Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MARCH 2018
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Copyright Contents
www.london.gov.uk Chapter two – The vision 18 c) S haping and growing the 155
enquiries 020 7983 4000 bus network
Focus on: The Healthy 36
Streets Approach d) I mproving rail services and 164
tackling crowding
Glossary 312
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CONTENTS 5
Focus areas
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M AY O R ’ S F O R E W O R D 7
Mayor’s foreword
Transport is a cornerstone of my vision Car dependency has contributed With an ever-growing population set to
for a fairer, greener, healthier and more to an increase in poor public health put increasing pressure on our city’s
prosperous city. across our city. Streets can often be infrastructure and public spaces in the
polluted, congested and dangerous – coming years, it is important that we
Transport doesn’t only shape our daily unwelcoming places to walk or cycle. start to make these changes now.
lives and determine how we get around Tube, rail and bus services can be
London – it can create new opportunities overcrowded and sometimes unreliable This strategy document details how we
for Londoners and shape the character and indirect, meaning there is no aim to change the transport mix across
of our city. appealing alternative to car use for many. London, providing viable and attractive
And some parts of London have been alternatives that will allow Londoners to
As Mayor, I’m working to deliver the planned around car use for so long that reduce their dependence on cars. The
affordable, reliable and safe service there are no decent alternatives. aim is simple but ambitious, and has
Londoners deserve and to unlock the important implications for our streets,
power of transport to improve people’s To begin to resolve these problems, public places and future growth as a city.
lives. I’ve frozen TfL fares for four years. London must become a city where
I’ve introduced the Hopper fare, which is walking, cycling and green public Major cities around the world are
saving money for millions of Londoners. transport become the most appealing grappling with the same challenges
And I’m planning new transport capacity and practical choices for many more we face in London. This world-leading Londoners. And a city where the best,
and constantly looking for new ways journeys. These active, efficient and strategy sets out a bold approach to easiest and most convenient transport
to innovate, including accelerating the sustainable transport choices not only creating a more liveable city, which will choice will increasingly be the active
move towards zero emission vehicles. support the health and wellbeing of focus London’s transport planning on the travel choice.
Londoners, but also the city as a whole long-term needs of all Londoners.
But we also need to look at how we can by reducing congestion and enabling
fundamentally change the way people the most efficient use of valuable Doing this will be vital to making London
choose to move around our city as the street space. a fairer, greener, healthier and more
current trends are increasingly causing prosperous city. A city that is not only
problems for London. home to more people, but a better
place to live. A city where transport is Sadiq Khan
affordable, reliable and accessible for all Mayor of London
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M E S S A G E F R O M T H E D E P U T Y M AY O R F O R T R A N S P O R T 9
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THE CHALLENGE 11
Chapter one –
The challenge
London’s transport matters
London is one of the most
entrepreneurial, international and
outward-looking cities in the world. Its
dynamism and diversity make it one of
the most attractive places in which to
live and work. It is home to people from
every corner of the globe, to a huge
variety of unique neighbourhoods and
public spaces and to some of the world’s
leading cultural attractions.
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THE CHALLENGE 13
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THE CHALLENGE 15
Public transport and quality of life Some parts of London are being held Future growth and change
Most people already use public transport back by a lack of any viable public London’s success means that people ‘Transport is key to
regularly, but too often Londoners are transport options at all. While central want to live and work here in greater
not getting the quality of experience London is one of the world’s best- numbers. With a population of 8.7 million, unlocking housing
they are entitled to expect. Unreliable connected places, parts of outer London the city is now larger than it has ever
rail services make journey times are cut off from the opportunities the been, and it is forecast to grow to potential – new rail,
unpredictable, wasting people’s time rest of the city has to offer by poor 10.8 million by 2041 (see Figure 1)5.
and even threatening their livelihoods. Tube, rail and bus links. Poor transport bus, cycling and
Overcrowding on rail and Tube networks connections compromise economic This growth is expected to generate
has a big impact on people’s lives – often fairness by limiting access to jobs, about 6 million additional trips each day walking links are
making large portions of people’s daily education and training. This in turn can by 2041. Unless new ways are found to
routine unpleasant and stressful – and isolate people and communities and lead plan the city as it grows, overcrowding all necessary.’
can deter some people from using public to a less socially integrated city. Potential will see some public transport lines and
transport at all. development depends so heavily on good stations grinding to a halt, air quality will
connectivity that this not only hampers get worse and streets and public places
Buses are London’s most heavily used personal opportunities, but also limits will become ever-more dominated by
form of public transport and are also housing and jobs growth. motor traffic. And it is important also
accessible, but journey times can be to plan for an ageing population, with
unpredictable and ridership levels have High-quality public transport services increasing accessibility needs.
been falling4. Being stuck on a bus in that connect seamlessly to other forms
traffic, not knowing how long it will take of active, efficient and sustainable travel London’s growth will mean an increasing
to get to work, school or the shops, is are required across the city to provide demand for new, affordable homes, but
frustrating but it has been an increasingly alternatives to car use. Looking at our the rate of homebuilding is currently only
common experience across London. For transport system as a single, connected around half what is required. Transport
some, such as older and disabled people, whole is the key to addressing London’s is key to unlocking housing potential –
this can be particularly problematic as current and future challenges. new rail, bus, cycling and walking links
buses may be the only form of public are all necessary. To create places that
transport they can use. people of all backgrounds and incomes
can enjoy living in, London’s future must
be planned around active and inter-
connected lives.
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1.01a
THE CHALLENGE
batch 4
17
12 12
10.8
London – and the world – are changing. By 2041, rising public transport
10 10
Within the timescales of this strategy, demand means that, without
8.7
London population (millions)
Year
18
Historical Forecast
100 100
80 80
Percentage by place of birth
Percentage of population
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
London England London UK
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THE VISION 19
Chapter two –
The vision
Transport is fundamental to the lives
of all Londoners and is at the heart of
many of the city’s present and future
challenges. The central aim of this
strategy – the Mayor’s vision – is to
create a future London that is not only
home to more people, but is a better
place for all of those people to live in.
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batch 1
1.03
THE VISION 21
Making alternative transport options Above all, the shift away from the use of FIGURE 2: AND
MODE SHARE 2015,
MODEAND
‘The central aim
CURRENT EXPECTED SHARE,
accessible and appealing to all the car will be vital in creating a future 2015 AND
2041 2041
(EXPECTED)
Londoners is the key to reducing car London that is not only home to more
dependency. This means improving people, but is a better place for all those is for 80 per cent
street environments to make walking people to live in.
and cycling the most attractive options
37%
of all trips in
for short journeys and providing more,
and better, services to make public Policy 1 2015 London to be made
transport the most attractive option for The Mayor, through TfL and
longer ones. This approach will reduce the boroughs, and working 26.7 million on foot, by cycle
health and economic inequalities and with stakeholders, will reduce daily trips
help support an ageing population by Londoners’ dependency on cars or using public
providing low-cost, accessible travel in favour of active, efficient and 63%
options for Londoners who are sustainable modes of travel, with transport by 2041.’
currently reliant on cars – or who the central aim for 80 per cent of all
cannot get around at all. trips in London to be made on foot,
by cycle or using public transport
A shift from car use to these more by 2041.
space-efficient means of travel also 20%
provides the only long-term solution to
the congestion challenges that threaten Throughout this strategy document,
London’s status as an efficient, well- the term ‘walking and cycling’ is used
functioning city. Reliable deliveries and for a range of end-to-end fully active 2041
servicing, high-quality public services modes of travel. Most of these are
and easy access to workplaces and walked or cycled, but the term is used 33 million
cultural and leisure attractions are all to include trips made by wheelchair daily trips
dependent on the development of an and also by scooter, rollerblades and
increasingly efficient transport network. similar forms of active mobility. The term
Reducing car dependency is the only way ‘cycling’ refers to all forms of cycling
to keep London moving. including trips made using tricycles,
80%
hand-cycles and other adapted cycles,
and e-bikes.
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THE VISION 23
Planning London’s streets serious injuries from all road collisions to Transport emissions can blight street Improving public transport
Addressing car dependency must start be eliminated from the streets by 2041. environments, harming human health Public transport is the most efficient
with a new approach to London’s streets A similar focus on eliminating deaths and and contributing to climate change now means of moving people over distances
– the places where most travel happens. serious injuries from London’s rail, Tube and in the future. London must meet that are too long to walk and cycle. It
Most people can get the physical activity and other transport services will ensure legal pollution limits as soon as possible. supports good health, because it tends
they need to stay healthy by walking or Londoners can travel safely throughout This requires an earlier introduction and to involve some active travel. It limits the
cycling as part of trips they are already the entire transport system. expansion of the Ultra Low Emission Zone city’s impact on the environment and frees
making, and improving the experience and making sure public services lead up street space for people. It opens up
of being on streets is the most effective Making streets work for people the way. Air quality and climate change opportunities and connects communities.
way of encouraging more people to do will provide huge economic benefits are such pressing issues with such dire
so. Building physical activity into the daily not only through revitalising town potential consequences that London The quality and accessibility of travel links
travel routine provides all-round health centres and attracting business to should provide international leadership are fundamental to Londoners’ quality
benefits and can be the best way for London, but also by freeing up space in seeking to address and overcome of life and there is a continuing need to
anyone – young and old, disabled and for the essential freight and commercial their adverse effects where possible. improve the public transport network now,
non-disabled, rich and poor – to keep journeys that keep London’s businesses The Mayor’s aims are for all new taxis to as well as to plan it well for the future.
active throughout life. Active travel has functioning. Improving the efficiency of be zero emission capable from 2018 and
a vital part to play in solving London’s freight and commercial traffic, alongside all new Private Hire Vehicles (PHVs) from To give Londoners the public transport
inactivity crisis. The Mayor’s aim is, by reductions in car use, will help to keep 2023, all new buses to be zero emission experience they deserve and encourage
2041, for all Londoners to do at least the London’s streets operating well for the from 2025, all new cars and vans from more people to use public transport
20 minutes of active travel they need to benefit of the city’s businesses and the 2030 and all other vehicles from 2040. instead of cars, services must
stay healthy each day. Londoners who rely on them. Without This would mean that all taxis and PHVs consistently be customer focused,
action now, freight traffic in the central would be zero emission capable by 2033 accessible and affordable, with support
Despite reductions in the number of London morning peak is expected to at the latest, all buses would be zero provided by highly trained staff.
people killed and seriously injured on increase by up to 10 per cent in the next emission by 2037 and London’s entire Every day, people should have a good
London’s roads, road danger still ruins ten years. Accordingly, the Mayor aims transport system would be zero emission experience from door to destination –
lives and puts many people off walking to reduce freight traffic in the central by 2050. making the whole journey as easy and
and cycling. By promoting active, efficient London morning peak by 10 per cent on seamless as car travel will help to reduce
and sustainable travel, reducing the current levels by 2026, and to reduce car dependency. Particular attention
dominance of motor traffic and targeting total London traffic by 10-15 per cent must be paid to how the complementary
the sources of road danger, the Mayor’s by 2041, to help keep streets operating modes of walking, cycling and public
aim is for no one to be killed in or by a efficiently for essential business and transport interconnect at transport hubs
London bus by 2030, and for deaths and public transport trips. and on streets across London.
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THE VISION 25
This strategy sets out a wide-ranging Disabled people, who currently make
plan for how this can be achieved through up 14 per cent of London’s population,
a combination of modernising existing on average make one third fewer trips
services and providing new ones. than non-disabled Londoners and, as
the city’s population ages, an increasing
Crossrail 2 is essential to London’s number of Londoners could face barriers
future. Linking rail networks in Surrey to travel. Inclusive design must be used
and Hertfordshire via new tunnels across the transport system to ensure it
and stations between Wimbledon and is accessible to all. TfL and its partners
Tottenham Hale, this major new line must continue to make walking and
will provide capacity for an additional cycling environments accessible to older
270,000 people to travel into and across and disabled people, and provide lifts,
central London each morning. It will level access and better customer care
reduce the overcrowding that threatens and information at stops and stations so
to bring major London stations to a people do not have to resort to private
standstill. It will also unlock around transport. The Mayor aims to improve
200,000 new homes, and support up the overall accessibility of the transport
to 200,000 new jobs. Working with system including, by 2041, halving the
partners, the Mayor aims to open average additional time taken to make a
Crossrail 2 by the early 2030s. public transport journey on the step-free
network compared to the full network.
Suburban rail services must be brought
up to the frequency and reliability New technologies could generate new
standards Londoners have come to ways of providing public transport. These
expect from TfL-run lines. The Mayor could present significant opportunities
aims to create a London suburban metro. and it is important that they contribute to
Responsibility for suburban rail services making London a fairer, greener, healthier
should be devolved from the Department and more prosperous city.
for Transport to the Mayor. By the late
2020s, journey times could improve by up
to 15 per cent, and peak period capacity
from south London to central London
would increase by up to 124,000 people.
Devolution would also help provide
seamless interchanges between suburban
rail services and existing TfL services.
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THE VISION 27
1 The full set of outcomes the strategy is expected to achieve are set out in Chapter six
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THE VISION 29
Transforming the transport system – compete for jobs on the world stage, Given the fundamental importance of where appropriate to provide better
a spatial approach it must remain very well connected, efficient movement to the continuing environments for walking and cycling.
The many and varied areas of London with a world-class public realm and safe success of such a limited geographical Areas around gateway stations such
have different characteristics, and the air quality levels. area, the future of central London must as Euston, Waterloo and Victoria must
aims of this strategy will need to be involve a steady reduction in car use. be welcoming and offer good-quality
pursued in ways that are tailored to each. More than 1 million people travel into Walking, cycling and public transport use facilities for onward active, efficient and
In broad terms, the future of transport central London by rail and Tube every must continue to increase and deliveries sustainable travel. Central London sees
will look different in central, inner and morning, and the success of the area as must be consolidated, rescheduled the most concentrated mix of demands
outer London. a business hub depends on high levels of and switched to more efficient and for public space, so it is vital that this
public transport connectivity. Insufficient sustainable vehicles, including making area is properly planned in a strategic
Central London rail and Tube services for central London more use of the Thames. All of these way that makes it work well for people.
Central London is a global cultural will constrain future economic growth – a changes will reduce the congestion
and economic centre, with a dynamic capacity increase of about 80 per cent that inefficient travel causes, freeing up The challenge of improving the efficiency
financial and commercial hub, a vibrant is required to tackle crowding on today’s space for essential freight trips and more of London’s streets is especially acute
West End, emerging tech quarters and services and to cater for growth between reliable bus journeys. in central London where space is at a
a rich heritage. Most of the capital’s now and 2041 2. Bus services are also premium. The elements of this strategy
employment growth will occur here important, and buses must be properly These changes will also free up space will need to be managed carefully by
as well as at Canary Wharf so, to prioritised on key routes to ensure they for other uses, beginning with the TfL and the central London boroughs to
remain reliable. transformation of Oxford Street and ensure they all work together to deliver
2 TfL analysis, see evidence base continuing with restricting traffic this vision.
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THE VISION 31
Inner London further by transforming facilities for people of public transport will help to reduce ‘orbital’ rail services (connecting inner
An intense mix of urban challenges exists cycling. Most trips in inner London are health inequalities through reduced car London centres to each other) and
in inner London – severe congestion, relatively short and all of inner London is use. It will also unlock the potential ‘mini-radial’ services (connecting
poor air quality, excessive noise, high within a reasonable cycling distance of to provide more homes. To encourage communities to local town centres)
levels of deprivation and limited access the city centre. New development should more people to travel by bus, journey are needed. A series of accessible
to green space. The area is already be designed so that walking and cycling times must be improved and bus ‘strategic interchanges’ will make it
densely developed, and population and are the most appealing choices for services must be properly prioritised on easier to switch between rail, bus,
employment numbers are set to rise getting about locally. London’s streets. walking and cycling, and provide more
significantly by 2041 3. step-free options in inner London.
