are visible in the field as well. Generally speaking,
the industrialization in Vojvodina started back in the 18th century, primarily
in food industry, melioration systems and traffic network. That process was
initiated in central Serbia later, in the mid-19th century and stepped up in
the second half. The economy of that time, in addition to the development of
traffic network, food and textile industry, was characterized by major industrial
facilities, electrical energy production and military industry. For most part, such
situation prevailed also after 1919. It should be recalled that at that time Serbia
had a delicate geo-political position as a space where the interests of major
powers intersected. Almost entire 19th century as far as Serbia was concerned
was about the struggle for the country’s liberation and independence. That
is why the birth of industry is connected to companies that manufactured
arms and ammunition (powder-mill in Stragari, 1806 and Cannon Foundry in
Belgrade, 1808).91 Smaller workshops were opened (Foundry in Kragujevac in

Тhe beneficiary Zitomlin, in 1990–92 sold machines fromthe mill and all attempts to preserve
at least some, failed. The fact that most machines found their way out of the country, made the
situation even more difficult. The only possible step was taken – to record the existing situation.
Howewer, during the recognizance of Banat, in one of two mills in Omoljica, I found two grind-
ing chambers manufactured by company Miag that were taken in 1990–92 from the Mill of the
First Shareholders' Society (“9. maj”).
88 М. Jovanovic, »One hundred years of Serbia's hydro-energy generation«, Electric Con-
struction 7–8 (2000), 183–190; One hundred years of Electric Company of Belgrade 1893–1993, Bel-
grade 1993; Century 1893–1993, Bеlgrade 1993; А. Grudjinski, »Supplements to the history of
the Belgrade railway intersection“, in: One hundred years of the Belgrade railway station, Bеlgrade
1984; Ј. Kisgeci, Agricultural Museum Kulpin, History of hop growing and brewing, exhibiton cata-
logue in the Gallery of Science and Technology SANU, Belgrade 2001.
89 B. Nedeljkovic, Paper Factory, Belgrade 1986; B. Nedeljkovic, INEX-Partizanka, Bеlgrade
1987; Institute for manufacturing banknotes and coins, Belgrade 1994.
90 They are useful not only because they help acquire better knowledge of the situation
in th field of industry but for concrete research and preparation of the study on legal and physical
protection of certain structures. Unfortunately, not all factories but usually those bigger and
more important have such publications.
91 Z. Spasic, Кragujevac Weapons Factory, 1973, 12, 13.

46
1836 and on Vracar in 1848),92 which later became large companies, for example
in 1851 Military Arsenal was established in Kragujevac (from 1882, it is called
Military Technical Agency). In the same period, there were leather and felt
workshops manufacturing goods for military purposes as well.93 In mid-19th
century, first production systems based on mechanical/rotational generation
source were built in Belgrade for strategic purposes – for military and food
products. After a slowdown, in the 1880s development of industrial facilities
picked up, this time for civilian purposes as well. Such a dynamic development
lasted until the beginning of the First World War, with a temporary slowdown
in 1912, at the very beginning of the Balkan wars.
Factory complexes generated by powerful rotation movement sources
have been introduced on a mass scale in the end of the 19th century in Serbia.
Compared to developed European countries, we lagged behind by one
century. The sources behind rotation mechanical generators were water and
steam and a little bit later, electrical power. The growth of industry was based,
on the one hand, on engines development and improved economic conditions
in general (for example, construction of railway network, qualified labor force),
and on powerful State interventions, domestic and foreign investments and
liberal foreign economic policy, on the other.94 In the last quarter of the 19th
century industry gained momentum in particular thanks to a broad State
intervention that covered traffic benefits, raw material acquisition concessions,
tax and customs benefits, as well as favorable loans (among other things, the
Law on assistance to domestic industry in 1873). Several factories in Belgrade
introduced modern machinery in the last quarter of the 19th century (privileged
companies): factories belonging to D.M. Djoric, K.M. Sond, М. Мunk and
company of R. Godjevac, J. Barlovac, including two steam-operated saw-mills.
In the period from 1906 through 1911, during the customs war with Austro-
Hungary, Serbian industry developed at a faster pace.95 During the First World
War, most of industrial facilities were damaged or destroyed. Unfortunately,
the 1916 records compiled by Austrians for the territory from the Drina to the
Velika Morava river, included only facilities that have not been destroyed. The
records list 112, with around half in an inoperable condition.96 After the war,
data from 1919 indicate that most of Serbia's industry was incapacitated or
devastated so that the total number of structures in the territory of Serbia

92 Ibid., 19, 20.

93 R. V. Djunisijevic, Establishment of industrial companies and development of industry in
Serbia until 1918, Belgrade 1990, 5, b.
94 N. Vuco, “Industrial Development in Belgrade until 1914“, in: History of Belgrade 2, 1974,
444.
95 Ibid., 465.
96 R. V. Djunisijevic, Establishment of industrial companies and development of industry in
Serbia until 1918, Belgrade 1990, 278.

47
proper was merely 70.97 Even more devastating were human losses – around
28 per cent of the total population! Material losses accounted to almost half
of the national wealth (6 billion golden francs compared to pre-war 17). The
economy was crippled and looted, mostly industry. By evaluating investment
conditions one can obtain a relatively accurate picture on the scope of industrial
potential.98 Rebuilt industry of between-the-wars Yugoslavia developed at an
uneven pace, characterized with ups and downs and crises.
As far as economy is concerned, in the 19th and first half of the 20th
century Serbia was a country in which agriculture was given priority while
industrialization was fraught with difficulties including psychological ones
(mind-set/prejudice), to which even portions of intelligentsia were susceptible.99
Despite that, economic flows or strictly speaking industrial processes in Serbia
at that time demonstrated not only commitment to join modern European
flows but were intermingled and synchronous with economic developments
in the country. Under the influence of modernization in the second half of the
19th century in Serbia, there was a switch from a traditional to modern society,
reflected in almost all aspects of life.100 Balancing between the old and new,
traditional and modern has been visible on the outside in architecture and
economic structure, and in the inside, at spiritual, mental and social plane. The
commitment to a new way of life can be seen from the fact that social status of
industrial working class was rather high, although that class comprised a lesser
portion of population.101
Major economic/industrial projects require significant resources which
poor countries like Serbia of that time usually did not have. Certain European
banks had twice or several times more money that the entire Yugoslav banking
system (around 15 billion dinars prior to 1929), while less than one fourth
of domestic banking capital was concentrated in Belgrade. In 1930, around
500 million dinars were invested in the Belgrade industry, with 170 industrial
companies and work force of around 14,000. Of course, foreign capital, often
French, German and Czech was also invested in Serbian economy. For example,
Czech company “Walter“ which invested in airplane engines factory “Sv.
Vlajkovic & Co.“ in Rakovica 1928, or major ownership of the French company
“Gnome et Rhone“ in “Engine Industry“,102 also in Rakovica. The biggest private
Belgrade industrial company “Kosta Ilic Sons, a.d.” is an example of production

97 N. Vuco, „Development of economy until the 1930 economic crisis“, in: History of Bel-
grade 3, 1974, 217.
98 Ibid., 197.
99 P. J. Markovic, Belgrade and Europe 1918–1941, Belgrade 1992.
100 An extremely powerful European influence in Serbia was exerted by our people
educated in major European cities.
101 P.J. Markovic, op. cit., 210.

102 Ibid., 121

48
 Airplane engine exhibited in the hall of the administration building of the

for military purposes which provided 60 per cent of its production of woolen
products to the military in the 1920s; the largest Yugoslav shoe factory “Boston”
has been producing military boots for a long time. It was their only and
biggest job.103 The list of industrial companies from 1938 demonstrates that
over the previous decade a number of textile, metal processing and chemical
facilities was significantly on the rise. Industrial boost in the first half of the
20th century can be testified to by the remains of material culture and original
production processes. Where the old processes are preserved, they are almost
100 per cent preserved in the original form. The historical sources indicate that
between the wars, the most developed industrial branches in Belgrade were
textile, breweries, mills and metal processing, and sugar industry and that

103 N. Vuco, Теxtile factories in Karaburma, Belgrade 1975, 117-138.

49
those branches that were powered by machines developed successfully104 and
efficiently overcame the crisis of the 1930s. Such situation has been confirmed
on the ground as well.105

4.4. Compiling catalogue of industrial heritage

The Catalogue of industrial heritage for a certain territory should be roughly
divided in three groups. The first group includes structures in the working condi-
tion, often operational, with recognizable or to good extent preserved produc-
tion processes. The second group includes objects no longer in operation for
one or two decades, usually in a bad condition, sometimes inhabited by home-
less people. The impression of exterior dilapidated condition is even worse once
the interior of the structure is seen. Even when there are old machines and other
elements related to the production processes, the condition may range from
very bad to totally devastated. There are hardly any examples that do not fit in
this pattern. The third group of structures includes those that have already been
used for new purposes. The process of revitalization of old industrial objects is
not a novelty, since it has lasted for several decades now. Still, this process of con-
version for other purposes was carried out without a general strategy, on a case-
to-case basis, so that objects or their interior often no longer had any elements
testifying to their former function. Old technology was often discarded during
restoration. Based on past experience, industrial heritage may roughly be divid-
ed according to industrial branches, level of significance or in a broader sense
by combining the two criteria. Experience has demonstrated that the latter divi-
sion is the most practical. The problems related to industrial heritage sometimes
involve large structures, often entire production complexes with many factories
(e.g. SARTID, 1913). However, within these wholes, often including monumental
buildings, this heritage also contains electrical machinery, hydro-dynamic and
other equipment and machines that make up a complicated production pro-
cess. Hence, after dismantling a production process we often find small or small-
er machines, sometimes very sophisticated.106 In some cases the term “movable“
is taken literally, so that a ship, airplane or a railway engine or car are treated as a
movable asset. Still, the complexity of such often very big structures is such that
it overcomes by far the complexity of “immovable“ structures. In the period from
early 2000 until today, recognizance included a significant part of the territory of

104 N. Vuco, “Economic development of the city from 1919-1941“, in: History of Belgrade 3,
Belgrade 1974, 230.
105 Some factories were torn down in the 1960s and some in the 1970s (e.g., several
textile factories in Karaburma, on the Visnjica road, today Visnjicka street), while some were
considerably damaged (like electrical power plant »Power and light“ or the Mill of the First
Shareholders' Society).
106 Elements comprising a production process such as machines are treated in legislation
as movable cultural assets.

50
Serbia.107 Having compared historical sources, oral information and situation on
the ground, it has been established that most of major industrial facilities are still
in situ. Part of researched sites of old industrial facilities demonstrated however
that most of them have been destroyed or that their function or appearance
considerably changed. This perception primarily pertains to smaller faculties
in the zones which recently underwent serious changes due to large-scale
constructional efforts, for example, zones in larger towns, in Belgrade around the
highway from the Mostar highway loop up to Autokomanda. Some unexplored
major companies or production complexes in operation, such as the Belgrade
water-supply company have not been explored so far, for two reasons. The first
one is that due to their important role, notwithstanding that it is one hundred
years old, it will not be torn down or its functioning stopped. In addition, it is in
good repair, well-preserved and still working. The other reason is that due to
rapid city growth it is impossible to record all vulnerable monuments (some of
them even face total demolition).108
The basic unit of the Catalogue of objects of industrial heritage is the review
of data regarding explored locations of old industries. Basic data and photos
of objects are entered in line with the basic pattern of field card. The first eight
units concern elementary data on the object, abbreviated name, position and
data on the current owner. Abbreviated name is used not for practical reasons
alone – in addition to enabling fast reference, many objects changed name
over time. The next group of units relates to full name of the object, data on
the original industry, i.e. all changes in function and ownership, its position in
terms of major geographical points (e.g. a big river or traffic intersection), or
certain general historical conditions. The following group of units requires more
specific data (if available), such as construction year, name of architect/civil
engineer, dimensions, major civil-engineering and architectural characteristics.
This is followed by the units regarding functional and technical characteristics
of production process equipment. In a part dealing with general data, such as
literature, processing date etc., it is important to note damage sustained. Data
on damage over time should be carefully examined and recorded in detail. In
addition to these data, unit called status should contain data on the status of
the object as a cultural asset (e.g. it can be stated that the object's status as a
cultural asset is currently in the process of determination).

