Preventive Veterinary Medicine PDF

PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE
1. General Principles and methods of infectious disease prevention and control
Preventative measures are used to protect healthy animals, populations, herds, flocks and
individuals against potential aetiological agents.
The measures taken also aim at the protection of animal populations along with the
environment, but also the introduction of new aetiological agents that can cause the spread of
infectious diseases.
Preventative measures can be partial or complete, including measures to increase specific and
non-specific resistance of animals with controlling anthropozoonoses
 Primary preventative measures – to prevent exposure to aetiological agents

 Secondary preventative measures – for early disease detection, before clinical signs
occur
 Tertiary preventative measures – includes treating disease, minimising morbidity and
mortality.
Veterinary prevention plan & protection of national territory

 Issued annually
 Depend on the epizootological situation and analysis of the territory along with O.I.E.
recommendations
 Programs are in place for elimination/eradication of diseases, import/export, exotic
diseases, emergency plans, vaccination programs, and methods of diagnosis etc.
Protection of livestock
 Avoid contact between healthy and sick/dubious animals
 Quarantine
 Animals kept according to species/categories
 Closed herds, ‘All in all out’, Black and white zones, A.I. control, Safety zones (from
water sources, roads, humans, wild animals etc)
Regulation of breeding and production

 Protection Zones – Between roads, rivers, humans, wild animals etc
 Building and equipment – Construction materials, microclimate, ventilation, sanitation
 Organisation and Management – Vet inspections, animal I.D. animal separation (age,
categories etc), ‘all in all out’, quarantine, daily health checks.
 Animal Selection – Hereditary diseases, genetics, documentation
 Nutrition and hygiene – Of facility, personnel, feed and water quality, cleaning and
disinfection
 Animal transport – Correct vehicle types, aim to reduce stress (space, rest periods etc).
minimise injury, healthy animals only, ventilation, disinfection
Prophylactic Measures
 To maintain uniform immunological status – colostrum administration, vaccination
(preventative, emergency and Chemoprophylactics)
Prevention of Disease Introduction

 Animal to animal – only healthy animals introduced, after examinations and quarantine,
isolation of sick animals, wildlife control
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 Man to animals – Education and hygiene of employees – dressing rooms, sanitation
mats, no visitors, transport control
 Wildlife to animals – Control movement, vaccinations, vector control
 Sanitation methods – disinfection, disinfestations, rodent control
2. General Principles and Methods of Infectious Disease Elimination and Eradication
Control of Diseases
Disease control (incl. elimination and eradication) is part of an annual state veterinary program
which is joined with the O.I.E. These programs are dependent on epizootological situations and
territory analysis.
Controlling disease reduces its incidence, prevalence, morbidity and mortality to acceptable levels.
This is a direct result of the intervention methods put in place, that are required to maintain these
levels
Elimination of disease
Reduction of the incidence of a disease in a defined geographical area, to zero. It is important to
remember that continued surveillance may also be required
E.g. rabies
Eradication of Disease
Permanent reduction of a disease of worldwide incidence which is caused by a specific etiological
agent, to zero. Continued intervention is no longer required e.g. Rinderpest
Strategy
 Notifications
 Movement restriction (of animals)
 Protection zones
 Diagnosis, prophylaxis, quarantine
 Foci recognition – determine their limits
 Decisions regarding method of elimination/eradication of the disease according to its
severity and its ability to spread - including manure and carcass disposal, zoonotic ability,
 Selective slaughter – Kill selected, save majority
 Depopulation – Kill entire herd
 Stamping out procedure – Kill all suspected animals and all that are in contact with
them. Removal and disposal of bedding, manure and carcasses, clean and disinfect
3. Disease Outbreak determination
An outbreak is a series of diseases occurring at a higher frequency than usual.

Most important - fast recognition of the outbreak.
Obligatory to report such cases especially in the event that zoonoses is a concern
When a vet is notified of suspicion of an outbreak he must:
 Examine suspect animal and any carcasses of deceased suspect animals
 Take correct samples for the lab
 Determine the no. of affected animals
 Determine the foci, along with its limits, preventing movement of animals and humans
within specific zones
Initial epizootological Investigation

Should investigate the origin and spread of infection
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Determine:
 Animal movements and winds at beginning of outbreak
 Source of the etiological agent
 Origin of disease
 Ways of transmission
 Propagation inside and outside of the outbreak area
 Previous epizootological situation in the area
 Any environmental risk factors that may increase chances for spread of the disease
 Collect samples for lab diagnostics
 Identify sick animals – treatment, isolation or slaughter
Further Investigation
Determine limits of affected areas and implement zones
 Focal and perifocal zones - considered as infected areas
 Threatened zone – movement is prohibited
 Tampon zone – zone of intensive observation
These zones are outlined after the initial investigation for epizootological monitoring and
surveillance of outbreak areas.
4. Measures of Outbreak of Disease and Protection Zones
Intra-focal Measures
 Immediate precautionary measures by the vet on arrival at the site of the outbreak.
 An outbreak must be officially declared to the authorities and public.
 Disinfection, cleaning and sterilization of the area is carried out along with sampling and
diagnostics.
 Identify and isolate sick animals, carry out prophylactic or therapeutic treatment.
 Possible eradication of sick animals, vector destruction and control of reservoir of the
disease along with wildlife
Peri-focal Measures
 Immediate action including sanitation, prohibition of animal movements and epizooological
investigations.
 Notifications and announcements to the public.
 Checkpoints and perimeter fencing are put in place
 Disinfection fords
 Vector control, treatment and prophylaxis, eradication
Threatened zone
 Area where movement is prohibited
Tampon zone
Area of intensive observation
Measures put in place are to investigate the origin of the disease and its spread with the main aim of
containment of the disease
Identify source, origin, time, form, transmission, propagation along with information about previous
situation.
Take samples and identify animals that are at risk or that may be already infected
Again, vaccination (emergency), selective slaughtering, possible depopulation, stamping out
Proper disposal of carcasses with subsequent disinfection of the area
Measures during post-focal period
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If the etiological agent is no longer a risk/present, restrictions can be lifted but monitoring and
surveillance must be continued
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5. Recovery Programs for Infectious Diseases of Cattle
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

Picornaviridae, Aphtovirus
Endemic areas – Asia, Africa, Middle East, S. America
IP – 2-14 days
Disinfection - ↓pH, Temp >50%, Sodium Hydroxide
Strategy in Outbreak Area
 Destruction of all infected, suspected or contact animals
 Appropriate disposal of carcasses, animal products, bedding etc
 Surveillance and tracing of potentially exposed animals, Strict quarantine procedures
 Movement control of all animals, vehicles and equipment
 Thorough disinfectant radius around foci – 3 km, perifocal - 10 km
Farm Recommendations
 Notifiable disease
 No treatment
 Early detection
 Control of animals introduction into a herd including peoples access to the animals
 Maintain sanitation of pens, livestock, vehicles etc
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

Prion disease
IP – 2-8years
Disinfection – Doesn’t react to disinfection or heat (sodium hypochlorite + incineration??)
Strategy
 Notifiable disease
 Identify neurological signs
 Slaughter affected animals (often along with their genetic tree) plus appropriate disposal of
carcasses and contaminated items
 Screening test for all animals over 30 months
 Do not feed food of animal origin (meat and bone meal)
 Safe disposal of specific risk material at slaughterhouses
 Closed herds, close surveillance in areas of known incidence
Bovine Tuberculosis (TB)

Mycobacterium Bovis, tuberculosis
 Tuberculin testing – view results after 72 hrs (notifiable disease def in Ireland anyway)
 Disease eradication program – All positive/suspected animals are slaughtered
 Post mortem inspection of carcasses to check for organ lesions or caseous material in lymph
nodes
 Closed herd systems and animal movement control are important to reduce the disease
 Milk pasteurization to prevent zoonoses
 Vaccines not used – chance of infection or latency
Bovine Brucellosis
Brucella Abortus, Melitensis (gram neg.)
Causes placentitis and abortions in females; orchitis and epididymitis in males
No treatment
Continuous monitoring and surveillance required
1. Serological test – CFT, Boyas method (IF test)
2. Milk tests – Milk ring test, Rose Bengal test (slide agglutination)
Elimination method – seropositive animals excluded from breeding etc
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Radical method – slaughter of affected animals, cleaning and disinfection along with only having
fattening animals for 1 year
Vaccinations only in endemic areas
Anthrax
Bacillus Anthracis- Encapsulated and spore forming
 Affinity to endothelial cells – vascular damage
 Blood from orifices, dyspnoea, subcut oedema in head and neck, short or no rigor mortis
 ATB can be effective but only if given in time – death usually occurs before response to ATB
 Notifiable disease
 Do not open carcass in field, remove and dispose contaminated soil and surroundings
 Incineration is imperative
 Strict quarantine
 Vaccinate – usually in endemic areas
6. Recovery Program in Infectious Diseases of Swine
Classical/African Swine Fever (CSF/ASF)

CSF – Flaviviridae, Pestivirus
ASF – Asfavirus, Arboviruses – main transmission through arthropods – ornithodoros ticks
 Affinity to endothelial cells, tonsils, oedema, outer membranes of organs

 Haemorrhages, marbled lymph modes (CSF only), splenomegaly
 Acute, peracute and chronic (wild pig reservoir), congenital
 Abortion or latency - persistency in piglets
CSF
 N. America and Europe
 Early detection, movement control, slaughter and proper disposal.
 Cleaning and disinfection in endemic areas.
 Vaccination possible to prevent spread of disease – can lead to disease elimination
ASF
No vaccine, therefore importing countries have strict policies – important in endemic areas
Difficult to eliminate reservoirs (warthog) but tick control is important
Rapid diagnosis, slaughter, disposal, disinfection, surveillance
Aujeskys Disease
Herpes Virus-1
Latency in spinal ganglia, affected by age
In endemic areas – Testing of breeding animals, isolation and sanitary conditions are very important
Marker vaccinations available
Latency detection required
A) Test and Removal – breeding herds tested monthly
B) Offspring segregation – herd is vaccinated. Young and weaned piglets are raised separately
and tested periodically. Positive animals are removed until the herd is free of the disease
C) Depopulation – Most radical method, wait 30 days before introduction of new animals
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)

Also called Blue ear disease of pigs
Arterivirus
Vaccinations are very effective
Acclimatization and isolation for 45-60 days prior to introduction into the general herd
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In the case of an outbreak – depopulation, disposal, cleaning and disinfection
Swine Influenza
Orthomyxoviridae – Influenza A or C (H1N1, H1N2, H3N2)
General guidelines is good nutrition and hygiene
Don’t mix sick and healthy animals etc
Brucellosis
Brucella Suis
Placentitis, abortion in females; Epididymitis and orchitis in males
Elimination method - all pos and seropositive animals; excluded from breeding programme
Radical method – all are slaughtered at outbreak site, decontamination of area
Vaccines in endemic area – live or inactivated
Swine Vesicular Disease