Bus use is particularly important in inner To further reduce car dependency
While car use is lower than in outer London as it offers low-cost, accessible and build on the success of London
London, the area presents the greatest transport for everyone. Improving the Overground, where passenger numbers
immediate opportunity to reduce it even quality of this most affordable form have increased fivefold since 2007,
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THE VISION 33
Outer London Outer London high streets, town car dependency will free up space for vital, and where traditional bus routes
The majority of the city’s residents live centres and communities are often essential freight and business trips. are not appropriate, this could include
in outer London. Trips in this area tend to traffic dominated, noisy and polluted, new models for ‘demand-responsive’
be longer and have many different start which impacts the local economy and Significant improvements to public bus services.
and end points, which makes it harder residents’ quality of life. Approximately transport services will be required to
to provide efficient public transport one third of CO 2 emissions from achieve this reduction in car dependency. A more joined-up approach to planning
services. Walking is the first choice for London’s transport is generated by At present, many people have no choice transport services and housing
short trips, and buses are important in cars in the area, and for the good of but to drive, particularly for trips around will encourage active, efficient and
providing access to town centres, but the current and future residents of this outer London, rather than into the city sustainable travel patterns in outer
car is used for most other travel. Cycling, part of the city, the dominance of centre. Rail services must be improved London growth areas. Commercial and
however, has huge untapped potential motorised transport must be addressed. to make the most efficient public residential development should be
to replace many of the shorter car trips Improvements to walking and cycling transport option for longer journeys planned around good public transport
made in outer London. environments will enable many of the more appealing. Improved bus routes – access and well-connected town
trips currently made by car to be made particularly services that could replace centres, so fewer people need to rely
on foot or by cycle. Measures that reduce existing car journeys – will also be on cars.
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THE VISION 35
Beyond London made in Falkirk and Birmingham’s An efficient national strategic road Working together to create a city for
A strong London, with a modern, efficient precision engineers overhaul motors network is needed to cater for the all Londoners
and affordable transport system, is good for London Underground. freight, coach services and other traffic This is a transport strategy for the
for the whole UK economy. Tax receipts that help to keep London and the UK whole of London, not just the parts of
from London help to fund Government As a full member of the national Urban economy operating. In the Wider South the city over which the Mayor has direct
spending on education, health and other Transport Group, TfL shares its expertise East and M25 area, in particular, strategic influence. Achieving this magnitude
public services that benefit everyone, with cities and transport authorities roads must be managed to cater for of change across London will require
not just Londoners. London’s economy is across the UK, helping develop active, essential journeys, without increasing car the Mayor and TfL to work with, among
of such importance to the UK that growth efficient and sustainable transport in dependency within or outside London. others, the Government, London’s
here has been shown to drive growth urban areas across the country. boroughs, other transport operators,
across the rest of the country 4. As a global trading and cultural businesses, and everyone who makes
London’s regional, national and centre, and as the UK’s principal this city their home. As such, the
Investment in transport should not be a international links gateway to the world, better international aims of this strategy will be pursued
‘zero-sum’ game – getting infrastructure London is so important to the rail and air links are required from collaboratively, using wide consultation
investment right in all UK cities provides success of the national economy that London to continental Europe and to and developing the right solutions to
a boost to the whole of the UK. Transport improving its regional, national and emerging economic powerhouses and London’s transport challenges for each
projects like High Speed Two (HS2) that international connections will benefit markets beyond. borough, neighbourhood and street.
connect UK cities show this in action. It the whole country.
is only with high-quality onward journeys Improved international rail services could Alongside a new London Plan and the
in each of the cities it will connect – New rail links are required, including strengthen links between the UK and Mayor’s other new strategies, this
whether by tram, bus or Crossrail 2 – that HS2, as well as faster, more frequent continental Europe’s economic centres. document provides a blueprint for a
the project’s benefits will be maximised. and more comfortable services on Coupled with improved international air better London. By working together we
existing rail lines. It is essential that links for destinations further afield, this can create a city for all Londoners.
Transport investment in London HS2 is fully integrated into London’s would bolster economic prospects for
would also benefit communities across transport system so that people can the entire country, enabling every region
the country. Investment by TfL and complete their journeys with ease. This to access the global marketplace.
Crossrail has supported around requires a new interchange at Old Oak,
60,000 jobs a year for the last three a new terminus at Euston, and Crossrail A three-runway Heathrow, however,
years in their supply chains outside 2 to provide sufficient capacity and would have severe noise and air quality
London. New trains support jobs in connectivity to destinations in central impacts and put undue strain on the
Derby, new railway track supports London and beyond. local public transport and road
jobs in Scunthorpe, new buses are networks, and alternative airport
expansion options should be considered.
London’s growth is important, and it
must be made to work for all of the city’s
current and future residents.
4 Country and regional public sector finances: financial year ending March 2016,
Office for National Statistics, www.ons.gov.uk, 2017
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THE VISION 37
A new type of thinking is required to businesses can thrive. The experience of THE TEN3:
FIGURE HEALTHY
THE TENSTREETS
HEALTHYINDICATORS
STREETS INDICATORS
put into practice the theory of reducing being on London’s streets is particularly
Improving air quality delivers benefits London’s streets should be Making streets easier to cross is
car dependency and increasing active, important for older people, the very for everyone and reduces unfair welcoming places for everyone important to encourage more walking
efficient and sustainable travel. It young, disabled people and those living health inequalities. to walk, spend time in and engage and to connect communities. People
in community life. prefer direct routes and being able
requires an understanding of how on lower incomes, who disproportionately to cross streets at their convenience.
Londoners interact with their city and feel the negative impacts of living in a Physical barriers and fast moving or
heavy traffic can make streets difficult
what defines their quality of life, with car-dependent city. Improving public to cross.
particular attention to the streets where transport and assisted transport services
daily life plays out. for older and disabled people will help A wider range of people
will choose to walk or cycle
a wider range of people to become less if our streets are not Pedestrians from Providing shade and
all walks of life
Whatever mode of transport Londoners car dependent, and improving streets to dominated by motorised
ir
Eas
yt
shelter from high winds,
traffic, and if pavements and na heavy rain and direct
use, the quality of the experience of increase active travel levels, reduce road
o
cr
cycle paths are not ea os sun enables everybody
Cl s
using London’s streets helps to define danger, improve air quality and reconnect overcrowded, dirty, cluttered to use our streets,
or in disrepair. whatever the weather.
the quality of their journey. Eighty per communities will be vital in reducing
Sh
d
xe
cent of Londoners’ trips are entirely on unfair health inequalities.
ade
rela
streets 5, and all Tube and rail journeys
a
nd s
feel
rely on good street access to stations. A The Healthy Streets Approach provides
helter
People
good street experience is therefore key the framework for putting human
to providing attractive public transport health and experience at the heart of
options of whatever mode. planning the city. It uses ten evidence-
and o stop
Things do
rest
based indicators, shown in Figure 3, to
and
t
to s
ces
The wider role streets play in virtually assess the experience of being on our
ee
Pla
every aspect of London life also provides streets. Good performance against each People are more likely to use A lack of resting places
an enormous opportunity to use the indicator means that individual streets our streets when their journey can limit mobility for certain
Pe
is interesting and stimulating, pl groups of people. Ensuring
sy
i
o
e
Mayor’s strategy for transport to improve are appealing places to walk, cycle and with attractive views, buildings, fe
e ls to
o
no
there are places to stop
afe People choose to t
Londoners’ broader experience of their spend time. Improvements against all planting and street art and No and rest benefits everyone,
walk, cycle and
where other people are using including local businesses,
city. Streets are where Londoners spend the indicators across the city’s streets the street. They will be less
us e pub
lic transport as people will be more
their time and meet other people – they will radically transform the day-to-day dependent on cars if the shops willing to visit, spend time
and services they need are in, or meet other people
make up 80 per cent of the city’s public experience of living in London, helping within short distances so on our streets.
space. They are places where people to fulfil this strategy’s overall aim of they do not need to drive
to get to them. Walking and cycling are the healthiest
live, shop and work, where children play, creating a better city for more people and most sustainable ways to travel,
either for whole trips or as part of
where communities connect and where to live and work in. longer journeys on public transport.
A successful transport system
encourages and enables more people
The whole community should feel to walk and cycle more often. This will Reducing the noise impacts of motor
comfortable and safe on our streets at only happen if we reduce the volume traffic will directly benefit health,
all times. People should not feel worried and dominance of motor traffic and improve the ambience of street
about road danger or experience improve the experience of being on environments and encourage active
threats to their personal safety. our streets. travel and human interaction.
5 Improving the health of Londoners – transport action plan, Transport for London, tfl.gov.uk, February 2014
Source: Lucy Saunders
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THE VISION 39
The following chapters explain how the • Chapter five – ‘New homes and
Healthy Streets Approach will be applied jobs’ – applies the Healthy Streets
to help deliver the aims of this strategy: Approach to London’s future
development, creating the principles
• Chapter three – ‘Healthy Streets and of Good Growth. This will ensure that
healthy people’ – explains how street regeneration and future development
environments and the wider street are planned around walking and
network will be planned to promote cycling for shorter trips, and cycling
healthier, more efficient and more and public transport for longer ones
sustainable transport options. This
includes the better planning and Using the Healthy Streets Approach to
operation of freight and servicing trips improve the lives of all Londoners will also
to reduce their impact on people require wider action to support the work
of this strategy. To help achieve this, the
• Chapter four – ‘A good public Mayor is embedding the Healthy Streets
transport experience’ – explains how Approach in the full range of London
consideration of the whole journey will strategy documents, including the
improve quality of life and reduce car Health Inequalities Strategy, the London
dependency by providing attractive Environment Strategy and the London
and accessible alternatives to car use. Plan. This holistic approach to planning
This includes providing higher-quality the city will help to transform London for
public transport services, better the benefit of all of its residents.
planned transport networks and the
extension of public transport links
to new areas
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 41
Chapter three
– Healthy
Streets and
healthy people
London’s streets are fundamental to
the character and operation of the city.
Designing individual streets and the
network they make up for people, rather
than cars, and improving the experience
of being on London’s streets will have a
huge impact on people’s quality of life.
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 43
Reducing Londoners’ dependency on Improving London’s streets The way street space is allocated for
cars will be an essential component in these purposes will vary between
realising all these benefits. Although To realise all the benefits of improved different places in London, and by time
London has made real progress in street environments, the uses of the of day and week. The appropriate use
encouraging people to switch from using whole street, from building line to of street space will be considered while
the car to active, efficient and sustainable building line, must be considered when the policies and proposals within this
alternatives, many more car journeys making any changes at street level. strategy are used to deliver the Healthy
could still be made in other ways. Walking, cycling, and public transport Streets Approach throughout London.
One quarter of current car trips could should be prioritised, taking space
potentially be walked, and two thirds from less efficient general traffic
could potentially be cycled. Increasing where required to minimise conflicts
the rate of mode shift will be dependent between complementary active, efficient
upon planning streets for people to walk, and sustainable modes.
cycle and use public transport.
Individual street improvements can
This chapter sets out the change local environments, but to
importance of improving London’s achieve this strategy’s ambitious aims,
streets and then explains in three it will be vital to consider how the wider
sections how they can be planned street network operates as a whole.
to achieve these improvements:
London needs appealing walking
a) Enabling active, inclusive and safe environments in every neighbourhood,
travel, by providing accessible, well- so everyone can walk to local schools,
designed space for walking and workplaces or shops in comfort and
cycling, the healthiest means of safety. It needs appealing cycling
moving around London’s streets. environments and a strategic cycling
network across the whole city because
b) Using street space more efficiently – making cycling attractive is dependent
reducing traffic levels through better- upon making it easy to do wherever
managed freight and fewer car trips. people live, and wherever they are
travelling to. It needs a street network
c) Improving air quality and the that is not dominated by dangerous,
environment, and ensuring London’s polluting vehicles. It needs a well-
transport system is resilient to the planned freight network, space for buses
impacts of severe weather and to be properly prioritised, and high-
climate change. quality public transport connections that
provide appealing alternatives to car use.
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 45
Why do we need physical activity? walked or cycled for two ten-minute realise the all-round health benefits By mode of travel, the amount of
Everyone needs to keep their body periods on the previous day 2. Only three active travel can provide. time spent being physically active
physically active throughout their whole in ten children of school age reach the during an average journey is:
life to keep it functioning well. Physical minimum recommended activity level 3. The health benefits of active travel
activity helps to keep our hearts healthy If everyone in London walked or cycled
and blood pumping to all of our organs, The power of walking and cycling for 20 minutes every day, it would by car
<1 minute
including our brains, which assists in Most people struggle to set time aside reduce their individual health risks
preventing certain long-term conditions for physical activity, so the best way of significantly. Physical health and mental
such as stroke and some cancers. keeping active is to build this activity health are interdependent, and as well as
Physical activity also helps to keep us into our existing routines. Our travel time reducing the risk of chronic illness and
feeling positive and to sleep well. is one of the few opportunities we have early death, walking and cycling have by public transport
8–15 minutes
for easily incorporating activity into our been shown to improve mood and self-
In childhood, physical activity helps day. Most people’s daily public transport esteem, and reduce stress, anxiety and
our bodies to grow, strengthening our journeys contain stages that can be depressive symptoms.
muscles and bones, and assists in the walked or cycled.
development of skills such as balance Increased active travel would reduce the on foot
17 minutes
and coordination. As we get older, Children burn the most energy when burden placed on the NHS. A doctor is
everyday activity helps us to maintain they are walking, cycling and playing estimated to deliver around 20 years of
our strength and cognitive skills. outdoors. While children need much healthy life through the care they provide
more activity than adults, walking and each year 4. If all Londoners walked or
How much physical activity do cycling can make an important regular cycled for 20 minutes a day, this would by bicycle
22 minutes
we need? contribution to their daily activity levels. deliver at least an additional 60,000
Children aged five–18 are recommended years of healthy life in prevented illness
to do at least 60 minutes of moderate Walking does not require any special and early death each year 5.
intensity activity (brisk walking or cycling) facilities, skills or equipment – it’s an
each day, while adults are recommended activity that takes place in London
1 UK physical activity guidelines, www.gov.uk, 2011
to do 150 minutes each week in periods regardless of gender, income, ethnicity
of ten minutes or more. Everyone should or employment. Cycling is also one of the 2 Travel in London Report 8, page 181,
be active every day and minimise the least expensive means of getting around, Transport for London, tfl.gov.uk, 2015
amount of time they spend sitting 1. allowing anyone to reach any part of the 3 Health Survey for England 2015, NHS Digital,
city at any time. www.gov.uk, 2016
How much physical activity do we get?
4 John P. Bunker, ‘The role of medical care in
If an adult reports that they walk or cycle Walking and cycling are important contributing to health improvements within
for at least two ten-minute periods most for disabled people, who – with the societies’, International Journal of Epidemiology,
days, it is a good indication that they are help of improved walking and cycling 1 December 2001, Volume 30, Issue 6, pages
getting the minimum activity they need environments, consideration for 1260-63, Oxford University Press, www.oup.com
to stay healthy. Currently, only 34 per wheelchair use and adapted cycles and 5 Transport and Health in London – the main
cent of adult Londoners report having more accessible public transport – can impacts of London road transport on health, GLA,
February 2014
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 47
35–50%
road danger, social isolation and the
‘severance’ effects of busy roads.
Making our streets more welcoming
places to spend time, walk, cycle
Depression and access public transport helps to
20–30%
strengthen our communities and
reduce unfair health inequalities.
20–35%
London are made by car, taxi or private
hire vehicle (PHV) and on average
these involve less than one minute
spent active. Walking, cycling and
Alzheimer’s disease public transport journeys involve much
20–35%
more activity.
20%
residents could be made by a healthier
mode. The improvements to streets and
public transport networks set out in
this strategy will enable an even higher
Colon cancer proportion of car journeys to be replaced
30–50%
by more active, healthier forms of travel.