107 Annex
108 The preparations are currently under-day to convert parts of the Bajloni Brewery com-
plex in Skadarlija.

51
 5. Possibilities for the protection
of industrial heritage

5.1. Legal protection

Regardless of importance and number of industrial heritage monu-

ments in Serbia, few of them enjoy some form of legal protection. The pro-
tection of the remains of old industries and production processes in situ
in the territory of Serbia may globally be perceived from two angles. The
first one implies the State's attitude so far towards industrial heritage. In
this case, the protection covered those structures that had an undisputed
significance for the history of industry. More importantly, it was their loca-
tion and outstanding architecture that played a role. Another angle, not
excluding the first one, implies also the study of industrial processes from
the 18th century until the end of the first half of the 20th century in the ter-
ritory of the present-day Serbia. Valorization criteria spring from systematic
field survey, on-going gathering effort, processing and interpretation of
material. Subsequently, in cooperation with institutes for the protection of
monuments of culture,109 the selection for legal protection is made, as well
as expert assistance in revitalization projects or change of function of old
industrial objects.
The need for planned and systematic protection is not conditioned only
by general significance of this specific form of cultural heritage. On the one
hand, it is imposed by the fact that in the wake of fast contemporary techno-
logical development we witness fast disappearance of old structures and on

109 For example, hydro-electric power plant »Temac« on the Temstica river near Pirot is
proposed for legal protection, as a result of cooperation between the Museum of Electrical
Industry, Museum of Science and Technolgoy and the Institute for the Protection of Monuments
of Culture of Nis, 2001, or previous protection of Belgrade textile industry and Milankovic hangar
in Belgrade, cooperation between the Museum of Science and Technology and the Institute for
the Protection of the Monuments of Culture of Belgrade, 2002.

52
the other, there are consequences arising from a fast pace of urbanization in
major cities.110
On the basis of what we know so far, most of preserved structures that
represent the condition of industry in Belgrade (and Serbia) in the 19th
and first half of the 20th century do not enjoy legal protection. Of many
industrial heritage monuments in Belgrade, for example, the status of a
cultural asset are enjoyed by the Mill of the First Shareholders’ Society,
Observatory on Zvezdara and Paper Factory of Milan Vapa. Cultural asset
of major importance is the Main Railway Station, Telephone Exchange in
Kosovska Street and Meteorological Station. In addition to the Mill of the
First Shareholders’ Society, which is in poor condition, major industrial
branches in Belgrade of that time, e.g. textile or electrical power industries
(protection of thermo-electric power plant “Power and light“ currently
underway), do not have a representative enjoying the status of a monu-
ment of culture. The remaining factories of old Belgrade textile industry
are mostly complexes comprising several structures covering several hect-
ares, built in the first half of the 20th century. Most of them are not op-
erational or only partly operational. Just a fraction of original processes
and production means have been preserved. It will be necessary to pay
attention not only to many machine mills in Vojvodina but also to those in
Obrenovac, or in the vicinity of Belgrade (in Beli Potok, Surcin, Grocka, Ba-
rajevo). These machine-operated mills are equipped with original engines,
are still operating and have preserved the original production process. Old
water-pump stations in the vicinity of Belgrade (and in Vojvodina), are in
excellent condition and should be treated separately. These are irrigation
pumps in Ovca and Borca, as well as older station Boljevci in Boljevci (as
well as stations Plavna, Dubovac, Ecka, Zabalj)...111 Among many industrial
heritage monuments in Serbia whose importance merits attention are
hydro-electric power plant in Sicevo, Gamzigradska Banja, Vucje, State silk
factory in Pancevo...
Over the past few years, in the course of the protection of objects/
structures of technical culture both good and bad experience was gained.
Bad experience concerns efficiency or situations when protection proposals
have not been brought to a close. The Museum is faced with the following
problem: it may explore both movable and immovable heritage while
in the legal sense it can protect only technical heritage. In this specific
case, the Museum explores and evaluates immovable technical heritage/

110 The cooperation with institutes for urban planning is necessary because it is realistic
to assume that many industrial structures, especially those in central city zones, have better
chances of being used for businesses, theaters, shopping malls, etc.

111 There are such systems with water-pumps conserved and in an excellent condition
elsewhere in the world, including smaller museum presentations. However, those in Belgrade
are unique in the sense that they have been functional all along.

53
Brickyard, Zemun

cultural assets, and then in the second phase it makes preparations with
the relevant institute for the protection of the monuments of culture
to submit a proposal which will serve as a basis for the establishment/
announcement of an immovable cultural asset. So far, this practice has not
functioned – only one such proposal has been made,112 but the asset in
question is still not under protection. There are some proposals with time-
limited protection that fall within this category (prior protection), e.g.
hangar on the old Belgrade Airport and BPK facilities.113 Examples of good,

112 Proposal for the protection of HE „Temac“; MST Documenation.

113 MST documentation, 151/15, 2 December 2002; MST 19/1, 17 January 2003.

54
 Interior of brickyard “Polet”

efficient and comprehensive legal protection are the cases of dealing with
and protecting movable cultural and technical assets, when the procedure
does not present a problem (the Museum makes and enforces a decision).
The cases in point for efficient protection are the Crane in the Port of
Belgrade, Electronic Studio of Radio Belgrade, Steam-operated elevator
engine in Senje Coal Mines (unique in the world), several old steam ships
and railway locomotives and railway carriages.114

114 MST documentation, 139/1, 19 August 2003; 193/1, 10 December 2004; 183/1, 27
October 2005; 34/1, 31 January 2006; 234/1, 13 December 2005.

55
Sićevo Hydroelectric Power Plant near Niš

Although industrial heritage should be perceived as an integral part of

cultural heritage in general, the measures for legal protection should take
into account its specific nature. They should be such as to ensure protection
of facilities and machinery, if they exist including underground elements,
special structures, building complexes and, if necessary, industrial
landscape. The area of industrial waste should also be considered not only
in view of potential archeological value but in view of possible pollution
(environmental concerns).

56
 Water pump station Dubovac, Southern Banat

Long- and short-term preservation programs for industrial heritage should

include economic development policy, as well as regional and national
plans. Ideally, major sites would enjoy full protection which would not allow
intervention that may compromise their historical integrity or structural
authenticity. »Benign« adaptation or conversion may be an appropriate or
financially beneficial way to ensure survival of industrial assets, and should be
backed by appropriate legal regulations, professional advice, tax incentives
and donations. Lately, when transition is gaining momentum, we witness

57
Interior of Water pump station Dubovac

major changes that threaten fast structural transformation as well. A potential

threat to industrial heritage should be anticipated and plans prepared to
avoid situation that require emergency measures. As a first step, it is necessary
to ensure the support of central and local state administration. Every effort
should be made to establish cooperation with local communities and ensure
their participation in the protection and preservation of their local industrial

58
 Partizan Bicycle Factory, Subotica

heritage.115 Ideally, competent professional services should have true/realistic

authority to intervene in case it is necessary to protect important vulnerable
sites, with the existence of professional advisory bodies which may provide
independent advice on questions regarding protection and preservation of
industrial heritage (in all important cases their opinion should be sought).
Although not figuring high on the list of global/strategic factors of protection,

115 PIL/PTA Senje Coal Mine, Pančevo industrial zone.

59
Electronic studio Radio Belgrade

volunteer associations and societies should not be lost sight of. They have
an important role in identifying sites, encouraging public to take part in the
preservation of heritage, including industrial, as well as in dissemination of
information and research, which is why they are a necessary factor in caring
for heritage.

60
 5.2. Technical protection

A number of Belgrade’s historical heritage sites has been revitalized. Such

protection, in addition to a systematic approach, requires also substantial
material resources and primarily depends on the interest and capabilities
of owners. As for structures that are still operational (for example, machine
mills, pump stations, Mint factory), the fact that they are used, whether they
enjoy legal protection or not, guarantees good condition, in some cases even
outstanding.

Božinović Flourmill at Debelica

Many industrial heritage assets whose use has been converted, is in

good condition primarily due to good construction and care of a new owner
(Wire factory of Mr. Josipovic). Outstanding condition of former Vap’s Paper
Factory or old Post Office Building in Kosovska street is an example of good
cooperation between competent institutions and new owners. Reconstruction
61
Pantelić Foundry, Zemun

of deserted objects which are in bad condition, like for example the Mill of the
First Shareholders’ Society.116
requires huge material resources in addition to professional skills and a
clear conversion concept. In wider city centers there are assets that have been
operational until recently and are in good condition as well. Thanks to their
favorable location and solid construction they can be suitable for conversion.
With good approach and extensive protection effort, if they are no longer
operational or will soon be out of operation, their conversion should be given due
consideration. In such situations, it is always useful to consult vast international
experience. In any case, a “converted” asset in one of its segments should have
a presentation of its original use, or even wider – of a relevant industrial branch.
Explorations indicate that none of these assets contains a separate space

116 E.g. hydroelectric power plants at Užice (“Pod Gradom” and “Turica”), Ivanjica and
Gamzigrad, Božinović Flourmill at Debelica etc.

62
 Interior of “Moravija” factory in 2002, in the working condition

“Moravija” in 2002 “Moravija” in 2005

(even a small one would suffice) to illustrate their former use. Final conversion
phase of textile factory “Moravija“ was just concluded – several years ago it
discontinued production in the wake of economic justification assessment – and
was converted to commercial and residential space. “Moravija“, which consists
of several structures covering around 30 аres, is situated in downtown Belgrade
(8 Cirila and Metodija Street), in a zone that is significantly more appropriate for
commercial and residential purposes than for industrial structures.117 ”Moravija”
structures have been thoroughly explored and photographed over the past few
years, from the working stage up to final conversion. Assuming that in the recent
future many industrial structures in downtown Belgrade (and major cities) will
be converted to business, residential, gallery and similar spaces, it would be
extremely important not to continue with the practice of fully obliterating

117 Along with BPK and BVK for several decades “Moravija“ has been the backbone of tex-
tile industry in the Belgrade region.

63
former function of these assets. In such cases it is enough to preserve the existing
archive materials in the broadest sense, photo documentation, testimony on the
production processes and what is extremely important and already mentioned,
that in one segment of recycled asset the “life” of former factory be presented.
Conversion problems, not only of former industrial structures but also of those
inadequately used, sometimes even entire city blocks, have over the past few
decades been discussed by architects and urban specialists. They actually used
the term urban-recycling or just recycling defining conversion as a transformation
and activation of neglected, devastated and deserted spaces.118
Over the past few years, by establishing good cooperation particularly with
institutes for urban planning, some things have taken a turn for the better.
Take, for example, the request of the Institute for Urban Planning of the City
of Belgrade from 2005 for a professional opinion and conditions for use of
old thermo-electric power plant »Power and Light« in Dorcol Marina.119 The
opinion contains valorization, basic historic data and description of the asset,
its condition and what is important in this respect, urban requirements. The
justification states that the complex of the Electric power plant represents part
of industrial heritage of Serbia and Belgrade, that it is an inseparable whole
comprising a crane with a river offshoot (pool), a pump station and water pump
and appertaining land. Ideally, the subject of protection and revitalization
should be the entire complex so that our heritage could be protected and
presented and at the same time used for a new function. Under the Draft Plan
of detailed regulation of Marina Dorcol the complex comprises a marina with
commercial businesses, while the building of former Electric power plant is
not covered by the plan. Since the Electric power plant is out of the context of
the Plan and included in the complex of a future marina (portion designated
for sports and maintenance of marina and vessels), the problem would be
viewed in a broader context so that the Electrical power plant, in this case part
of environment, be protected as efficiently as possible and treated favorably
in future works. More specifically, it means that the investor should be given
requirements in terms of planning and subsequent use of this important
representative of industrial heritage.120

118 Urban Recycling, Communications 96, 1996.

119 MST Documentation, 74/1, 4 April 2005
120 More specifically, the measures are as follows:
1. To ensure adequate surrounding space around the structure, minimal width of
around 20 м, if possible, at the expense of space between the offshoot of the Danube
and the Electric power plant.
2. To plan structures and functions of complementary or at least non-cotradictory
nature to those enabling the revitalization of the Electric power plant, such as cultural
center, entertainment areas which also need the surrounding space, entry ways and
other functions (e.g. parking).
3. Planned structures in the complex of marina should be placed in a way not interfering
with the view from Dorcol towards the Electric power plant and allowing the zone in

64
 Although isolated in the 1990s from the European trends and developments
prevailing in the field of protection, the protection institutions in Serbia managed
to survive. Over the past few years, they got acquainted with many European
conventions, resolutions and recommendations dealing with the promotion
of heritage protection, which created conditions for exchange of experience,
primarily on scientific and technical and then legal and administrative issues.
In this way, the issue of the State strategy for the protection of cultural assets
are directly raised as well as for clear position of the heritage protection (in the
country’s cultural policy), including the protection institutions’ facing up to their
own shortcomings. In a situation of great expectations of powerful investors,
both private and State ones, investments in conversion of industrial complexes
such as thermal electric-power plant “Power and Light“ or BPK, according to
them we are witnessing adequate transformation in the form of constructual
additions, even drastic changes or demolition in some cases. In the eyes of
investors, such care and protection of heritage is often perceived as a burden
not as a potential. Privatization process threatens to obliterate the surviving
Belgrade industrial heritage no longer in use.
In the coming years, it will be of vital importance to promote common
interest of the competent city institutions in this problem. In all phases of future
conversion of some major industrial heritage of Serbia which no longer serve
its original purpose, and are proposed for conversion, their former function
and economic importance should be respected. In the years to come, our care
of industrial heritage shall include, in addition to exploration, the conclusion
of recognizance and publication of catalogue of old industries, as is the
case elsewhere in the world,121 or update the existing catalogues such is the
Monument heritage of Serbia.122

the front of the structure some free space.

