Review Sheet for Anatomy Physiology test number four

Excretory System
Gets rid of Metabolic Waste: urea, pneumonia, ketones, excessive calcium, phosph
ate, water, and Ammonia (NH3)
Acidosis occurs when toxicity is at the level of liver. Acidosis can make you di
e because your excretory system can fail.
The most significant factors in the excretory is the urinary and integument. Ano
ther role is the respiratory and digestive.
Urinary System
Consist of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and urethra.
The kidneys are enclosed in a fibrous membrane called the renal capsule. Kidneys
partially embedded in wall of abdomen called the peritoneum. The kidney receive
s blood supply from the renal artery. The BP in artery gets high. 70 % of initi
al BP is happening there. The kidney is a composite of microscopic tubules call
ed nephrons. The nephrons acts an individual kidney and perform all of the funct
ions of the kidney. The nephrons are also known as the functioning units of the
kidney. The kidneys are technically not doing the job.
The nephrons are responsible for purifying blood also known as the removal of me
tabolic waste, conserving water(not the kidney), regulates blood ions(sodium, po
tassium, calcium), what is important is calcium relates to heart, so technically
you cannot live without the nephrons. The nephrons are also responsible for the
maintenance of blood PH.
The nephrons are associated with two capillary beds: glomerus and the pa
rticular complex.
The components of the nephrons are as followed: Bowman s capsule( remember it s not
the renal capsule), Proximal Convoluted tube, hemle s loop and distal convoluted t
ube.
Bowman s Capsule: Cup shaped, encloses the glomerus, filtration occurs, as a conse
quence of BP, solute molecules are forced out of the glomerus capillaries and in
to Bowman s capsule, this mixture is called filtrate. Filtrate has metabolic waste
, amino acids, glucose, sodium, bicarbonate, and water. We sometimes don t want to
lose some of these though. As filtrate travels through the remainder of the nep
hrons. reabsorption of (test yourself to see what filtrate has in it), these sub
stances are returned to the blood, by the per tubular capillaries which rest upo
n the nephrons.
The Proximal convoluted tubule: As the filtrate travels through this region, car
rier enzymes in the wall actively transport glucose and amino acids out of the f
iltrate.
Sodium diffuses(slow process) out of filtrate, chloride and bicarbonate follow t
he sodium, when they return to the capillaries, the blood becomes hypertonic, wa
ter now leaves filtrate.
Loop of Hemle: the filtrate devoid(lack) of glucose and amino acids but still ha
s sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and water folllow.
Distal Convoluted tubule: target sites for the hormones aldosterone and ADH. Ald
osterone stimulates an exchange process, it will stimulate the secretion of pota
ssium and hydrogen into the filtrate and return for any remaining sodium.
LOOK AT NOTEBOOK AT DIAGRAM IN YOUR NOTEBOOK.
As a consequence of aldosterone, most of the sodium is removed from the filtrate
but the filtrate receives hydrogen ions
The Acidification of filtrate occurs (low Ph, Ph goes down)
Filtrate soon, not yet, becomes urine. Urine is acidic.
Another consequence of aldosterone, regulation of blood PH, When kidney breaks d
own, hydrogen stays in blood, acidosis occurs. That s why we want to get rid of hy
drogen.
ADH stimulates the removal of water from filtrate.
Antibiotics are secreted into filtrate. The mixture from the distal convoluted t
ube can now be called urine, this mixture is now sent to the collecting ducts, t
hey convey the urine into cup shaped structures called calyces, the calyces conv
ey the urine into tubes called ureters.
Renal Cortex is responsible for most of the filtering because of the nephrons.
The collecting tubes in the medulla converge this creates the look of the pyrami
ds, each pyramid is made up of collecting ducts, the pyramid makes up renal medu
lla
Ureters convey urine to urinary, it is temporarily stores as the bladder accumul
ates urine, it distends, stimulating nerve endings, the brain is informed of the
void urine, parasympathetic nerves, stimulate the bladder to contract and urina
ry sphincter to relax, the base of the bladder called the dyster muscle. The dys
ter muscle force urine into the urethra, urine exits by an opening called the ur
inary meatus, which is found in vestibule.
In female and the penis in male. The act of voiding urine is called the mictiuti
on, involuntary, but some voluntary control can be established(so we can t pee on
yourself)
Terms
Glycosuria: sugar in urine
Ketonia: ketones in urine
Hematuria: blood in urine
Albumnia: albumin in urine
Polysuria: frequent urination
Amira: low urinary
Done with Excretory
Reproductive System
Reproductive: creation of one s own species.
New forms are undesirable, since they resolve of inferior structure and function
. They don t have what we have which makes them inferior. We want our own species
not superhuman. Since the carrier of the species and it s DNA is the chromosome, e
ach successfully generation must have the same type and same number of chromosom
es. Normal human cell has twenty six chromosomes but they are paired, a conditio
n called the diploid state, in that case they are twenty three pairs.
Twenty two pairs of cortisone that provide human traits
One pair of sex chromosomes that provide sexuality
Xx-Female
XY-Male
Higher forms of life such as the human reproduce by uniting a male and female se
x cells, the chromosome contents will be combined. In preparation for reproducti
on, specialized organs called the gonads produce sex cells called gametes in whi
ch the chromosome number is reduced from the pair state to the unpaired state.
AA,BB,CC-------------> A,B,C
The unpaired state is called the haploid state, every chromosome is still repres
ented but only once. When these sex cells combine, the diploid state is resumed,
the process of chromosome reduction by the gonads is called the meiosis or game
agenesis. Male s game agenesis is called spermatogenesis, in females it is called
oogenesis.