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 49
a) Active, inclusive good walking conditions are often Getting all Londoners walking
and safe travel undervalued in transport planning. Many and cycling ‘Making walking
people do not see walking as part of Making walking and cycling more
Improving walking and their daily travel, although they may walk appealing to all Londoners requires a and cycling more
cycling environments ten minutes to and from a Tube station big change to take place in the city’s
The success of London’s transport every day. More appealing walking culture. A three-point plan is proposed appealing to
system in the future relies on the city environments will encourage people to make this happen:
becoming a place where people to walk more, improve the quality of all Londoners
choose to walk and cycle. Many journeys that are already walked all or 1) Street environments that
Londoners already do so: every day, part of the way, and enable everyone to encourage walking and cycling requires a
around 6.5 million trips are made solely make the most of their local area. This is Londoners need quiet, safe, accessible
on foot and around 600,000 trips entirely particularly important in town centres, streets that are not dominated by big change to
by cycle. However, it is estimated that around homes, workplaces and schools, motorised traffic and that are pleasant
almost 5 million journeys per day that and in the links to and from bus, Tube and for walking, cycling and spending take place in the
could be walked or cycled are currently rail services. Better communicating the time. Improving street environments
made by car. improvements to these environments to encourage walking and cycling will city’s culture.’
is a good way of helping people see the be integral to TfL’s investment in, and
importance of walking to their lives. The management of, the Transport for
Policy 2 Mayor aims to make London the world’s London Road Network (TLRN), and TfL
The Mayor, through TfL and the best city for walking. will work with London’s boroughs to
boroughs, and working with deliver improvements to their streets.
stakeholders, will seek to make The provision of more attractive walking This will build upon the best of the
London a city where people choose environments will also make cycling a programmes already underway in, for
to walk and cycle more often by more appealing option. Cycling allows example, Waltham Forest, Kingston and
improving street environments, journeys that cannot practicably be Enfield, aiming to reduce the volume
making it easier for everyone to get walked to be conducted actively and of traffic through appropriate street
around on foot and by cycle, and sustainably. It is vital that the huge closures, to develop streets as public
promoting the benefits of active untapped potential of cycling 6 is realised, spaces, and to discourage short car trips.
travel. The Mayor’s aim is that, by particularly in outer London where car
2041, all Londoners do at least the dependency is highest. This requires
20 minutes of active travel they pleasant local environments, just as with
need to stay healthy each day. walking, and safe and direct routes over
longer distances. Ensuring strategic
cycle routes also improve environments
Walking is already the norm for many for walking will mean that walking and 6 Analysis of cycling potential 2016, Travel in
short journeys, although its importance cycling objectives are achieved together. London supplementary report, Transport for
as a mode of travel and the need for London, tfl.gov.uk, March 2017
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 51
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 53
A similar approach will be taken As streets are improved for cycling, Walking is also a great way to explore
across central London, including they will also be improved for walking. and enjoy London’s green spaces. The
enhancing Oxford Street by transforming TfL’s strategic cycling analysis enables Walk London network includes a number
the quality and quantity of space for infrastructure improvements to be made of established routes, including the
people walking, with the aim of producing where they will be most used, mapping Thames Path and Capital Ring. These
the world’s best outdoor shopping street changes to current and future routes need to be expanded, maintained
experience. Improvements will also be cycling demand. This data-led approach and to remain accessible.
made to other areas of central London will allow cycling infrastructure to grow
where lots of people pass through or and develop with the city.
want to spend time. Proposal 4
The Mayor, through TfL and the
Proposal 3 boroughs, and working with other
Proposal 2 The Mayor, through TfL and the stakeholders, will protect, improve
The Mayor, through TfL, will work boroughs, will: and promote the Walk London
with the central London boroughs network and create new leisure
to transform the experience of the a) Deliver a London-wide strategic walking routes.
walking and cycling environment cycle network, with new, high-
in central London by reducing the quality, safe routes and improved
dominance of vehicular traffic, infrastructure to tackle barriers
including by transforming Oxford to cycling for both shorter and
Street and looking urgently at longer trips. By 2041, 70 per cent
changes to Parliament Square. of Londoners will live within
400 metres of the strategic
cycle network.
As well as improving environments
for local walking and cycling trips, b) Encourage additional
better connections must be provided local and neighbourhood
over longer distances so that London improvements, such as using
can become truly connected for walking physical restrictions to prevent
and cycling. An expanded network of motorised vehicles from using
cycle routes on both busier roads and certain streets, to build on and
quieter streets will be developed to help complement the strategic cycle
Londoners use cars less and cycle more. network.
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 55
E nfi eld
Barnet
Edgw a re
Wood
Fin ch ley Green
Walthamstow
Romford
Ha r row Upminster
Ilford
Ca mden
We mbley S trat ford
Kilbur n Town
U x br i d g e Barking
Ea lin g Cit y
Ch is w ick
Croydon Bromley
Orpingto n
S utton
Purley
Existing routes
Planned routes
0 5 miles
Proposed future
connections (indicative)
0 5 km
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 57
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 59
2) Making it easy to get around on Proposal 5 cycle, and the Cycle Hire scheme has
foot or by cycle The Mayor, through TfL and attracted new people to cycling 7. It is
Ensuring that all people are able to the boroughs, will make it easier important that the Cycle Hire scheme
navigate easily and safely around the for people to walk and cycle in continues to broaden the appeal of
city by cycle and on foot is another way London by: cycling in London, while complementing
that the experience of travelling actively the cycle network and integrating
on London’s streets can be enhanced. a) Maintaining, expanding and with public transport.
Increasing numbers of people use apps improving ‘Legible London’
to plan their journeys, and technology walking wayfinding maps New ‘dockless’ cycle hire schemes
can help Londoners navigate on foot and and ensuring that on-street can extend access to hired cycles to
by cycle. The Mayor is leading work on cycle network signage is clear areas outside TfL’s Cycle Hire scheme,
‘digital inclusion’ as this information can and consistent. increasing opportunities for Londoners
be particularly useful for disabled people to get around by cycle. However, it is
who may have fewer journey options. b) Using new data to develop and essential that any new business models
The increasing levels of (anonymous) improve online journey planning like this are deployed in a way that
data TfL is now collecting on cycling and and navigation tools that will does not make London’s streets less
walking patterns will allow ever more make walking and cycling trips accessible or less attractive places to
tailored navigation to be developed by the easiest journeys to plan. walk, cycle and spend time.
TfL, potentially with app developers
where necessary.
The improvement of both on-street and Proposal 6
online navigation tools will open up the The Mayor, through TfL, will
benefits of active travel to the widest seek to increase the use of TfL’s
possible range of Londoners, making the Cycle Hire scheme, and explore the
city’s streets accessible to everyone. potential of new models of cycle
hire, reinforcing the role of cycle
Making cycling easy and convenient hire as an integral part of London’s
for everyone is also about making it as cycling infrastructure and public
simple as possible to get access to a transport network.
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 61
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 63
London’s buses transport more people Buses can reduce road danger Buses are accessible
than any other public transport mode. Buses help to reduce traffic 9 and For older and disabled people, and those
Buses form key links to town centres and therefore make streets safer and easier travelling with young children, buses
other destinations in most parts of the to cross. They are also safer for their offer an accessible form of transport.
city and are one of the most efficient occupants than cars and are becoming Buses are also one of the city’s most
uses of road space. Buses play an increasingly safe for all road users. Vision affordable public transport options
important role in delivering the Healthy Zero is setting the goal of reducing the and, for many, they are the easiest
Streets Approach. number of people killed in, or by, London choice. Buses are relied upon by a wide
buses to zero by 2030. range of Londoners as their main form
Public transport supports active travel of transport, allowing them to get to
More people using public transport Buses support local vitality places they might otherwise not be
instead of cars means more active travel. Buses provide essential local transport able to reach. For some, buses are the
People using public transport typically do links, getting people to high streets only way to get around London, making
between eight and 15 minutes of active and town centres and supporting local addressing issues such as reliability and
travel a day, compared to less than one economic vitality. They can also reduce ease of travel essential.
minute for those using a car. Half of all traffic levels and congestion in and
walking journeys in London are to or from around town centres, which can blight Clean buses provide an alternative
public transport stations and stops8. the experience of spending time in these to polluting private vehicles
areas. Allowing buses access to places London’s buses are rapidly becoming
Buses free up street space that are not open to cars, and providing cleaner and quieter, and increasingly
Buses can move 70 people in the same well-designed stations, interchanges offer a more environmentally friendly
amount of space taken up by about three and stops, creates more people-friendly way of travelling around London. Low
cars. Many trips that people make by car, environments where people want to stop Emission Bus Zones will combine cleaner
which they may not want to make by foot and spend time. buses with improved bus priority to
or cycle, can be switched to the bus. This further enhance the ‘green’ credentials
frees up street space and reduces the of London’s buses.
dominance of motor vehicles that can
make streets unpleasant and discourage
active travel.
9 1.125 million bus trips are made every day in London by people who live in car-owning households.
This corresponds to 39 per cent of all bus trips made by London residents (2.88 million bus trips).
Source: LTDS 2013/14-2015/16
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 65
Vision Zero for road danger Policy 3 • 2030 – reduce the number of people • Safe street design – ensuring all
The Mayor, through TfL and the who are killed or seriously injured by transport infrastructure projects in
The aim of Vision Zero is the elimination boroughs, and working with 70 per cent against 2010-14 levels London contribute to reducing road
of all deaths and serious injuries on stakeholders, will adopt Vision Zero danger; attention will focus particularly
London’s transport system. for road danger in London. The • 2041 – eliminate all deaths and serious on areas of highest risk such as busy
Mayor’s aim is for no one to be killed injuries from road collisions from junctions and roundabouts
Minimising road danger is fundamental in or by a London bus by 2030, and London’s streets
to the creation of streets where everyone for all deaths and serious injuries • Safe vehicles – making sure those
feels safe walking, cycling and using public from road collisions to be eliminated In addition, interim targets have been set vehicles that need to use London’s
transport. Road danger disproportionately from London’s streets by 2041. for buses, recognising that these are the streets are as safe as possible
affects people travelling on foot, by vehicles over which the Mayor, through
cycle or by motorcycle, with 80 per cent TfL, has the greatest control: • Safe behaviour – improving the
of all those killed or seriously injured Vision Zero for road danger means behaviour of all road users, especially
on London’s roads travelling by these ensuring the street environment • 2022 – reduce the number of people drivers of motorised vehicles and, in
modes. Safety concerns are the main incorporates safe speeds, safe behaviour, who are killed or seriously injured in, particular, drivers of large vehicles that
reasons people give for not cycling safe street design and safe vehicles or by, London buses by 70 per cent can do the most harm, will help make
more, and for being unwilling to let their to target road danger at its source. It against 2005-09 levels the city a safer place and encourage
children walk unaccompanied. means reducing the dominance of motor more people to walk and cycle
vehicles on streets, and then making the • 2030 – reduce the number of people
Adopting Vision Zero will be central remaining essential motorised journeys killed in, or by, London buses to zero • Post collision – reducing the severity
to the overall success of the Healthy as safe as possible. With Vision Zero, of injuries when a collision occurs
Streets Approach, working towards road danger reduction will be considered To achieve this, efforts to reduce the through timely emergency responses,
the elimination of road traffic deaths integral to all the schemes delivered on danger posed by motor vehicle journeys supporting victims of road crime and
and serious injuries by reducing the London’s streets. The proposed pace will be focused in five areas: holding those responsible to account,
dominance of motor vehicles on of progress is set out by the short-, and developing a clearer picture of
London’s streets. medium- and long-term targets 10 below: • Safe speeds – lowering speeds is how and why collisions occur
fundamental to reducing road danger
• 2022 – reduce the number of people because a person is five times less
who are killed or seriously injured by likely to be fatally injured if hit at
65 per cent against 2005-09 levels 20mph than at 30mph
10 Targets are provisional, being subject to improvements being made to the way road safety data is collected
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 67
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 69
FOCUS ON:
MOTORCYCLING SAFETY
Adopting the Healthy Streets Approach Proposal 11
means reducing reliance on private The Mayor, through TfL, the boroughs, Motorcycle Skills and through the
vehicles for personal travel, including police and stakeholders, will seek to introduction of a pre-Compulsory
motorcycles, by providing Londoners improve motorcycle safety by: Basic Training theory app
with more opportunities for walking,
cycling and using public transport. a) Improving the safety of street • raising the safety standards
design by following the guidance of motorcycle courier
Two-wheeled vehicles could, however, set out in TfL’s Urban Motorcycle businesses through training
play a more significant role in low-impact Design Handbook. and accreditation
freight and servicing trips, especially
where these vehicles replace trips by b) Improving the quality of c) Calling on all boroughs to allow
lorry or van and are made by ultra low motorcycle safety training motorcycle access to their bus
emission motorcycle. beyond the minimum required by lanes, to end the inconsistency
law. A range of improved and new between highway authorities that
Where motorcycle journeys are measures will involve: causes unnecessary confusion and
necessary, they should be safe. risk to motorcyclists.
Motorcyclists are disproportionately • improving the standard of
represented in fatal and serious injury motorcycle training in London d) Educating other road users on
collisions: 540 motorcyclists were by encouraging training the shared responsibility for safer
killed or seriously injured in 2015 11, providers to become accredited motorcycle journeys, through
representing 26 per cent of all those through the Motorcycle communications and the promotion
killed or seriously injured on London’s Industry Association of driver skills training.
streets, despite representing only 2 per
cent of traffic. Of even greater concern • improving rider skills e) Supporting the police in targeting
is the rise in the number of these (particularly those of young illegal and non-compliant
collisions (up by 3 per cent from 2014 riders) by promoting a suite behaviour that puts motorcyclists
to 2015), while the number of those of voluntary training courses at risk, using data to focus on
involving other vulnerable road users including BikeSafe-London, the streets with a higher risk of
reduced. Adopting Vision Zero for road ScooterSafe-London, 121 motorcyclist collisions.
danger will include specific actions to
make motorcycle journeys safer.
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 71
People should feel safe and secure ‘High-harm offences’, such as sexual Proposal 12
moving around London at any time of the offences and hate crime, can have a The Mayor, through TfL and working ‘People should feel
day or night. Better street lighting, well- marked impact on some Londoners, with other transport providers,
designed and well-maintained public including on their confidence to travel. police, local authorities and other safe and secure
spaces and transport infrastructure, and Tackling these crimes must continue partners, will:
CCTV coverage will help to achieve this. to be a priority for TfL, transport moving around
If streets and public transport do not feel operators and transport policing a) Prioritise the tackling of ‘high-
safe to use, then people are more likely agencies. As part of this, the Mayor’s harm’ crimes, such as sexual London at any time
to take other options, including taking Night Czar is developing a Women’s offences and hate crime, on
more car trips. Night Safety Charter. London’s streets and public of the day or night.’
transport system in order to
Every day, vulnerable adults and children protect and offer reassurance to
Policy 4 travel on London’s transport system, and those who feel most vulnerable
The Mayor, through TfL and the while it can sometimes be a daunting and when travelling in London.
police, will seek to ensure that challenging place, many use the network
crime and the fear of crime remain because of the safety and security it b) Improve the safeguarding
low on London’s streets and can provide. Some of London’s rough response to protect vulnerable
transport system through designing sleepers seek refuge on the transport adults and children using the
secure environments and by system and it is a common occurrence transport network in London.
providing dedicated specialist and for frontline staff to intervene and This includes building on the
integrated policing for London’s provide valuable assistance to them, work already under way to tackle
transport system. often putting them in contact with the rough sleeping on the transport
appropriate outreach team or support network, linking in to the
service and, in some cases, the police. appropriate support services.
Whatever the circumstance or reason
why a vulnerable adult or child might
find themselves on the network,
everyone who works on it has a critical
safeguarding role to play.