Picornaviridae, Enterovirus
Notifiable disease
Screening of imported pigs, importation restrictions
Feeding restrictions e.g. garbage
Routine surveillance and radical methods at endemic areas
Cleaning and disinfection etc
7. Recovery Programme in Infectious Diseases of Small Ruminants
Sheep and Goat Pox

Capripoxvirus
 Most important poxvirus - reportable
 Vaccination can be considered in endemic areas
 Culling (OIE provision)
 Incineration of carcasses
 Quarantine of new animals – control animal movement and transportation
Peste de Petits ruminants

Paramyxoviridae, Morbillivirus
 Resistant to a wide range of temperatures and pH, can survive for a long time in frozen
tissue
 Susceptible to most disinfectants e.g. alcohol, detergents and phenols
 OIE reportable
 Fast diagnosis, quarantine, culling, movement control, disinfection
Maedi Visna virus

Retroviridae, Lentivirus
 MVV is infective for life but not zoonotic
 Maedi = respiratory signs; Visna = NS signs
 Reportable disease
 Transmission – mainly colostrums but other ways too
 Sensitive to most disinfectants
 No vaccine and no treatment
 Frequent serological testing aids in a fast diagnosis, and remove seropositive animals from
breeding programs. If animal born – remove from seropositive dam, milk replacer
 Quarantine of animals before introduction into herd.
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Bluetongue
Reoviridae, Orbivirus
 No treatment; only supportive ATB and Fluids
 Quarantine and slaughter if necessary
 Disinfection with NaCl
 Vector control – Pyrethrins, OP
 Vaccines – live attenuated or killed vaccines – specific to each serotype only
 Zones, movement control etc
Brucella
Brucella Melitensis
 Placentitis, abortion in females; Epididymitis and orchitis in males
 Elimination method - all pos and seropositive animals; excluded from breeding programme
 Radical method – all are slaughtered at outbreak site, decontamination of area
 Vaccines in endemic area – live or inactivated
 Milk pasteurisation – prevent zoonoses
Listeriosis
Listeria Pomona
Septicemic Form – in young
Encephalitic form – in adults
 Abortion form
 Therapy – ATB (penicillin or chlortetracycline)
 Prevention – hygiene, regular disinfection, disinfestations and rodent control
8. Recovery Programmes in infectious diseases of Horses
Glanders
Burkholderia Mallei
 Reportable disease
 Acute pulmonary form- nodules in upper R.T.
 Chronic cutaneous form aka “farcy”
 No treatment, no vaccine, zoonotic
 Early diagnosis is important in endemic areas (Asia, Africa)
 Eliminate positive cases plus incineration for disposal. Surveillance
 In apparent free zones – animals should have a veterinary certificate stating that the animal
has not exhibited any signs of the disease in 6 months
African Horse Sickness

Reoviridae, Orbivirus; 9 serotypes
 Transmitted by vectors – biting midges (cullicoides)
 Affinity to reticuloendothelial cells and endothelium – vascular and pulmonary damage
 If animal recovers, has immunity but to that serotype only
 Affected horse is euthanized and a polyvalent vaccine is given to others
 Vector control and disinfection
 Strict quarantine and movement control
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West Nile Fever
Flaviviridae, West Nile Virus
 Found in all northern hemisphere; vector = mosquito
 Birds are considered a reservoir
 Surveillance carried out on migratory birds and horses in endemic areas
 Most important is vector control and vaccination (highly effective)
Equine Influenza
Orthomyxoviridae, Influenza A
 Generally hygiene and sanitation are the main modes of prevention along with vaccinations
given from an early age and maintained throughout the horses lifetime
 Separation of sick animals etc
Equine Herpes Virus

EHV-1 = Abortion
EHV-3 = Equine Coital Exanthema
EHV-4 = Equine Rhinopneumonitis
 EHV-1,4 - Infected animals remain latent for life – remove/isolate from the rest of the herd
 Main method of control is combined vaccination for EHV 1 and 4
 If infected, no specific treatment just minimize the chance for secondary bacterial infection
with ATB and anti-pyretics
9. Specific Prophylaxis of Infectious Diseases
Specific Prophylaxis = specific measures of immuno/chemoprophylaxis given to animals to prevent

the spread of disease.
Immunity = specific resistance of host to pathogenic effect
Immunisation = method of immunoprohylaxis, creates specific immunity
A) Passive immunisation
= produce temporary resistance by transferring Ab from resistant animal to susceptible.
Can be:
• Natural passive (colostrum or yolk) Discuss Ab transfer through colostrum
• Artificial passive = Ab produced by actively immunized donor given to susceptible
animals. Ab’s created in immune serum can be:
 Heterologous or homologous (made from the same or diff spp)
 Homotypic or heterotypic (made from the same or diff type of m.o)
 Monovalent or polyvalent (type of immunity – for one or more)
 Hyperimmune Serum (increased amount of Ab due to repeated injection)
 Convalescent Serum (recently recovered animal)
Uses:
 For short duration immunity in the case of high risk of exposure to a disease e.g. anti-tetanus
serum
 For simultaneous serum e.g. Cl. Botulinum, Cl. Tetani; Serum and vaccination used if
exposure is suspected.
 For serotherapy of an infectious disease e.g. anthrax, tetanus
 For immunotherapy e.g. agammaglobunlinemic animals
B) Active immunisation
= involves admin of Ag provoking an immune response. Re immunisation or exposure will
result in a secondary immune response.
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Can be:
 Natural active (after disease recovery) or Artificial active (after Ag application)
 Vaccines = preventative, emergency, pre/post exposure, core vaccines (rabies), non core
(parainfluenza) must be/have: Increased antigenicity, prolonged immunity, cheap and
stable
o Live vaccines
 Fully virulent e.g. poxvirus
 Live attenuated (avirulent -spontaneously by mutation or artificially by
passaging (lapinisation…)) e.g. ringworm, lungworm, Aujeskys,
salmonella
o Inactivated vaccines
= killed m.o by chemical or physical method, therefore poor immunity. Given with
lipid adjuvants. These can be:
 Pure DNA, purified Ag, recombinants
 E.g. BRD complex (IBR, BVDV, PI3, RSV, Manheimmia) – inactivated vaccine
 Feline Panleukopenia, CAV-1, Distemper, leptospirosis, erysipelas – Killed
Vaccine
o Third generation vaccines
 Disintegration and separations (separate Ag from agent + adjuvant)
 Synthesis of Ag i.e. immunogen (nucleotide +adjuvant)
 DNA vaccines (genetic info for producing Ag)
 Genetically attenuated (removal of virulence gene)
10. Passive Immunisation for Immunoprophylaxis of diseases
Passive immunization
Produces a temporary resistance by transferring antibodies from a resistant to a susceptible animal;
passive application of antibodies protects organism for 7-21 days
Natural passive immunization
• = the passage of antibodies from mother to embryo; allows protection of young animals
in early postnatal period against infectious disease; passage can be in-utero, colostrum,
egg yolk
• Antibodies obtained from colostrum protect cub maximally for 3-4 weeks.
• In the first 24 hours colostral milk contains 10+ times more antibodies than serum, but
after 24 hours the antibody titre decreases to ⅓ of its capacity
Species Type of placentation Tissue layers Placental transfer of Ig Colostral

transfer
Pig, horse, donkey Epitheliochorial 6 0 +++
ruminants syndesmochorial 5 0 +++
Dog and cat endotheliochorial 4 + +++
primates Hemochorial 3 ++ +
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rodents Hemendothelial 1 +++ +
Artificial passive immunization

• = application of antibodies PO or parenterally; antibodies are produced in a donor
animal by active immunization and these are given to susceptible animals in order to
confer immediate protection
Immune serum –
• Hyper-immune serum – prepared from animals that have recently received repeated
injections or application of a chosen Ag, thus serum should contain a very high
concentration of Ab against Ag
• Convalescent serum – serum from patients recently recovered from disease; useful in
preventing or modifying by passive immunization the same disease in exposed
susceptible individuals
• Igs – sterile solution of globulins derived from plasma of animal who has been
immunized for Ag
• Homologous Serum – obtained from animal belonging to same species as recipient
• Heterologous serum – obtained from an animal belonging to different species from
recipient
• Homotypic serum – from animal immunized by same organism against which serum is to
be used
• Heterotypic serum – from animal immunized by an organism differing from organism
against which serum is to be used; organism has similar Ags and therefore serum is
useful for immunization, e.g. canine distemper vaccination uses Variola virus
• Monovalent serum – antiserum containing Ags from a single strain of microorganisms
• Polyvalent serum – antiserum obtained from animal inoculated with several strains of
microbes
• Antiserum – contains antibodies, obtained from an animal immunized either by injection
of Ag or by infection with microorganisms containing Ag
The use of passive immunization –
• Mother is given active immunization so she is able to provide passive immunization for
newborns
• Used for short-duration immunity in the case of a high risk of exposure – anti-tetanus
serum before exposure and after exposure due to trauma
• Simultaneous immunization (serum +vaccine) – immediate immunity; provide immunity
with longer duration
• Serotherapy of infectious diseases – serves as an immediate therapy (as anti-toxin) as in
the case of anthrax, tetanus and erysipelas (red fever) infections
• Immunotherapy – agammaglobulinemic animals, colostrum-deprived newborns, both
need to be provided with serum containing Igs
11. Active Immunisation for Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases
Active immunization
• Involves administering Ag to an animal so that it responds by producing a protective immune
response
• Re-immunisation or exposure to infection will result in a secondary immune response
• Macro-organism actively participates in immunity development
• Natural active immunization – after recovery from the infectious disease
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• Artificial active immunization – vaccination; application of an Ag in order to develop active
specific immunity in organisms of immuno-competent individual; most effective method of
infectious disease control
Vaccinations are bio-preparations from m.o. or products of their metabolism