4. The structure should be preserved as much as possible and basic construction
elements and facade should be reconstructed. New contents should be included
to enable maintenance, and adequate public presentation and affirmation of the
structure. It would be useful to consult foreign experience, where similar structures
acquired new uses as cultural centers, museums, exhibition spaces, art workshops or
for cultural industry purposes. Commercial uses should not be disregarded at all as
they can partially or wholly contribute to financing the structure’s maintenance.
5. To ensure that the crane, as an integral part of the electrical power plant be
completely preserved and be used for cultural purposes, in accordance with what is
stated under 4 above.
6. To enable the functioning of the structure, it is necessary to explore, tidy up and
equip the entire location with proper infrastructure, its immediate neighborhood and
the terrain around the plant’s building, which will partially be covered by the Plan for
Marina “Dorcol”.
121 E.g. Industrial sites, Stiftung Industriedenkmalpflege und Geschichtskultur, Dortmund
2001; W. Minschinton, A Guide to Industrial Archaeology Sites in Britain, London 1984.
122 Monuments heritage of Serbia, immovble cultural assets of big and outstanding impor-
tance, editor М. Мilic, Belgrade 1998, 108, 113–114.

65
 6. Conclusion

By-gone centuries of our civilization abound in inventions and techno-

logical innovations contributing to the progress of basic, often the most
important industries: food production, mining and metallurgy, identifica-
tion and use of energy sources. Wheat processing as a smaller and sepa-
rate part of food production is very illustrative in this respect. Even sum-
mary review of wheat processing history reveals human commitment to
improving the quantity and quality of production, using all efficient and
available sources, from primitive manual mills, windmills and watermills,
up to modern machine-operated mills. From a historical point of view,
notwithstanding often ingenious engineering and construction solutions,
the source of power and its practical implementation has always been a
limiting factor. Shortcomings of human or animal power since ancient
times have been resolved by the use of wind and water power. Only rela-
tively recently, in the 18th century, overall progress and development of
science and technology, including application of quality energy sources
enabled a fast technological progress, symbolically called the industrial
revolution. Momentous changes took place in the wake of change of en-
ergy sources, particularly in the first half of the 20th century. In the 19th
century, the industrial facilities primarily used water to power turbines,
and to a lesser extent stable or movable steam engine. Sometimes, these
two different sources of rotative movement were used in combination.
As early as in the beginning of the previous century, electrical power was
used more to power dynamo-machines and later electrical motors.
In the end of the 19th century, thanks to its commitment to modern
development and electrification, although small and poor, Serbia joined
the latest civilization flows of that time, keeping pace with the most devel-
oped countries in Europe and the world. Belgrade was thus one of the few
European cities in which electricity was introduced in the end of the 19th
century. Gas lamp, candle, petroleum lamp and lantern were replaced

66
by a new miraculous light – the light of electrical energy.123 The system of
production and distribution of electrical energy comprising several hydro-electric
power and thermal plants was put in operation. Due to a specific production
process, all thermal power plants were located close to rivers (transport of coal
and cinder, source of technical water for cooling machine formations). It can
be seen best on the example of Belgrade, where three out of four old thermo-
electric power plants still exist, all built in the area of Dorcol and in Zemun, close
to the Danube river (three in Dorcol: the first major thermo-electric power plant
in Serbia, later torn down, and two still existing – on the corner of Dobracina and
Skender Beg streets124 and “Power and Light“ in Dorcol Marina, Thermo-Electric
Power Plant d.d. for electrical companies on the Zemun riverbank). Only buildings
have been preserved, with occasional auxiliary buildings, but not old steam
machines, generators and other hydro-mechanical formations.125 The remaining
old production and distribution electrical energy facilities are preserved until the
present-day as old power plants, some of which are still producing energy. They
were built in historically unfavorable circumstances, at a time of the customs
war with Austro-Hungary. We understand how unfavorable it was when we
realize that almost all equipment for operation of thermal/hydro electric power
plants was bought from northern neighbors. Production and use of electrical
energy for Serbia and Belgrade of that time meant a huge breakthrough and
enabled an unimpeded industrial development. All above power plants were
built with a specific industrial purpose, using modern equipment of renowned
manufacturers (Siemens, Schuckert and AEG), applying the latest technological
solutions, for example, like Tesla's multi-phase transformer. Non-industrial use of
electrical energy was costly and not widely available, only to the affluent. Rare
electrical home appliances were a sign of prestige. Electrical energy was used to
power weaving machines, mills, factory lathes and presses as well as street lights,
in strictly limited periods of night.
In the end of the 19th and early 20th century, when most of today's
embankments on the Danube and the Sava were built, with guardhouses,
warehouses and storages, the first water-pump stations were built in protected
areas. Their purpose was to pump out surplus water from protected areas to
the nearest receptacle, a river or lake. From the point of view of protection and

123 Electrical energy was introduced for the first time in our country in 1884, when
engineer Tosa Seleskovic from the Military-Technical Institute in Kragujevac lighted up Caurnica
facility so that he could continue to work through the night. Somewhat later, professor and
rector of Grand Lycee Djordje Stanojevic made a huge contribution to the electrification of
Serbia, by strongly advocating introduction and production of electrical energy, and made a
long-term contribution to the development of industry.
124 Also known as the Municipal Electric Power Plant; this complex today houses the Mu-
seum of Science and Technology.
125 КTo illustrate their size, thermo-electric power plant »Power and Light« from 1932 pro-
duced close to 20,000 kW.

67
presentation of heritage, the value of functionally preserved old water-pumps is
huge. In the framework of presentation of industrial heritage of today's Europe,
they are extremely rare; the stations in Borca and Ovca with a system of dikes
and canals are original for most part and the only ones currently performing this
responsible task.
In the vicinity of Belgrade,126 there are machine mills almost one hundred years
old with preserved work processes generally based on the same production
principles like those much older mills powered by wind and water, used for
several centuries which essentially contributed to the start of mechanization.
Introduced several centuries ago, the principle of grinding and sieving wheat
was so successful that it is used until the present day, regardless of the mill's
production capacity.127 Measured against modern facilities performance with
huge production capacity, the old systems could be considered inefficient. On
the other hand, we should be aware that until recently it was not possible to
apply some of outstanding old inventions (e.g. principle of operation of steam
machine). The first modern breweries in Serbia were established in the 18th and
19th century in big cities: Veifert in Pancevo, in 1722, Cofmann in Bela Crkva,
Aman in Apatin, Bajloni and Veifert in Belgrade... Unfortunately, old breweries
have preserved little of the original brew making technologies.
Industrial heritage is part of national heritage, part of our cultural heritage
and proof of our progress in the field of invention and industry. Thus almost
entire history of science and technology may be presented through individual
examples in the contextual circumstances related to their creation and
use – from the most primitive to the most modern ones. Since we live at a
time when machines and devices become antiquated in a matter of months
not years, activities towards their preservation should be taken urgently.
Reorganization of city centers (Belgrade is a case in point), tearing down
dilapidated neighborhoods and rising costs of construction land threatens
the existence of many industrial sites. An alternative to total destruction is
relocation of structures, which is hardly ever possible, or compiling complete
documentation, with a possibility of preserving some, particularly important
parts of equipment. Old industrial facilities no longer operational may be
used as museums of industry, since they will retain their value even under
circumstances when their function is partially or totally changed by “hosting”
art printing presses, foundries, galleries... The ways and methods of preserving
and presenting industrial monuments is the responsibility of protection
institutions and the society as a whole. The problems have more than one
aspect. In addition to a physical problem of space, where preservation could
appropriately combine presentation and availability, there are many other
126 Considerably less than in Vojvodina.
127 For efficient functioning of this “long-standing” production process “machinery“
with one hundred years or more old principle is used even today. Sometimes, the machines
themselves are that old, for example, grinding chambers, seaves and elevators.

68
 Beer storage in Bajloni Brewery, Skadarlija

technical problems related to preservation and maintenance. The situation

is somewhat easier in a situation when some monuments may be turned
over in the custody of specialized technical museums, so that a researcher/
curator may closely cooperate with other protection institutions/museums.
The evaluation of monument’s relevance and protection program based on it,
rank among the most important elements of work. It goes without saying that
research work is key element in the function and purpose of the protection
institution/museum, regardless of differences as a result of size and type of
institution. However, it is meaningless if its results are not published according
to professional standards. In the course of processing assets, there are
objective difficulties not only regarding huge tasks of technical assistance, as
the primary aspect, but in satisfying historical i.e. museum aspect as the next
step, since processing is often conditional upon substantial material resources.
Broader social engagement is necessary for at least basic exploration and
protection of as many assets as possible. In addition, it would be worthwhile if
an archeological map of Belgrade and Serbia were made for this specific type
of remains of material culture.
It is difficult to make a single, general assessment of the industrial heritage
remains. Most objects were well built so that despite their dilapidated state
they still look relatively good. The condition of these objects ranges from

69
outstanding to bad, even devastated, and that element enables additional
classification. Their condition in Belgrade to a large extent corresponds to
their condition in the territory of Serbia at large. It should also be noted that
some old factories represent complexes comprising five or more structures.
Some of them, very rarely though, have been thoroughly reconstructed.
In addition to substantial material resources, technical protection of such
structures i.e. complexes, requires a balanced protection policy. So, if we learn
from European experience over the past fifty years, we may draw certain
conclusions that would be helpful to us in the future. Still, our industrial
heritage is somewhat specific in that we have more old facilities with preserved
authentic production processes. The same is true of workers' quarters around
factories, in which fourth or fifth generation still lives, like textile workers,
which enables research and presentation in a broader context. Many facilities
still operational are preserved to a large extent to the benefit of owners.
These are machine facilities and buildings with often interesting and pleasant
architecture, decorated and painted facades with imposing size and exterior.
Several hydro-electric power plants, water-pump stations, machine mills
offer good examples... People working in these facilities or involved in their
protection have a developed consciousness and appreciation of the heritage.
Almost all operational facilities, notwithstanding the impression of neglect,
are in good condition. Constructual interventions are visible in many cases,
undertaken over the past few decades to ensure their stability. If a position
were taken in general that all those facilities that are still operational continue
to be used, protection measures would be reduced just to painting or rarely
to humidity treatment, and more to pointing historical context. None of the
assets has museum presentation of its significance for the city, region or State.
It would take a small amount of effort and resources to improve the situation,
particularly because we have several museums of industrial branches whose
experiences we can use.
The facilities whose function has ceased at one point were mostly converted
for other uses. With minor construction interventions, most facilities were
turned to warehouses or offices. The reason for that change was the fact that
such facilities were located in former industrial zones today at the outskirts of
city centers, that they were well built and probably their low cost. European and
US experience teach us that such facilities form the core of urban change, that
they are turned to cultural centers and exclusive space for multiple purposes.
Since major facilities are often very big, often operational, technical assistance
requires a complex approach and broader research. Awareness on multiple
significance of industrial heritage as a form of material culture represents just
the first step on the road to establishing industrial archeology and applying its
methodology in our territories. The next step, difficult and most ungratifying
would be gathering material. Only then can we ask questions, seek patterns,
make hypotheses and establish models and links with other disciplines. Since

70
 BBC steam turbine at the Faculty of Machine Engineering in Belgrade

this study presents only part of research and opens up possibilities to apply the
results obtained in addressing the problems of industrial heritage, it should
be seen as a presentation of a model in the implementation of industrial
archeology in Serbia and a possible course to take in the future.