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 73
The theft of motorcycles has doubled London continues to face a number of Proposal 14
over the last five years12. Efforts are external threats from terrorism, and the The Mayor, through TfL, will work
already under way in the MPS to tackle proportion of citizens who say that fear with Government, the boroughs, law
those organised criminal gangs engaged of a terrorist attack deters them from enforcement and security agencies,
in motorcycle-enabled crime, most of using or increasing their use of public transport providers and other
which is carried out using mopeds. This transport remains a cause for concern 13. relevant organisations to respond
addresses both the problem of stolen Security services consider terrorism to to, and counter, current and
motorcycles, and also the criminals who be a long-term threat to London, so the future terrorist threats to London.
use motorcycles to snatch phones, for city and the way its public spaces are Together, these organisations will
example, from people walking or cycling, planned should be adapted to prevent, develop an approach to protecting
so undermining confidence to walk/cycle protect against and deter future attacks. public spaces in identified sites
the streets. across London that is proportionate
The perpetrators of recent attacks have to the risk. This could include
taken advantage of the dangers posed by removing traffic from some public
Proposal 13 motor vehicles, using them as weapons spaces and, where appropriate, the
The Mayor, working with the police in crowded public places. Physically use of hostile vehicle mitigation
and local authorities, will take action blocking vehicle access to some public in a way that supports the Healthy
to reverse the rise in motorcycle spaces can help to prevent attacks, and Streets Approach and maintains
theft and motorcycle-enabled hostile vehicle mitigation measures can the character and appeal of
crime, especially that carried out be used to protect selected locations, public places.
using mopeds. Measures could deter potential attackers and provide
include improving security by reassurance to the public. These
designing out crime, such as measures must be applied using the
through the provision of secure Healthy Streets Approach, enhancing
parking both on street and in the public realm to create spaces where
developments; targeted crime people feel safe and want to walk, cycle
prevention messaging; and working and spend time.
with manufacturers to reduce
the risk of theft. The police will
maintain their focus on disrupting
the criminal gangs involved in
motorcycle theft and enabled crime.
13 Safety and security annual report 2015, Future Thinking, tfl.gov.uk, June 2016
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 75
b) Making more efficient use congestion cannot be solved through Congestion has different causes and although levels of delay are lower, the
of the street network traffic management alone, however impacts in different parts of the city and overall impact is far greater as there are
advanced. The longer-term solution so the approach to dealing with it must more people travelling longer distances
Tackling congestion must therefore be to better manage vary across London. In central London, by car than in other parts of London.
London’s streets are some of the most the way in which goods are delivered in where congestion is worst, constrained Addressing congestion in outer London
congested in the world, worsening air London and to significantly reduce car street space and rising levels of freight will require large numbers of trips
pollution, delaying vital bus services and use in favour of more space-efficient and private hire traffic are the main currently made by car to be shifted to
freight, and making too many streets means of travel. A reduction in traffic issues to be tackled. In outer London, car public transport, cycling or walking.
unpleasant places for walking and of about 10-15 per cent (6-7 million use is the main cause of congestion, and
cycling. Lifestyle changes, increasing kilometres per day) by 2041 is required
use of internet deliveries, Sunday to keep congestion in check, while also
shopping and a rapidly growing night- achieving the aims of this strategy. Over FIGURE 5: JOURNEY DELAYS ACROSS LONDON
time economy, have caused changes in time, reallocating space to more efficient
travel and congestion patterns in recent modes, combined with improvements to
years. The congestion problem is not public transport, measures to manage
confined to the traditional morning and demand, and applying the principles of
evening peaks, or just to central London Good Growth for new development, will
– it affects neighbourhoods and town create streets that function better not
centres across London (Figure 5). only for people who are walking, cycling
and using public transport, but also for
Action is needed to reduce the taxis and essential delivery, servicing,
negative impact of congestion on the car and motorcycle journeys.
city. Advanced traffic management
techniques are already used extensively
to manage the streets more efficiently, Policy 5
and it is essential that these traffic The Mayor, through TfL and the
control systems continue to be improved boroughs, and working with
to ensure better outcomes for all road stakeholders, will prioritise space-
users, prioritising people who are efficient modes of transport to
walking, cycling and using buses. tackle congestion and improve
the efficiency of streets for the
However, 75 per cent of congestion is movement of people and goods, with
caused simply by there being too great the aim of reducing overall traffic Number of minutes’ delay
per kilometre driven
a demand for limited street space. This levels by 10-15 per cent by 2041.
greater than 1.5
0 5 miles
0.25 to 1.5
0 5 km less than 0.25
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 77
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 79
FIGURE 6: GREATER LONDON BOUNDARY CORDON DAILY CROSSINGS – The growth of freight traffic in London • Rising costs and a shortage of HGV
GOODS VEHICLES: 24-HOUR FLOWS, 1971-2015* Currently, lorries and vans account for drivers leading to freight being moved
400
around one fifth of road traffic in London out of HGVs into vans
and about one third in central London
350 during the morning peak. As London To achieve this strategy’s overall aim of
Thousands of Vehicles (two-way)
300 grows, the volume of freight and servicing increasing travel by active, efficient and
trips is also forecast to grow unless action sustainable modes of transport, action is
250
is taken. This would place further pressure needed to address the above challenges.
200 on street and kerb space. The majority of This means providing a policy and
150
freight trips are made by vans – of which regulatory framework that will ensure
there are almost four for every HGV – and that freight and servicing trips are made
100 these have been growing since the 1970s. as efficiently as possibly – using the
50 right modes, at the right time, at the right
Without action now, growth in the frequency, and following the right route.
0
number of van trips can be expected to
77
80
83
86
89
92
95
98
01
04
07
10
13
16
continue as a result of: Improving the efficiency of
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
Year
Light goods vehicles Heavy goods vehicles
freight networks
• Business and residential customers About 90 per cent of freight trips, and
FIGURE 7: INNER LONDON CORDON DAILY CROSSINGS – increasingly demanding quicker and the majority of servicing trips, are carried
GOODS VEHICLES: 24-HOUR FLOWS, 1972-2016* more flexible deliveries and servicing out by road. Rail and water carry the
400 remainder, and are particularly important
• The continued growth of the for heavy and containerised goods,
350
Thousands of Vehicles (two-way)
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
00
02
04
06
08
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12
14
16
19
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19
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20
20
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20
20
Year
Light goods vehicles Heavy goods vehicles
* TfL Network Performance Directorate, Operational Analysis. In years where no surveys conducted, 14 Why is Rail Freight Vital for Housing and Construction?, Mineral Products Association and
data has been extrapolated Rail Freight Group, 2016
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 81
Through the London Plan, the Mayor will rail freight opportunity, and to identify Improving freight consolidation Proposal 16
require all new development proposals opportunities for capacity and capability options for the construction sector The Mayor, through TfL, and working
to demonstrate in their Construction enhancements where these will not will be particularly beneficial. The with the boroughs and members of
Logistics Plans and Delivery and impact existing and future passenger sector generates over one third of peak the Freight Forum, will improve the
Servicing Plans that all reasonable services, and where the benefits will be HGV trips and almost one quarter of efficiency of freight and servicing
endeavours have been taken towards seen within London. van trips. The construction industry trips on London’s strategic
the use of non-road vehicle modes. The benefits from a number of existing transport network by:
London Plan will also safeguard wharves Freight and servicing trips that are construction consolidation centres. The
and railheads 15. made by road need to be efficient with, Mayor supports the creation of further a) Identifying opportunities for
for example, vehicles making fewer trips such facilities to complete a network moving freight on to the rail
The Mayor will support the Port of to deliver the same or greater amount of construction consolidation centres, network where this will not
London Authority (PLA) and the Canal of goods. The Mayor, through TfL, will enabling all of London to be within impact on passenger services
and River Trust (CRT) to identify the work with the boroughs, freight operators a 30-minute drive of a construction and where the benefits will be
wharves and piers that have the most and London’s businesses to consider consolidation centre. This will require seen within London.
potential to support the modal shift the benefits of establishing regional the support of boroughs, operators,
of freight from road to water. This will consolidation and distribution centres in developers and others to identify sites to b) Increasing the proportion
include ensuring that cargo-handling inner and outer London. complete the existing network. of freight moved on
facilities are provided to accommodate London’s waterways.
new intermodal freight operations, such The identification and protection of new Reducing the number and impact of
as roll-on roll-off deliveries, micro- sites for load consolidation, particularly freight and servicing trips on London’s c) Reviewing the potential benefits
containerisation and cargo cycles. those adjacent to rail or river services, streets will require close partnership of a regional freight consolidation
is supported by the London Plan and working between the freight industry, and distribution network and
The Mayor, through TfL and working will be considered through the planning Business Improvement Districts (BIDs), completing the network of
with Network Rail, the DfT, rail freight process. The use of these centres will individual businesses, the boroughs, construction consolidation
operating companies and port operators, be encouraged through the requirement London Councils, the PLA, the CRT, centres in London.
will review London’s strategic freight for Construction Logistics Plans in the Network Rail and TfL, and will require
network. This will seek to identify planning process. action at all levels of the supply chain.
opportunities to get more of London’s The Mayor will therefore ask the Freight
freight closer to its final destination by Forum to continue its coordination
rail and to make the most of London’s efforts to ensure freight and servicing
make the most efficient use of London’s
street network.
15 Chapter five sets out how efficient freight and servicing will be embedded in new development
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 83
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 85
Starting with BIDs, the Mayor, through To create more vehicle-free and Proposal 17
TfL, will also work with London’s pedestrian areas in central London The Mayor, through TfL, working with c) Re-timing goods and services to
business community and public sector and town centres while still allowing the boroughs and the Freight Forum, the times where they will have
organisations to review the timing of their convenient collection of personal will work with landlords and all least impact on streets.
deliveries and to use their procurement deliveries, TfL, working with the parts of the supply chain, including
power to discourage trips at the times boroughs, will encourage the use and the freight industry, Business d) Using local access and loading
of day when they have the greatest growth of London’s network of collection Improvement Districts (BIDs) and restrictions to support more
adverse impact on London’s streets. points. These are often located at local individual businesses, to improve the efficient freight practices.
shops and post offices that Londoners efficiency of last mile deliveries and
Thoughtful design and management can access on foot close to their homes servicing. This will be achieved by: e) Improving the design and
of the kerbside is key when designing or on their daily commute. management of loading and
new streets and transforming places. As a) Supporting BIDs and other servicing activities at the
part of all street schemes, TfL, working London can be a complex environment clusters of businesses to jointly kerbside and off-street.
with the boroughs, will review loading in which to provide goods and services, procure goods and services.
provision and ensure delivery and and it is therefore important that f) Developing an online tool,
servicing facilities are designed in a way businesses and freight operators can b) Establishing a network of micro- incorporating a ‘London lorry
that allows streets to be attractive places access information they require easily and distribution services and facilities standard’, to simplify the
in which to walk or cycle. quickly. TfL will work with London Councils served by zero emission vehicles regulatory environment for
to develop an online tool, incorporating and walking and cycling deliveries. HGVs operating in London.
a ‘London lorry standard’, to make it as
simple as possible for freight operators,
in particular of HGVs, to contribute
to reducing the impact of delivery Over the life of the strategy, new the Healthy Streets Approach and, in
and servicing activity and to ensure business models and technology may particular, help freight and servicing
compliance with existing and future enable changes to the way goods to use road space more efficiently
charges, regulations and standards. are delivered and servicing activity is and reduce its impact on other users
undertaken in London. These changes of London’s streets, including people
may benefit businesses and consumers, walking and cycling. Policy 23 sets out
such as through providing faster or the principles for new transport services,
cheaper access to goods and services. most of which are directly applicable to
However, it is important that these freight trips.
changes are shaped to contribute to
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 87
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 89
Reducing car use Where cars are still required for certain in the Congestion Charge zone (CCZ).
‘Changing the London has made real progress in types of trips, alternative models of car The immediate impact was a 30 per
encouraging people to walk, cycle and use can be used to reduce the need for cent reduction in congestion and
way Londoners use public transport, but across London, car ownership and private parking. 15 per cent less circulating traffic.
cars still make up by far the bulk of Traffic in central London has continued
pay for using road vehicles. Any strategy to make to decline by a small amount each year,
more efficient use of street space must Proposal 19 reflecting improved public transport
private vehicles therefore address car use. The Mayor, through TfL and the and increasing public transport use
boroughs, will support the provision for travel across London. Over time,
on London’s Cars are a relatively inefficient means of of car clubs for residents when congestion for this smaller number of
moving people around. Cars, taxis and paired with a reduction in the vehicles has increased although, without
roads could help PHVs take up nearly half of all the street availability of private parking, to the Congestion Charge, congestion in
space in central London, but account for enable more Londoners to give central London would be far worse than
significantly to just 13 per cent of the distance travelled. up their cars while allowing for it is now.
In comparison, buses and coaches take infrequent car travel in inner and
reduce congestion up less than 10 per cent of the street outer London. Fifteen years after the introduction of
space but account for nearly 40 per cent the Congestion Charge, the challenge
and emissions.’ of distance travelled. facing central London has changed. The
Changing the way we pay for roads bustling night-time economy and cultural
The space currently taken up by cars Changing the way Londoners pay for scene mean that more people than ever
will need to be used more efficiently, using private vehicles on London’s roads wish to enjoy all that London has to offer
particularly as the city grows towards could help significantly to reduce the in the evening, when traffic levels are
10.8 million residents by 2041. To congestion and emissions associated at their highest. Weekend traffic levels
achieve a meaningful switch in travel with car dependency and inefficient are now similar to those of weekdays.
habits away from car use, London will freight and servicing trips. Figures 8 and 9 show traffic levels across
need a wide-ranging approach to ensure the average weekday, and at weekends,
there are the right alternatives to enable When the Congestion Charge was in the CCZ, respectively.
people to get around. introduced in 2003, it was very effective
in reducing traffic levels and congestion
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batch 2
H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E
3.12 91
TOTAL TRAFFIC ENTERING THE CONGESTION CHARGING ZONE, WEEKDAY AVERAGE, 2015
FIGURE 8: CCZ TRAFFIC LEVELS BY HALF HOUR, WEEKDAYS (MON-FRI AVERAGE, 2015)
17,500
Congestion Charge period
Furthermore, the proportion of vehicles
in the zone that are subject to the charge
continues to reduce, as falling numbers
3.20
It is important therefore to continue to
keep the Congestion Charge scheme
under review to make sure it is fit to
of private cars are counterbalanced by tackle the congestion challenge now
15,000
increasing numbers of licensed PHVs, faced in central London, along with wider
3.13a
which are exempt from the charge. measures to ensure the streets work in
Number of vehicles/half hour
12,500
batch 3 In recent years, central London has seen
the best way for people who are walking,
cycling and using buses, as well as for
10,000
a substantial increase in the number of freight and servicing trips.