 Used as preventive, emergency, or pre or post-exposure
 Core vaccines – e.g. vaccines that are considered "a must" in areas with predisposition for
some diseases
o Feline core vaccines – panleukopenia, herpes, calcivirus, rabies,
o Canine core vaccines – Distemper, hepatitis, Parvo, rabies
 Non-core vaccines – administered when exposure is predicted, e.g. kennel cough
Live vaccines
 Fully virulent – virus is inoculated into animal in small quantities; was used against poxvirus
and FMD
 Advantages – evocation of long durative immunity and of passive immunity; used for
preventive and for emergency vaccination
 Disadvantages – environment is continuously infected so is necessary to continuously
vaccinate all animals, vaccination is dangerous and limited by age, risk for human infections
with zoonotic viruses, application of fully virulent microbes causes activation of latent illness
 Attenuated (a-virulent)
 Spontaneously attenuated naturally a-virulent population – evoke good protection against
virulent microbes
 Artificial attenuated using –
o Passaging – (lapinisation (rabbits), ovinisation (sheep), caprinisation (goat),
avinisation (chickens)); injection of a small amount of virus into animals; after a
period of time blood is transferred from infected animal into another animal; during
these passages the virus becomes attenuated
o Passaging microbes on chicken embryos – method to obtain vaccine against rabies,
sheep pox
o Method with attenuation of virus on cell culture – culture can be from homologic
tissue, e.g. dog distemper is passaged on dog kidney cells or cell culture can be from
heterologic tissue
Inactivated vaccines
= killed m.o by chemical or physical method, therefore poor immunity. Given with lipid adjuvants.
These can be:
• Pure DNA, purified Ag, recombinants
• E.g. BRD complex (IBR, BVDV, RSV, Manheimmia) – inactivated vaccine
• Feline Panleukopenia, CAV-1, Distemper, leptospirosis, erysipelas – Killed Vaccine
• Recombinant vaccines –
o Subunit vaccines – the gene encoding the surface protein is isolated and the protein
is grown on e-coli e.g. Aujeskys
o Gene deletion vaccines – contain the pathogen but the pathogenic genes are
removed. Good in the event of an outbreak as we can then tell the difference
between vaccinated animals and infected animals by the amount of Ab’s present
e.g. FeLV
o Virus vectored vaccines – the pathogens protective proteins are separated and
grown inside the vector virus e.g. distemper
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Third generation vaccines
DNA vaccines are third generation vaccines, and are made up of a small, circular piece of bacterial
DNA (called a plasmid) that has been genetically engineered to produce one or two specific proteins
(antigens) from a pathogen
• Disintegration and separations (separate Ag from agent + adjuvant)
• Synthesis of Ag i.e. immunogen (nucleotide +adjuvant)
• Genetic Engineering - DNA vaccines (genetic info for producing Ag)
• Genetically attenuated (removal of virulence gene)
12. Types of Vaccines; Ways of application
Vaccines are bio-preparations prepared from m.o. or the products of their metabolism
Live Vaccines
Fully virulent –
• virus is inoculated into animal in small quantities; was used against poxvirus and FMD
• Generally not recommended as can actually cause infection
Attenuated –
• Weakened naturally or artificially (passaging)
MLV (modified Live Vaccine)
• Generally elicit a better response than killed vaccines and they do not require adjuvants
• However, some may back pass to virulence
• Become modified by passaging on a culture media
• Avian embryos are often used to achieve a variant of reduced virulence
• CAV-1, PI3
Inactivated Vaccines
Killed –
• Usually require adjuvants (oil, ALS-3) to elicit a strong response
• Killing can be done by physical or chemical methods
• Parvo virus, CAV-II, Leptospirosis
Recombinant vaccines –
• Subunit vaccines – the gene encoding the surface protein is isolated and the protein is grown on
e-coli e.g. Aujeskys
• Gene deletion vaccines – contain the pathogen but the pathogenic genes are removed. Good in
the event of an outbreak as we can then tell the difference between vaccinated animals and
infected animals by the amount of Ab’s present e.g. FeLV
• Virus vectored vaccines – the pathogens protective proteins are separated and grown inside the
vector virus e.g. distemper
3rd Generation Vaccines

• Disintegration and separations (separate Ag from agent + adjuvant)
• Synthesis of Ag i.e. immunogen (nucleotide +adjuvant)
• Genetic Engineering - DNA vaccines (genetic info for producing Ag) - FeLV
• Genetically attenuated (removal of virulence gene)
Methods of Application
Parenteral - SC, IM etc
Intranasal – IBR, Calcivirus, kennel cough, Feline Rhinotracheitis
Chickens –
• PO, SC, IM, IV
• Mass admin via drinking water, or inhalation using spray
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• Oculonasal, beak dipping, skin scarification and double sting method
• In Ovo
Wildlife – In feed e.g. rabies, Aujeskys
13. Factors influencing the effectiveness of vaccinations
Vaccine Factors
All vaccines differ in their potency, weather they are alive, attenuated, killed etc. This also means
that they will differ in their efficiency, duration of immunity.
Attenuated vaccines –
Immunity will last longer with but are higher risk for pregnant or immunosuppressed animals.
There is also a danger of shedding the virus
Avirulent Vaccines – Safer but short lasting
• Expiry date – if out of date, can influence efficacy
• Mono/polyvalent vaccine – care that the right vaccine is being used correct strain
• Booster vaccinations (generally annual)
• Adjuvants – added can increase the response
Host Factors
• Maternal Ab’s – can inhibit the vaccines effectiveness
• Concurrent disease – The vaccine can negatively affect the animal to whom it is administered if
already ill
• Immune System function – the function of the immune system – i.e. immunosuppressed
animals or old age can affect the efficacy of a vaccine
• Breed variation – Rottweiller, Doberman, pitbull – need a different vaccination schedule for e.g.
parvo due to a higher susceptibility to the disease
Human Factors
• Incorrect storage of vaccine
• Incorrect method of administration of the vaccine
• Not enough time between the vaccine and exposure to disease (immunity hasn’t developed
enough)
Environmental Factors
E.g. Stress – can reduce the efficacy of a vaccine
Multiple animals in a household, with high levels of circulating vaccines – can overcome the vaccine
Vaccine failure – In general

If vaccine is given correctly –
 Animal responds but vaccine fails because it is given too late, is wrong strain, or vaccine is
damaged
 Animal fails to respond due to prior passive immunization, immuno-suppression, biological
variation, or inadequate vaccine
If vaccine is given incorrectly –
 Inappropriate route of administration, e.g. rabies can't be given orally as is destroyed in
stomach
 Death of live vaccine – damaged vaccine
 Administered to passively protected animal
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14. Basic Principles of Vaccinations
Vaccine Principles
 Ensure correct vaccine is given in relation to the pathogen, in order to give adequate protection,
without endangering the animal or the environment
 Ensure vaccine isn’t out of date
 Ensure adjuvants are used with killed vaccines
 Boosters within correct time periods
 Records – date of vaccination, vaccine used, batch no. and date of next vaccination
Host Principles
• Only healthy animals can be vaccinated
• Maternal Ab’s – can interfere with vaccines ; allow them to clear the body enough before
vaccination
• Concurrent Disease – causes immunosuppression, as does pregnancy – don’t vaccinate
• Immunofunction – Old age – immune system function is reduced
• Breed variation – Rottweiller, Doberman, pitbull – need a different vaccination schedule for e.g.
parvo due to a higher susceptibility to the disease
Veterinary Principles
• Ensure vaccine is stored correctly
• Correct method for administration of vaccine
• Take incubation periods into consideration before vaccine admin – especially if animal has been
at risk of exposure
Environmental Principles
• Do not give vaccinations to an animal that has come from an area with a high level of circulating
pathogens
Requirements for ideal vaccine

 High antigenicity – the capacity of the Ag to induce an immune response
 Prolonged strong immunity
 Free of adverse side effects
 Cheap, stable and adaptable to mass vaccination
 Stimulation of immune response distinguishable from response in the natural infection
Live vaccines should fulfil these properties:

 Agent must have good immunologic quality
 Vaccination strain should not cause disease or evoke infection in non-vaccinated animals
 Agent should multiply in usual tissues of the natural occurring disease
 Agent should be easily differentiated from the virulent strain
 Vaccine should not produce residues in the organism
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15. Post vaccination Complications
Type 1 Hypersensitivity (IgE)

Produces inflammatory reaction
Can happen after a variety of vaccines = anaphylaxis
Shock, itching, oedema, vomiting, diarrhoea, lethargy, weakness
Atopic animals should only be vaccinated in non-allergy
Type II Hypersensitivity (IgE & IgM)

Attacks cell Membranes – complement mediated lysis, phagocytosis
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
Autoimmune haemolytic condition which is why we must wait for 2 weeks after a vaccination before
the animal can undergo surgery
Type III Hypersensitivity (Ag-Ab immune complex)

Affects organs, not cells
Serum sickness syndrome = immune complexes causing inflammation, rash, fever
Polyreticuloneuritis
Immune mediated inflammation of the nerve roots causing fibromyalgia and pain
Local Reaction
Erythema, pain, oedema, usually self resolution
Contamination
Contaminated vaccine or dirty needle – can lead to secondary infections
Focal Granulomas and Alopecia

Nodule found at the site of application
This animal may be at risk for a hypersensitivity reaction e.g. anaphylaxis when having booster
Injection site sarcoma (IIS) – In cats
Systemic illness – e.g with Chlamydia vaccination
Neurological complication – especially with MLV’s e.g. distemper or rabies
Virulence occurs after vaccination (in attenuated vaccines) and animal becomes infected and sick
MLV vaccines can lead to shedding of the causal agent into the environment
Complications in pregnant, aged, sick animals
Incorrect age of vaccination - Maternal Ab’s have not reduced enough
Incorrect method of administration or incorrect strain used – vaccine failure
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16. Principles of Therapy in Infectious Diseases; Methods
The aim of prevention and control of infectious diseases is to restore health and productivity of
animals and to eliminate potential sources of infection
Diseases in which therapy is not recommended

 Diseases which affected various species– rabies, FMD, TBC, brucellosis
 Diseases of cattle – rinderpest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
 Diseases of sheep – blue tongue, scrapie
 Diseases of horses – Glanders, Equine Infectious Anaemia, African horse sickness
 Diseases of pigs – hog cholera, African Swine Fever
 Diseases of dogs and cats – toxoplasmosis, microsporiosis
 Diseases of birds – fowl plague, Newcastle disease
Therapy should be forbidden (high risk for infection or zoonosis)

 Infections from List A (O.I.E.) anthrax, FMD, rabies, rinderpest, African or classical swine fever
 In prionosis
Vet evaluates criteria to decide which therapy– ethic, economic, epizootologic and epidemiologic
aspects
Methods of therapy
 Non-specific therapy – symptomatic, supportive, pathogenetic therapy
 Fluid therapy, nutrition, anti-pyretic
 Housing – soft bedding to prevent decubitus, temperature, humidity, ventilation, light
 Specific therapy – causal

 Prevention – vaccines
 Treatment – ATB, sedatives
 ATB therapy
 Bacteriostatic (prevent cell division)
 Bactericidal
 broad (TTC), medium or narrow spectrum (PNC)
 Anti-viral, e.g. Amantadin for myxovirus infection that interferes with viral protein, or
Aciclovir in birds and cats against herpes virus, or Zidovadin for FIV or FeLV
Essential conditions for successful therapy

