An Assignment

On
Design of Application
Of
System Analysis and Design

Submitted to:
Mr. Pawan Sir
Submitted by:
Garima
BBA-III
1367620003

Govt. Post Graduate Nehru College,

Jhajjar
Session
2019-20

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Sr No. Particulars Page No.
1 Why to study this assignment? 3
2 Introduction 4
3 DFDs 5-6
4 Form Design 7-8
5 Screen Design 9
6 Report Design 10-11
7 Structure Chart 12-13
8 Conclusion 14
9 Bibliography 15
10 Remarks 16

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 Why to study this assignment?

This assignment consists of:-

 DFDs
 Types of DFDs
 Level of DFDs
 Form Design
 Types of form design
 What is screen design?
 What is report design?
 Structure Chart

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 Introduction
The process of defining the system in terms of a user system specification is called logical
system definition, because the system is still being conceived in logical terms (i.e., what the
user requires) it has not yet been converted into physical terms (i.e., how the requirements are
to be achieved in terms of hardware, software, people, procedure).

The physical design activity takes outlines to a detailed level and determines the media to be
used to produce the output and to capture the input data.

The normal procedure is to design the outputs in detail first and then to work back to the
inputs. The outputs can be in the form of operational documents, lengthy reports replies to
enquiries or summarising graphs. The inputs can consist of batched records or individual real
time message generated at terminals. The input records have to be validated, edited,
organised accepted by the system before being processed to produce the outputs.

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 DFDs
Data flow diagram is graphical representation of flow of data in an information system. It is
capable of depicting incoming data flow, outgoing data flow and stored data. The DFD does not
mention anything about how data flows through the system.

There is a prominent difference between DFD and Flowchart. The flowchart depicts flow of
control in program modules. DFDs depict flow of data in the system at various levels. DFD does
not contain any control or branch elements.

Types of DFD
Data Flow Diagrams are either Logical or Physical.

 Logical DFD – This type of DFD concentrates on the system process, and flow of data in
the system. For example in a Banking software system, how data is moved between different
entities.
 Physical DFD – This type of DFD shows how the data flow is actually implemented in
the system. It is more specific and close to the implementation.

DFD Components
DFD can represent Source, destination, storage and flow of data using the following set of
components:

 Entities – Entities are source and destination of information data. Entities are represented
by a rectangles with their respective names.
 Process – Activities and action taken on the data are represented by Circle or Round-
edged rectangles.
 Data Storage – There are two variants of data storage – it can either be represented as a
rectangle with absence of both smaller sides or as an open-sided rectangle with only one side
missing.
 Data Flow – Movement of data is shown by pointed arrows. Data movement is shown
from the base of arrow as its source towards head of the arrow as destination.

Levels of DFD

 Level 0 – Highest abstraction level DFD is known as Level 0 DFD, which depicts the
entire information system as one diagram concealing all the underlying details. Level 0 DFDs are
also known as context level DFDs.

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 Level 1 – The Level 0 DFD is broken down into more specific, Level 1 DFD. Level 1
DFD depicts basic modules in the system and flow of data among various modules. Level 1 DFD
also mentions basic processes and sources of information.

 Level 2 – At this level, DFD shows how data flows inside the modules mentioned in
Level 1.

Higher level DFDs can be transformed into more specific lower level DFDs with deeper level of
understanding unless the desired level of specification is achieved.

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 Form Design
Input Design

In an information system, input is the raw data that is processed to produce output. During
the input design, the developers must consider the input devices such as PC, MICR, OMR,
etc.
Therefore, the quality of system input determines the quality of system output. Welldesigned
input forms and screens have following properties −
 It should serve specific purpose effectively such as storing, recording, and retrieving
the information.
 It ensures proper completion with accuracy.
 It should be easy to fill and straightforward.
 It should focus on user’s attention, consistency, and simplicity.
 All these objectives are obtained using the knowledge of basic design principles
regarding −
o What are the inputs needed for the system?
o How end users respond to different elements of forms and screens.

Output Design

The design of output is the most important task of any system. During output design,
developers identify the type of outputs needed, and consider the necessary output controls
and prototype report layouts.
Objectives of Output Design
The objectives of input design are −
 To develop output design that serves the intended purpose and eliminates the
production of unwanted output.
 To develop the output design that meets the end users requirements.
 To deliver the appropriate quantity of output.
 To form the output in appropriate format and direct it to the right person.
 To make the output available on time for making good decisions.

Both forms and reports are the product of input and output design and are business document
consisting of specified data. The main difference is that forms provide fields for data input
but reports are purely used for reading. For example, order forms, employment and credit
application, etc.

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 During form designing, the designers should know −

 who will use them

 where would they be delivered
 the purpose of the form or report
 During form design, automated design tools enhance the developer’s ability to prototype
forms and reports and present them to end users for evaluation.

Objectives of Good Form Design

A good form design is necessary to ensure the following:

 To keep the screen simple by giving proper sequence, information, and clear captions.
 To meet the intended purpose by using appropriate forms.
 To ensure the completion of form with accuracy.
 To keep the forms attractive by using icons, inverse video, or blinking cursors etc.
 To facilitate navigation.

Types of Forms
Flat Forms

 It is a single copy form prepared manually or by a machine and printed on a paper.

For additional copies of the original, carbon papers are inserted between copies.
 It is a simplest and inexpensive form to design, print, and reproduce, which uses less
volume.