PHVs, which was not envisaged when the
7,500
exemption from the Congestion Charge In addition to the Congestion Charge,
for PHVs was created. More than 18,000 the Mayor is currently responsible
5,000
different PHV vehicles now enter the for a number of other existing and
CCZ each day in charging hours. PHV planned charging schemes, including
2,500
activity in the zone is particularly high on emissions charges and charges for new
0 Fridays and Saturdays: since 2013, the infrastructure (e.g. Silvertown Tunnel).
total number of PHV entries into the zone While these existing and future charging
during charging hours on a Friday has schemes are designed to achieve
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Time of day increased by more than 50 per cent. different objectives, an integrated
TOTAL TRAFFIC ENTERING THE CONGESTION CHARGING ZONE, WEEKEND AVERAGE, 2015
FIGURE 9: CCZ TRAFFIC LEVELS BY HALF HOUR, WEEKENDS (SAT-SUN AVERAGE, 2015) NUMBER OF PRIVATE HIRE VEHICLES LICENSED BY YEAR IN LONDON, 2009�10 TO 2015�16
FIGURE 10: NUMBER OF PRIVATE HIRE VEHICLES LICENSED BY YEAR, 2009-10 TO 2015-16
17,500
80,000
15,000 70,000
12,500
50,000
10,000 40,000
30,000
7,500
20,000
5,000 10,000
0
2,500 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
0 Year
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
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23
Time of day
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 93
approach will be important in the and sustainable mode share. The world emissions. This will make sure that
future to ensure they achieve a range has moved on from the 1990s when London is a world-class, attractive,
of Mayoral priorities and the ambitious the Congestion Charge was conceived healthy city in which to live and work,
vision set out in Chapter two of this and a camera-based system was the as well as to visit.
strategy, in a fair and balanced way. best way to administer the scheme. In a
rapidly changing technological context,
it is worth considering whether road Proposal 21
Proposal 20 use by motorised vehicles should be The Mayor, through TfL, will
The Mayor, through TfL, will paid for in a way that better accounts investigate proposals for the next
keep existing and planned road for the impact and context of individual generation of road user charging
user charging schemes, including journeys. This would mean that some systems. These could replace
the Congestion Charge, Low journeys would cost more (at busier schemes such as the Congestion
Emission Zone, Ultra Low Emission times of day or in more congested areas Charge, Low Emission Zone and
Zone and the Silvertown Tunnel or in more polluting vehicles), while Ultra Low Emission Zone. More
schemes, under review to ensure others would cost less (shorter journeys sophisticated road user charging
they prove effective in furthering in low emission vehicles in quieter areas and/or workplace parking levy
or delivering the policies and outside peak hours). An integrated schemes could be used to
proposals of this strategy. ‘per mile’ charge could replace pre- contribute to the achievement of
existing schemes (Congestion Charge, the policies and proposals in this
Low Emission Zone, Ultra Low Emission strategy, including mode share, road
Beyond the centre, some parts of inner Zone (ULEZ), Silvertown charge) with a danger reduction and environmental
and outer London suffer from similar single, unified scheme which takes into objectives, and to help reduce
levels of congestion to central London. account both congestion and emissions congestion on the road network and
While the rate of congestion is highest objectives. Any such scheme would support efficient traffic movement. In
in central London (both today and in consider the likely impact on health, doing so, the Mayor will consider the
the future), it affects the most people the economy, the environment, safety, appropriate technology for any future
in outer London, where more car fairness and social inclusion to deliver schemes, and the potential for a
journeys are made, with the journeys balanced outcomes for Londoners. future scheme that reflects distance,
tending to be longer. It will therefore time, emissions, road danger and
be important to reduce demand for car With the introduction of the Congestion other factors in an integrated way.
travel beyond central London. Charge, London led the world, and it TfL will develop the design, operation
can again show the way forward by and technical elements of these
In the longer term, a different model for harnessing new technology to develop proposals in consultation with road
the way Londoners pay for their roads fair and sophisticated ways of charging users and stakeholders.
may be needed in order to meet the for car use and managing the impact
aim of an 80 per cent active, efficient of journeys to tackle congestion and
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 95
FIGURE 11A: VOLUME OF CAR TRIPS THAT COULD BE MADE BY WALKING, FIGURE 11B: LONDON RESIDENTS’ WILLINGNESS TO REDUCE THEIR CAR USE
CYCLING AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT
1000 to 2000
0 5 miles
0 5 miles Less than 1000
Lowest
0 5 km
0 5 km No trips
TfL’s analysis 16 suggests that three have an alternative option available to People living in more densely populated across London who would be willing
quarters of journeys currently made by them, with short car trips particularly areas are more likely to change their to use cars less if there were better
car could reasonably be made on foot, by prevalent in outer London. travel behaviour, so as London’s growth alternatives available. This means that,
bicycle or by public transport, and that increases population density, more and to reduce car use, it is necessary to
there is the potential to reduce car use The characteristics of the places more people could choose to switch improve conditions for walking, cycling
in all areas of London. People making people live in have a big impact on from the car to other modes. Research and using public transport.
shorter car journeys are most likely to their inclination to change their habits. also shows that there are already people
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 97
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 99
Traffic reduction strategies should be local buses. Renewed approaches to Road space reallocation and enabling
developed at a borough level as part workplace and school travel planning car-free lifestyles
of Local Implementation Plans, with can also encourage people to make Using street space more efficiently to
the aim of reducing car and freight different choices about how they travel. encourage more walking, cycling and
traffic levels across London. This Establishing micro-distribution centres public transport should be considered.
means providing alternatives to car will enable deliveries to be made by foot This could include creating vehicle-free
use, discouraging unnecessary trips, or ‘cargo cycle’. zones, introducing ‘filtered permeability’
looking at how street space is used most (using physical restrictions to prevent
efficiently, supporting car-free lifestyles Discouraging unnecessary journeys motorised vehicles from using certain
and taking action to reduce and re- by car and freight streets) or creating space for cycle
time freight trips. The approach taken A look at new ways to discourage non- parking, greening or seating. This is
will differ across the city depending on essential car and freight trips, especially not about being anti-car, but about
whether a borough is in central, inner shorter trips, is needed. Local road supporting Londoners in moving around
or outer London and will also take into user charges or workplace parking the city without having to rely solely on
account local needs and aspirations. levies could be considered by local cars. By doing so, road space can be
Overall policies and proposals for traffic authorities. Parking policy changes, such freed up for cycling and walking and for
reduction are set out in this strategy, as introducing or extending controlled more necessary road usage. More car-
and more detail on how they should be parking zones, or incentives to residents free days in central London, town centres
applied by boroughs will be provided in to give up parking spaces could also and high streets would enable people
the Mayor’s LIP Guidance. help discourage car use. Higher parking to experience their local area from a
charges for the most polluting cars could different perspective. In inner and outer
Improving the effectiveness, additionally help encourage the use of London, boroughs’ support for car clubs
sustainability and reliability of cleaner vehicles. Reducing and retiming can enable more Londoners to give up
alternatives to the car freight through joint procurement could their cars when delivered as part of a
Alternatives to car use should be help take non-essential trips off the wider package to reduce car use.
improved to ensure they are effective, streets, or move them outside peak
reliable and attractive. This means times, as could encouraging more
enhancing walking and cycling delivery points for personal packages
environments, integrating green away from central areas and closer
infrastructure to improve the experience to where people live. Approached in
of being on London’s streets, improving the right way, well-planned night-time
on-street wayfinding and providing deliveries need not disturb residents,
more secure cycle parking. New and reviewing local restrictions that
and improved bus priority measures prevent night-time deliveries would
could be considered to improve the help to shift more trips away from the
reliability and experience of using busiest times.
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 101
c) Improving air quality and this is partly because of the under- The introduction of real-world testing for to be effective for lorries, buses and
the environment performance of some diesel vehicle cars and vans into the Euro 6 European coaches. The introduction of measures
emission standards over time, with vehicle-type approval process should that accelerate the switch to these new,
Reducing harmful air pollution from significant discrepancies between mean that new vehicles are far less cleaner vehicles is long overdue but will
road transport official emission measurements and polluting than previous models. Real- have a beneficial effect on air quality
Air pollution caused by carcinogenic real-world vehicle performance in world testing has already proved this in London.
diesel emissions, high levels of nitrogen urban environments.
dioxide (NO 2) and particulate matter
(PM) exacerbate health conditions and London does not meet legal NO 2 FIGURE 12: NO 2 LEVELS ACROSS LONDON, 2013
shorten the lives of Londoners. The limits (see Figure 12), and the Mayor is
communities suffering the most from committed to taking urgent action.
poor air quality are often the most
vulnerable in society. London’s transport
network needs to contribute to the Policy 6
meeting of legal air quality levels as The Mayor, through TfL and the
soon as possible and the achievement boroughs, and working with
of a zero carbon city by 2050, thereby stakeholders, will take action to
protecting the health of Londoners and reduce emissions – in particular
demonstrating a commitment to tackling diesel emissions – from vehicles NO₂ (µg/m)
greater than 97
climate change. on London’s streets, to improve
76 to 97
air quality and support London
73 to 76
Even with higher levels of walking, reaching compliance with UK
58 to 73
cycling and public transport use, and EU legal limits as soon as 55 to 58
motorised vehicles will remain a feature possible. Measures may include 43 to 55
of London’s streets. This means that retrofitting vehicles with equipment Limit 40 to 43
there is a need for strong policies that to reduce emissions, promoting value 37 to 40
will encourage these vehicles to be as electrification, road charging, the 34 to 37
clean and energy efficient as possible. imposition of parking charges/ 31 to 34
levies, responsible procurement, 28 to 31
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 103
Euro VI £100
Euro IV PM £300
Euro 3 PM £100
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 105
London-wide episodes of high pollution A new ‘Liveable Neighbourhoods’ fiscal policy with policies such as ULEZ,
occur a few times each year – very programme of local measures will also now being taken by London and other ‘A new ‘Liveable
high pollution episodes are rare. It is be essential to address pollution from cities, and plays its part in taking the
important that the public is kept fully transport at borough level in local most polluting vehicles off the road. Neighbourhoods’
informed and that London’s transport air quality hotspots and at sensitive
network plays its part in minimising locations such as schools. TfL and the programme of local
any health impact. Emergency boroughs will also be expected to take Proposal 28
measures targeting vehicle use may targeted action and fulfil their statutory The Mayor proposes that measures will also
be required when high-pollution duties, including using tools such Government amends fiscal
episodes are forecast to minimise even as road charges, differential parking incentives, including vehicle excise be essential to
short-term exposure. charges, street closures and vehicle duty, so that only the cleanest
restrictions, tackling engine idling, vehicles are incentivised for address pollution
promoting efficient driving, implementing purchase; and implements a national
Proposal 26 electric vehicle charging infrastructure, diesel vehicle scrappage fund at borough level
The Mayor, through TfL and and supporting zero emission car clubs to enable cities to take the most
the boroughs, will create a (where appropriate). polluting vehicles off their streets. in local air quality
comprehensive alert system
to inform Londoners about air hotspots and at
pollution episodes and, where Proposal 27
appropriate, will implement The Mayor, through TfL and the FIGURE 14: REDUCTIONS IN ROAD NOX sensitive locations
additional emergency measures boroughs, will tackle pollution EMISSIONS, 2013-2021
to reduce or restrict vehicle use from transport in local air quality
25,000
such as schools.’
when forecast or actual periods hotspots and at sensitive locations
10,000
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 107
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 109
Electric single-deck
buses; bus charging
infrastructure
Supporting low
emission freight
Changing Deliver a major expansion in electric vehicle Further investment in charging All newly registered
purchasing charging points and refuelling infrastructure heavy vehicles
patterns driven in London
At least 15 hydrogen fuelling stations All newly registered zero emission
installed in and around London cars and LGVs
driven in London
All new taxis zero All new private zero emission
emission capable hire vehicles zero
emission capable
All new buses will
be hybrid, electric Pan-London
or hydrogen approach to parking
charges for zero
emission vehicles
Fleetwide adoption Keep Congestion Develop a new, more sophisticated way of paying for road use, integrating existing London-wide Zero
and managing Charge under and proposed emissions-based and congestion charging schemes Emission Zone
congestion review and support
borough measures Expanded Ultra Low Central London Zero All buses zero Wider Zero Emission Zone Zero emission
Emission Zone Emission Zone emission or hybrid road transport
Emission Surcharge/ All buses zero emission
Central London Ultra Tighten Low All taxis and PHVs
Low Emission Zone Emission Zone zero emission
emission standards capable
for heavy vehicles
All public sector
car fleets zero
emission capable
National action Increase use of renewable electricity generation for the National Grid until it results in net zero carbon emissions
Plug-in vehicle grants Taxation encourages ultra low emission vehicles over conventional vehicles Taxation discouraging ownership of non-zero emission vehicles
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 111
Zero emission public transport Proposal 30 FIGURE 16: CLEANING THE BUS FLEET
It is the Mayor’s aim that London’s public The Mayor, through TfL, will work
transport fleet should produce zero with stakeholders to produce and
NOW 2020 2025 2030 2035 2037
exhaust emissions. This means making implement a comprehensive plan
Bus
the most of London’s world-leading to encourage and accelerate the Retrofit TfL will TfL will
procurement of existing buy only buy only
reputation for the switch to hybrid, transition from diesel-powered taxis and retrofit double electric or electric or
electric and hydrogen technology in the to Zero Emission Capable vehicles decks hydrogen hydrogen
bus fleet. Current analysis indicates that by providing financial incentives, to Euro VI single double
standards decks decks
a fully zero emission fleet could be in the necessary infrastructure and
place by 2037, as shown in Figure regulation (including maintaining TfL will buy
only hybrid
16, however more work is needed on a taxi age limit, currently set at double
this issue and TfL will work with 15 years) with the objective of decks
suppliers to see how this timetable achieving a minimum of 9,000 Bus All single All TfL
can be accelerated. such vehicles in the fleet by 2020. fleet in decks buses
central electric or electric or
London hydrogen hydrogen
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 113
It is important that the GLA Group and contributes towards poor air quality
the public sector lead by example in the and carbon emissions. Through the
take-up of ULEVs. LoCITY programme, TfL will continue
to work with the freight industry to
help overcome the barriers to adopting
Proposal 32 cleaner vans and heavy goods vehicles.
The Mayor will seek to ensure that
the GLA and its functional bodies
lead by example in the use of Ultra Proposal 33
Low Emission Vehicles (ULEVs) in The Mayor, through TfL and the
their own vehicle fleets and will also boroughs, will introduce regulatory
encourage the boroughs to adopt and pricing incentives to support
the use of ULEVs. The GLA group will the transition to the usage of Ultra
work towards: all cars in GLA group Low Emission Vehicles in London.
support fleets being Zero Emission
Capable (ZEC) by 2025 at the latest;
all newly purchased or leased cars To succeed in making the transition to
and vans (less than 3.5 tonnes) zero emission, the charging infrastructure
in GLA group fleets, including will need to change significantly. This
emergency response vehicles, being includes meeting the need for rapid
ZEC from 2025; all heavy vehicles in charging to support ZEC taxis, PHVs and
GLA group fleets being fossil fuel- commercial vehicles, and working with
free from 2030; and entire GLA fleets boroughs to provide on-street residential
being zero emission by 2050. charging. TfL will work to understand the
long-term need for residential charging,
alongside the potential requirement
Zero emission private and for alternative fuels for heavy vehicles
commercial vehicles as a bridging technology. Bringing in
The Mayor will help ensure ULEVs are ULEVs will require a significant change
the best choice for those needing to to London’s energy systems to ensure
use a car or a van, to put London on a the supporting supply infrastructure is
path to zero emission by 2050. The aim in place, while maximising CO 2 benefits.
is for all new cars and vans in London This will be delivered through the London
to be zero emission by 2030 at the Environment Strategy.
latest. Freight activity in London also
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 115
Proposal 34 Creating zero emission zones will be an If PM 2.5 levels are to be improved, a
‘Creating zero The Mayor, through TfL and essential part of the move towards zero significant reduction in tyre, brake wear
the boroughs, will work with emission transport. The Mayor will work and auxiliary engine emissions will be
emission zones Government and stakeholders with boroughs to develop and implement needed. Such emissions are expected
across London to ensure that zero emission zones in town centres to make up about 90 per cent of road
will be an essential sufficient and appropriate charging and central London before rolling them transport PM 2.5 emissions by 2030.
and refuelling infrastructure is put out across all of London by 2050 at the The first step to achieving this will be a
part of the move in place to support the transition latest. These will complement measures reduction in total vehicle kilometres by
from diesel- and petrol-powered to reduce emissions from non-transport supporting a shift to walking, cycling
towards zero vehicles to Ultra Low Emission sources described in the London and public transport and more efficient
Vehicles, including ensuring that Environment Strategy. The approach to delivery and servicing. New technologies,
emission transport.’ London’s energy-generating and zero emission zones will be developed including the use of regenerative
supply system can accommodate over the next few years in conjunction braking, also have the potential to
and manage the increased demand with other policies and proposals in the reduce emissions.
associated with this transition. strategy, such as the creation of Liveable
Neighbourhoods, reducing road danger,
and making more efficient use of the Proposal 36
As well as incentives and supporting street network, including for freight and The Mayor, through TfL, and
infrastructure to encourage a move servicing. Any specific schemes would working with Government,
to ULEVs, it will also be necessary to be subject to statutory consultation. manufacturers and other relevant
use disincentives to phase out fossil organisations, will work to reduce
fuel vehicles altogether. In addition PM levels and support and
to the introduction and expansion of Proposal 35 accelerate the development and
ULEZ, tightening emission standards by The Mayor, through TfL and the uptake of technologies to tackle
implementing a network of zero emission boroughs, and working with tyre and brake wear and auxiliary
zones would help reduce total CO 2, Government, will seek to implement engine emissions.
