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Lecture 9
Overview
Keywords
*MATERIAL
*ELASTIC B
Multiple damage definitions are allowed
*PLASTIC
ε
*DAMAGE INITIATION,CRITERION=criterion Typical material response showing
*DAMAGE EVOLUTION progressive damage
*SECTION CONTROLS, ELEMENT DELETION=YES
• Ductile criterion:
– Appropriate for triggering damage due to
nucleation, growth, and coalescence of
voids
– The model assumes that the equivalent
plastic strain at the onset of damage is a
function of stress triaxiality and strain
rate.
Pressure stress
• Stress triaxiality η = − p / q
Mises stress
• Aluminum chamber:
– S4R elements
– Stiffness hourglass control Cross section
– Rate-dependent plasticity
– Damage initiation
• General contact
Steel base:
• Variable mass scaling bottom is encastred.
strain at damage
*DENSITY 5
initiation
2.70E-09 4
*ELASTIC 3
7.00E+04, 0.33
2
*PLASTIC,HARDENING=ISOTROPIC,RATE=0
: 1
*DAMAGE INITIATION, CRITERION=DUCTILE 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
5.7268, 0.000, 0.001
4.0303, 0.067, 0.001 stress triaxiality
2.8377, 0.133, 0.001 Ductile and shear criteria for
: Aluminum Alloy AA7108.50-T6
Strain rate, ε& pl (Courtesy of BMW)
4.4098, 0.000, 250
2.5717, 0.067, 250
1.5018, 0.133, 250 Stress triaxiality, η
:
Equivalent fracture strain
pl
at damage initiation, ε
• Shear criterion:
– Appropriate for triggering damage
due to shear band localization
– The model assumes that the
equivalent plastic strain at the onset
of damage is a function of the shear
stress ratio and strain rate.
– Shear stress ratio defined as:
θs = (q + ks p) /τmax
ks = 0.3
– The shear criterion can be used with
the Mises, Johnson-Cook, Hill, and
Drucker-Prager plasticity models,
including equation of state. Shear criterion for Aluminum Alloy AA7108.50-T6
(Courtesy of BMW)
strain at damage
5.7268, 0.000, 0.001 0.6
ks is a material parameter
initiation
0.5
4.0303, 0.067, 0.001
0.4
: 0.3
0.2 strain rate=0.001/s
*DAMAGE INITIATION, CRITERION=SHEAR, KS=0.3 0.1 strain rate=250/s
0.2761, 1.424, 0.001 0
1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
0.2613, 1.463, 0.001
shear stress ratio
0.2530, 1.501, 0.001
Ductile and shear criteria for
:
0.2731, 1.424, 250
Strain rate, ε& pl Aluminum Alloy AA7108.50-T6
(Courtesy of BMW)
0.3025, 1.463, 250
0.3323, 1.501, 250 Shear stress ratio, θ s
:
Equivalent fracture strain
pl
at damage initiation, ε
Copyright 2005 ABAQUS, Inc.
Damage Evolution
Damage Evolution
Damage Evolution
Undamaged
response
• Elastic-plastic materials
– For a elastic-plastic material, σ
σ
damage manifests in two forms: ( D = 0)
σ y0
• Softening of the yield stress − Dσ
• Degradation of the elasticity softening
Degradation of
σ0 elasticity
E E
(1 − D) E
ε 0pl ε fpl ε
Schematic representation of elastic-plastic
material with progressive damage.
Damage Evolution
σ y0 2G f
– The damage evolution law can be u fpl =
σ y0
specified either in terms of Gf
• fracture energy (per unit area) u pl
or
Energy based
• equivalent plastic displacement. damaged evolution
– Both approaches take into account (linear or exponential)
the characteristic length of the
element. d
– The formulation ensures that mesh- 1
sensitivity is minimized.
0
u pl
Displacement based
damage evolution
(tabular, linear, or exponential)
Damage Evolution
*MATERIAL, NAME=ALUMINUM
:
0
pl
specify the effective plastic displacement, u f , u fpl u pl
at the point of failure (full degradation).
Damage Evolution
Damage Evolution
Video Clip
Damage Evolution
Element Removal
Element Removal
Video Clip
Element Removal
Element Removal
• In this case the default value of Dmax is 0.99, which ensures that
elements will remain active in the simulation with a residual stiffness of
at least 1% of the original stiffness.
– Here Dmax represents
• the maximum degradation of the shear stiffness (three-
dimensional),
• the total stiffness (plane stress), or
• the uniaxial stiffness (one-dimensional).
• Failed elements that have not been removed from the mesh can sustain
hydrostatic compressive stresses.
Element Removal
• Contact can occur on both the exterior and interior of regions modeled
with material failure and element removal.
– The procedure for defining general contact for this type of problem was
discussed in Lecture 4, Contact Modeling.
1• Define an element-based surface that includes the exterior and interior
faces or define a node based surface that includes all nodes.
2• Include this surface as part of the general contact definition.
Element Removal
Eroding projectile
impacting eroding
plate
Drilling process
drill
Element Removal
• Output
– The output variable SDEG
contains the value of D.
– The output variable STATUS
indicates whether or not an
element has failed.
• STATUS = 0 for failed
elements
• STATUS = 1 for active
elements Video Clip
failed
elements
Damage in Fasteners
Damage in Fasteners
S → 0°
N → 90°
self-pierced rivet
Damage in Fasteners
– Stages: Fastener
u pl
Schematic representation of the
predicted numerical response
UJOINT
Damage in Fasteners
HINGE
PLANAR
Connector elements in a
multibody mechanism
Damage in Fasteners
With the Cartesian connection the
previously constrained translational
• Example (cont’d): Multibody mechanism components of relative motion are
– Modify section definition to account for damage: available.
Damage in Fasteners
Damage in Fasteners
Damage in Fasteners
Video Clip