71
 Break-down of industrial branches
in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Source: Statistical industrial survey of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia with
address book of industrial companies, Belgrade, 1941

01. Industry of extractive and connective materials

Industry of natural rubber and rubber:
-rubber foot-ware factories
-pneumatics factories
-gas masks factories
-industrial rubber products factories
-factories for rubber toys and small articles
(-adhesives)
(-plastic materials)
(-raw materials for rubber and plastic materials)

02. Metallurgy

Smelting plants and metal refineries:
-led and zinc ore smelting plants
-aluminum plants
-iron smelting plants
-magnesite plants
-other metal refineries
-iron rolling mills
-wire factories
-wire rolling mills
-black tin rolling mills
-tube factories
Industry of iron and other metal alloys:
-ferromanganese factories
-ferrosilicium factories
-silicomangan factories

72
03. Metal processing
Machine workshops and foundries:
-machine workshops
-iron foundries
-metal foundries
-mints
Various machine workshops:
-radiator factories
-wire products factories
-factories for bolts, rivets and screws
-chains factories
-factories for civil engineering and locksmith frames
-tools factories
-factories for various machine parts
-precious metals factories (cutlery, medals, etc.)
Machine and motor factories:
-agricultural machines factories
-other machines factories
-motor factories
-water turbines factories
-maintenance workshops
Iron construction industry:
-boiler and tin radiator factories
-cookware factories
-tin products factories
-tin containers factories
-Nuremberg goods factories
-boiler armature factories
-water and sewage armature factories
Electro-technical industry:
-electrical machines factories
-cables and insulators factories
-insulating materials factories
-accumulators, batteries and electrode factories
-electric bulbs factories
-workshops for electrical machines repairs
Industry of transport vehicles
-locomotives and carriage factories
-shipyards
-airplane factories
-factories for tippers and railway materials
-workshops for vehicle repairs
Military industry:
-weapons factories
-ammunition factories
Precision mechanics, appliances and instruments industry:
-appliances and instruments for scientific and medical purposes
-eye glasses factories

04. Ceramics and glass industry

Ceramic industry:
-majolica and porcelain factories
-ceramic tubes and clay goods factories
-fireclay materials and ceramic stoves factories
-brickyards and tileries

73
 Glass industry:
-glass factories
-mirrors and processed glass factories

05. Wood industry

Saw mills:
Veneer and parquet industry:
-veneer and stiff wood factories
-parquet factories
Packaging factories:
-crates factories
-barrels and coopery factories
Furniture and carpentry factories:
-construction carpentry
-casket factories
Car bodies, car and wheelbarrow factories:
Factories for various mechanical wood processing:
-mold and wood spikes factories
-wooden heels and foot-ware factories
-office and school equipment factories
-sticks factories
-window shades factories
-peeled wood factories
Wickerwork industry:
-brushes and brooms factories
Cork processing industry:
Industry for wood impregnation:

06. Paper industry (with printing plants)

Paper production:
-processed wood factories
-cardboard factories
-chemical paper processing
-sand-paper factories
Paper processing:
-paper processing factories
-cardboard processing
(Graphics industry:)
(-printing plants)
(-printing plants and book-binding)
(-other graphic industry)
(-book-binding)

07. Chemical industry

Big chemical industry:
-sulphur acid factories
-hydrochloride acid and natrium sulphate factories
-copper hydroxide and other sulphates factories
-artificial manure factories
-calcinated, crystal and caustic sodium factories
-Potassium manure factories
-calcium carbide and calcium Cyanamid factories
-water glass factories
-chloride and table salt electrolysis factories
-compressed gases factories

74
 - acetic acid factories (without fermentation)
-aluminum oxide factories
-Auer oslight factories
Industry of mineral oils and oil and wood distilleries:
-oil distilleries and refineries
-gas plants
-coal and tar distilleries
-wood distilleries
-shale distilleries
-soot-burning industry
-wax, resin and lubricants industry
-artificial products and candles factories
-cleaning and polishing agents factories
-grease and lubricants factories
-bone glue and gelatin factories
-soap and glycerin factories
-paints and varnishes factories
-mineral paints factories
Explosives industry:
-pyrotechnic products factories
Industry of cellulose and plastic materials:
-cellulose factories
-artificial silk factories
(Natural rubber and rubber industry:)
(-rubber foot-ware factories)
(-pneumatics factories)
(-gas masks factories)
(-rubber industrial products factories)
-rubber toys and small items factories
Industry of chemical and pharmaceutical products:
-cosmetics factories
-disinfectant agents factories
-medicinal herbs and etheric oils factories
-opium and other alkaloids factories
-serum factories
-tartaric acid factories
Industry of chemical-technical products:
-factories for home detergents
-ink factories
-textile factories
-pest control factories

08. Food (and agriculture industry)

Mills and flour products:
-wheat mills
-pepper mills
-rice and barley husking plants
-starch and dextrin factories
-steam bakeries
-pasta factories
-biscuit factories, etc.
-electric bakeries
Sugar, chocolate and sweets industry:
-sugar plants and refineries
-candy, sweets and chocolate factories
-chocolate factories

75
 Fermentation industry:
-breweries
-malt factories
-methylated spirit factories and refineries
-yeast factory
-alcoholic beverages factories
-vinegar factories
-ether factories
Industry of non-alcoholic beverages and water:
-fruit juice and extracts factories
-Soda water and artificial mineral waters factories
(-water systems)
-ice factories and coolers
Oil industry:
-vegetable oil factories (with refineries)
-vegetable oil factories (without refineries)
-vegetable oil refineries
-vegetable oil sulphurating
-varnish factories
Various dairy products industry:
-dairy products factories
Meat-packaging and meat processing industry:
-meat-packaging plants
-processed meat plants
-salami factories
-poultry plants and export of poultry and eggs
Can industry:
-meat cans factories
-fish can industry
-canned fruit and vegetable factories
-plum processing
-canned hop industry
-canned eggs industry
Оther industries:
-cicory and other coffee substitutes
-mustard and spice factories
-corn drying
-seed purification (grass, clover, etc.)
-intestines processing

09. Agriculture
-water pumps
-canals
-dams

10. Теxtile industry

Processing raw yarns:
-hemp processing
-wool processing
-horse hair processing
-down processing
Spinning mills:
-cotton
-flax
-hemp
-jute

76
 -wool
-natural silk
-thread
-thread factories
Weaving mills:
-cotton
-flax
-hemp
-jute
-coconut and sisal hemp
-wool
-natural silk
-artificial silk
Knitwear:
-knitwear goods factories
-stockings factories
Ready to wear:
-underwear factories
-suits factories
-top-hats, hats and cap factories
-accessories factories
-lace factories
-haberdashery supplies factories
-ribbons and fuses factories
-elastic goods factories
-umbrella factories
Specialized goods factories:
-rug factories
-curtains and carpet factories
-felt factories
-cotton wool and bandages factories
-mattresses and quilts factories
-textile scraps and discards processing
-parachute factories
Sacks and ropes factories:
-sacks and canvas covers factories
-ropes factories
-nets factories
Preparation and finalization of textiles:
-whitening and impregnation
-textile printing
-coloring and cleaning

11. Leather and fur industry

Leather factories:
Leather and fur coloring factories:
Foot-ware:
Saddles and straps factories:
Leather goods:
Fur factories:
Fur products factories:

12. Electric power plants (Electrical Industry)

Thermo- and hydro-electric power plants:
Thermo-electric power plants:
Hydro-electro power plants:

77
 Transformer stations:

13. Traffic

Railway traffic:
- railway stations (and warehouses)
-bridges, viaducts and tunnels
-routes
Road traffic:
-bus stations (and warehouses)
-bridges, viaducts and tunnels
-routes
Air traffic:
-airport buildings (and warehouses)
-runways and hangars
-flight control
Water traffic:
-ports, docks and marinas (and warehouses)
-signaling – light-houses and others
(-shipyards)

14. Water and sewage

-water pumps
-filtering facilities
-water distribution systems
-sewage distribution systems

15. Tobacco industry

-tobacco factories
-purchasing stations

16. Printing
Graphics industry:
-printing presses
-printing presses with book binding
-other graphic industry
-book-binding

17. Warehouses

18. Mining and mines

78
7. CATALOGUE OF BELGRADE‛S
BUILT INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE
INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE
BELGRADE AREA
INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE
CITY OF BELGRADE
FLOUR MILL BELI POTOK

Full name:* S. & Z. Marić Mill

City/Locality: Belgrade, Beli Potok
Address: 60, Oslobođenja Blvd
Owner/User: Ilija Pavlović
Original industry: Food processing
Uses over time: Cereal grains milling
Owners over time: S. & Z. Marić; Žitomlin; Ist Point Company
Location: Proximity to the Belgrade/Banjica–Avala road
Operational condition: Operational, in use
Date of construction: c. 1936
Function: Milling all kinds of cereal grains into flour and grits
Building condition: Good
Building materials: Timber, brick, concrete
Equipment: Level 1: Ganz electric motor as the source of rotary motion transmitted to all
machines by the system of shafts and belts; Pobeda sets of rollers;
Level 2: packing system; Level 3: sifters
Equipment condition: Good
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2007/2

* A number of parameters vary according to the current level of the research

85
FLOUR MILL SURČIN

Full name: Falkenburger Mill

City/Locality: Belgrade, Surčin
Address: 1, Mlinska St.
Owner/User: Ambar Company
Original industry: Food processing
Uses over time: Cereal grains milling
Owners over time: Falkenburger; Žitomlin; Ist Point Company
Location: Central Surčin, by the Surčin–Jakovo road
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: c. 1935
Function: Milling all kinds of cereal grains into flour and grits
Building condition: Good
Building materials: Timber, brick, concrete
Equipment: Electric motor as the source of rotary motion transmitted to all machines
by the system of shafts and belts; on to two upper levels: MIAG rollers,
packing system and sifters
Equipment condition: Good
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2007/3

86
FLOUR MILL GROCKA

Full name: Marković Mill

City/Locality: Belgrade, Grocka
Address: Smederevski Put
Owner/User: Private
Original industry: Food processing
Uses over time: Grains milling
Owners over time: Marković; Žitomlin; Ist Point Company
Location: Right bank of the Danube, outskirts of Grocka, proximity to the
Grocka–Smederevo road
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: c. 1935
Function: Milling all kinds of grains into flour and grits
Building condition: Good
Building materials: Brick, timber, concrete
Equipment: Seven AG&K, Braunschweig, MIAG and Pobeda rollers and six sifters
Equipment condition: Good
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2007/4

87
FLOUR MILL BARAJEVO

Full name: Dimitrijević Mill

City/Locality: Belgrade, Barajevo
Address: Svetosavska St.
Owner/User: Dispute ownership
Original industry: Food processing
Uses over time: Cereal grains milling
Owners over time: Dimitrijević; Žitomlin; Ist Point Company
Location: Central Barajevo, vicinity of the railroad
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused since 2003/4
Date of construction: c. 1930
Function: Milling all kinds of cereal grains into flour and grits
Building condition: Very bad
Building materials: Timber, brick
Equipment: Electric motor, system of shafts and belts; MIAG and Pobeda rollers, sifters;
a concrete-built storage silo added after 1950
Equipment condition: Bad
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2007/5

88
FLOUR MILL OBRENOVAC

Full name: Suvobor Mill

City/Locality: Belgrade, Obrenovac
Address: 7, Kralja Petra I St.
Owner/User: Private property
Original industry: Food processing
Uses over time: Cereal grains milling
Location: Central Obrenovac
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: 1900–20
Function: Milling all kinds of cereal grains into flour and grits
Building condition: Good
Building materials: Brick, timber
Equipment: Transmission system of shafts and belts, sets of rollers, sifters and packing machines
Equipment condition: Good
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2007/6

89
DRAINAGE PUMP STATION BORČA

Full name: Reversible Centrifugal Drainage Pump Station Borča

City/Locality: Belgrade, Borča
Address: Dunavski Nasip
Owner/User: Public Water Management Company Belgrade
Original industry: Agriculture
Uses over time: Soil amelioration
Location: Left bank of the Danube, outskirts of Belgrade suburbs Kotež and Borča
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: 1934
Function: Soil drainage and discharge of excess water into a fork of the Danube
Building condition: Good, renovated in 2007/8
Building materials: Concrete, brick
Equipment: One of a few surviving stations of the type in Serbia, with Ganz motors, pumps and
valves and a system of canals, levees and outlets
Equipment condition: Good
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2007/7

