1. What does the mnemonic ‘LODCTRRAPPA” stand for? When is it used?

a. Location
b. Onset
c. Duration
d. Course (better or worse)
e. Type of pain
f. Radiation
g. Relieving factors
h. Aggravating factors
i. Previous episode
j. Previous treatment
k. Associated signs or symptoms
2. Describe what is meant by a system’s review.
a. Physical examination of the body’s systems such as genitourinary
system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system etc.
3. What does VIPPIRONEL stand for? When is it used?
a. Vitals
b. Inspection (posture, gait, habitus, alertness etc)
c. Palpation
d. Percussion (if appropriate)
e. Instrumentation (charts, goniometers, inclinometers, scanning devices)
f. Ranges of motion (active, passive)
g. Orthopedic tests
h. Neurological tests
i. Extra studies (x-rays, CT, MRI)
j. Lab studies
4. Describe the difference between dermatomes, sclerotomes and myotomes.
a. Dermatomes – is the skin area supplied by the sensory component of a
single spinal nerve root.
b. Sclerotomes – is the part of the somite which develops into the bone
and ligaments.
c. Myotomes – is the group of muscles innervated by the motor
component of a single spinal nerve root
5. Describe the differences between nerve root pressure and nerve trunk pressure.
a. Nerve roots directly come out from between vertebral discs, when
compressed can cause radicular pain
b. Nerve trunks are the beginnings of peripheral nerves that when
compressed can cause referral pain
6. Describe the differences between spinal cord pressure and peripheral nerve
pressure.
a. Spinal cord pressure may result in S/S of pain, numbness, or
weakness in the arms or legs, which can be traced back to the
vertebral level.
b. Whilst peripheral nerve pressure can in results in similar S/S but
localized to the damaged peripheral nerve
7. What are tension signs?
a. Ways to illicit (either provoke or alleviate) a response in the neural
tissue through three ways, stretch, compression or contraction.
8. Describe what you would find in a typical feature of irritation of the C5
nerve root.
a. SMR C5 – Paresthesia, weakness, pain, decreased reflex
9. What spinal nerve has no dermatome associated with it?
a. C1
10. Dermatomes, sclerotomes and myotomes are derived from embryological
structures?
a. True - Somite
11. Between which two vertebrae does the spinal nerve C7 exit the intervertebral
foramen (IVF)?
a. C6-C7
12. Which choice best describes C7 muscle test, Deep tendon reflex and sensory
testing?

a) finger abduction, pectoralis deep tendon reflex, and medial upper

arm sensory from the elbow to the axilla
b) wrist extension, brachial radialis deep tendon reflex, and lateral
forearm and digits 1 and 2 sensory from the elbow to the tip of the
fingers
c) wrist flexion, triceps deep tendon reflex, and anterior and
posterior middle finger sensory from the wrist to the tip
d) shoulder abduction, biceps deep tendon reflex, and lateral upper
arm sensory from the shoulder to the elbow.

13. 25-year-old AFL player fell on his shoulder vertically and violently
stretched his neck in the opposite direction. He was later diagnosed with
a brachial plexus injury. His arm is hanging at his side in medial rotation
in the ‘waiter’s tip” position. What results are expected from the
neurological examination?

a) Paralysis of the deltoid, triceps, wrist extensors (long and short carpi
radialis) and finger extensors
b) Paralysis of all intrinsic muscles of the hand, flexor muscles (claw
hand), loss of sensation over C8-T1 dermatomes and Horner’s
 syndrome
c) Hypaesthesia over C5-C6 and weakness of the deltoid,
supraspinatus and infraspinatus, biceps and brachioradialis muscle
d) Klumpke paralysis caused by forced hyperabduction of the arm