Lecture 2

 Tissue: collection of cells that perform specific/limited functions

 4 types of tissue: CMEN – connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous
 For each tissue: where does it occur in the body, what are characteristics,
what are its functions, what fibers and cells make it, what cell types make up
specific tissues?
 What is ground substance? What is it composed of?
o In connective tissue, ground substance is called extrafibrillar matrix,
gel like substance surrounding cells; fills spaces between fibers and
cells, made up of glycosoaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, water;
o Supports the cells and fiberes; heklps determine the consistency of
the matrix
 What are mast cells and macrophages? What are their functions?
o Macrophage – large white blood cell or from white blood cells, found
in connective tissue; Cells that eat particles like bacteria and other
foreign particles
o Mast cell = mastocyte or labrocyte; contains histamine and heparin
which lead to itching, swelling; found in connective tissue; role in
allergy, anaphylaxis, would healing, defense against pathogens
 What is the regenerative capacity of different tissues?
 How does cartilage grow?
 How are bones classified?

o     Bone Structure – long bones, short bones, flat bones;

o o   Long bones – longer than they are wide, make up height and length of the limb
o o   Short bones – kind of square, tallus (ankle), carple (in wrist)
o o   Flat bones – 2 layers of bone with middle bone (skull bones, sternum)
o o   Weird shape bones – irregular bones – bones that are hard to classify Stenoid (in
skull, vertebrate)

 What is the general structure of long bones?

o Epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis
 What are the functions of bones?
o Support our body weight so that we aren’t just a pile of organs – resist
deformation
o Provide stiffness
o Oppose gravity
o Protect organs
o Store calcium
o Permit muscles to generate movement
 What are osteocytes and canaliculi
o Osteocytes occupy lacunae
o Osteoprogenitor cells form fibroblasts and osteoblasts; when
 Fibroblasts form the collagen fibers of the matrix
  Osteoblasts help initiate deposition of hydroxyapatite ground
substance around the collagen fibers
 When osteoblast is surrounded by hydroxyapatite they become
osteocytes ; Osteocyte = osteoblast trapped in bone matrix
 Osteocyte = longest lived bone cell, compose 90%-95% of all
bone cells;
 Function: help with routine turnover of bony matrix
o Canaliculi – canal; osteocytes network together through long
extensions that occupy canals called canaliculi; these canals are used
for exchange of nutrients and waste; connects lucanae
o Lucunae – small space that contains an osteocyte in bone or
chondrocyte in cartilage; connected to other lacunae through canals
called canaliculi
 What are the different types of lamellae and where are
they found
o Concentric – underlie periosteum and endosteum
o Interstitial – haversian system
o Circumferential – tubular layer surrounding central canal in osteon
 What is the chemical composition of bone? What are the
inorganic and organic components?
o Dry weight = 1/3 organic, 2/3 inorganic
o Organic
 Cells, collagen, glycoproteins
o Inorganic
 85% hydroxyapatite
 10% Calcium carbonate
 5% = other minerals (fluoride, potassium, magnesium)