Unit Set/Snap out Forms

 These are papers with one-time carbons interleaved into unit sets for either
handwritten or machine use.
 Carbons may be either blue or black, standard grade medium intensity. Generally,
blue carbons are best for handwritten forms while black carbons are best for machine use.

Continuous strip/Fanfold Forms

 These are multiple unit forms joined in a continuous strip with perforations between
each pair of forms.
 It is a less expensive method for large volume use.

No Carbon Required (NCR) Paper

 They use carbonless papers which have two chemical coatings (capsules), one on the
face and the other on the back of a sheet of paper.
 When pressure is applied, the two capsules interact and create an image.

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 Screen Design
A video display screen has normally 80 columns and 24 rows [132 column display is now
available]. A display requires active participation from the users as it is displayed online. The
user must be given clear instructions on how to retrieve the information he needs.

A screen layout for student information system is shown in table. As in a printed report, it has
a screen heading at various fields. At the bottom of the screen, an instruction is given to the
user on how to get to the next screen. Instructions are also needed to allow the user to exit.
The system should be able to recover if a wrong key is pressed by the user.

Screen for General Student Information

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
ININININ
Roll no Name Deptt. Year
8501325 A.B. Singh AEROSPACE MEI
8602415 A.P. DAS CSA Ph.d
8602325 P. Ganapathy EE BE-II
8701425 G. Gopal MET ME-II
8702112 H. Jai Singh CIVIL Ph.d
_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
Press D For Details About a Student
Press C to Continue
Press X to Exit

For example, in the screen of table above if a user press E, the system should respond
with a message that a wrong key is pressed and present the alternatives again to the user. In
table, we illustrate a screen for detailed information.

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 Report Design
A report normally has the following structure:-

1. A report heading which appears only on the first page of the report.
2. A page heading and subheading which appear at the top of each page of the report.
3. A set of records with some common characteristics may be grouped together. Such a
group is called a control group. A heading called the control heading may be given for
this group.

Illustration of Terminology used in Describing Reports

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE-ACADEMIC ROLL LIST
ROLL LIST OF STUDENTS SEM. 1/2009-10
LIST OF STUDENTS IN AEROSPACE ENGG. DEPTT.
Roll no. Name

8710115 R.K. Verma

8710115 B.K. Gupta

1 1

87201168 P.R. Rao

Total no.of students in aerospace engg. Deptt.=68

LIST OF STUDENTS IN CHEMICAL ENGG. DEPTT.

Roll no. Name

87102105 A.C. Arvind

21 BHATIA

31 _

Total no.of students in chemical engg. Deptt.=63

Total no.of students in sem. 1/2009-10 =852

End. Of IIsc. Bangalore Roll list for sem. 1/2009.

Using table we will explain the terminology.

1. The report heading appearing once for the report is:

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE-ACADEMIC ROLL LIST

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 2. The page heading which will appear on top of each page is:
ROLL LIST OF STUDENTS SEM. 1/2009-10
3. The control heading and subheadings in table are:
LIST OF STUDENTS IN AEROSPACE ENGG. DEPTT.
Roll no. Name
4. Lines containing detailed information given in the report appear below the appropriate
control headings.
8710115 R.K. Verma
Appearing below the heading:
Roll no. Name
Is called a detail line.
5. Abstract of the information contained in a control group appears at the end of the
control group and is called the control footing.
Total no.of students in aerospace engg. Deptt.=68
Total no.of students in chemical engg. Deptt.=63
Are control footings.
There is another type of control footing called final control footing. This abstracts a
desired information for the entire report. The final control footing is
Total no.of students in sem. 1/2009-10 =852
6. Information written at the end of each page is known as page footing
7. Information printed at the end of report is called report footing.
End. Of IIsc. Bangalore Roll list for sem. 1/2009.

To summarise, we see that a printed report is divided into the following group of lines, called
report groups.

First group : Report Heading

Second group : Page Heading

Third group : Control Heading

Fourth group : Details Heading

Fifth group : Control Heading

Sixth group : Page Footing

Seventh group : Final Control Footing

Eighth group : Report Footing

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 Structure Chart
Structure chart is a chart derived from Data Flow Diagram. It represents the system in more
detail than DFD. It breaks down the entire system into lowest functional modules, describes
functions and sub-functions of each module of the system to a greater detail than DFD.

Structure chart represents hierarchical structure of modules. At each layer a specific task is
performed.

Here are the symbols used in construction of structure charts –

 Module – It represents process or subroutine or task. A control module branches to

more than one sub-module. Library Modules are re-usable and invokable from any module.

 Condition – It is represented by small diamond at the base of module. It depicts that

control module can select any of sub-routine based on some condition.

 Jump – An arrow is shown pointing inside the module to depict that the control will
jump in the middle of the sub-module.

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 Loop – A curved arrow represents loop in the module. All sub-modules covered by
loop repeat execution of module.

 Data flow – A directed arrow with empty circle at the end represents data flow.

 Control flow – A directed arrow with filled circle at the end represents control flow.

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 Conclusion

Systems Analysis and Design is an active field in which analysts repetitively learn new
approaches and different techniques for building the system more effectively and efficiently.
The primary objective of systems analysis and design is to improve organizational systems.
Systems Analysis and Design provides a basic understanding of system characteristics,
system design, and its development processes. It is a good introductory guide that provides an
overview of all the concepts necessary to build a system

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 Bibliography

Books:-
 Structured System Analysis and Design(SSAD) -By SUNITTI AHUJA
 System Analysis and Design -By Mahavir Publications
Internet-
 www.google.com
 www.theintactone.com
 www.tutorialpoint.com

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