• Accurate and prompt diagnosis
• Knowledge of the stages of the disease (the course of the disease)
• Isolation of affected and suspected animals
• Continuous surveillance with disinfection, sanitation and disinfestations
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17. Symptomatic, Supportive and Causal Therapy
Symptomatic Therapy
 Therapy aimed at the symptoms that the animal is exhibiting but not the etiological agent.
 This form of therapy is aimed at making the animal more comfortable and for better reaction of
the body against the disease e.g. Parvo virus
 However in other cases this form of treatment can have an adverse effect by masking the real
symptoms of the disease e.g. pain medication in horses suffering from colic.
 For some diseases symptomatic therapy is the only form of therapy e.g distemper
o Analgesic, Anti-emetics, NSAID’s, etc
Supportive Therapy
 Also doesn’t treat the underlying cause of a disease
 Supports the bodies basic physical, chemical and metabolic needs, which can help the animal to
fight the infection more effectively
 Aims to bring values back to within physiological ranges, by replacing depleted levels of
elements – revives the bodies optimal functioning conditions
 E.g. – Fluids, Vitamins, Minerals, Glucose, Pre/Probiotics
Causal Therapy (specific)

Combats the etiological agent of a disease
Must be in response to the type and activity of the agent e.g. gram pos/neg bacteria, Virus, Fungus,
Parasite
E.g. Antiviral – Aciclovir; Bacteria – ATB; Antifungal – ketoconizole; antiparasitic – ivermectin
Example of Treatment for Parvo Virus

Symptomatic
Anti-emetic – Metacloprimide
NSAID’s – to reduce fever and pain
Supportive
Fluids IV with Vit B1, K+ and glucose
Colloid transfusion – Hetastarch
Recombinant Granulocytic Colony Stimulating Factor (Neupogen)
Causal
Mainly broad-spec ATB for 2o bacterial infection
No real causal treatment – prophylaxis via vaccination
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18. Diagnostic Measures of Infectious Diseases; General Principles
The aim of diagnosis is detection of the etiological agent, detection of spread of the disease, to
determine the no. of infected individuals, to find the cause for the outbreak etc
Diagnosis by mode of execution

Preventative – by vets carrying out normal treatment, screening methods
Targeted – When infection is suspected; in foci, protected zones etc
Diagnosis by Aim
Passive –Accidental; during the course of routine field practice
Active – Focus is on the detection of the epizootological situation for one or more agents
Diagnosis examination can be in all animals e.g. TB testing or in some animals as a representative
sample e.g. enzootic bovine leucosis
The diagnosis of an infectious disease must be systematic, specific and complex

According to the epizootological situation, a diagnostic diagram must be developed for:
 No. and frequencies of examinations
 Species and categories
 Use of diagnostic methods based on the Epizootological situation
Diagnostic methods
Field Methods
 Case history and anamnesis, collection of epizootological data/data survey
 Clinical examination of the animal
 Allergenodiagnostics e.g. TB tuberculin test
 Lab sampling ensuring “rule of 3” packaging is adhered to
Lab Methods
Necropsy or pathohistology
Viral Methods
 Isolation of the virus – Cell culture, chicken embryos, lab experiment
 Direct evidence of viral Ag – Microscope (IF), E.M., ELISA, Hybridisation and PCR
 Indirect Evidence of viral Ag – serological examination for specific Ab in serum after inoculation
of the sample by Ag
 Indirect evidence of Ag-Ab interaction – CFT, Haemagglutination Test
 Evidence of viral blocking of Ab – VNT, HIT
 Evidence of direct Ag-Ab interaction – ELISA, IF
Bacterial Methods
 Direct Microscopy (mycobacteria)
 Cultivation/Culture
 Biological experiment
Serological Methods
 Evidence of specific Ab that react with viral Ag
 Slide/tube agglutination test
 Milk ring test – brucella
 CFT, VNT, AGID, HIT, ELISA
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19. Reporting Infectious Diseases
 Reporting of a notifiable disease is obligatory – this can be by the farmer or animal owner.
 Report is sent without delay to the veterinary authorities (regional or state) even if disease is
only suspected and hasn’t been confirmed
 O.I.E. = authority on animal diseases. They carry information on diseases, their modes of
transmission, the course of the disease, clinical symptoms, diagnostic information and
treatment to be carried out. They also set out the standard tests to be carried out which are
necessary for international trade.
 Specific emphasis is placed on diseases which are zoonotic , along with diseases which are
found on the OIE List A
 If an owner fails to report a possible disease outbreak, he/she can be legally charged with
violation of the law which is punishable
 Animal workers must have knowledge necessary to recognise notifiable diseases – then reports
to vet…and so on
 Sampling is carried out and sent for laboratory analysis; findings are sent to the authorities
 Depending on results, animal owner must allow full access by the authorities to the farm.
 Examples of such diseases are: FMD, BSE, Scrapie and CSF.
Importance of reporting quickly –

 to reduce the risk of spread of the disease
 Enable fast implementation of protective measure – foci, movement prohibition, disinfection
fords etc
 To apply emergency plans if necessary – methods to try and prevent an outbreak
Following reporting of suspicion of a disease farmer must ensure that restrictions are put in place
such as:
 Movement restrictions
 Isolation of suspect animals
 Limit human traffic
 Allow any tests needed to be carried out
Report of disease occurrence

Usually drawn up by the vet and includes:
 Date, area involved, no. of suspected cases, farms involved
 Measures put in place
 Method of possible introduction of the etiological agent
Report is then sent to relevant authorities – regional, state, and the state food and agriculture and
veterinary institution
The European commission is also informed
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20. Emergency Planning
Emergency planning includes models that are created at both national and regional levels, which act
as guidelines to follow in the event of a disease outbreak
These guidelines are especially important in the event of very dangerous diseases which are very
contagious and can spread very rapidly and affect large populations of animals therefore posing as
an economic threat.
Zoonosis is also an area for major concern.
Most emergency plans employ radical methods such as the slaughter of infected animals along with
proper disposal.
Emergency plans are subject to change on the basis of the development of epizootological
situations, following analysis, in a given area or region.
Example of emergency plan guidelines in Slovakia for diseases e.g. FMD, BSE, Scrapie, CSF,
Bluetongue etc
Legal powers and framework for executing the plan
Financial support through the state budget
Hierarchy of controlling authorities with proper communication and co-operation
Groups of experts on the disease must be available for consultation
Adequate resources must be available incl. labs
Staff guidelines and training must be provided
21. Epizootological Sanitation
Sanitation in epizootology is carried out to protect the general health of the animal population
through reducing/eliminating the incidence of etiological agents, their vectors and reservoirs.
Sanitation is used as both a preventative measure and as an eradication and control method.
Sanitation includes: Disinfection, disinfestations, carcass disposal etc.
Principles of Epizootological Sanitation

 Objectives can be general or specific against an etiological agent
 As a preventative method, sanitation should be carried out regularly and systematically in all
facilities e.g. production areas, “all in all out” systems, insect and rodent control etc
 Intrafocal sanitation – to destroy all sources of infection, vectors, reservoirs etc.
 Place of epizootological sanitation – everywhere (wherever necessary)
 Time – Regularly and systematically. However a change in the epi situation and its analysis may
indicate the need to increase preventative measures etc
Disinfection
Removal of infectious agents by killing them
 Mechanical cleaning – scrubbing, hot water, soap etc
 Physical disinfection – dry heat, humidity, burning, UV etc
 Chemical disinfection – After mechanical and physical. Use of sprays or liquids depending on the
etiological agent or surface type e.g. phenols, Cl-, pH, Septonex, peracetic acid etc
Disinfestation
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Measures used against vectors and reservoirs of etiological agents; Physical or chemical methods
used to remove arthropods, rodents etc
 Fumigation – gas
 Insecticides – Organochloramines, OP, carbamates, pyrethrins
 Rodenticides
 Molluscicides
Control of wild animal reservoirs

Mechanically – hunting, traps
Physically – Flooding dens with water
Chemically – solids and gases e.g. for badger sets
Biologically – Natural enemies (of the reservoir host), destruction of the habitat
Carcass Disposal
Rendering – safe, rapid and economical
Burying – Not allowed anymore???
Burning – not allowed either???
Following removal of the carcass – area is cleaned and disinfected
22. Organisation and Co-ordination of Control and Eradication of Infectious Diseases
Organisation and co-ordination are an essential part of any eradication programme, be it on a

regional or national level. It is also very important in the execution of emergency plans.
1. Correct recognition of the disease by the owner and notification to the vet
2. Vet will confirm suspicion of the disease, a report is drawn up and sent to the regional food
and veterinary institution and the state veterinary department
3. Owner/farmer must put measures in place to restrict spread of the disease e.g. movement
restriction on animals and humans, sanitation at farm entrance etc
4. Authorities must be granted full access to the farm in order to carry out a full investigation
including clinical, pathological and laboratory analysis
5. The official vet may also decide to carry out control killing for further sample analysis – 2
samples from each animal one with and one without EDTA; up to 10 samples from each farm
6. If the lab confirms diagnosis of the disease and outbreak may be declared with further
investigation of surrounding areas taking into consideration the wind, animal movement etc
7. Regional food and vet institute reports to state vet office; the chief veterinary report is sent
to the E.U. commission, all within 24 hrs.
Such diseases that can be deemed as an “outbreak” include:

 FMD, BSE, Newcastle disease, Scrapie, CSF, ASF, Haemorrhagic septicaemia
 Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, Peste de petits ruminants, Sheep pox, African Horse
Sickness etc. i.e. OIE List A diseases
Chief vet must also report on a weekly basis on the occurrence of secondary outbreaks. These
notifications are recorded on the European animal notification system.
Legal powers, financial support, trained personnel, adequate equipment and access to diagnostic
labs are required in order to try to eradicate the disease.
 The area is mapped out and zones are put in place (focus, perifocus, buffer zone, surveillance
zone). Areas are updated daily
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 Sanitation measures are carried out – disinfection, disinfestations, rodent control and carcass
disposal.
 Centre of disease control – have co-ordination team, administration, epizootological, and
vaccination and eradication teams.
 Eradication team – In charge of planning and carrying out the culling of affected animals,
sample taking, carcass disposal, animal value determination for farmer’s compensation,
disinfection of equipment.
23. International Co-operation in the Prevention and Elimination of Infectious Diseases
O.I.E. (World Animal Health Organisation)