NOx and PM emissions and would send zero emission zones in town centres
a clear signal that the city is moving from 2020 and aim to deliver a zero
towards a fossil fuel-free future. A zero emission zone in central London
emission zone is likely to require vehicles from 2025, as well as broader
that drive within it that are not capable of congestion reduction measures
operating with zero exhaust emissions to to facilitate the implementation of
pay road user charges (similar to those in larger zero emission zones in inner
ULEZ or LEZ). Other vehicle prohibitions London by 2040 and London-wide
and/or restrictions may also apply. by 2050 at the latest.
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 117
As well as reducing emissions from Infrastructure emissions River vessel emissions Low-carbon energy generation
road transport, to reach the target The Mayor will reduce emissions from Air pollutant and CO 2 emissions from A significant opportunity to increase
for a zero carbon city, reductions in across London’s transport infrastructure. river vessels represent a small but London’s supplies of low-carbon energy
emissions from other forms of transport Major new transport schemes, such as significant contribution to the London can be found in transport infrastructure
are also needed. As part of this, network Crossrail 2, will actively manage CO2 total. Emissions need to be carefully and land. A programme of solar
enhancements and the provision of new emissions across their lifecycle, following managed, particularly in light of the generation over the next five years will
infrastructure must be undertaken in a the principles set out in the Government’s PLA ambition to increase the number of greatly increase the level of solar power
way that minimises the additional burden Infrastructure Carbon Review. river users to 20 million a year by 2035. in TfL’s buildings, and TfL’s purchasing
on London’s energy system. The Mayor will work with stakeholders power will be used to further stimulate
to improve the energy efficiency of renewable energy generation in London,
Rail emissions Proposal 38 the river fleet and will lead by example for example through the Mayor’s ‘Licence
Rail electrification will reduce CO 2 The Mayor, through TfL, will by delivering new hybrid vessels for Lite’ scheme. In parallel, TfL will identify
emissions; by 2050, all rail lines in contribute to London’s overall the Woolwich Ferry. New powers are other opportunities for low-carbon and
London should be electrified and all emissions reductions by: required from Government to effectively renewable energy generation, building
trains hauled by zero emission motive- control emissions from river vessels, on the success of the Bunhill waste heat
power within London. Further measures a) Continuing to monitor, report and and the Mayor will continue to lobby the scheme, which exports heat from the
to improve the energy efficiency of rail reduce operational CO 2 and other Government for these powers. Northern line to a district heating scheme
transport include new energy-efficient air pollutant emissions from all of in the London Borough of Islington. TfL
trains on the Elizabeth line from 2017, TfL’s assets and infrastructure, will also aim for rail services under its
saving up to 30 per cent more energy including stations, buildings and Proposal 39 control to be zero carbon by 2030, and
through an on-train management system street lighting. The Mayor, through TfL, will work will support measures set out in the
and regenerative braking. TfL will ensure with the Port of London Authority London Environment Strategy for all GLA
that new Tube trains rolled out from the b) Seeking to work with stakeholders to publish an emissions strategy Group buildings to be zero carbon.
mid-2020s on the Piccadilly, Waterloo such as Network Rail to undertake for the River Thames to reduce air
& City, Bakerloo and Central lines will measures to ensure that CO 2 and pollutant and CO 2 emissions from all
be energy efficient, allowing a faster, other air pollutant emissions from river vessels and urges Government Proposal 40
more frequent service on the lines, the construction and operation to introduce new legislation to The Mayor, through TfL, will seek to
with as little as possible additional of transport infrastructure are ensure that emissions from vessels deliver a package of measures both
energy required. minimised. can be effectively reduced. to increase the level of low-carbon
energy generation on TfL’s land and
for supply to its assets.
Proposal 37
The Mayor, through TfL, will seek
to ensure that the energy impact
of increased provision of transport
services in London is minimised.
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E
3.18 119
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 121
Natural and built environment London’s built heritage and sites of Policy 8
The Mayor aims for London to be a cultural importance include four world The Mayor, through TfL and the ‘There are multiple
National Park City where more than heritage sites, 19,000 nationally listed boroughs, and working with
half of its area is green, where the buildings and their settings, numerous stakeholders, will enhance benefits resulting
natural environment is protected and locally listed assets and their settings, London’s natural and built
the network of green infrastructure is 1,000 conservation areas, more than environment by: from green
managed to benefit all Londoners. 150 registered parks and gardens and
more than 150 scheduled monuments. a) Ensuring that transport infrastructure,
Within this context, protecting and Buildings make a significant contribution schemes protect existing green
enhancing green infrastructure on to defining the identity and character infrastructure where possible, or including improved
transport land will help to improve the of London, through their design and the – if there is a loss – providing new
natural environment and contribute to associated public realm. Where possible, green infrastructure in order to resilience to severe
London’s overall resilience to climate new buildings should complement existing deliver a net gain in biodiversity.
change and the delivery of the Healthy elements; with careful design, they weather and
Streets Approach. Green infrastructure can have a positive impact on the built b) Seeking additional opportunities
includes the provision of green spaces environment, encouraging travel by foot, to build new green infrastructure climate change,
and features such as street trees and cycle and public transport, and bringing into the existing transport estate.
green roofs. There are multiple benefits people and activity together in public better air and
resulting from green infrastructure, spaces, contributing to improvements c) Monitoring and protecting
including improved resilience to severe against the Healthy Streets Indicators. designated spaces on transport water quality, the
weather and climate change, better air land, such as Sites of Importance
and water quality, the encouragement for Nature Conservation. encouragement
of walking and cycling, and enhanced
biodiversity. Improving existing, and d) Maximising opportunities of walking
providing new, green infrastructure will to protect, promote and
contribute towards the Mayor’s ambition enhance London’s built and cycling,
to make more than 50 per cent of London heritage and sites of cultural
green and ensure that all children have importance that are affected and enhanced
access to nature. by transport development.
biodiversity.’
TfL will work principally with London
boroughs, Network Rail and Highways
England to identify opportunities for
additional green infrastructure, as well
as to establish and regularly monitor a
baseline of ecological data in order to
demonstrate changes in biodiversity.
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 123
As well as affecting human health, road surface area has resulted in an increase As well as being energy intensive, street
vehicle emissions also adversely impact in surface water flooding. To deliver the lighting also causes light pollution, which
the natural and built environment. They recommendations set out by the London can affect human health and cause
can lead to dirty deposits on buildings Sustainable Drainage Action Plan, damage to natural ecosystems. TfL
and the corrosion of some building transport projects should incorporate will continue to install low-energy
materials. Increasing levels of nitrogen Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) street lights on the TLRN in order to
in the soil also result in damage to such as green roofs, rain gardens or reduce energy consumption and light
natural ecosystems. swales to help reduce surface water pollution and boroughs are encouraged
flood risk. to do the same.
Street trees can provide shade, shelter
and cooling, helping to reduce the urban By designing new infrastructure to
heat island effect and enabling everyone Proposal 44 use resources more efficiently and
to use the streets. The Mayor, through TfL and the promote the circular economy, there are
boroughs, will create Sustainable significant opportunities to decrease
Drainage Systems (SuDS) to enable, consumption of natural resources and
Proposal 43 each year, an additional effective minimise and re-use waste in order
The Mayor, through TfL and surface area of 50,000m 2 to first to reduce impacts on the natural
the boroughs, will retain existing drain into SuDS features rather than environment. This should include the
trees and plant new ones on the conventional drains and sewers. sustainable management of construction
Transport for London Road Network Other non-road transport projects and demolition waste from new
(TLRN) and borough roads to should be designed to achieve transport schemes. TfL will also
protect tree canopy cover. Street appropriate greenfield run-off support municipal waste and circular
tree numbers on the TLRN will be rates and ensure that surface water economy measures set out in the
increased by 1 per cent every year run-off is managed as close to its London Environment Strategy.
between 2016 and 2025; and the source as possible (in accordance
Mayor will encourage boroughs to with the drainage hierarchy set out
increase the numbers of trees in the London Plan). In all cases, Proposal 45
along their streets. drainage should be designed and The Mayor, through TfL, will
implemented in ways that deliver support London’s transition to a
other Mayoral priorities, including circular economy by encouraging
The equivalent of two-and-a-half Hyde improvements to the water quality, transport providers to follow GLA
Parks of green garden land in London biodiversity and amenity of the Group Responsible Procurement
has been paved over annually in recent highway network. Policy guidance.
years 18. This additional impermeable
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 125
Climate change resilience Policy 9 Once the risks and costs have
Climate change is already having a The Mayor, through TfL and the been analysed, then actions will be ‘Severe weather
detrimental effect on transport in boroughs, and working with implemented in three different ways by:
London. Events such as the closure of stakeholders, will seek to ensure events such
large sections of London’s rail network that London’s transport is resilient • Including adaptation measures in
in June 2016 due to flooding highlighted to the impacts of severe weather construction and asset renewals to as heatwaves,
the potential disruption that can be and climate change, so that services provide resilience in the most cost-
caused. As well as a general warming can respond effectively to extreme effective manner droughts and
of the climate, severe weather events weather events while continuing to
such as heatwaves, droughts and operate safely, reliably and with a • Ensuring major projects are designed heavy rainfall
heavy rainfall are predicted to increase good level of passenger comfort. to be future-proof against severe
in frequency and intensity. Without weather conditions for their entire are predicted
adequate mitigation, climate change will lifetime, and
reduce comfort, safety and reliability on The key challenges to public transport to increase
public transport and will ultimately have posed by climate change include • Identifying high-priority locations
a negative effect on London’s economy. protecting rail assets and streets from for proactive severe weather in frequency
Climate change will disproportionately flooding, managing heat on public resilience interventions
affect the most vulnerable, for example transport, and maintaining service and intensity.’
older people will be disproportionately reliability in periods of extreme weather.
affected by heat. More London-specific Proposal 47
climate change research and evidence The Mayor, through TfL, will seek
is needed to inform a cost-effective Proposal 46 to undertake and implement an
long-term plan and programme of The Mayor, through TfL, will evidence-based programme of
mitigation work. work with transport and other measures to adapt existing, and
infrastructure providers in to design and build new, transport
London to undertake a dedicated infrastructure to make it resilient to
programme of research to severe weather conditions and the
understand and prioritise the risk of effects of climate change.
severe weather and climate change
adversely affecting the operation of
London’s transport network and to
minimise any such impacts on the
most vulnerable user groups. TfL
will lead this work for the transport
sector in London.
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H E A LT H Y S T R E E T S A N D H E A LT H Y P E O P L E 127
The World Health Organization has ischemic heart disease, stress and The construction of new rail The Mayor’s policy on aircraft noise is
identified noise as the second greatest sleep disturbance. Road transport is a infrastructure and the operation of set out in the London Plan. See also
environmental cause of health problems significant source of noise and vibration rail services can also cause significant Focus on: The Unacceptable Impacts
after poor air quality 19. Consistently in London, and one of the ten Healthy localised noise and vibration. For of Expanding Heathrow.
elevated sound levels can cause Streets Indicators is that streets are residents in the vicinity, this can
hearing impairment, hypertension, ‘not too noisy’. cause considerable disruption.
Proposal 48 Proposal 49
The Mayor, through TfL and working d) Monitoring noise levels close to The Mayor, through TfL and working d) Investigating complaints
with the boroughs, will reduce the major road corridors to measure the with Network Rail and train operating of noise and vibration disturbance
number of Londoners exposed to adverse impacts of road transport companies, will mitigate the effects from railway construction and/or
excessive noise and vibration levels on affected communities. of noise and vibration caused by operations and endeavouring to
from road transport in London by: Tube, DLR, Overground, tram and rail eliminate the disturbance at
e) Seeking to reduce the noise services in London where reasonably source or otherwise mitigate its
a) Reducing traffic volumes by impacts of servicing and deliveries practicable, and thereby minimise adverse effects.
encouraging mode shift from through appropriate design and their adverse impact on the health
travelling by car to walking, cycling management of delivery areas, and quality of life of Londoners. Key e) Maintaining open communication
and using public transport. promoting responsible behaviours, measures will include: with residents before and during
adopting best practice and construction works, where levels
b) Minimising the noise impacts of encouraging the use of quieter a) Addressing noise issues as part of noise may be above what is
vehicular traffic on streets by vehicles and equipment. of all planned railway works and normally expected and/or heard at
encouraging the use of quieter taking steps to minimise their unusual times.
vehicles, reducing vehicle f) Working with the Department for impact on neighbours.
speeds and discouraging poor Transport to investigate ways of f) Continuing to reduce the impact
driver behaviours such as rapid reducing noise from the loudest b) Specifying and procuring of night services by reducing
acceleration and braking. vehicles such as some types of quieter trains. noise and vibration at their source
motorcycle and supercars. and taking a robust approach to
c) Ensuring high levels of c) Ensuring new rail infrastructure responding to complaints.
carriageway maintenance, incorporates technology that is
installing low-noise road surfacing, effective in reducing noise and
and minimising the noise impacts vibration, such as shock-absorbent
from road and street works. track fastenings.
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 129
Chapter four –
A good public
transport
experience
London has one of the most extensive
public transport networks in the world,
with more than 9 million trips made every
day by bus, tram, Tube, train and river
boat. Use of the public transport system
has increased by 65 per cent since 2000,
largely because of enhanced services
and an improved customer experience.
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4.01
A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 131
As it grows, the city requires the public This chapter sets out the importance of The whole journey
‘By 2041, the transport capacity to reduce crowding a whole journey approach, where public A good public transport experience
and support increasing numbers of transport improvements are an integral means catering for the whole journey,
public transport people travelling more actively, efficiently part of delivering the Healthy Streets with all its stages, from its planning to
and sustainably. Figure 18 shows that Approach. The chapter then explains the return home. All public transport
system will need by 2041 the public transport system will in four sections how London’s public journeys start or finish on foot or by
need to cater for up to around 15 million transport services can be improved for cycle, and half of all walking in London is
to cater for up to trips every day. all Londoners and also become a more done to or from public transport stations
appealing option than car use by: or stops 1. It is essential to integrate
15 million trips FORECAST GROWTH IN PUBLIC
TRANSPORT TRIPS TO 2041
bus, Tube, rail and tram services with
FIGURE 18: FORECAST GROWTH IN PUBLIC a) Improving safety, affordability and improvements to street environments
every day.’ TRANSPORT TRIPS TO 2041 customer service so the whole public to provide Londoners with attractive
20 transport network becomes easier and alternatives to car use.