90
DRAINAGE PUMP STATION OVČA

Full name: Reversible Centrifugal Drainage Pump Station Ovča

City/Locality: Belgrade, Ovča
Address: 200, Pančevački Put
Owner/User: Public Water Management Company Belgrade
Original industry: Agriculture
Uses over time: Soil amelioration
Location: Between the left bank of the Danube and right bank of the Tamiš, near Pančevo,
right side of the road Belgrade–Pančevo
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: 1934
Function: Soil drainage and discharge of excess water into the canal
Building condition: Good
Building materials: Concrete, brick
Equipment: System of Ganz motors, pumps and valves, and a system of canals, levees and
outlets (quite similar to Borča station)
Equipment condition: Good
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2007/8

91
DRAINAGE PUMP STATION BOLJEVCI

Full name: Reversible Drainage Pump Station Boljevci

City/Locality: Belgrade, Boljevci
Address: 23, Branka Ostojića St.
Owner/User: Galovica Water Management Company
Original industry: Agriculture
Uses over time: Soil amelioration
Location: Left bank of the Sava, outskirts of Boljevci
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: 1910/11
Function: Soil drainage and discharge of excess water into a fork of the Sava
Building condition: Bad, several cracks in the walls
Building materials: Brick, timber, concrete
Equipment: Two original MAN diesel engines (now replaced by electric motors),
Schlick R. T. Budapest pumps and valves, and a system of canals, levees and outlets
Equipment condition: Good (bad condition of MAN engines)
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2007/9

92
DRAINAGE PUMP STATION FENEK

Full name: Reversible Water Drainage Pump Station Fenek

City/Locality: Belgrade, Boljevci
Address: Čmeljkovo naselje
Owner/User: Galovica Water Management Company
Original industry: Agriculture
Uses over time: Soil amelioration
Location: Left bank of the Sava, outskirts of Boljevci
Operational condition: Operational; intermittently in use
Date of construction: 1910/11
Function: Soil drainage and discharge of excess water into the canal
Building condition: Good, renovated in 2007/8
Building materials: Brick, timber, concrete
Equipment: MAN diesel engines, Schlick R. T. Budapest pumps and valves, and a system
of canals, levees and outlets
Equipment condition: Good
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2007/15

93
RAILWAY STATION TOPČIDER ROYAL PALACE

Full name: Railway Station Topčider Royal Palace

City: Belgrade, Topčider
Address: 4, Pionirska St.
Owner/User: Serbian Railways
Original industry: Rail transport
Uses over time: Railway station
Owners over time: Serbian Railways
Location: Topčider Wood, proximity to the National Mint and the Topčiderska River
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: 1936
Function: Railway station
Building condition: Good
Building materials: Brick, timber
Status: Within Cultural-Historic Area “Topčider”, exceptional importance; Reg. MNT 2008/123

94
RAILWAY STATION BELGRADE

Full name: Building of Belgrade Central Railway Station

City: Belgrade
Address: 1, Savski Square
Owner/User: Serbian Railways
Original industry: Rail transport
Uses over time: Railway station
Owners over time: Serbian Railways
Location: Central Belgrade, right bank of the Sava
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: 1883–85
Function: Central railway station
Design: Architect Wilhelm von Flattich
Civil engineer: Dragutin Milutinović
Building materials: Brick, timber
Architecture: Viennese architect Von Flattich’s design was further elaborated by D. Milutinović.
Construction of the station was an integral part of the construction of the
Belgrade–Niš Railway in 1884. It was the most representative railway station in Serbia
at the time, and a major architectural achievement testifying to the development of
rail network and overall progress of 19th-century Serbia
Building materials: Timber, brick
Building condition: Conservation works in 1982 and 1986
Status: Designated cultural asset of great importance (Sl. glasnik SRS 28/83, 399);
Reg. MNT 2007/11
Literature: G. Gordić, Arhitektonsko nasleđe Beograda I, Saopštenja Zavoda za zaštitu spomenika
kulture grada Beograda 6 (1966); B. Vujović, Beograd u prošlosti i sadašnjosti, Belgrade
1984; N. Vučo, Razvoj industrije u Srbiji u 19. veku, Belgrade 1981; Spomeničko
nasleđe Srbije, Republički zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture, Belgrade 1998

95
RAILWAY STATION UMČARI

Full name: Railway Station Umčari

City/Locality: Belgrade, Umčari
Owner/User: Serbian Railways
Original industry: Rail transport
Uses over time: Railway station
Owners over time: Serbian Railways
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: 1924
Function: Railway station
Building materials: Brick, timber
Building condition: Good
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2008/126

96
NATIONAL MINT

Full name: Institute for Manufacturing Banknotes and Coins

City: Belgrade, Topčider
Address: 2, Pionirska St.
Owner/User: National Bank of Serbia
Uses over time: Mint and the first and only printing house for producing banknotes in Yugoslavia,
and Serbia
Owners over time: National banks of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the SFRY, the Republic of Serbia
Location: Topčider Wood, proximity to Topčider Railway Station and the Topčiderska River
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: 1927–29
Function: Minting of coins, printing of banknotes, securities, postage stamps and
other high-quality graphic products.
Building condition: Very good
Design: Architect Josif Najman
Civil engineer: Aleksandar Gavrilović
Building materials: Concrete, brick
Equipment in 1929: 1) Preparation section using guilloche machines of the Nadherny system (the only in
the Balkans at the time); 2) Printing section (at first with Lambert machines); the main
technique was four-color intaglio and, for smaller denominations, offset; 3) Minting
section with Schuler presses (the first copper and nickel coins were minted in 1938);
4) Control section; 5) A mobile steam engine and a dynamo providing heating, hot
water and electricity for the Institute
Equipment condition: The old equipment has been replaced with a more modern one
Architecture: The design of the Institute followed the model of the equivalent French institution,
and the range of consultants included the Bank of France’s expert F. Schulher, and
manager of the National Bank Printing House, M. Obradović.
Monumental building dominating the Topčider area. The complex included
residential buildings for the manager and highly qualified staff
Status: Designated cultural asset (Sl. glasnik RS 73/2007, 1651); Reg. MNT 2007/10
Literature: Istorija Beograda, Belgrade 1995; Zavod za izradu novčanica i kovanog novca,
Belgrade 1994

97
NATIONAL MINT

98
BELGRADE WATER SUPPLY

Full name: Belgrade Water Supply

City: Belgrade, Bele Vode
Address: 158, Vodovodska St.
Owner/User: PUC Belgrade Water Supply and Sewage
Uses over time: Drainage pump station, workshops
Owners over time: Belgrade Water Supply
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: 1890–92
Function: Water supply
Building condition: Good
Building materials: Brick, timber
Equipment: Disused Sulzer Frères pumps, J. Cocard electric water-level indicators
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2008/132
Note: Modern water supply system was founded on 12 July 1892. The system, which
combined spring and Sava river waters, was designed by German engineer Oscar
Smreker. It was then that groundwater was used for the first time as well as a modern
system for collecting, pressurizing and conveying water to reservoirs and distributing
it to consumers. (The Bulbuder system, built in the 16th and 17th centuries, and the
Town system, built in the 18th century, tapped spring water and distributed it to
public fountains by means of gravity.) The first engine for pressurizing water was
installed at Smreker Wells in 1892. The sewage system began to be built in 1905 after
the designs of domestic engineers in collaboration with experts from Berlin, Vienna,
Budapest and Paris. The first two pumping stations within the sewage system were
built in Zemun and on the Old Fair grounds in 1935 and 1937 respectively

99
LOCOMOTIVE STOKEHOLE OF BELGRADE RAILWAY STATION

Full name: Locomotive Depot of Belgrade Railway Station

City: Belgrade, Bele Vode
Address: 8, Vojvode Mišića Blvd.
Owner/User: Serbian Railways
Original industry: Rail transport
Uses over time: Locomotive depot
Owners over time: Serbian Railways
Location: Belgrade Railway Station
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: 1926
Design: Engineer Nikola Raičković
Function: Locomotive depot, repair, roundhouse
Building condition: Very bad
Building materials: Concrete, brick, timber
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2008/127

100
RAILWAY STATION DANUBE

Full name: Railway Station Danube

City: Belgrade
Address: 3, Poenkareova St.
Owner/User: Serbian Railways
Original industry: Rail transport
Uses over time: Railway station
Owners over time: Serbian Railways
Location: Central Belgrade, right bank of the Danube
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: 1931–35
Function: Railway station
Building condition: Bad
Building materials: Brick, timber
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2008/78

101
ROYAL TRAIN SHED IN TOPČIDER

Full name: Royal Train Shed in Topčider

City: Belgrade, Topčider
Address: 8, Rakovački Put St.
Owner/User: Serbian Railways
Original industry: Rail transport
Uses over time: Train shed
Owners over time: Serbian Railways
Location: Proximity to Košutnjak Railway Station
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: 1934
Function: Tarin shed for the so-called Blue Train
Building condition: Bad
Status: Within Cultural-Historic Area “Topčider”, exceptional importance; Reg. MNT 2008/125

102
MAIN POST OFFICE

Full name: Main Post Office Belgrade 1

City: Belgrade
Address: 2, Takovska St.
Owner/User: PE PTT Serbia
Uses over time: Postal, telegraphic and telephonic traffic
Location: Downtown Belgrade
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: 1935–38
Building condition: Very good
Design: Architect Vasilij Androsov
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2008/133

103
DRAINAGE PUMP STATION ZIDINA

Full name: Reversible Drainage Pump Station Zidina

City/Locality: Belgrade
Address: Savski Nasip
Owner/User: Galovica Water Management Company
Original industry: Agriculture
Uses over time: Soil amelioration
Owners over time: Kingdom of Yugoslavia, SFRY
Location: Left bank of the Sava between New Belgrade and Jakovo
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: 1929
Function: Soil drainage and discharge of excess water into the Sava
Building condition: Bad, several cracks in the walls
Building materials: Concrete, brick, timber
Equipment: Old drainage system consists of the station with two ADM diesel engines
and an auxiliary Hatz, pumps, valves and levees
Equipment condition: Bad
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2008/155

104
IKL/ROGOŽARSKI

Full name: Industrija Kugličnih Ležajeva (IKL) Ball Bearing Manufacture/Ž. Rogožarski
Airplane Factory (Živojin Rogožarski’s First Serbian Airplane Factory)
City: Belgrade
Address: 23–25, Knez Danilova St.
Owner/User: KD Properties
Original industry: Aircraft industry
Uses over time: Aircraft production until 1945; from 1945 ball bearing production
Owners over time: Ž. Rogožarski; Ikarus
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: 1923/4
Function: Fuselage manufacture: Little Brandenburg, Fizir FN, Sim 14, R-100, IK-3,
Hurricane Mk1; ball bearing production
Building materials: Concrete, brick, timber
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2008/155

105
THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANT ″STRENGTH AND LIGHT″

Full name: Thermoelectric Power Plant “Strength and Light”

City: Belgrade, Dorćol Marina
Address: 33, Dunavski Kej
Owner/User: PUC Belgrade District Heating Plants
Original industry: Electric power industry
Uses over time: Thermoelectric power plant
Owners over time: Swiss Electric Society
Location: Dorćol, right bank of the Danube
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: 1930–32
Function: Production of electric power
Size: Ground-plan area of 2800 sq m
Building condition: Very bad
Building materials: Concrete, steel, brick
Equipment: Steam turbines for generating electricity from 1932 to 1969
Equipment condition: Removed
Status: Ongoing protection procedure; Reg. MNT 2008/156
Literature: Vek elektrike 1893–1993, Elektroprivreda Srbije, Belgrade 1993

106
BPK

Full name: Beogradski pamučni kombinat (BPK) Belgrade Cotton Combine

City: Belgrade
Address: 22, Poenkareova St.
Owner/User: Delta Real Estate Company
Original industry: Textile industry
Uses over time: Yarn and textile manufacture
Owners over time: Private property (Ječmenica); BPK; Astrasimit
Location: Right bank of the Danube, vicinity of Danube Railway Station
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: c. 1900
Function: Production of textile; disused; in 2001 went bankrupt
Building condition: Bad
Size: Area of 4.5 ha
Building materials: Concrete, brick, timber
Equipment condition: Bad
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2007/12