Office International des Epizooties
Help to fight animal diseases on a global level through international agreements
 Headquarters in Paris
 Today has 175 member states
 For reporting and sharing information on animal diseases – collection and publication of facts
and documents is of top priority over all other objectives within the OIE.
 Both the Organisation and the Member Countries have unconditional duties to disclose all
relevant information about animal diseases.
 Members must report the occurrence of diseases listed by the OIE, the emergence of new
diseases and significant epidemiologic events within 24 hrs
 OIE key tasks;
o The collection of all facts and documents about the spread of diseases
o Their control measures
o Their notification to the government or veterinary authorities
 Information relaying has been dramatically increased by the implementation of the World
Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) – allows members to be on-line electronically with a
server in the OIE
Direct contact between the OIE and the delegates of the Member states, who usually are the Chief
Veterinary Officers, is an important prerequisite for the rapid transmission of information; therefore
OIE communications with its Member Countries are not limited to the contacts through diplomatic
channels.
WHO (World Health Organisation)

 Directs and co-ordinates health within the
United Nations system.
 Deals with communicable diseases and their
spread with an aim to prevent and control cross border spread of such diseases
 It is responsible for:
o providing leadership on global health matters
o shaping the health research agenda
o setting norms and standards
o articulating evidence-based policy options
o Providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends.
CDC (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention)

Their aim is to create the expertise, information, and tools that people and communities need to
protect their health – through health promotion, prevention of disease, injury and disability, and
preparedness for new health threats.
 Collect and research information on diseases and conditions globally.
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 Detect and investigate health problems and conduct research to enhance prevention
 Implement health strategies and provide training and leadership
24. Prevention and Eradication of Infectious Diseases in the E.U.
There are many agencies working within the E.U. for the prevention of diseases
European Commission (of health and consumers)

Situated in Brussels
Comprised of a general directory with several agencies working underneath it e.g. general affairs,
consumers, public health, food chain safety, health system, veterinary office, and veterinary
international affairs
Animal Health Office

 To protect and increase animal health within a community – esp. food producing animals
 They are in charge of
 Live animal intra-community trade
 Semen/ova/embryos
 Products of animal origin, traceability
 Animal disease monitoring, control and eradication
 Animal nutrition and veterinary products
 Research, finance, Emergency veterinary teams, expert groups
 Animal welfare
Food and Veterinary Office

 Check EU regulation and legislation compliance regarding animal health and welfare, food and
feed safety
 Also develops control systems
SCFCAH (Standing Community of Food Chain and Animal Health)

 Covers the entire food supply chain – from “stable to table”
 Helps the EU deal with health risks
ADNS (Animal Disease Notification System)

 For registration and notification of important infectious diseases
 Ensures safe trade of animals
EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)

 Carry out risk assessments on food and feed safety along with existing and emerging risks
 Provides independent scientific advice to the EU
ECDC (European Centre for Disease Control)

 Located in Sweden
 Ensures strengthened defence against infectious diseases
 Works with national health protection bodies across the EU
 Collects and evaluates scientific data regarding diseases
 Surveillance and response support, public health, co-ordination and disease programmes
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25. Preventative and Control Measures in Cattle Farms
Non-Specific Disease Control

 Geographic location of farm –Distance from other farms, main roads, human population, water
sources, wild animals and vectors
 Black and White system – Aids in the prevention of disease transmission. Includes “all in all out”
system, closed herds, adequate inspection and quarantine of new animals etc
 Control of water and feed quality and resources – Very important in disease prevention e.g.
leptospirosis, parasites etc
 Hygiene and health maintenance in the animals – frequent inspections, vaccination
programmes, disease prevention through sanitation (disinfection, disinfestations and rodent
control)
o Stress management, microclimate, personnel knowledge and hygiene
o Choose genetically resistant animals
o Grouping of animals
o Quarantine and isolation, adequate cadaver disposal, emergency plans
o Records of vaccines, treatment and animal ID
 Grassland management – strip grazing, resting periods, recultivation of pasture (fertilizer,
spreading manure etc)
Specific Control Measures

TB tuberculin testing
 0.1 ml mycobacterium bovis (PPD) intradermal and read result 72 hours later
 Pos = inflam lesion >4mm, dubious = 2-4mm; neg = <2mm
 With dubious result, mycobacterium avium administered on the other side of the neck and
again read 72 hrs later
 Pos result - Reactors are isolated from the rest of the herd, valued and slaughtered. The herd
loses its Officially Tuberculosis-Free (OTF) status and herd movement restrictions are
applied. Herd movement restrictions can only be lifted and OTF status restored after all the
animals have passed two consecutive skin tests 60 days apart. Only one such test is required
where TB is not confirmed by post-mortem examination or in laboratory tests.
Mastitis Control
Hygiene in bedding area, isolation of positive animals to prevent spread in the case of contagious
mastitis
Hygiene at milking – teat washing and dipping prior to milking, teat dipping after milking as teat
canal is open (introduction of pathogens)
Control at milking time – use of milk cup, California mastitis test, adspection and palpation
Tests for import/export

Brucella, FMD, IBR, BVDV
For import into Ireland – TB, ParaTB, IBR, Brucella, Enzootic Bovine Leucosis, Leptospirosis, BVDV
(must come from herds officially free from these diseases. Bluetongue vaccinated)
Other regulatory tests

Enzootic bovine leucosis – all cattle >2yrs old tested 2x/year – eradication programme
Campylobacter – breeding bulls every 3 months
Specific controls for ‘Syndromes’
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Bovine respiratory syndrome, Bovine Diarrhoeic Syndrome, Reproductive disorders
What to test for in the case of abortions

Q-Fever, Leptospirosis, Brucella, Chlamydia, Campylobacter, IBR/IPV (Herpes), BVDV, Bluetongue,
Salmonella?
26. Vaccination Programmes in Cattle
Note: No obligatory vaccinations, only recommendations therefore vaccinations are generally done
according to the epizootological situation of the area/region
Calves
>2wks old – Ringworm
 Live attenuated vaccine, booster in 2 weeks
>2wks old – BRD complex (BVDV 1&2, IBR, PI3 BRSV, Manhemmia)
 Vaccine – MLV, booster after 3 weeks
>3wks old – Salmonella
 Inactivated, booster in 3 weeks
Just before first grazing – Lungworm – Live attenuated (orally), 2 doses
Dairy Cow Vaccination

Before breeding –
 BRD complex – then booster
 Leptospirosis – 2 doses
Prior to drying –
 Coliforms mastitis, clostridium (tetanus)
Prior to calving –
 Neonatal diarrhoea (rotavirus, coronavirus, E-coli)
 Salmonellosis booster
In endemic areas: vaccines to paraTB, anthrax
Vaccines not recommended: FMD, TB, ParaTB
General Control Measures

Regular herd testing
 TB, Brucella, Enzootic bovine leucosis (>2yrs old)
Diseases where quarantine is required
 FMD (Apthavirus), Lumpy skin disease (pox virus), Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
(mycoplasma)
Diseases where hygiene can help
 Listeria, leptospirosis, colibacillosis, pasteurella, mastitis, necrobacillosis
Adequate vector control
 Babesia, theileria, Erlichia, Q-fever, Lyme disease, Tularaemia, Bluetongue
27. Preventative and Control Measures in Sheep & Goat Farms

• Geographic location of farm –Distance from other farms, main roads, human population, water
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• Black and White system – Aids in the prevention of disease transmission. Includes “all in all out”
• Control of water and feed quality and resources – Very important in disease prevention e.g.
leptospirosis, parasites etc
• Hygiene and health maintenance in the animals – frequent inspections, vaccination
control)
• Grassland management – strip grazing, resting periods, recultivation of pasture (fertilizer,

Tests for import/export
TB (using bovine tuberculin in the cervical area or the caudal fold)
Border disease
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis (Lentivirus)
Brucella
Paratuberculosis
Scrapie genotyping (not sure if this is compulsory)
For import into Ireland –
 Flock must have Maedi/Visna accredited status,
 Brucella – Come from an officially free herd
 Bluetongue requirement must be met
 Farm must not have been diagnosed with Contagious agalacia (in 6 mths), ParaTB, Brucella
and caseous lymphadenitis (in 12 mths), Pulmonary adenomatosis, caprine
arteritis/encephalitis and Maedi/visna (in 3 yrs) Bru
 Main exotic diseases of concern are: FMD, BT, Brucella, Maedi/visna. Contagious agalatia
and caseous lymphadenitis
 Main endemic diseases requiring precautionary measure are: Foot rot, Sheep scab, Enzootic
abortion, Scrapie, Orf, ParaTB.
General Testing
Brucella, maedi/Visna, Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia, Peste des Petits ruminants,
Bluetongue, caprine arteritis/encephalitis.

Peste des Petits ruminants, Bluetongue, Q-Fever, Leptospirosis, Brucella, Chlamydia, Campylobacter,
Listeria, Salmonella
28. Vaccination Program of Sheep and Goats
1. Clostridial Diseases
Clostridial Toxin C and D + Tetanus
- Inactivated
- For those not being slaughtered at less than 16 weeks old.
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- Give at 12 weeks old then booster 4 weeks later, then;
- Sheep 4 - 6 months later
- Goats 3 months later
- AND prior to lambing (increase colostrum antibody titre to protect young).
This is a nice page explaining the diseases

http://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/flockvaccinations.html
2. Mannheimia haemolytica (pneumonia in conjunction with Pasteurella)
- Give at 2 weeks (this seems far too young but its what Avi put in his notes and I cant find anything
on the internet or powerpoints, i guess it could mean 2 weeks before lambing?)
3. Campylobacter (abortion, stillbirth and pneumonia in newborns)
- Inactivated
- Give before breeding and then again 90 days later
4. Chlamydia abortus
- Give 60 days before breeding and then again 30 days before breeding
5. Caseous Lymphadenitis (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis)
- Give from 3 months old, then boost after 4 weeks and also give yearly booster
29. Preventative and control measures in swine farms
• Black and White system – Aids in the prevention of disease transmission. Includes “all in all out”
leptospirosis, E.coli, parasites etc
control)
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Import/ Export Controls
 No evidence of Transmissible Gastroenteritis, Aujeskys Disease or Swine Influenza in the past 12

months.
 ELISA for Transmissible Gastroenteritis no more than 30 days before export.
 Animals must be examined within 24 hours of export and found to be free from all signs of
diseases including ectoparasites.
 Must come from Brucellosis free stock
 Holding must be free from FMD, Swine Vesicular Disease, Classical Swine Fever and Contagious
Swine Paralysis for the last three months.
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.
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Brachyspira hyodysenteriae = swine dysentry
Classical Swine Fever - strict import, quarantine and serology, can vaccinate in endemic areas
African swine fever - No vaccine available, vector control, strict import control. Any animals that test
seropositive for CSF or ASF must be slaughtered.
Brucella - B. suis biovar 2 affects wild boar and pigs. Any seropositive animals must be slaughtered
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Aujezskeys - Breeding herds must be tested, and piglets removed and regularly tested. A marker
vaccine is available in endemic areas, but permission is required to use it (guessing from the state
veterinary authority). All positive animals must be slaughtered
Food Borne Control
ASF, CSF, Swine Vesicular Disease (waste must be treated with NaOH at 4C for 30mins), Trichinella
New Animal Control
ASF, CSF, Brucella, Porcine Reproduction and Respiratory Disease (PRRS).

