8 Risk Assessment PDF

Risk Assessment And
Management
Safety And Health Officer Certificate
Course
Copyright@NIOSH 2005(2) 1
Learning Objectives
• To define what is hazard, risk and danger
• To explain the risk assessment process
• To describe the method of identifying

hazard
• To use the risk assessment matrix
• To explain the hierarchy of control

Scope
• Overview of risk and risk

assessment
• Planning for risk assessment
• Risk control
Overview Of Risk And
Risk Assessment
Definitions
• Hazard: A source or a situation with a
potential for harm in terms of human
injury or ill health, damage to property,
damage to the environment or a
combination of these
• Danger: Relative exposure to hazard
Definitions
• Risk: A combination of the likelihood of

an occurrence of a hazardous event with
specified period or in specified
circumstances and the severity of injury
or damage to the health of people,
property, environment or any combination
of these caused by the event
Risk Assessment
• What is Risk assessment: The process

of evaluating the risks to safety and
health arising from hazards at work
• Risk assessment results is documented
and used for:
1. Risk control in OSH management
2. Future reference and review
Basic Principles Of
Risk Management
1. Integrate Risk Management as part
of planning at all levels of business
2. Accept all risks
3. Make risk decisions appropriately
(depending on level of risk)
4. Manage the risk
Why Carry Out
Risk Assessment?
• Gives organisations a more effective way
of managing hazards
• Requirement of the law e.g.
– OSHA 1994, CIMAH Regulations 1996 &
USECHH Regulations 2000
• Requirement of OSH management
system standards:
– MS 1722:2003,
– OHSAS 18001 and
– ISO 14001, etc.
Risk Assessment Should Be
Carried Out For:
• Routine and non-routine activities
including emergencies
• Activities of all personnel having access to

the workplace (including subcontractors
and visitors)
• Facilities at the workplace, whether

provided-by the organization or others
When To Carry Out
Risk Assessment
• Before Operation
• During Operation
• After Operation
When To Review
Risk Assessment
• Types of review:
– initial review
– periodic review
When To Review
Risk Assessment
• Review whenever there are changes:
– internal
• Before modification, changes or introduction of
new
– Materials, machinery or processes, working
procedures
– external
• Amendments of national laws and regulations
• Developments in OSH knowledge and technology
Who Will Carry Out
Risk Assessment
• Person or persons trained to identify hazard and
risk assessment
– In some cases legally competent person,
example : Chemical Health Risk Assessor
• Consultation with and involvement of

workers
– Safety and Health Committee OR workers
and their representatives
• Involvement of supervisors
Basic Components Of
Risk Management
• Hazard Identification
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Control
• Review
The Process of
Risk Management
Start
Classify Activities
(Work, Product, Services, Activities)
Identify Hazards
Determine Risk Risk = Severity X Likelihood
Decide if Risk is Tolerable
Risk Control Action Plan
Review Adequacy of Risk Control

Hazard Identification
SOURCES OF HAZARDS
Man Unsafe acts
Machinery Installation, layout and design of
equipment
Materials Substances such as chemicals and
gases use in the workplace
Method The way people carry out their
work
Media Workplace condition i.e. air quality,
ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration
etc.
Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification Example of Potential Sources of
of Hazards Hazards
Mechanical Pinch points, sharp points and edges,

overload or force a tool beyond its
capabilities and grinding wheel without
guard
Electrical Electrical cord insulation damaged,
electrical face plate or cover broken or
missing and fan cord insulation pulled
loose
Biological Exposed to airborne and blood borne
viruses, bacteria and fungus
Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification Example of Potential Sources of
of Hazards Hazards
Chemical Exposed to carcinogens chemicals,

sensitizers and corrosive chemicals.
Ergonomics Repeated exposure to unnatural

postures and unnatural movement,
wrong design of workstation, tools and
task.
Psychological Stress, sexual harassment and violent at
work.
Pre-Assessment –
Information Gathering
• Information on the facilities, processes and
activities of the organization, including:
– Area Map
– Site plan(s); own and neighbor
– Process flow-charts
– Inventory of materials (raw materials,
chemicals, wastes, products, sub-products)
– Toxicology and other health and safety data
– Monitoring data
Pre-Assessment –
Classifying Work Activities
• Geographical areas within/outside the
premises
• Stages in a production process, or in the
provision of a service
• Defined the tasks (e.g. driving, window
cleaning)
• Identify the working groups
• Land use, previous property use, future use
Methods Of
Identifying Hazards
• Review of documents and publications
• Inspection and observation at the