107
 FIRST JOINT STOCK FLOUR MILL

Full name: Mill of the First Joint-Stock Bread Makers Company

(Steam Mill; Mill 9 May)
City: Belgrade
Address: 9, Vojvode Mišića Blvd.
Owner/User: Soravia Group Company
Original industry: Grains milling
Uses over time: Grains milling, food processing and sale
Owners over time: 1901–41 Bread Makers Association; from 1946: Žitomlin; Koling AD Belgrade
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: 1901/2
Function: Grains milling
Building condition: Very bad
The complex includes the main mill, a workshop, a residential building, a storehouse,
a shed and a horse stable. The main mill building housed a locksmithy/smithy, a
Luther (of Braunschweig) 150 hp steam engine with Corliss valve distribution, two
Babcock&Wilcox steam boilers, an AEG 115Vdc 100A dynamo, Luther and Seler
transmission, Buhler machinery for grits, Luther machine for obtaining bran
Building materials: Brick, timber, concrete
Equipment condition: Central power supply, sets of rollers, sifters and aspirators; old technology
displaced since 1990
Damage record: Buildings and machinery considerably damaged in 1914 and 1918; postwar
renovation in 1921
Status: Designated cultural asset (Sl. list grada Beograda 16/87); Reg. MNT 2007/17
Literature/Archival material: Istorija Beograda, Belgrade 1995; N. Vučo, Razvoj
industrije u Srbiji u 19. veku, Belgrade 1981; R. Đunisijevic, Osnivanje industrijskih
preduzeća i industrije u Srbiji do 1918. godine, Belgrade 1990; Archives of Yugoslavia:
F 461, J 1178 (1-30), no 29, I/1

108
BVK

Full name: Beogradski vunarski kombinat (BVK) Belgrade Wool Combine

City: Belgrade
Address: 23, Višnjička St.
Owner/User: Vopex Trade d.o.o. (Belgrade Port)
Original industry: Textile industry
Uses over time: Wool yarn and fabric production
Owners over time: Private property (Evgenije Mihel until 1907; Koste Ilića Sinovi a.d.);
Oktobarska sloboda; BVK
Location: Right bank of the Danube, proximity to Pančevo Bridge
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: 1898/9, 1907/8, 1921–23
Function: Production of wool yarn and fabric (until 2003)
Building condition: Bad (except for building of weaving and threading plants)
Size: Area of c. 4.5 ha
Building materials: Concrete, brick, timber
Equipment condition: Removed
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2008/157
Literature: N. Vučo, Razvoj industrije u Srbiji u 19. veku, Belgrade 1981

109
DRAINAGE PUMP STATION JAKOVO

Full name: Reversible Drainage Pump Station Jakovo

City/Locality: Belgrade, Jakovo
Address: Savski Nasip
Owner/User: Galovica Water Management Company
Original industry: Agriculture
Uses over time: Soil amelioration
Location: Left bank of the Sava, outskirts of Jakovo
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: 1910/11
Function: Soil drainage and discharge of excess water into a fork of the Sava
Building condition: Very bad, several cracks in the walls
Building materials: Brick, timber
Equipment: The system consists of the station with two MAN diesel engines, pumps and valves,
as well as a system of canals, levees and outlets
Equipment condition: Bad
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2007/16

110
BEKO

Full name: BeKo (Beogradska konfekcija) Belgrade Clothing Manufacture

City: Belgrade
Address: 6–8, Vojvode Bojovića Blvd.
Owner/User: MPC Company
Original industry: Garment industry
Uses over time: Clothing and accessories manufacture
Owners over time: Military Garment Manufacture
Location: Lower part of Belgrade’s Dorćol neighborhood, proximity to the railway
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: 1931
Function: Clothing manufacture (until 2002)
Building condition: Good
Building materials: Brick, concrete, timber
Equipment condition: Removed
Status: Within Cultural-Historic Area “Belgrade Fortress”, exceptional importance;
Reg. MNT 2007/13

111
BIGZ

Full name: Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod (BIGZ) Belgrade Publishing and

Graphic Firm (State Printing House)
City: Belgrade
Address: 17, Vojvode Mišića Blvd.
Owner/User: MPC Company
Original industry: Printing industry
Uses over time: Printing house
Owners over time: State property
Operational condition: Inoperative, partial change of use
Date of construction: 1936–40
Design: Architect Dragiša Brašovan
Building condition: Good
Status: Designated cultural asset (Sl. list grada Beograda 26/92); Reg. MNT 2008/134
Literature: B. Vujović, Beograd u prošlosti i sadašnjosti, Belgrade 1994

112
"BETON HALA"

Full name: Belgrade Port Warehouse

City: Belgrade
Address: 2–4, Karađorđeva St.
Owner/User: Republic of Serbia, City of Belgrade
Original industry: River transport, storage
Location: Sava riverfront, right bank
Operational condition: Partially operational, changed use
Date of construction: 1936–39
Function: Warehouse
Building condition: Bad (except the renovated part)
Building materials: Concrete, brick
Equipment condition: One traveling dock crane of the original five
Status: Within Cultural-Historic Area “Beogradska tvrdjava”, exceptional importance;
Reg. MNT 2007/19

113
PANTELIĆ FOUNDRY

Full name: Bell Foundry and Tower Clocks Manufacture

City: Belgrade, Zemun
Address: 15, Gajeva St.
Owner/User: Belgrade City Museum
Original industry: Precision mechanics, metal casting
Uses over time: Bell founding and tower clocks manufacturing
Owners over time: Pantelić family
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused since 1968
Date of construction: 1854
Function: Bell founding and tower clocks manufacturing; museum building
Building condition: Good (conservation and restoration works carried out)
Building materials: Brick, timber
Equipment condition: Old tools, moulds, patterns, and other devices, even for manufacturing
sets of bells have been preserved
Status: Designated cultural asset of great importance (Sl. glasnik SRS 14/79, 147);
Reg. MNT 2008/158
Literature: M. Gordić, Livnica Pantelić, Belgrade 1973

114
SIMOVIĆ SAWMILL

Full name: M. Simović Sawmill and Flourmill

City/Locality: Belgrade, Obrenovac, Zabrežje
Address: 4, Radnička St.
Owner/User: Private property (Purić)
Original industry: Timber and food processing industries
Uses over time: Timber production and cereal grains milling
Owners over time: M. Simović; DP Bora Marković
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: 1903
Function: Production of veneers, timber and various wood products; grains milling
Building condition: Very bad
Building materials: Brick, concrete, timber
Equipment condition: Bad
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2007/14

115
 ÿ JOSIPOVIĆ WIRE FACTORY
GLISA

Full name: Gliša Josipović Wire Factory

City: Belgrade
Address: 28, Skenderbegova St.
Owner/User: Centrocoop Company
Original industry: Metalworking
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: c. 1900, additions in 1935 and 1938
Function: Wire factory, office and storage space
Building condition: Bad
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2008/159

116
MORAVIJA

Full name: Modern Knitted Products Factory

(“Moravija”, Knitted Products Factory)
City: Belgrade
Address: 10, Ćirila i Metodija St.
Owner/User: Private property
Original industry: Textile industry
Uses over time: Textile factory; luxury residential building since 2006
Owners over time: Private ownership; INEX-Partizanka
Operational condition: Inoperative, change of use
Date of construction: 1912–14
Function: Knitted products manufacture until 2003/4; since 2006 housing
Building condition: Very good
Building materials: Concrete, brick, steel
Equipment condition: Removed
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2008/160
Literature: B. Nedeljković, INEX-Partizanka, Belgrade 1987

117
STATE SUGAR FACTORY

Full name: Royal Privileged Serbian Sugar Factory in Belgrade

City: Belgrade, Čukarica
Address: 3–3a, Radnička St.
Owner/User: Sugar Factory; Theatre
Original industry: Food industry
Uses over time: Sugar production; theatre, storehouses
Owners over time: Royal Privileged Sugar Factory Hake, Goldsmit and Vajnsek; German Industrial Joint-
Stock Company; after 1945 state-owned
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Location: proximity to the Sava’s right bank and the Belgrade–Niš Railway
Date of construction: 1899–1901
Function: Production of sugar and molasses, theatre
Operational condition: Partly inoperative, partial change of use
Building condition: Bad
Building materials: Concrete, brick, steel, timber
Equipment: Machinery was upgraded in 1906, a steam engine with a 750hp generator was
mounted; another upgrading in 1911 increased the output; extensive renovation and
modernization in 1929–32 made it the strongest sugar factory in Yugoslavia
Equipment condition: Very bad to devastated
Status: Designated cultural asset (Sl. list grada Beograda 23/84); Reg. MNT 2007/20
Archival material: Archives of Yugoslavia: F 482, J 1200, 643–651, XIV/239-(XIV/1)

118
MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT

Full name: Municipal Power Plant of the City of Belgrade

City: Belgrade
Address: 51, Skenderbegova St.
Owner/User: Museum of Science and Technology
Original industry: Electric power industry
Uses over time: Thermoelectric power plant; district heating plant; offices
Owners over time: PE Electric Power Industry of Serbia
Location: Dorćol, proximity to the Danube’s right bank
Operational condition: Inoperative, change of use
Date of construction: 1922–28
Function: Electric power production until 1932; offices; museum
Building condition: Bad
Building materials: Concrete, steel, brick
Equipment condition: Removed after 1933: nine Babcock&Wilcox and Steinmueller steam boilers, four
steam turbines with Brown Boveri generators, an AEG steam turbine, two tandem and
one steam Carel Frères engines
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2008/161
Literature: M. Milaković, Prva javna električna centrala (na ugalj) u Beogradu 1893–1933, MNT
Documentation, Belgrade 2007

119
THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANT ZEMUN

Full name: Thermoelectric Power Plant for Electric Enterprises

City: Belgrade, Zemun
Address: 3, Zemunski Kej
Owner/User: PE Electric Power Industry of Serbia
Original industry: Electric power industry
Uses over time: Thermoelectric plant; offices
Operational condition: Inoperative, change of use
Date of construction: 1899–1901
Function: Production of electricity; offices
Building condition: Bad
Building materials: Concrete, brick, steel
Status: Within Cultural-Historic Area “Old Core of Zemun”, great importance;
Reg. MNT 2008/162

120
BAJLONI BREWERY

Full name: Brewery I. Bajloni and Sons JSC

City: Belgrade
Address: 15, Cetinjska St.
Owner/User: Star Imobiliare Company
Original industry: Brewing
Uses over time: Brewery
Owners over time: F. Đorđević; Bajloni family; AD Vrabec; Skadarlija Brewery (within Belgrade
Brewing Industry/BIP) until 2006
Location: Downtown Belgrade, Skadarlija
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: c. 1850, 1874–88, 1901, 1911, 1924–29
Function: Production of light and dark beer, malt and ice
Building condition: Undergoing change of use
Building materials: Concrete, brick, timber
Status: Cultural asset within the Skadarlija Complex; Reg. MNT 2008/165
Literature/Archival material: Pivarstvo Jugoslavije, Belgrade 1997; N. Vučo, Razvoj industrije u Srbiji u 19. veku,
Belgrade 1981; R. Đunisijević, Osnivanje industrijskih preduzeća u Srbiji do
1918. godine, Belgrade 1990; Archives of Yugoslavia: J-I/219-(I/1)

121
 ÿ
RAILWAY STATION KOSUTNJAK

Full name: Railway Station Košutnjak

City: Belgrade
Address: 10/I, Rakovački Put
Owner/User: Serbian Railways
Original industry: Rail transport
Uses over time: Railway station
Owners over time: Serbian Railways
Location: Proximity to the National Mint and the Topčiderska River
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: 1934
Function: Railway station
Building condition: Bad
Status: Within Cultural-Historic Area “Topčider” exceptional importance; Reg. MNT 2008/124

122
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

Full name: Building of the former Telephone exchange

City: Belgrade
Address: 47, Kosovska St.
Owner/User: PE PTT Serbia
Original industry: Telecommunications
Uses over time: Telecommunications; offices
Owners over time: PE PTT Serbia
Location: Downtown Belgrade
Operational condition: Inoperative, change of use
Date of construction: 1908–11
Function: Telephonic and telegraphic traffic; offices
Building condition: Good (conservation works carried out in 1988)
Building materials: Concrete, brick, timber
Design: Architect Branko Tanazijević
Status: Designated cultural asset of great importance (Sl. glasnik grada Beograda 14/79, 147);
Reg. MNT 2008/164
Literature: G. Gordić, Arhitektonsko nasleđe grada Beograda I, Belgrade 1966; Ž. Škalamera, Obnova
“srpskog stila” u arhitekturi, Novi Sad 1969; Spomeničko nasleđe Srbije, Belgrade 1998