New animals must be quarantined and serologically tested. Any positive animals must be
slaughtered.
Vaccines are not available for ASF, Brucella, Swine Vesicular Disease, and any animals with Brucella,
CSF/ASF or PRRS must be slaughtered to “stamp out” the disease.
General Testing
CSF/ASF, Brucella, Aujeskys disease
Porcine Parvovirus, Aujeszkys (Herpes Virus 1), Japanese B Encephalitis, C/A swine fever,
Leptospirosis, Brucellosis and less commonly Porcine Circovirus (PRRS etc), FMD.
Bacteria that cause sporadic abortions include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp,
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae , Salmonella spp, Pasteurella multocida, Arcanobacterium
(Actinomyces) pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, and E. coli
30. Vaccination Programme in Swine
1 week old
- Mycoplasma
- Erysipelas
- Rhinitis (Bordatella, Pasteurella)
3 weeks old
- Circovirus
4 weeks old
- Boost Mycoplasma, Eryipelas and Rhinitis

also give Actinobacillus and pleuropneumoniae
Adults
- Leptospirosis, Erysipelas, Parvo Virus (SMEDI)
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**Note: She said in class that she wants us to know which diseases affect which age groups of
“suckling”, “post weaning” and “sows”, so make sure you know your epi.
31. Preventative and Control Measures in Horse Farms
Horses are very susceptible to diseases in terms of stress, for this reason they need excellent hygiene
and feed monitoring.
• Black and White system – not sure if this is really important for horses, however, i guess if you’re
talking about a meat producing place then it is.
leptospirosis, E.coli, parasites etc
control)
Control of Abortion Diseases
Equine Herpes Virus 1 - serology, vaccinate and isolate from herd

Equine Arteritis - serology, quarantine and slaughter any that test positive
Mycotic Aspergillosis
Salmonella abortus equi
Leptospirosis - Serology, hygiene and rodent control
Vector Borne Diseases
Equine Piroplasmosis (Babesia/Theileria) - Serology before entering herd, quarantine, vector

control.
Equine Infectious Anaemia - Serology of all horses (Coggins Test), Vaccinate, and kill all affected.
African Horse Sickness (Orbivirus) - Culicoides control
Equine Encephalomyelitis - Mosquito control
Dourine (Trypanosimiasis) - Serology of new animals, quarantine, venereal.
Glanders - No vaccine. Must do serology on all animals and cull those infected. For import, horses
must be certified as free of Glanders for 6 months.
Equine Influenza - Veterinary certificate within past 21 days
EIA - Must have negative coggins test before movement
Tetanus
33
32. Vaccination Programmes in Horse Farms
1. Clostridium tetani
Two different programmes for foals depending on weather the mother is vaccinated or not.
If mother vaccinated - foal vaccinated at 6, 7 and 8 months old, then given yearly boosters.
If mother is unvaccinated - foal vaccinated at 3 and 4 months and then given yearly booster.
2. Equine Influenza
If mother is vaccinated - foal vaccinated at 9, 10 and 11 months, and then at 3 month intervals.
If mother is unvaccinated – foal is vaccinated at 6, 7 and 8 months then at 3 month intervals.
3. Equine Herpes Virus 1 - (rhinopneumatis and abortion)
Foal vaccinated at 4, 5 and 6 months then given at 3 month intervals.
4. Strangles
Foal vaccinated at 4, 5 and 7 months
5. West Nile Virus
Foal vaccinated at 3 and 4 months and also at 6 months in high risk areas.
The goal of vaccination is to develop and maintain both individual and herd immunity against
infectious diseases. Commercial vaccines are available for rabies, encephalomyelitis (Eastern,
Western, and Venezuelan), tetanus, influenza, equine herpes viruses 1 and 4, botulism, equine
Ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever), equine viral arteritis, rotavirus, West Nile virus, equine protozoal
myelitis, and Streptococcus equi (strangles). Vaccination programs are formulated based on the
animal’s age, use, and level of exposure. Broodmare vaccination is important to provide active
immunity for the mare and passive immunity for the foal via transfer of colostral antibodies.
Vaccination guidelines for foals have been modified due to the interference of maternal antibodies
with the initial vaccination response.
Tetanus:
Recommended for all foals and horses. Initial vaccination at 6 months of age, with a 3-dose series at 4- to
6-wk intervals, followed by annual boosters. Broodmares should receive a booster 4-6 wk before foaling.
A horse with an unknown vaccination status that sustains an injury should receive a dose of tetanus
antitoxin along with a dose of tetanus toxoid. A second dose of toxoid should be given 4 wk later.
Rhinopneumonitis (Equine Herpesvirus 1 and 4):
34
Recommended for all foals and horses. Initial vaccination begins at 5 months of age followed by 2 more
doses at 4- to 6- wk intervals. Young horses are most susceptible and should be vaccinated at 3- to 4-
month’s intervals. Pregnant mares are vaccinated against EHV-1 during months 3, 5, 7, and 9 of gestation
and 4-6 wk before foaling.
Encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western):

Recommended for all foals and horses. Initial vaccination between 4 and 5 months of age (3-4 months of
age in highly endemic areas), with a 3-dose series at 4- to 6-wk intervals, followed by semiannual
boosters. Broodmares should receive a booster 4-6 wk before foaling.
Influenza:
Recommended for all foals and horses. Due to the persistence of maternally derived antibodies, initial
vaccination using the IM vaccine should begin at 9-10 months of age followed by 2 additional doses given
at 4-wk intervals. If the intranasal vaccine is used, a single dose can be administered at 9 months of age.
Pregnant mares should receive an annual IM booster 4-6 wk before foaling. If the mare was not
vaccinated during the last trimester of her pregnancy, then the 3-dose vaccination series for her foal can
begin as early as 5 months of age, with subsequent doses given at 4- to 6-wk intervals. Young
performance horses should be vaccinated every 3-4 months. Adult horses are usually vaccinated
annually.
Rabies:
Recommended for foals and horses in areas where rabies is prevalent. Vaccination of all horses should
be encouraged. Initial vaccination should begin at 6 mo of age, followed by a second dose at 7 mo and a
booster at 1 yr of age, followed by annual boosters. Broodmares can receive a booster before breeding
or 4-6 wk before foaling.
Potomac Horse Fever:

Vaccination is suggested in areas where the disease is endemic. Initial vaccination can begin at 5-6 mo of
age, followed by a second dose in 3-4 wk and a booster at 1 yr of age. Annual boosters in the spring are
recommended. Pregnant mares should receive a booster before foaling.
West Nile Virus:

Vaccination of all foals and horses in the continental USA is recommended. Initial vaccination can begin
at 5 mo of age followed by a second dose in 4 wk. A booster should be administered in late summer for
foals born early in the year. Pregnant mares should receive a booster 4-6 wk before foaling.
Botulism:
35
Vaccination is recommended for horses in the mid-Atlantic states and other regions of the USA where
the disease is common. Initial vaccination involves a series of 3 doses administered at 4-wk intervals
followed by annual boosters. Foals from vaccinated mares can begin their primary vaccination series at 5
mo of age. Broodmares that have never been vaccinated should receive an initial series of 3 doses
administered at 4-wk intervals during the last trimester, followed by annual boosters administered 4-6
wk before foaling.
Strangles:
Use of this vaccine is restricted to farms where strangles is endemic. Initial immunization with the IM
vaccine involves a 3-dose series administered 4 wk apart beginning at 5 mo of age. If the intranasal
vaccine is used, vaccination can begin at 11 mo of age with a second dose given at 12 mo and annual
boosters thereafter. Broodmares on endemic farms should receive an annual booster 4-6 wk before
foaling.
Rotavirus:
On farms where foal rotaviral diarrhea is a problem, pregnant mares should be given a 3-dose series at 3-
to 4-wk intervals, during the last trimester of pregnancy. Foals obtain passive immunity through
absorption of colostral antibodies.
Foals with failure of passive antibody transfer (ie, IgG levels <200 mg/dL) and/or foals born to
unvaccinated mares can receive their initial vaccination for equine herpesvirus 1 and 4, tetanus, and
Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitis in a 3-dose series beginning at 3-4 mo of age. These foals
can receive their first dose of rabies vaccine at 3 mo of age, followed by a booster at 12 mo. Influenza
vaccination can be started at 9 mo of age. Foals born to mares that have never been exposed to or
vaccinated against West Nile virus can receive their first vaccination
36
35. Prevention and control measure in carnivorous fur animals and
36. Vaccinations for carnivorous fur animals.
Diseases of carnivorous fur animals;
Disease Hosts Etiology
Rabies All - fox extremely sensitive Lyssa Virus, Rhabdoviridae
Botulism Mink, Ferret, Fox C. botulinum
Distemper Mink, Ferret, Fox Morbillivirus, Paramyxoviridae
Colibacillosis Mink, Ferret, Fox E. coli,
Salmonellosis Mink, Ferret, Fox S. enteritidis, choleraesuis,

typhimurium.
Aujeskys Disease Mink, Ferret, Fox Porcine Herpes Virus 1,

Varicellovirus, Herpesviridae
Dermatomycosis Mink, Ferret, Fox T. mentagrophytes, canis.
Aleutian Mink Disease Mink Parvovirus, Parvoviridae
Mink Viral Enteritis Mink Parvovirus, Parvoviridae
Transmissible Mink Mink Prion

Encephalopathy
Infectious Hepatitis / Encephalitis Fox Canine Adenovirus 1,

Mastadenovirus, Adenoviridae
Non-specific Control
 Quarantine of new arrivals and sick animals

 Parasite control
 Rodent control and disinfection
Foxes
 Kept in individual pens with attached canal

 Pens should be raised with a woven floor to disrupt parasitic cycles.
 Animals are fed commercial feed preparations
 Animals with Canine Distemper should be killed and incinerated
37
Diseases - Distemper, Rabies, Infectious Hepatitis/Encephalitis, Aujeskys disease, Botulism,
Colibacillosis, Salmonellosis, Darmatomycosis.
Vaccinations for foxes
Vaccine 1st 2nd 3rd
Distemper 8 weeks 12 weeks 10 months
Infectious 10 weeks 10 months

Hepatitis/Encephalitis
(CAV)
Dermatomycosis > 4 weeks 8 - 12 days after
Rabies > 3 months old Annually
NB. All inactivated vaccines, except Dermatomycosis which is live attenuated
Mink
 Kept in wire-meshed pens with a box and hide for nesting with straw.
 Air circulation and natural daylight
Diseases - Distemper, Rabies, Aujeskys Disease, Aleutian Mink Disease, Mink Viral Enteritis,
Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy, Botulism, Colibacillosis, Salmonellosis, Dermatomycosis.
Vaccine 1st 2nd Type
Distemper 10 weeks annually Live attenuated in

combo w/ enteritis +
botulism
Mink Viral Enteritis vaccinated mother = 12 not vaccinated mother = Inactivated in combo w/
- 23 weeks 2 - 3 weeks distemper + botulism
not vaccinated mother = then annually

7 - 8 weeks
Botulism 6 - 7 weeks annually Multivalent vaccine of

Type C toxoid
Ferrets
Diseases - Distemper, rabies, Aujeszkys Disease, Botulisms, Colibacillosis, Salmonellosis,
Dermatomycosis.
38
Vaccine 1st 2nd Type
Distemper 6 - 8 weeks 10 - 12 weeks attenuated, inactivated

or subunit
then annually
Rabies 3 months Annually Inactivated
37. Preventive and control measures in herbivorous fur animals.