Public transport trips per day (millions)
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 133
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 135
2 ‘Overturning of a tram at Sandilands Junction, Croydon, 9 November 2016’, Rail Accident Investigation
Branch: Rail Accident Report, December 2017
3 ‘Tram overturning at Sandilands, Croydon on 9 November, 2016’, TfL Board Paper: Safety, Sustainability
and Human Resources Panel – RAIB and TfL Investigations – Update, 22 January 2018
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 137
Making public transport affordable Policy 12 Enhancing customer service to accurate real-time information and
A fully inclusive public transport The Mayor will ensure public In London, almost every resident, worker assistance along the way. There should
system would enable all Londoners to transport fare levels are set to and visitor is a customer on the city’s be easy and accessible interchange
take advantage of the opportunities enable access to affordable travel transport system. The experience of between different public transport
the city has to offer. An affordable fares for all Londoners. travelling around London has improved services and with walking and cycling.
system, both now and in the future, is significantly in recent years. However,
essential to encouraging a shift from car there are still too many inconsistencies This means, for the rail and Underground
to public transport. Members of the public who use non- across the network in terms of quality network, more frequent and reliable trains;
TfL services will still be subject to fares and reliability, information provision and fairer, simpler fares (including extending
To ensure that public transport is increases, however. Should such rail general integration between different Oyster and contactless payment to more
available to those who may find it least services be devolved to TfL, fares will be transport options. This can cause stress stations around the edge of London);
affordable, current concessions (such as aligned with TfL’s affordable fares policy, for individuals and, more broadly, weaken modern, staffed stations; and information
the Freedom Pass) will be maintained. In with affordability prioritised beyond Londoners’ confidence in the public at every stage of the journey. On the
addition, single fares across all current the current 2020 timeframe. As many transport system. An improved quality bus network, there will be improved
TfL services have been frozen until Londoners as possible should be able to of service is needed to enable more customer information during disruption
2020, reducing the cost of using TfL benefit from affordable public transport Londoners to positively choose to use and delays, as well as enhanced on-board
services in real terms. A new ‘Hopper’ services, with the same fares structure public transport as an alternative to services (e.g. cleanliness, seating and
fare was introduced in September 2016 and policy applying across the whole the car. air conditioning). New customer service
and then extended in January 2018 transport system in London, whether or standards will be developed for bus
to allow customers to make unlimited not it is provided by TfL. stations, and customer-focused training
bus or tram transfers within the hour, Policy 13 – with a continuing emphasis on equality
even if other trips on Oyster modes are The Mayor, through TfL and issues, particularly for older and disabled
made in between. This has improved the Proposal 51 the boroughs, and working with people – will be delivered to all bus drivers
affordability of those trips that involve While a Government decision on stakeholders, will seek to make the and front-line staff.
the use of multiple buses or trams. It further devolution of rail to London public transport network easier
has, in particular, delivered savings to has not been forthcoming, the and more pleasant to use, enabling With 27 million journeys taking place in
those who are unable to afford rail travel Mayor will press the Government customers to enjoy comfortable, London every day, inevitably sometimes
over longer distances, and helped make to match TfL’s fares freeze in confident, safe and secure, things will go wrong, so it is important
the cost of travel by bus or tram more London until 2020, and to prioritise informed and stress-free travel. that TfL and other transport service
competitive compared to journeys by car. affordability beyond then. providers support customers when
this happens. When there is service
Getting the basics right disruption, customers need to be given
Across all modes, what customers value up-to-date information that enables them
the most is the service provider ‘getting to make alternative travel arrangements.
the basics right’. This means providing a Customers should be confident that
reliable public transport service that gets staff are helpful, knowledgeable and
customers to their destination safely and empowered to assist whenever they
on time. Customers should have access need help.
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 139
4.03
Customers should feel that they can Consistent level of service
trust the fares system. It is important Customers value a consistently good
that people are charged the cheapest service. TfL’s management of more of
fare and that any errors are fixed. As London’s suburban rail network would
part of that commitment, TfL and other support this, bringing staffed stations
operators should put in place initiatives and a consistent level of service to areas
to reduce the number of maximum fares beyond the existing Tube and London
charged should customers forget to Overground networks. TfL has a proven
‘touch out’, for example charging Oyster record of improving customer satisfaction
and contactless customers an average on London’s transport system. Figure 19
fare based on journey history. And, if shows the improvement when TfL took
customers need a refund for any reason, over and invested in the London
the process must be easy to follow. Overground network.
90 180
80 160
Overall customer evaluation score
60 120
50
100 100
40 80
30 60
50
60
20 40
10 20
00 0
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
Year
Overall customer evaluation score Journey stages
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 141
Londoners’ travel habits are changing and On the rail and Underground networks, Proposal 52
off-peak, weekend and night-time public rolling out WiFi to more stations will The Mayor, through TfL and the
transport services also need to be better support staff in providing customer boroughs, and working with other
developed, enabling London to become a information. Staff will be equipped with transport operators, will improve
fully 24-hour city that is open to everyone, mobile devices to provide real-time customer service across the
with a strong night-time economy. information to customers, and transport system with a focus on:
Devolution of suburban rail services personalised and relevant live
to the Mayor would help integrate the information will be integrated into a) Improved staff training, including
provision of services and achieve a more Journey Planner and Twitter travel the training of bus drivers.
consistent experience for customers alerts. The London Underground is
across the public transport system. one of the most high-profile 'not- b) Providing a more consistent level
spots' in the country and, building on of service across all transport
Innovation the improvements in communication modes (including rail services
More than 80 per cent of Londoners technology for the emergency services, where devolved from the DfT).
now use the TfL website and 5 million 4G mobile communications will be
people follow TfL on Twitter. In addition, provided on the Underground. This c) Making the most of new
more than 40 per cent of Londoners gives a unique opportunity to provide technology and innovations
use some of the 600 apps powered by public cellular services and in 2019 the in customer service, including
TfL data. Customer expectations will Elizabeth line is planned to be one of provision of mobile phone
continue to evolve as new information the first lines to offer 4G connectivity. access underground.
technology emerges. Innovations in
customer service are essential to attract On the bus network, vehicle layouts
Londoners to public transport, walking and branding could be varied to reflect
and cycling, and to make services more customer needs on different types
accessible and inclusive. of route. New ‘mobility’ models could
also be explored, for example demand-
responsive services, where these can
make public transport a more attractive
alternative to the car.
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 143
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 145
Continuing to improve journey planning • Where a lift is unavailable at a Tube, Proposal 53 Making bus services more accessible
tools and travel mentoring programmes TfL Rail or Overground station, staff The Mayor, through TfL and working and inclusive
will be important in helping disabled and will help customers plan an alternative with transport operators, will enable Buses are typically the most common form
older people feel confident in using the route, or, where a reasonable spontaneous and independent of public transport used by older people,
public transport network. The availability alternative is not available, will book travel for disabled and older disabled people and those travelling with
of staff to assist, should this be required, a taxi (at TfL’s cost) to take them to people by: children, often with prams or buggies.
is also important to enable journeys to be their destination or another step-free Buses are a relatively accessible form
made spontaneously and independently. station to continue their journey a) Improving journey planning tools, of public transport – all London buses
ensuring advances in technology meet strict accessibility requirements,
TfL has staff at all Tube, TfL Rail, and • Staff on board DLR and trams are make the tools more accessible and 95 per cent of bus stops are now
Overground stations when services are available to assist and easier to use; and guiding wheelchair accessible. Specific training
running, while some piers, all boats, the people to the most accessible on helping those users with accessibility
Emirates Air Line and Victoria Coach • Staff should be easy to find at VCS, journey options. needs is being delivered to bus drivers,
Station (VCS) are staffed. Trams and Emirates Air Line terminals and on and TfL works with bus operators to
buses are staffed by the driver and the piers and boats b) Providing travel mentoring and ensure this training is put into practice
DLR has a Passenger Service Assistant other opportunities to help in daily service provision. Nevertheless,
on every train. This means that: • Help points can be found and easily Londoners gain confidence to on-board crowding, competition for
accessed for assistance throughout use public transport. the designated wheelchair space and
• There is no need to book in advance to TfL’s networks to request information the internal layout of the vehicle can
use TfL services or speak to staff in an emergency c) Continuing to provide the current negatively impact the experience of
‘turn-up-and-go’ service at using buses. There is therefore a real
• Station staff are able to accompany ‘Turn up and go’ is provided on London all TfL-operated stations, and need to further improve bus accessibility
customers to the train, help them Overground and will be introduced on providing it at additional stations through future bus design.
board, including providing a ramp London’s other local stopping services where national rail services are
where step-free access is only to (shown in Figure 29) where responsibility devolved to TfL. In addition to making more bus stops
the platform, and arrange for them for them is devolved to TfL from the DfT. wheelchair accessible, at key locations
to be met at their destination. Staff d) Continuing to seek and act on such as interchanges, a higher level of
are also encouraged to offer help feedback from disabled and improvements will include improving
to anyone who looks like they may older Londoners regarding public shelters, seating, interchange
need assistance transport services. information, and locating stops as close
as possible to key destinations with
excellent walking links.
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 147
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 149
Tube improvement programmes will Proposal 55 Figure 21 shows the reduction in the of extending flexibility and choice in how
benefit disabled and older people and The Mayor, through TfL and working difference in journey times between the and when to use ATS. When completed,
those travelling with young children in with the DfT, Network Rail and step-free and the full network that the there will be a single integrated service
two main ways. Firstly, they will provide other stakeholders, will make the strategy will deliver in the period to 2041. that gives customers seamless access
greater capacity and thus reduce transport network more accessible to a range of transport options, including
crowding (one of the most significant and inclusive by: Assisted Transport Services London’s public transport and core ATS.
barriers to travel for disabled people). The proposals set out above will make As the improved service is implemented,
Secondly, the new trains that will be a) Using Inclusive Design, for the public transport network more TfL will engage with other service
introduced as part of the programmes example for station and train accessible for disabled and older providers to investigate opportunities for
will incorporate inclusive design features layout and facilities, including people. However, there is also a further integration to establish a broader
such as spaces for wheelchairs and baby signing, information and seating, pressing need to deliver a more reliable coverage of London.
buggies, improved lighting, and visual giving consideration to those with and convenient service for older and
and audible real-time information. Their visible and invisible disabilities. disabled Londoners who require door-
design, together with platform humps at to-door transport services such as TfL’s Proposal 56
some stations, will also make it easier for b) Providing step-free access at Dial-a-Ride and the Taxicard scheme The Mayor, through TfL and the
those in wheelchairs to board and alight. selected rail and Underground operated by London Councils. Services boroughs, will design Assisted
stations and on all new such as these, together with TfL’s travel Transport Services around the
New infrastructure will be designed infrastructure, to halve the mentoring service, are known collectively principles of safe and reliable
from the outset to be accessible and additional journey time required by as Assisted Transport Services (ATS). journeys, convenience, flexibility
inclusive, and new lines and extensions those using the step-free network and choice, integration and
will therefore open up significant new only, so that journey times on TfL has undertaken a review of the innovation, delivering the Roadmap
journey opportunities for disabled and the step-free network become provision of ATS and developed a by 2021, and continuing to provide
older people. Notably, the Elizabeth line comparable to those on the wider Roadmap 4 for London to have world- the service to those who need it.
and Crossrail 2 will transform the ease public transport network. leading service provision by 2021.
with which disabled and older people can The Roadmap identifies five design
access central London. c) Providing step-free access at principles: safe and reliable journeys; Figure 20 sets out the proposed
further national rail stations convenience; flexibility and choice; timetable for delivering accessibility
In addition to bus, rail and Tube in London. integration; and innovation. Actions in the improvements.
services, to ensure the whole journey Roadmap include: establishing a simpler
is accessible, improvements to the d) Improving the accessibility of taxi way to access ATS that will initially
accessibility of taxi ranks, river piers ranks, river piers and services, be hosted on the TfL website; better
and services, and VCS (and its and Victoria Coach Station (and informing Londoners of what services
potential replacement), should continue its potential replacement). are available to support them, their
to be made. family or friends; and piloting new ways
4 ‘Assisted Transport Services’, TfL Board Paper: Customer Service and Operational Performance Panel,
1 November 2017
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 151
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 153
Tube improvement Deliver Four-Line modernisation programme Deliver Deep Tube Deliver Deep Tube
programme upgrade – Piccadilly line upgrade – Bakerloo,
(new trains and reduced crowding) Central and Waterloo
& City lines
Deliver Tube upgrade programme – Jubilee, Northern and Victoria lines
DLR & tram Deliver DLR and tram upgrades to increase capacity and improve reliability
River & coach Improve accessibility at river piers and Victoria Coach Station (and its potential replacement)
New infrastructure Deliver Northern line Deliver Elizabeth line extension east of Abbey Wood
(new step-free and improved extension (including (step-free access in outer south east London)
connectivity by accessible
public transport) 2 step-free stations)
Deliver Bakerloo line Deliver Bakerloo line extension beyond Lewisham
Deliver Elizabeth line extension to Lewisham (step-free access in south east London)
(including 41 (step-free access in inner
step-free stations) south east London) Deliver Crossrail 2
(step-free access to and
through central London
from north and south
west London)
Assisted Transport Deliver Assisted Transport Continue to provide a single integrated Assisted Transport Service to those who need it
Services review Services roadmap
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 155
FIGURE 21: DIFFERENCE IN JOURNEY TIMES USING THE STEP-FREE AND FULL NETWORK,
2015 AND 2041
c) Shaping and growing the The role of the bus in reducing
2015 bus network car dependency
The bus network has been carefully
Buses play a unique role in the life of developed over the past decades to
London – they are the most accessible accommodate changing travel demands.
form of public transport, and they The transport network and passenger
provide the widest and densest network expectations are ever changing and
of travel options for distances that are further service development is required
too long to walk or cycle. Good bus to adapt to these recent changes.
services are fundamental to achieving
Difference in journey time less reliance on the car, making efficient The beauty of the bus network is that
Higher use of street space and supporting it is flexible – routes are relatively easy
London’s sustainable growth. to add and remove compared to Tube
and rail lines, so they can be much more
In parts of inner and outer London, making responsive to changes in demand than
0 5 miles the bus a more attractive option than the other forms of public transport. This means
Lower
car will require significant enhancements that buses can be important in supporting
0 5 km
to bus services. Trip times must be regeneration and social integration –
Differences are indicative only
comparable to car journey times and good where there may not be the justification
quality bus stations, bus stops and other for investing in expensive, permanent
facilities are vital. Alongside this, better rail infrastructure, new bus routes can be
2041 customer communication and branding planned to connect new communities and
are needed to make the bus network both support housing and jobs growth.
easier to understand and more appealing
to existing and future customers. This flexibility also makes buses the
perfect means of providing convenient
public transport options in areas of
Policy 15 London that are changing. As the Healthy
The Mayor, through TfL and the Streets Approach is applied to realise
Difference in journey time boroughs, and working with the benefits of more walking, cycling
Higher
stakeholders, will transform the and public transport use across the city,
quality of bus services so that they the character of many parts of London
offer faster, more reliable, accessible, will change over time. Using buses to
comfortable and convenient travel support these changes will allow public
by public transport, while being transport links to be added where they
0 5 miles integrated with, and complementing, are needed now, and potentially reviewed
Lower
0 5 km the rail and Tube networks. as cycling and walking become more
Differences are indicative only common options in the future.