123
MILAN VAPA PAPER MILL

Full name: Milan Vapa Paper Mill

City: Belgrade
Address: 10, Vojvode Mišića Blvd.
Owner/User: Zepter International Company
Original industry: Paper industry
Uses over time: Papermaking; storage space; offices
Owners over time: Milan Vapa; Kartonka; Jugošped
Location: Central Belgrade, proximity to the Sava and the central railway station
Operational condition: Inoperative, change of use
Date of construction: 1921–24
Function: Paper, cardboard and cellulose production; office space
Building condition: Good
Building materials: Concrete, brick
Equipment: Completely removed in the 1970s
Design: Architect: Karl Hanisch
Civil engineer: Vladimir Bilinski
Previous damage: Heavily damaged by the Allied bombing in 1944; restored and became
operational in 1946
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2007/1
Literature: Spomeničko nasleđe Srbije, Belgrade 1998; N. Vučo, Razvoj industrije u Srbiji u
19. veku, Belgrade 1981; B. Nedeljković, Fabrika hartije, Belgrade 1986;
Istorija Beograda, Belgrade 1995

124
 ÿ
KOSTA SONDA

Full name: K. M. Šonda Confectionary Factory

City: Belgrade
Address: 62–64, Cara Uroša St.
Owner/User: Mona Fashion House
Original industry: Food industry
Uses over time: Confectionary factory; office and storage space; garment
Owners over time: Šonda family; Soko Štark
Location: Central Belgrade, Dorćol, proximity to the right bank of the Danube
Operational condition: Inoperative, change of use
Date of construction: 1900–10
Function: Confectionary products; garment production
Building condition: Renovated in 2007
Building materials: Concrete, brick, timber
Design: Architect: Teodor Pobuda
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2008/163

125
HANGAR AT THE OLD BELGRADE AIRPORT

Full name: Hangar at the Old Belgrade Airport

City: Belgrade, Tošin Bunar
Address: Milutina Milankovića Blvd.
Owner/User: Airport City Belgrade Company
Original industry: Air transport
Uses over time: Aircraft hangar; storehouse; film studio; offices
Location: Outskirts of New Belgrade, Tošin Bunar, site of the former Belgrade airport
Operational condition: Inoperative, change of use
Date of construction: c. 1927–31
Function: Aircraft hangar; office and storage space
Building condition: Renovated in 2007/8
Building materials: Concrete, brick
Design: Engineer Milutin Milanković employed for the first time in the world a special
concrete shell to span the hangar
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2008/82

126
DORĆOL WAREHOUSE

Full name: Warehouse of Nikola Bošković Bank

City: Belgrade
Address: 32, Jevrejska St.
Owner/User: Direct Link/Informatika AD Company
Uses over time: Storage; offices
Operational condition: Inoperative, change of use
Date of construction: 1920
Function: Storage; offices
Building condition: Good (renovated 2000–2008)
Building materials: Brick, timber
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2008/163

127
RAD

Full name: Rad Toolmaking Workshop (Kovnica a.d.)

City: Belgrade
Address: 45, Vojvode Mišića Blvd.
Owner/User: Rad
Original industry: Metalworking
Uses over time: Toolmaking and repair workshop
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: 1930/1
Design: Architects N. Nestorović and N. Bošković
Building condition: Good
Building materials: Concrete, brick
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2008/129

128
ART FOUNDRY SCULPTURE

Full name: Art and Craft Foundry “Sculpture”

City: Belgrade
Address: 23, Carigradska St.
Owner/User: Privatization process underway
Original industry: Chemical industry; metal casting
Uses over time: Soap factory; Yugoslav Lloyd Foundry
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: Late 19th–early 20th century
Design: First redesign by architect M. Antonović’s studio, and the second (1953)
by architect N. Ristić’s design studio “Plan”
Building condition: Bad
Equipment: Furnaces, moulds, a crane, various tools
Equipment condition: Bad
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2008/122
Archival material: Historical Archives of Belgrade: IAB, Fond OGB TD f 12-18-1923;
Fond OGB TD f 12-17-1953
Note: The industrial building was constructed prior to WWI; at the time Yugoslav Lloyd took
ownership of the original soap factory and laundry (c. 1922) a foundry was set up; in
1948 the Artists Association of Serbia set up their foundry for artistic castings

129
TELEOPTIK

Full name: DD Teleoptik

City: Belgrade, Zemun
Address: 139–141, Cara Dušana St.
Owner/User: Private property
Original industry: Precision mechanics
Uses over time: Factory for telephony, optics and precision mechanics, aircraft instruments
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: 1938/9
Design: Architect Josif Najman
Building condition: Bad
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2008/81
Note: The original factory was located at 22, Francuska St; aircraft instruments
production began in 1928

130
POLET BRICKYARD

Full name: Polet Brickyard

City/Locality: Belgrade, Višnjica
Owner/User: Private property
Original industry: Extractive
Uses over time: Brickmaking
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: c. 1900
Function: Brickmaking
Building condition: Very bad
Building materials: Brick, timber
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2008/166

131
REKORD BRICKYARD

Full name: Rekord Brickyard

City/Locality: Belgrade, Višnjica
Owner/User: Private property
Original industry: Extractive
Uses over time: Brickmaking
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: c. 1900
Function: Brickmaking
Building condition: Very bad, partly torn down
Building materials: Brick, timber
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2008/167

132
KOZARA BRICKYARD

Full name: Kozara Brickyard

City/Locality: Belgrade, Višnjica
Owner/User: Private property
Original industry: Extractive
Uses over time: Brickmaking
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused
Date of construction: c. 1900
Function: Brickmaking
Building condition: Very bad
Building materials: Brick, timber
Status: Non-designated; Reg. MNT 2008/168

133
ZONE IN ZAHUMSKA AND OBLAKOVSKA STREETS

Full name: Zone in Zahumska and Oblakovska streets

City/Locality: Belgrade
Address: Oblakovska and Zahumska streets
Operational condition: Inoperative, change of use
Date of construction: c. 1900–30
Building condition: Bad
Status: Non-designated

134
BELGRADE PORT MASTER‛S OFFICE

Full name: Belgrade Port Master’s Office

City/Locality: Belgrade
Address: 2–4, Karađorđeva St.
Owner/User: Belgrade Port Master’s Office
Original industry: River transport
Uses over time: Port Master’s office
Operational condition: Operational, in use
Date of construction: 1906–12
Building condition: Good
Status: Within Cultural-Historic Area “Kosančićev Venac”; Reg. MNT 2009/169

135
ZEMUN PORT MASTER‛S OFFICE

Full name: Zemun Port Master’s Office

City: Belgrade, Zemun
Address: 8, Kej Oslobođenja
Original industry: River transport
Uses over time: Port Master’s office
Operational condition: Inoperative, change of use
Date of construction: 1908
Design: Architect F. Remmel
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2009/170

136
ASTRONOMIC OBSERVATORY

Full name: Astronomic Observatory

City: Belgrade, Zvezdara
Address: 7, Volgina St.
Uses over time: Astronomic observation
Location: Commanding position in Zvezdara Wood
Operational condition: Operational; in use
Date of construction: 1929–32
Function: Research and experimentation in natural and mathematical sciences; nocturnal
and daytime astronomic observation
Design: Architect Jan Dubovy
Building condition: Bad (except for the main building)
Building materials: Concrete, brick
Equipment: Zeiss 650/1055mm refractor (equatorial); solar spectrograph Littrow 9000/100,000mm
and three Askania 190/2578mm; Zeiss astrograph 160/800mm; Zeiss 135/1000mm and
125/1000mm photo visual refractors; Bamberg 100/1000mm and Askania 110/1287mm
(zenith) telescopes
Equipment condition: Good
Status: Designated cultural asset (Sl. glasnik RS 32/01-1250, 399); Reg. MNT 2008/131
Literature: http://www.aob.bg.ac.rs/home/index_e.htlm; J. L. Simovljević, Astronomija do
1947. godine; Trideset godina Prirodno-matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u
Beogradu 1947–1977, Belgrade 1980
Note: The Astronomic and Meteorological Observatory were established in 1887 by an act of
the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs of the Kingdom of Serbia)

137
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY

Full name: Meteorological Observatory

City: Belgrade
Address: 8, Oslobođenja Blvd.
Uses over time: Astronomic and meteorological observation; since 1924 meteorological only
Location: Vračar
Operational condition: Operational, in use
Date of construction: 1891
Function: Meteorological observation and measurement
Design: Dimitrije Leko
Building condition: Good
Building materials: Concrete, brick
Status: Designated cultural asset of great importance (Sl. glasnik SRS 14/79, 147);
Reg. MNT 2008/130
Literature: http://www.aob.bg.ac.rs/home/index_e.htlm; J. L. Simovljević, Astronomija do
1947. godine; Trideset godina Prirodno-matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u
Beogradu 1947–1977, Belgrade 1980
Note: The Astronomic and Meteorological Observatory of the Belgrade Great School was
established in 1887 by an act of the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs of the
Kingdom of Serbia, and began functioning on 1 July 1887 in the family house of
E. Glajzer; since 1 May 1891 housed in its own building in West Vračar)

138
NATIONAL SEISMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

Full name: Seismological Institute

City: Belgrade
Address: Tašmajdan Park
Owner/User: National Seismological Institute
Uses over time: Seismological observation and studies
Operational condition: Operational, in use
Date of construction: 1906–9
Function: Acquisition and transfer of seismological data; centre for seismological data
collecting, exchange, automatic processing, publication and analysis
Building condition: Very good
Design: Momir Korunović
Building materials: Brick
Equipment: First seismographs were installed in 1909, but the instruments were heavily damaged
in WWI; Wichert and Maink mechanical seismographers mounted in 1918 were until
1970 the only instruments recording seismic activity in Serbia; DASA (Digital
Automatic Seismological Acquisition) system developed at the Institute was the basis
of Serbia’s seismological network between 1991 and 2005 (the network comprises
18 variedly equipped seismological stations)
Equipment condition: Very good
Status: Designated cultural asset (Sl. glasnik RS 30/2007, 321); Reg. MNT 2008/80
Literature: http://www.sesimo.sr.gov.rs/O%20zavodu/Istorijat.htm
Note: Decision of Belgrade University in 1905 concerning construction of a building in
Tašmajdan Park to house the Seismological Institute marked the beginning
of the systematic study of earthquakes in Serbia

139
IMR

Full name: Industrija motora Rakovica (IMR) Engine Industry Rakovica

City: Belgrade, Rakovica
Address: 7–13, Patrijarha Dimitrija St.
Owner/User: IMR
Original industry: Metalworking
Uses over time: Licensed production of Gnome-Rhône aircraft engines; trucks and tractors engines
Owners over time: Airplane Engines Industry AD
Operational condition: Operational, in use
Date of construction: 1927/8
Building condition: Bad (except structures built after WW2)
Design: Serge Shaft
Status: Under preliminary protection; Reg. MNT 2008/79

140
SOKO BAKERY

Full name: Soko Steam Bakery AD

City: Belgrade
Address: 15, Mitropolita Petra St.
Owner/User: Private property
Original industry: Food industry
Uses over time: Steam bakery
Operational condition: Inoperative, disused prior to demolition
Date of construction: c. 1900
Function: Production of bread and pastries
Building condition: Pulled down in August 2008

141
 List of researched Steam Bath of Krsmanovic Brothers
45a, Cara Dušana

industrial heritage not in original function

locations in Belgrade not National Theatre Atelier

50, Gundulićev venac
included in the catalogue: operational

Srbolek, Pharmaceutical Products Factory

82-84, Sarajevska
operational

Djordje Vajfert’s House

within complex of the First Serbian Brewery Dj. Vajfert
5, Vojvoda Putnik Blvd.