- Includes rabbits, guinea pigs, hares, chinchillas and nutrias.
 Control wild animal populations near fur animals
 Hygiene
Diseases
Hemorrhagic Disease of Rabbits - Calicivirus, very contagious, usually die without signs, direct and
indirect transmission.
In the event of an outbreak, depopulation, disinfection, quarantine and test new animals with ELISA,
PCR, Western Blot.
Myxomatosis - Leporipox virus, very contagious. Direct and vector transmission.
In case of outbreak, depopulation, disinfection, quarantine, test new animals and vector control.
Pasteurella multocida (snuffles pneumonia) - Kill suspected individuals, disinfect and increase
hygiene for prevention.
Trichophyton mentagrophytes - Quarantine and treat with double the preventive dose x3.
Treponema caliculi (rabbit syphallis) - venereal transmission. Separate affected individuals,
quarantine and test new animals. Prohibit breeding.
Colibacillosis - E. coli enterotoxaemia. Good hygiene for prevention.
Salmonella paratyphus - Good hygiene for prevention
Vaccine 1st 2nd 3rd
Hemorrhagic Disease 4 - 6 weeks Annually

(rabbits only)
Myxomatosis 10 weeks, unless in risk every 4 months

area which is 4 weeks
old
Pasteurellosis 4 weeks 7 weeks 10 weeks
39
Vaccine 1st 2nd 3rd
Trichophytosis 6 weeks 8 - 12 days after (if

therapeutic then give a
double dose 3 times)
38. Vaccination programs in herbivores fur animals
- Includes rabbits, guinea pigs, hares, chinchillas and nutrias.
1. Calcivirus: haemorrhagic disease of rabbits, vaccinate at 4-6 weeks of age and annually.
2. Leporipoxviridae: myxomatosis, if the animal is healthy vaccinate at 10 weeks, if in a high
risk area vaccinate at 4 weeks of age. Revaccination every 4 months.
3. Pasterurellosis: snuffle pneumonia and septicaemia, vaccinate at 4, 7 and 10 weeks of age.
4. Trichophytosis: (T. mentagrophytes and rubium are zoonotic) from 6 weeks of age and
booster after 8-12 days, therapeutic dose is 3x double prophylactic dose
Other diseases without a vaccine that should be watched out for …

1. Rabbit syphilis-spirocheatosis (Treponema caliculi), venereal disease in breeding.
2. Collicobacillosis type E
3. Salmonella parathyphoid
39. Preventative and control measures in poultry farms
General rules of prevention:
Geographical location of the farm, separation from other species and prevention of contact with
migrating birds and wild birds (diseases like avian influenza, Chlamydia, Newcastle disease ,
salmonella can be transmitted), black and white zones, all in all out, separation of age categories,
disinfection, disinfestations, rodent control, stress management, light regime, one way flow of air
and proper ventilation.
Replacement stock
Buy 1 day old chicks from a reputable breeder that guarantees vaccination against infectious
bronchitis, Marek’s disease and fowl pox. Recommend that the vaccine program will be in hatchery.
Husbandry
Housing hygiene, nutrition and disease control are important to maximise vaccination protection.
Specific control and prevention:
1. Fowl pox and avian diphtheria: Avipoxvirus

 Cutaneous form in unfeathered areas and diphteric form in the mucous membranes
of the upper respiratory tract
 Transmitted by mosquitoes.
40
 Infected birds are isolated and culled.
 Disinfection by bleach
 Vector control is of high importance.
 Most important is that 1 day old chicks should be vaccinated and revaccinated at 8-
12 weeks of age, then annually.
2. Marek’s disease: Gallid herpes virus 2
 Syndrome of growing poultry 3-4 weeks of age.
 Transmitted by aerosol and feather follicles
 Clinical: visceral leukosis, neurolymphomatosis, ocular lymphomatosis and cutanous
disease
 No treatment, all in all out system
 Vaccinate at 1 day old
3. Infectious laryngotracheitis: Gallid herpes virus 1
 Common in hotter seasons and when farmer doesn’t vaccinate
 Best to vaccinate at 1 week old and again at 8 weeks old via drinking water or eye
drops.
4. Infectious bronchitis: Corona virus
 Highly contagious in flocks
 Transmitted directly or indirectly
 Tracheobronchitis and nephropathogenic mainly in young birds
 Vaccinate at 1 day old, 30 days and 12 weeks
5. Avian encephalomyelitis: Picornaviridae
 Mainly transmitted vertically
 Signs show at days 7-10 in the chick, neurological, gizzard accumulation of lymph
 Importance of immunization of breeder hens at 10-15 weeks by live vaccine to
prevent vertical transmission.
 Destroy affected hens
6. Newcastle disease: Paramyxoviridae, Avulavirus
 Transmitted vertically, direct and indirect
 Highly contagious disease
→ Velogenic viscerotropic: haemorrhages and diarrhoea
→ Velogenic neurotrophic: neurological and respiratory signs
→ Mesogenic
→ Lentogenic
 No treatment, sanitary prophylaxis and disinfection
 Vaccinate at 1 day old by eye drops or at 4 days by water and revaccinate after 3
weeks using live vaccine, or killed deep IM.
7. Avian leucosis: Retroviridae, Lentivirus
 Affects 14-16 week old chickens
 Myeloid or lymphoid leucosis cancer
 Transmitted mainly vertically or direct/indirectly
 Most important is choosing inherited resistance
 Eradication in outbreak and good management systems-all in all out
8. Avian Aspergilliosis
41
 Egg aspergillosis
 Acute chick aspergillosis
 Chronic adult aspergillosis
 Good management and hygiene system
9. Fowl cholera: Pasteurella multocida
 Highly contagious
 Transmitted directly and indirectly via discharges
 Zoonotic
 Pigeon and rodents are reservoirs
 Importance of good hygiene, disinfection, rodent control and vaccine in susceptible
areas
10. Fowl typhoid and Pullorum disease: Salmonella
 Usually transmitted vertically but also directly and indirectly
 High mortality rate of eggs and chickens
 good hygiene, disinfection, disinfestations, rodent control, radical method in disease
Suggested vaccinations:
When? For what?

1 day old Marek’s disease, live Newcastle disease
1 week Infectious bronchitis
2 weeks Fowl pox, infectious laryngotracheitis
3 weeks Live Newcastle disease, Infectious bursal disease
5 weeks Infectious bronchitis
8 weeks Fowl pox
10 weeks infectious laryngotracheitis
12 weeks Infectious bronchitis
18 weeks Mycoplasma gallisepticum (or at 10-14 weeks)
 In production Infectious bronchitis is boosted every 8 weeks.

 When introducing new chickens:
Strict quarantine for avian influenza, salmonella-serology test, Chlamydia-30 day
quarantine and serological exam
40. Poultry vaccine programs
Broilers
Age vaccine route

1 day (preferable at the Marek’s disease SC
hatchery)
1 day (or 2-3 weeks) Newcastle disease Course spray (or water or
Infectious bronchitis course spray)
2-3 weeks Infectious bursal disease water
42
Commercial layers
Age vaccine route

1 day Marek’s disease SC
2-3 weeks Newcastle disease, infectious Water
bronchitis
Infectious bursal disease
5 weeks Newcastle disease, infectious Water or course spray
bronchitis
8-10 weeks Newcastle disease, infectious Water or course spray
bronchitis
10-12 weeks Avian encephalomyelitis Wing-web (live chick embryo
origin)
Fowl pox Wing-web (MLV)
Fowl cholera (in susceptible Parenteral (inactivated)
areas)
Infectious Laryngotracheitis Intraocular (MLV)
Infectious chicken anemia Wing-web (MLV)
10-14 weeks (or 18 weeks) Mycoplasma gallisepticum Intraocular or spray (MLV),
parenteral
12-14 weeks Newcastle disease, infectious Water or aerosol
bronchitis
16-18 weeks Newcastle disease, infectious Water, aerosol or parenteral
bronchitis (inactivated)
 Poultry vaccines can be highly variable and reflect the local conditions, disease prevalence,
and severity of the challenge and individual preferences.
 Vaccination for fowl pox and laryngotracheitis depend on local requirements.
 Other strains of infectious bronchitis (Connecticut, Arkanas 99, Florida 88 etc.) are included
in some areas.
 The use of Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine is regulated or prohibited in some areas.
41. Preventative and control measures in dogs

 In general recommendations are for puppies to be suckling until 6 weeks of age.
 The high window of susceptibility is between 8-10 weeks of age when maternal
antibodies decrease.
 Good vaccination program with core and non-core vaccines is dependant on the
environment and the epizootological situation.
 Try to keep vaccinations at accurate times and do not vaccinate if the animal is sick
or susceptible.
 Try to contain puppies indoors until the rabies vaccine because the disease can be
transmitted from the environment or an encounter with another dog.
 The majority of problems occur in highly populated environments like kennels, pet
shops, and pensions and are related to unvaccinated individuals and mothers.
Fading puppy syndrome: in first 3 weeks of life