workplace
• Measurement of the atmosphere,

monitoring the environment or medical
surveillance of workers
• Hazard Analysis
Document Review
• Reports of accidents, accident

investigation and audits
• Information from publications

– Acts, Regulations and Codes of Practice
– Statistics
– Handbooks
– Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
Inspection and Observation
• Types of inspections: statutory
inspection, periodic inspection, formal
and informal inspection
• Documentation - Checklist and inspection

worksheet (standard approach and
record)
Inspection and Observation
• Activities - to involve supervisors,
managers and employees
• Inspection outcome - to include actions

and timeframes
• Ensure follow up on action - to ensure

effectiveness
Exposure Monitoring
• Types of monitoring: area and personal
monitoring.
• Monitoring of:
– Noise
– Heat
– Radiation
– Air contaminants
– Chemicals etc.
Biological Monitoring
• Biological monitoring is a regular
measuring activity where selected
validated indicators of the uptake of toxic
substances in the human body are
determined in order to prevent health
impairment
• This form of monitoring could entail

examination of, for example, blood, urine,
saliva and expired air
Biological Monitoring
• Biological monitoring commonly features

in the health or medical surveillance
of persons exposed to hazardous
environments especially complying to
legal requirement i.e. USECHH
Regulations 2000 etc.
Medical Surveillance
• Health Surveillance is Warranted if:

– Substance is used in workplace
– Substance is hazardous
– Evidence or reason to suspect injury
– Atmospheric monitoring insufficient

Hazards Analysis
• Method use: (example)
– Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
– Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
– Fault Tree Analysis etc.
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
• Job described in less than 10 steps
• Action verb used to describe job
• List things that can go wrong
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
• Note:
– The term JSA includes the formulation
of safe work procedures using written
instructions for workers
– May still require other risk controls
– Supervisor and workers assist
– Ideally all jobs should have a JSA

Hazards And Operability Studies
(HAZOP)
• To identify and evaluate safety hazard
in the process plant
• To identify operability problems
• New design or process
• Multidisciplinary brainstorming
• “What If” questionnaire method
• Focus on fire, explosion, toxic release
etc.
Fault Tree Analysis
• To analyse how and why incident could
occur
• Graphic technique - traces branches of

events
• To calculate probability of end event
• Example: Water pumping system

Fault Tree Analysis
No Flow (T)
Pump failure Control valve (C)

failure to regulate
flow of water through
pump
Pump failure (A) Pump failure (B)

(automatic
standby pump)
•No water flow occurs if both pumps fail or if the control valve fails.
•If the individual initiating event probabilities P(A), P(B), and P(C) are known,
then the probability of P(T) the top or end event can be calculated.
Risk Assessment
Types of Risk Assessment
Approach:
• Qualitative Risk Assessment
• Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment
• Quantitative Risk Assessment
Determining Severity
• Severity in terms of:
– Harm to health
– Damage to property
– Damage to environment
– Or the combination of the above
Severity
Determine severity categories i.e.:
• Fatality
• Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or

damage to health)
• Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or

damage to health requiring days off work)
• Negligible injuries (first aid)

Determining Likelihood of
Occurrence of Hazard
• Based on statistic & data, professional
judgement.
• Determine likelihood categories i.e.:

– highly likely,
– likely,
– highly unlikely.
Likelihood
• Very likely - could happen frequently
• Likely - could happen occasionally
• Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely
• Highly unlikely - could happen, but

probably never will
Qualitative Risk Table
Severity Likelihood
Very Likely Likely Unlikely Highly Unlikely
Fatality High High High Medium
Major Injuries High High Medium Medium
Minor Injuries High Medium Medium Low
Negligible Injuries Medium Medium Low Low
Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determine severity categories i.e.:
• 4: Fatality & Permanent Disability
• 3: More than 4 days MC
• 2: Less than or 4 days MC
• 1: First aid and near misses
Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determining Likelihood of Occurrence of
Hazard
• 4: Daily
• 3: Weekly
• 2: Monthly
• 1: Yearly Copyright@NIOSH 2005(2) 45