Soko Stark Company

3, Knez Danilova
disused
Public Transport Company „Belgrade“
29, Knjeginje Ljubice
operational Food factory
near Pancevacki bridge, in V. Vrcevica street
not in original function
Streetcar Depot
142, Kralja Aleksandra Blvd.
operational Mill Borca
not in original function
Technical Faculty Building
73, Kralja Aleksandra Railway Station Rakovica
operational operational

State Chemistry Laboratory Railway Station Sava

25, Kralja Milutina/12, Njegoseva near Main Railway Station Belgrade
not in original function operational

Craft Center (Radio Belgrade) Railway Station Donji Grad

2, Hilandarska 3, Dunavska
not in original function operational

Ministry of Post Building Railway Station Žarkovo

2, Palmotićeva
not in original function

Automobile garage PTT

Južni Blvd.
Railway turntable of narrow gauge railway
near Main Railway Station Belgrade
operational
not in original function

Sucess- Borac a.d. Company

87, Svetozara Markovića
Pump Station for drinking water on Sava Bank
within Belgrade Water Supply Company,
operational
on the right Sava bank, near Ada Ciganlija
operational
Minel Company
Vojvoda Misic Blvd.
not in original function

142
First Zemun brick factory
Zemun, 96 (118) Pregrevica
disused

Building of Water Association Galovica

Zemun, 10, Avijatičarski trg
operational

Municipal Abattoir Zemun

Zemun, 2, Pregrevica
not in original function

Brickyard
Obrenovac, near town limits, on the road to Sabac
disused

Brickyard 2
Obrenovac, near town limits, on the road to Sabac
disused

Mill Ripanj
operational

Railway Station Ripanj

operational

Mill Umčari
operational

Mill „Neretva“
Town Ralja
operational

Railway Station Mladenovac

operational

143
 Monuments of technical CULTURAL ASSETS

culture enjoying the Astronomical Observatory

Volgina 7, Zvezdara
protection – territory of Decision on designation, “Official Gazette of RS” No. 32/01 (1250)

the city of Belgrade State Chemical Laboratory

corner of streets Kralja Milutina 25 and Njegoseva 12,
Source: Institute for the protection of monuments Vracar Institute Decision No.168/5 оf 8 May 1965
of culture Belgrade
Sugar Mill
Rаdnicka 3 and 3а, Cukarica
Decision on designation, "Official Gazette of the City of Belgrade" No.23/84

Photo Studio of Milan Jovanovic

Теrazije 40, Stari grad, Decision on designation,
"Official Gazette of the City of Belgrade" No.26/92

Solar clock house

Маrsala Tita 23, Zemun
Decision of the Institute for the protection of monuments of
culture APV No. 220 оf 27 February 1951

Steam Mill
Bulevar Vojvode Misica 15, Savski venac, Decision on
designation, "Official Gazette of the City of Belgrade" No.16/87

Steam bath of Krsmanovic Brothers

CULTURAL ASSETS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE
Iron Foundry “Pantelic”
Gajeva 15, Zemun
Decision of the Institute No. 84/2 of 20 October 1971
Cultural asset of great importance
Decision on designation, "Official Gazette of the SRS" No. 14/79 (147)
Building of the First Serbian Observatory
Bulevar JNA 8, Savski venac
Decision of the Institute No. 1030/3 оf 30 December 1968
Cultural asset of great importance
Decision on designation, "Official Gazette of the SRS” No.14/79 (147)
Building of the Old Telephone Exchange
Коsovska 47, Stari grad
Decision of the Institute No. 1057/3 of 27 December 1968
Cultural asset of great importance, Decision on designation,
"Official Gazette of the SRS” No. 14/79 (147)
Railway Station
Sаvski trg 1, Savski venac
Decision of the Institute "Official Gazette of the city of Belgrade" No. 19/81
Cultural asset of great importance, Decision on designation,
"Official Gazette of the SRS " No.28/83 (399)
Cаra Dusana 45а, Stari grad, Decision on designation,
“Official Gazette of RS” No. 32/01 (1220)
Craft Center
Hilandarska 2, Stari grad, Decision on designation,
"Official Gazette of the City of Belgrade " No.23/84
Government Printing Office
Bulevar Vojvode Misica 17, Savski venac, Decision on
designation, "Official Gazette of the City of Belgrade" No.26/92
Building of the Seismology Station in Belgrade
Тasmajdanski park b.b., Palilula, Decision on designation,
"Official Gazette of RS" No. 30/2007 (321)
General Post Office building
Pаlmoticeva 2, Мајке Jevrosime 13, Stari grad, Decision on
designation, "Official Gazette of RS" No. 30/2007 (551)
Belgrade Mint
Pionirska 2, Cukarica, Decision on designation,
"Official Gazette of RS" No. 30/2007 (563)
Technical Faculty Building
Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, Palilula, Decision on designation,
''Official Gazette of RS'' No.73/2007 (1651)

144
ASSETS ALREADY PROTECTED ART FOUNDRY „SCULPTURE“
23, Carigradska
BUILDING OF THE WATER COMPANY IN ZEMUN
Avijaticarski trg 10, GLISA JOSIPOVIC’S WIRE FACTORY
1908 28, Skender begova

OLD PORT AUTHORITY BUILDING IN ZEMUN Municipal Electric Power Plant

Kej Oslobodjenja 8, 51, Skender begova
1908
Architect: F. Remel Nikola Boskovic’s Bank storage
32, Jevrejska
OLD AIRPORT HANGAR
Milutina Milankovica street, Confectionary Factory Kosta Sonda
1927 62-64, Cara Urosa
Project engineer: Milutin Milankovic
Public Transport Company
MAIN POST OFFICE BUILDING 29, Knjeginje Ljubice
Такоvska 2
1931-38 National Theatre Atelier
Architect: Vasilije Androsov 50, Gundulićev venac

BELGRADE COTTON MILL Turntable, Stokehole and Water Tower

Djure Djakovica 90 of the Main Railway Station Belgrade
1903 8, Vojvode Misica Blvd.

BЕLGRADE WOOL MILL State Mint Printing House

Visnjicka 23 43, Vojvode Misica Blvd/ 43, Ruska/ 2-6, Viktora Igoa
circa 1900
Djordje Vajfert’s House
VАPA’S PAPER FACTORY 5, Vojvoda Putnik Blvd.
Bulevar Vojvode Misica 10-12
1921-24 Srbolek, Pharmaceutical
Products Factory
BЕLGRADE FAIR 82-84, Sarajevska
Bulevar Vojvode Misica 14
1954-57 Mint a.d.
Architect: Milorad Pantovic 45, Vojvode Misica Blvd

OLD ELECTRIC POWER PLANT Streetcar Depot

Dunavski kej 33 142, Kralja Aleksandra Blvd.

PRESS CENTER Rakovica Motor Industry

Knez Mihailova 6 7-13, Patrijarha Dimitrija
1958
Architect: Ratomir Bogojevic Teleoptik
139-141,Cara Dusana (Zemun)
THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANT
„POWER AND LIGHT“ First Serbian Airplane Factory
33, Dunavski kej Zivojin Rogozarski
23-25, Kneza Danila
АIRPORT BELGRADE
1962
Project engineers: Vladislav Ivkovic,
Dusanka Mengelo-Аcimovic, Sofija Paligoric-Nenadovic,
Nadezda Filipon-Trbojevic, Vesna Maticevic

145
 Literature:

Avramovski, Ž., Britanija o Kraljevini Jugoslaviji 1921–

1941, I–II, Zagreb–Beograd 1986.

Arthur, R. Industrial Archaeology, London 1973.

Barker, P. Tehnike arheološkog iskopavanja,

Split 2000.

Bintliff, J. (ed.), A Companion to Archaeology,

Oxford 2004.

Ђунисијевић, Р., Оснивање инусријских

реузећа и развој инусрије у Србији
о 1918. оине, Београд 1990.

European Cultural Heritage, vol. I, Council of

Europe Publishing, Strasbourg 2002.

Evropska urbanistička povelja Ekonomskog

saveta, Strazbur 1992.

Glasnik Društva konzervatora Srbije

Гњатовић, Д., Сари ржавни уови. Прило

економској и олиичкој исорији Србије и
Јуославије 1862–1941, Београд 1991.

Grant, W. M., The Buildings of an Industrial

Community. Coalbrookdale and Ironbridge

Hudson, K., The Archaeology of Industry,

London 1976.

Грин, К., Уво у Археолоију. Исорија, ринции

и меоолоија моерне археолоије,
Београд 2003.

Industrial Archaeology Review

Исорија Беораа 1-3, Београд 1974.

Исорија срско нароа VI, Београд 1983.

Куколеча, С. М., Инусрија Јуославије,

Београд 1941.

Куленовић, Р., „Индустријско наслеђе на терито-

рији града Београда“, Гоишњак раа Беораа
XLVII-XLVIII (2003).

Марковић, П. Ј., Беора и Евроа 1918–1941,

Београд 1992.

Моерна срска ржава. 1804-2004. Хронолоија,

Архив Београда, Београд 2004.

146
Olsen Bjornar, Od predmeta do teksta, Beograd 2002

Shanks, M. & C. Tilly, Re-Constructing Archaeology,

London and New York 1992.

Петровић, Д., Исорија инусрије Беораа,

Београд 2006.

Promoting Sustainable Human Settlement

Development–Agenda 21, Chapter 7, UN
Conference on Environment & Development,
Rio de Janeiro 1992.

I. međunarodna konferencija u povodu 150. obljetnice

tvornice Torprdo u Rijeci i očuvanja riječke industrijske
baštine, Rijeka 2005.

Rix, M., Industrial Archaeology, Historical

Association, 1967.

Са беекером о јуоисочној Еврои,

Београд 2005.

Spisak i adresar tvornica, Beograd 1940.

100 година хидроенергетике Србије,

Израња 7–8 Београд 2000.

Со оина железничке санице Беора,

Београд 1984.

Tilly, C., A Phenomenology of Landscape,

Oxford 1994.

Урбанизам Еврое, УУС и Урбанистички завод

града Београда, Београд 1996.

Vek elektrike 1893–1993, Beograd 1993.

Vodič za urbanu rehabilitaciju. Kulturno nasleđe.

Program saradnje i tehničke помоћи,
Београд 2006.

Вучо, Н., Развој инусрије у Србији у 19. веку,

Београд 1981.

Вучо, Н., Тексилне фабрике на Карабурми,

Београд 1975.

Williams, T. I., The History of Invention, New York

1987.

www.coe.int/t/e/cultural_co-operation/heritage/
PTA_Serbia_Pancevo
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PTA_Serbia_SenjeCoalMine
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147
CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији
Народна библиотека Србије, Београд

725.4.025(497.11)"17/19"
904:6(497.11)"17/19"

КУЛЕНОВИЋ, Рифат, 1953-

Индустријско наслеђе Београда / Рифат
Куленовић ; [фотографије Рифат Куленовић]. -
Београд : Музеј науке и технике = Belgrade :
Museum of Science and Technology, 2010
(Београд : Inpress). - 147 стр. : фотогр.
; 24 cm

Тираж 500. - Каталог објеката индустријског

наслеђа Београда: стр. 79-141. - Напомене и
библиографске референце уз текст. - Регистри.
- Библиографија: стр. 146-147.

ISBN 978-86-82977-32-2

a) Индустријске зграде - Заштита - Београд

- 18-20в b) Индустријска археологија -
Београд - 18-20в
COBISS.SR-ID 174196748
 Rifat Kulenovic is dealing with rare and neglected field of
archeology in our country but very important at the international
level – industrial archeology. For more than a decade he has been
studying the monuments of industrial heritage in the territory of
Belgrade and Serbia and published many scientific works on the
subject.
In his book, Mr. Kulenovic pointed out that the goals and
purposes of studying industrial heritage as well as field survey and
research standards explain the essence of methodology of industrial
archeology: «it is industrial since it studies industrial monuments
and archeology because it uses archeological methods ». For
many years, the author has conducted intensive and systematic
research of industrial heritage in Belgrade and Serbia. The results
of this research, partially presented in his book, point to the value
of industrial heritage as a testament of material culture, production
and engineering activity in Belgrade until 1941.
This monograph is a pioneering effort in the field of methodology
of industrial archeology not only in terms of research and archeology
but museology as well. In the central part of the book, the author
presents the chronological framework, points to historical sources
and gives a catalogue review of the industrial heritage monuments
in Belgrade built until the beginning of the Second World War. Of
particular importance and value is a catalogue review of industrial
monuments heritage in Belgrade, whereby the author wrests from
oblivion some of already devastated monuments and points to
the complexity and diversity of the problems at hand and to the
need to protect as soon as possible highly vulnerable industrial
heritage.
This is not just the first book of this kind in our country but a
well-structured and in-depth study addressing one of the most
topical problems of contemporary archeology and museum
studies. Thanks to clearly and concisely defined problems related
to research and protection of industrial heritage, and suggestions
how to resolve them, coupled with a richly illustrated catalogue,
this exceptional book transcends the borders of a relatively narrow
archeological and “protection” circle and will likely become a must-
have textbook for various cultural, urban, tourist, economic and
other activities in Belgrade.

Aleksandar Palavestra