1. Canine herpes virus
43
 No vaccine
 Mainly in kennels from naïve bitches to naïve puppies
 Causes necrotising vasculitis/hepatitis, death in neonatal animals, abortion, respiratory
problems
 Prevention: either expose bitch to older dogs prior to breeding or prevent contact from
late gestation to 3 weeks after birth.
2. Infectious canine hepatitis: CAV-1
 Peracute death that looks like poisoning
 Vaccinate with CAV-2 to prevent blue-eye (uveitis)
 MVL is preferred
3. Parvovirus
 Mostly in kennels, shelters, pet shops
 Vaccinated dogs can also get it
 Usually between 6-14 weeks
 Causes myocarditis or enteritis in very young animals
 If animal is sick, owner must pick up faeces for 1 month, clean with bleach 1:30, no
new dogs younger than 16 weeks
 Vaccinate at 6-8 weeks, 3 weeks after and again 3-4 weeks after that
 Last vaccination at 14-16 weeks (MLV)
 More susceptible breeds = Doberman, pit-bull, Rottweiler
 Don’t vaccinate sick or wormy animals as the vaccine can backcross
4. Corona virus
 Mild GIT signs
 Vaccine is questionable
 Hygiene is important
5. Canine distemper: Morbillivirus
 Affect young and old dogs
 Neurological signs, respiratory, GIT, hyperkeratosis (hard pad), enamel hypoplasia,
 Immunosuppressed adults can get it through vaccine, but mainly in young
unvaccinated dogs
 Vaccinate from 6-8 weeks until 12-14 weeks
 Do not vaccinate in shelters or in immunosuppressed dogs, virus can backcross
6. Canine infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough): CAV-2
 Usually multi-factorial with Bordetella bronchiseptica, PI3, and CAV-2
 Vaccinate dog 5 days before kennelling
7. Lyme disease: Borrelia borgduferi.
 Prevention via tick control, Amitraz, Frontline
8. Erlichiosis:
 Prevention via tick control, Amitraz, Frontline
9. Leptospirosis: Spirochaetae
 Many modes of transmission, mainly urine but also direct, indirect, rodents, water,
feed
 Zoonotic
 Causes hepato-renal damage
44
 Contains 8 serovars so must use polyvalent vaccine or for specific serovar
 Give vaccine from 9 weeks of age 2x or 3 in 3 weeks
 Isolate infected
 Rodent control
10. Rabies: Lyssa virus
 Reservoirs are wild carnivores such as foxes, racoons, skunks, bats, coyote and rats
 Use killed viruses from 3 months old and annually or every 3 years with non-adjuvated
vaccine.
 Any animal that develops signs of rabies in 10 day quarantine is killed
Vaccination programs
Disease Type Core/non-core When?

Parvo MVL/inactivated Core 6 weeks x 2 or 3
Distemper MLV Core 6 weeks x 2
CAV-1 MLV Core 6 weeks x 2
Rabies Inactivated Core >3 months
Parainfluenza Non-core >8 weeks
Leptospirosis Inactivated Non-core >8 weeks
42. Vaccination programs in dogs
Core vaccinations
1. Parvovirus: MLV/inactivated, at 6-8 weeks of age x 2 or 3 dependent on breed susceptibility

2. Distemper: Morbillivirus, MLV at 6-8 weeks of age x 2, 3-4 weeks apart.
3. CAV-1: MLV, we use CAV-2 for vaccine because it gives better protection and good cross
immunity and doesn’t cause ‘blue-eye’ (corneal opacity).
4. Rabies: Lyssa virus, inactivated. >3 months of age and annually or every 3 years.
Non-core vaccinations
1. Parainfluenza and bordatella = part of the kennel cough complex with CAV-2.
Recommended to vaccinate prior to kennelling of dogs older than 8 weeks of age (IN).
2. Leptospirosis: inactivated subunit, L. icteroheamorrhagica (Weil’s syndrome) and L. canicola
(Stutgarts disease in dogs). Very recommended >8 weeks old x 2.
43. Preventative and control measures in cats

 In general recommendations are for kittens to be suckling until 6-8 weeks of age.
 The high window of susceptibility is between 6-8 weeks of age when maternal
antibodies decrease.
 Good vaccination program with core and non-core vaccines is dependant on the
environment, the epizootological situation, living indoor/outdoor, multiple pet
households Etc.
 Try to keep vaccinations at accurate times and do not vaccinate if the animal is sick
or susceptible.
45
 The majority of problems occur in highly populated environments like breeders,
kennels, pet shops, pensions and are related to unvaccinated kittens and mothers.
1. Feline panleukopenia: Parvovirus (feline distemper)

 Lymphoid, GIT and bone marrow depression
 Most common in shelters and unvaccinated kittens and mothers
 Can be transmitted transplacentally causing cerebral hypoplasia and vision
problems.
 MLV or killed vaccine given at 6-8 weeks and again every 3-4 weeks until 12 weeks of
age
 Use killed vaccine for unvaccinated pregnant queens
 Revaccinate every 3 years
 Core
2. Feline Rhinotracheitis: FHV-1
 Very common respiratory problem in cats
 Latent in trigeminal ganglia
 Tend to be more severe than Calcivirus
 Causes hepatic and corneal ulcers and can be systemic in kittens-rhinitis and
pneumonia
 Vaccination is MLV, inactivated
 Core
3. Calcivirus
 Besides upper respiratory tract signs, it can also cause oral ulcers, stomatitis and
lameness
 30% of all cats shed this virus, and recovered cats shed it for years
 The virulent systemic form can affect cats of any age regardless of vaccine
 In out-brake use MLV (IN) for healthy
 Clean with bleach
 Core
4. Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV): Retroviridae
 Transmitted by biting, grooming, water bowls, transplacentally, urine, faeces
 Depending on the cats immune response, it can be progressive (die in 3 years),
latent or regressive
 More common in kittens
 Prevention: keep positive cats away from negative cats
 Vaccinate outdoor cats (due to fighting), kittens and all cats in a household with
more than 2 cats
 Vaccinate at 9 weeks
 Non-core
5. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV): Retroviridae, Lentivirus
 More prevalent in adult male (>5 years) outdoor cats due to fighting
 Keep unaffected cats indoors
 Test any new kitten coming to vet clinic
 Vaccination not recommended
46
6. Rabies
 Try to prevent cats from eating rats
 Rodent control
 Vaccinate at 3 months
 Core
7. Feline infectious peritonitis: Corona virus
 Usually enteric, can mutate and become wet (effusive) or dry FIP. Transmitted in
faeces so hygiene is very important
 Keep queen and kittens isolated by 12 weeks
 Vaccine is non-core
 Vaccine is not recommended
8. Chlamydophila felis
 Upper respiratory tract infection
 Primarily affects kittens in catteries when maternal antibodies decrease
 Shed in nasal discharge
 Recovered ones shed it when immunosuppressed
 Zoonotic
 Causes unilateral conjunctivitis or systemic pneumonia in young
 Often associated with FHV-1 (feline respiratory complex)
 Clean environment and MLV vaccine
 Non-core
9. Dermatophytosis
 Microsporum canis
 Vaccine is non-core
 From 12 weeks of age
Vaccination programs

Parvo (panleukopenia) MLV Core 6 weeks x 2
Herpes MLV Core 6 weeks x 2
Calcivirus MLV Core 6 weeks x 2
FeLV inactivated Non-core 9 weeks
(recommended)
Chlamydophila Inactivated Non-core >9 weeks
(recommended)
Dermatophytosis inactivated Non-core >12 weeks
(recommended)
FIP Non-core 16 weeks (Not
recommended)
FIV Non-core 16 weeks (Not
recommended)
47
44. Vaccination programs in cats

Parvo (panleukopenia) MLV Core 6 weeks x 2
Herpes MLV Core 6 weeks x 2
Calcivirus MLV Core 6 weeks x 2
FeLV inactivated Non-core 9 weeks
(recommended)
chlamydophila Inactivated Non-core >9 weeks
(recommended)
Dermatophytosis inactivated Non-core >12 weeks
(recommended)
FIP Non-core 16 weeks (Not
recommended)
FIV Non-core 16 weeks (Not
recommended)
48

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PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE

1. General Principles and methods of infectious disease prevention and control

 Primary preventative measures – to prevent exposure to aetiological agents

Veterinary prevention plan & protection of national territory

Regulation of breeding and production

Prevention of Disease Introduction

2. General Principles and Methods of Infectious Disease Elimination and Eradication

3. Disease Outbreak determination

An outbreak is a series of diseases occurring at a higher frequency than usual.

Initial epizootological Investigation

4. Measures of Outbreak of Disease and Protection Zones

Measures during post-focal period

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

Bovine Tuberculosis (TB)

6. Recovery Program in Infectious Diseases of Swine

Classical/African Swine Fever (CSF/ASF)

 Affinity to endothelial cells, tonsils, oedema, outer membranes of organs

Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)

Swine Vesicular Disease

7. Recovery Programme in Infectious Diseases of Small Ruminants

Sheep and Goat Pox

Peste de Petits ruminants

Maedi Visna virus

8. Recovery Programmes in infectious diseases of Horses

African Horse Sickness

Equine Herpes Virus

9. Specific Prophylaxis of Infectious Diseases

Specific Prophylaxis = specific measures of immuno/chemoprophylaxis given to animals to prevent

10. Passive Immunisation for Immunoprophylaxis of diseases

Species Type of placentation Tissue layers Placental transfer of Ig Colostral

Pig, horse, donkey Epitheliochorial 6 0 +++

ruminants syndesmochorial 5 0 +++

Dog and cat endotheliochorial 4 + +++

Artificial passive immunization

11. Active Immunisation for Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases

Vaccinations are bio-preparations from m.o. or products of their metabolism

12. Types of Vaccines; Ways of application

3rd Generation Vaccines

13. Factors influencing the effectiveness of vaccinations

Vaccine failure – In general

Requirements for ideal vaccine

Live vaccines should fulfil these properties:

Type 1 Hypersensitivity (IgE)

Type II Hypersensitivity (IgE & IgM)

Type III Hypersensitivity (Ag-Ab immune complex)

Focal Granulomas and Alopecia

Injection site sarcoma (IIS) – In cats

Systemic illness – e.g with Chlamydia vaccination

Neurological complication – especially with MLV’s e.g. distemper or rabies

Complications in pregnant, aged, sick animals

Incorrect age of vaccination - Maternal Ab’s have not reduced enough

Incorrect method of administration or incorrect strain used – vaccine failure

Diseases in which therapy is not recommended

Therapy should be forbidden (high risk for infection or zoonosis)

 Specific therapy – causal

Essential conditions for successful therapy

Causal Therapy (specific)

Example of Treatment for Parvo Virus

Diagnosis by mode of execution

The diagnosis of an infectious disease must be systematic, specific and complex

Importance of reporting quickly –

Report of disease occurrence