Semi-Quantitative
Risk Assessment
LIKELIHOOD
Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily
1 2 3 4
SEVERITY
First Aid
and Near 1 1 2 3 4
Misses
Less than
or 4 days 2 2 4 6 8
MC
More than
4 days MC 3 3 6 9 12
Fatality &
Permanent 4 4 8 12 16
Disability
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
• Where the hazards presented by the
undertaking are numerous and complex,
and may involve novel processes, for
example in the case of large chemicals
process plants, detailed and sophisticated
risk assessments will be needed, and it is
appropriate to carry out a detailed
quantitative risk assessment
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
• Quantitative risk assessment involves

obtaining a numerical estimate of the risk
from a quantitative consideration of
event probabilities and consequences
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
• In carrying out quantitative risk

assessments, special quantitative tools
and techniques will be used for hazard
identification, and to estimate the severity
of the consequences and the likelihood of
realization of the hazards
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
• Where such methods and techniques are
used it is important that they are carried
out by suitably qualified and experience
assessors
Decision For Action
AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE (ALARP)
PRINCIPLE
Risk cannot be Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10)

justified
on any grounds
LEVEL
TOLERABLE IF:
A Risk is undertaken if OF Reduction
a benefit is desired
L Impractical
Ä RISK or
A Reduce risk Cost / gain grossly
R Disproportionate
P No need for detailed
action
Trivial
Risk Assessment Form
Risk
Activities / process / facilities/ Current Risk Legal
Hazard Effect Action & Recommendations
equipment Control Reqmt Risk
Severity. Likelihood.
Rating
Risk Control
Principle of Control
•Housekeeping
•Substitution •Training and
•General
•Modify process education
ventilation
•Enclosure •Worker rotation
•Continuous area
•Local exhaust •Enclosure of
monitoring
•Fugitive worker
•Dilution
emission control •Personal
ventilation
•Isolation monitoring
•Automation or
•Personal
remote control
protective devices
Consideration In Implementing
Risk Control
• Review measures regularly; modify if
necessary
• Comply with national laws and

regulations
• Reflect good management practice; and
Consideration In Implementing
Risk Control
• Consider the current state of knowledge
• Include information or reports from

organizations such as:
– DOSH, OSH services, and others
Hierarchy Of Control
MOST EFFECTIVE
Elimination - remove the hazard.
FAIRLY EFFECTIVE
Substitution - use less hazardous one.
Isolation – isolate the work area i.e. X-ray machine in
restricted room
Engineering Control – design, isolation at source,
barricade, guarding,
LEAST EFFECTIVE
Administrative Control – safe work procedure, isolation
i.e. reduce exposure time and limit, training, signage etc
PPE - last resort. Copyright@NIOSH 2005(2) 57
Summary
• The basis of OSH management is the

identification of hazard, risk assessment and
control
• Ways of identifying hazards varies from
inspection of the workplace to reviewing
legislation
• Risk assessment allows an organisation to build
a sound basis for managing hazard
• Hierarchy of hazard control starts by elimination;
use PPE as protection is the last resort

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Risk Assessment And

• To explain the risk assessment process

• To describe the method of identifying

• To use the risk assessment matrix

• To explain the hierarchy of control

• Overview of risk and risk

• Planning for risk assessment

• Danger: Relative exposure to hazard

• Risk: A combination of the likelihood of

• What is Risk assessment: The process

• Activities of all personnel having access to

• Facilities at the workplace, whether

• Consultation with and involvement of

Determine Risk Risk = Severity X Likelihood

Decide if Risk is Tolerable

Risk Control Action Plan

Review Adequacy of Risk Control

Mechanical Pinch points, sharp points and edges,

Chemical Exposed to carcinogens chemicals,

Ergonomics Repeated exposure to unnatural

• Inspection and observation at the

• Measurement of the atmosphere,

• Reports of accidents, accident

• Information from publications

• Documentation - Checklist and inspection

• Inspection outcome - to include actions

• Ensure follow up on action - to ensure

• This form of monitoring could entail

• Biological monitoring commonly features

• Health Surveillance is Warranted if:

– Evidence or reason to suspect injury

– Atmospheric monitoring insufficient

• Method use: (example)

– Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

– Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

– Fault Tree Analysis etc.

• Job described in less than 10 steps

• Action verb used to describe job

• List things that can go wrong

– May still require other risk controls

– Supervisor and workers assist

– Ideally all jobs should have a JSA

• Graphic technique - traces branches of

• To calculate probability of end event

• Example: Water pumping system

Pump failure Control valve (C)

Pump failure (A) Pump failure (B)

• Qualitative Risk Assessment

• Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

• Quantitative Risk Assessment

• Severity in terms of:

• Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or

• Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or

• Negligible injuries (first aid)

• Determine likelihood categories i.e.:

• Very likely - could happen frequently

• Likely - could happen occasionally

• Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely

• Highly unlikely - could happen, but

• 3: More than 4 days MC

• 2: Less than or 4 days MC

• 1: First aid and near misses

• 1: Yearly Copyright@NIOSH 2005(2) 45