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 157
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 159
for people walking, cycling and using This strategic approach is supported Across London, reasonable and reliable Protecting buses from congestion will
public transport. by focused reviews of services, such bus journey times are essential to require a bus priority programme that
as a recently completed study of bus the attractiveness of bus services to uses investment in specific, high-quality
In outer London, new or enhanced bus routes serving hospitals. This research existing and potential customers. TfL street changes that will protect bus
services will be introduced to reduce concluded that, while most hospitals will make sure bus routes are adequately journey times and improve reliability.
car dependency and support growth, have a good bus service, changes in resourced, contracts are incentivised to
particularly around Elizabeth line stations NHS service provision mean that some ensure reliable journeys, and supporting Bus priority programme
and in areas where housing growth is bus services could need to be adjusted. infrastructure (e.g. bus priority, stops and TfL will start by making the best use
expected, including Barking Riverside, A specific set of proposals 5 has been stands) is protected and enhanced. of existing bus priority by reviewing
Croydon, Royal Docks, Colindale and the developed by TfL, which will require the hours of operation and reducing
Lee Valley. additional funding and infrastructure However, the greatest threat to journey interference from general traffic. The
such as bus stands. times and reliability is from road Mayor will review whether lanes that
As outer London becomes more congestion caused by cars and other do not currently operate in off-peak
densely populated, new types of traffic as well as by the increasing hours, late evening or on Saturdays and
service could allow buses to play an Proposal 57 volume of utilities road works. Buses Sundays, should be extended to operate
increasing role in allowing longer trips The Mayor, through TfL, will adjust therefore need to be given greater at these times or on these days. This can
to be carried out without people having bus service volumes, and consider priority on London’s streets. be delivered quickly and at low cost.
to rely on cars. These could include new types of bus service, to
‘express’ services, running on the same support measures to reduce car use Further bus priority will be essential to
corridors as ‘local’ routes, but with in conjunction with improvements Proposal 58 give Londoners a good public transport
fewer stops so longer journeys can to rail services and walking and The Mayor, through TfL and working experience. This will be planned in
be conducted more quickly. To allow cycling environments. with the boroughs, will protect a new, holistic way with other road
both express and local services to buses from congestion by: users: for example, opportunities for
run smoothly, at high frequency, this further improvements for cycling will be
approach works best where bus demand Improving bus journey times a) Putting people walking, cycling integrated into the scheme design. This
is high, and where buses can be given and reliability and using public transport at the will achieve the best result for public
high priority and allowed to flow freely. Taking the Healthy Streets Approach heart of street network design, transport, walking, cycling and essential
In places where this is possible, express in inner and outer London will require with the needs of bus passengers freight, as well as improving the public
routes could help to provide orbital a significant uplift in the number of considered alongside those of realm and reducing emissions.
connectivity around outer London, journeys made by bus instead of car. people walking and cycling at the
something that was previously only earliest stages of scheme design. Central London is where there is the
thought achievable through rail provision. greatest opportunity to improve bus
b) Prioritising buses alongside journey times and reliability through the
walking and cycling provision deployment of bus priority measures.
in day-to-day management of These will include 24-hour bus lanes
disruption on the street network. and bus- and cycle-only corridors, all
5 ‘Review of Bus Services to London’s Hospitals’, TfL Board Paper: Customer Service and Operational of which will help to make bus services
Performance Panel, 13 July 2017
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 161
in central London simple to use as well must also work well for the communities The provision of reliable bus services Demand-responsive services
as improving air quality and future- and town centres they pass through. also requires infrastructure to support New types of bus service, such as
proofing the bus network from further Measures to improve bus reliability on their operation, including suitably located services that operate flexibly in response
congestion impacts. these routes will include revised bus bus stands and facilities for drivers. to levels and location of demand, are
lane hours, traffic signal priority, policing being developed across the world
Many of the main radial roads in inner and enforcement, behaviour change Improved bus services and bus priority as different business models and
London are key bus routes to central initiatives and priority measures. To are also essential in supporting the technologies evolve. If designed well,
London. They carry large numbers of improve air quality, low emission buses provision of new homes and jobs. This is these could complement walking, cycling
people and it is essential they continue will be deployed along these routes. addressed in Chapter five. and traditional public transport use in
to do this reliably. But these bus routes London to support the shift away from
All of the above can only be successful car dependency. However, services
if the public has an ongoing opportunity that operate with the wrong vehicles or
to shape and comment on TfL’s plans. in the wrong places could discourage
Proposal 59 Accordingly, targeted consultation will walking, cycling and public transport
The Mayor, through TfL and the bus lane hours and to fill the gaps be carried out on all service changes, use, potentially threatening the viability
boroughs, will seek to improve bus in bus priority on the busiest and TfL will work with boroughs to of existing bus services, which many
journey times and reliability by: bus routes. These bus lanes discuss aspirations for bus priority people rely on. The proposed approach
represent a valuable transport and local bus networks. This work will to demand-responsive services and
a) Developing a core network of asset and they must be utilised continue to benefit from the expertise other new transport models is set out in
reliable bus services in central when bus passengers and people of bus operators, who have an essential Chapter six.
London, through the provision of cycling need them most. role to play in the delivery of a high-
bus priority corridors. quality network.
d) Improving conditions for buses
b) Delivering bus priority to support serving inner and outer London
the low emission buses being town centres and providing
rolled out in the 12 Low Emission orbital links.
Bus Zones. Improvements will
include signal schemes and e) Delivering bus priority in areas
reviewing bus lane hours. of growth to support frequency
increases, for example to new
c) Delivering bus priority on the developments, and for bus
busiest passenger links, including services providing links to
working with the boroughs to new rail services, such as the
undertake a data-led review of all Elizabeth line.
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 163
E nfi eld
Barnet
Edgw a re
Wood
G reen Walthamstow
Romford
Ilford
Ha r row Upminster
U x br i dge
Old Oak Stratford Dagenham
Common
S outh a ll Ea lin g
Ch is w ick
Central Activities Zone
Woolwich
Bus priority/transit in growth areas and town centres
R ich mon d
H e a t h row E ltham
Low Emission Bus Zones
Hounslow
Clapham Lewisham
Busiest bus links
Junction Bexley
Proposed Silvertown Tunnel (potential new bus routes)
Wimble don Tram network
Kin gs ton
Road
Croydon Bromley
Strategic interchange
Central London
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 165
d) Improving rail services and railways focused on central London FIGURE 23: PUBLIC TRANSPORT TRAVEL TIME TO THE CENTRAL ACTIVITIES ZONE, 2015
tackling crowding enables the strong concentration of
employment located there.
The importance of rail and Tube
London is more dependent on rail Figure 23 shows that residents of
than any other city in the UK: 70 per most of London can reach the Central
cent of all rail travel (including Tube Activities Zone (CAZ) in under an hour,
journeys) in the UK is to, from or within with most inner London residents able to
London. London’s success is bound up reach the centre in less than 45 minutes.
with the future of its rail services.
The Mayor will continue to improve the Tube and rail services are of essential
Tube, London Overground, DLR and importance to the functioning of the city,
tram services. It is vitally important that but too often the experience of using
Network Rail and the train operating them is not good enough. Crowding
companies (TOCs) better serve London’s is a real problem on most routes into
needs, and that the Mayor has greater central London on a daily basis: people
input and influence over the planning struggle to get on board trains and
and delivery of their services. experience uncomfortable journeys.
It is also a significant barrier to using Central Activities Zone
Rail transport is critical to securing public transport for certain users such as Travel time
London’s economic growth and future disabled people and those travelling with
less than 30 minutes
prosperity. The rail-based transport young children.
30 to 45 minutes
network has enabled central London
to develop by facilitating access to 0 5 miles 45 to 60 minutes
a wide labour pool from well beyond Policy 16 more than 60 minutes
0 5 km
London’s boundaries, assisting business The Mayor, through TfL and the
connections and allowing supply chain boroughs, and working with
linkages. Rail-based modes of travel stakeholders, will seek to transform
make up 80 per cent of the 1.3 million London’s rail-based services to
trips to central London in an average provide safer, modern, reliable,
weekday morning peak period. The integrated, accessible and user-
network of national rail and TfL lines friendly services, with improved
needed to concentrate and then journey times and an increase in
disperse such a volume of people is capacity of at least 80 per cent
vast, and the ‘hyper-connectivity’ and by 2041 to tackle crowding and
capacity of the existing network of facilitate mode shift to rail.
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 167
Growth and crowding on radial services crowded parts of the network. This might A sufficient increase in capacity can only the network. Rail capacity improvements
to central London mean walking or cycling in the morning be achieved through building new lines, to central London are shown in Figure 25.
Crowding currently exceeds four people peak, for example, rather than making a in particular Crossrail 2, and getting the All the improvements contained in this
standing per square metre on six out short journey on a crowded Tube service. most out of the existing network (see strategy and set out in this chapter and
of ten Tube lines coming into central The provision of information both Figure 24). The strategy will increase Chapter five are needed to achieve this
London. Crowding is also severe on before and during the journey should capacity on all routes to enable growth capacity increase.
some national rail lines, such as those be improved, making the most of new and relieve the most crowded sections of
coming into Waterloo. At 60 per cent technological opportunities as they arise,
of stations within Zone 1, Tube trains to enable Londoners to make best use of
depart with crowding in excess of four their available travel options. FIGURE 24: PROPOSED RAIL AND TUBE CAPACITY INCREASES, 2015-2041,
people standing per square metre. This is MORNING PEAK HOUR
particularly challenging at Tube stations
serving national rail termini, with more Proposal 60
than 75 per cent of stations affected. The Mayor, through TfL, will seek to
This can make it difficult to board trains consistently deliver real-time data, Crossrail 2
in some cases, and delays journeys. information and visualisations for
Elizabeth line
the Tube, rail, buses and streets High
Employment growth will exacerbate via multiple customer channels. Speed 2
this, generating an increase in travel by TfL will develop real-time tools for
all rail modes of more than 50 per cent operational staff to improve the
by 2041. A step-change in capacity will communication of overcrowding Elizabeth line
be needed to address both of these and congestion information
challenges. If just the current investment to customers.
programme (which excludes Crossrail Elizabeth line
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4.08
A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 169
FIGURE
RAIL 25: PROPOSED
CAPACITY RAIL CAPACITY
IMPROVEMENTS IMPROVEMENTS
TO CENTRAL TO CENTRAL
LONDON, MORNING LONDON,
PEAK, 2015 TO 2041, With London’s population and homes – more than 30 per cent of them
WITH THE STRATEGY
MORNING PEAK, 2015-41 employment growing, its transport outside London.
100 infrastructure needs major improvements
if it is to remain a successful city that can More than that, Crossrail 2 is an
support the UK economy and provide a infrastructure scheme of national
good quality of life for all its residents. importance. It will be at the heart of
90
the UK’s post-Brexit economy, one of a
London is the world’s pre-eminent series of key regional projects to boost
international financial and business Britain’s competitiveness. Prioritising
80 centre and the most productive these schemes is not a zero-sum game:
economic region in the UK. Home to just a series of infrastructure investments
over 13 per cent of the UK’s population, for growth is needed in every region, and
70 it generates around 23 per cent of GVA each new project will support growth
and more than 25 per cent of national across the whole country. This will send
tax revenues. Through its trade and a clear message that Britain is open for
Capacity increase into central London (%)
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 171
Crossrail 2 will reduce crowding on the will be to users starting their journeys
Tube, which threatens to become severe from outside London, and it will deliver
by the early 2030s. For example, it will reduced journey times across a wide
reduce demand on the busiest section swathe of southern England, from the
of the Northern line Morden branch by Solent to the Wash.
around 20 per cent. Without Crossrail
2, many Underground station entrances For example, on the South West Main
across the network would need to be Line into Waterloo, the UK’s busiest main
closed frequently in the future due to line railway, crowding is already severe.
overcrowding. Crossrail 2 will prevent Without Crossrail 2, in the 2030s it is
this at many of the busiest Underground forecast that there would be five people
stations across the network, including squeezed into every square metre of
major interchanges at Waterloo, Euston carriage space during peak periods.
and Victoria – playing a critical role in Crossrail 2 will transform that crush
keeping London moving. by creating space for an additional ten
suburban trains and eight additional
Moreover, Crossrail 2 will help make the regional trains every hour in the morning
transport network far more accessible. peak, and a further ten new trains in the
All Crossrail 2 stations will be step-free corridor between Wimbledon and central
and Crossrail 2 trains will have wide London. The new capacity it releases
doors and aisles, dedicated wheelchair will allow new long-distance services to
spaces, and on-board passenger cities such as Portsmouth, Guildford and
information. Like the Elizabeth line, it Southampton – key locations for housing
will deliver a step-change in London’s and business growth.
rail capacity, as well as in links between
London and the Wider South East, Meanwhile, Crossrail 2 will also transform
and provide an opportunity to enable connectivity for key growth areas in
better interchange between public north east London and beyond. It will
transport modes, walking and cycling allow at least 12 additional stopping
at key stations. trains to run on separate tracks on
the West Anglia Main Line, as well as
Crossrail 2 is vital not only to prevent releasing extra capacity for regional
London’s transport networks coming to services. It will deliver shorter, more
a standstill, but to open up connectivity reliable journeys between London,
across the whole of the Wider South Cambridge and Stansted Airport – a key
East. Around a third of the benefits growth corridor.
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 173
FIGURE 26: CROSSRAIL 2 ROUTE (CONSULTATION 2015) Only a major project bringing frequent, duty and business rates, which TfL’s
‘turn-up-and-go’ rail services can open evidence 6 provided to the London
Proposed Crossrail 2 route/station Broxbourne
up some of the significant areas in need Finance Commission showed can
Proposed Crossrail 2 route options of regeneration in London, especially deliver an extra £9bn in zones around
Potential future Crossrail 2
HERTFORDSHIRE in north east London. Indeed, the route Crossrail 2 stations.
eastern branch
Cheshunt has been designed to improve links
Tunnel entrance
and to unlock major opportunities for The proposal for Crossrail 2 commands
Waltham Cross
new housing such as in the deprived widespread public support. It was
Enfield Lock
Lee Valley, one of London’s largest unequivocally endorsed in 2016 by
ENFIELD Brimsdown ‘Opportunity Areas’ for housing. the National Infrastructure Commission,
Ponders End the Government’s independent body
BARNET But the benefits of investing in Crossrail tasked with reviewing the scheme in
New
Southgate Angel Road
2 will also be felt right across the UK. It detail. The Government has already
Wood
Green will add up to £150bn to the UK economy. committed sufficient funding to
Northumberland Park
HARROW Alexandra Palace
REDBRIDGE It will support the country’s engineering, obtain the necessary powers for its
Turnpike Lane Tottenham Hale construction and manufacturing construction, through a hybrid bill in
WALTHAM
Seven Sisters
FOREST sectors and give them the confidence Parliament. Construction could start in
ISLINGTON
BRENT CAMDEN Dalston HACKNEY to invest, and develop skills. Based on the early 2020s, with Crossrail 2 opening
HILLINGDON Angel
analysis of the Elizabeth line supply before the arrival of HS2 phase 2b at
Euston St Pancras
HS2
Hackney Central chain, it is estimated Crossrail 2 spend Euston in the early 2030s. It is essential
with suppliers can, for example, add for the good of the nation that this
TOWER NEWHAM
EALING
HAMLETS
Tottenham Court Road
more than £1bn to the West Midlands project is delivered.
Victoria
economy, more than £200m to the north
Kings Road Chelsea
SOUTHWARK GREENWICH east of England and up to £170m to the
HOUNSLOW
Clapham Junction Scottish economy. During construction, Proposal 61
Crossrail 2 will also support around The Mayor, through TfL, will work
LAMBETH
RICHMOND
UPON LEWISHAM 60,000 full-time jobs across the UK, and with Government and stakeholders
Balham
Kempton
Fulwell THAMES
Teddington Wimbledon
thousands of apprenticeships. to finalise the Crossrail 2 route
Tooting
Sunbury- Park
on-Thames Kingston Broadway alignment and stations, ensuring
Upper Hampton
MERTON
Raynes Park Crossrail 2 is affordable. London has the project progresses through
Halliford
Hampton
Court
Surbiton New Malden shown how it can fund more than half the detailed design phase to gain
Motspur Park
Shepperton
Thames
BROMLEY
of the £30bn cost over time, and the powers to enable construction to
Worcester
Ditton Tolworth
Park CROYDON project’s huge boost to the national start in the early 2020s, with the
SUTTON
Chessington North
Stoneleigh economy will generate additional line opening by the early 2030s in
Chessington South Ewell tax revenues of up to four times the time for the opening of Phase 2b of
West
SURREY 0 5 miles remaining half of the costs. These High Speed Two.
Epsom
Crossrail 2 indicative alignment 2015 (subject to change) 0 5 km
revenues include growth in stamp
HERTFORDSHIRE Shenfield
Brentwood
Edgw a re
The Elizabeth line, due to open in 2019, and reduce journey times from east and city, for example, will be able to directly Proposal 62
will increase capacity to central London west London, including Heathrow, to access the West End for the first time. The Mayor, through TfL, will work
by about 10 per cent and will transform central London and the Isle of Dogs. It with the DfT to open the Elizabeth
the experience of travel across the will reduce congestion at Paddington and The Elizabeth line has been designed line in 2019, with services initially
capital. Trains will feature walk-through Liverpool Street and in the West End. The to allow for future increases in capacity, providing 24 trains per hour through
carriages, air-conditioning, CCTV and Elizabeth line will mean that an extra 1.5 given the expected demand growth central London and increasing in
live travel information. The line, the million people will be within 45 minutes’ associated with an increasing frequency during the 2020s as
route of which is shown in Figure 27, will commuting distance of central London; population and growing employment demand requires.
relieve crowding on the Tube network those living in the south east of the in the areas it serves.
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 177
Increasing capacity and improving In the longer term, capacity will need Proposal 63
Tube services to be increased across the network. On The Mayor, through TfL, will invest
Even with the Elizabeth line, as London the Piccadilly line, new higher-capacity, in the Tube network to improve
grows, crowding on the Underground will walk-through trains will be introduced, the capacity and reliability of its
increase significantly. Investment in the and signalling and track upgraded. This train services.
Tube network is essential to support this will enable frequencies of 33-36 trains
anticipated growth, seeking to make the per hour, allowing up to 77,000 additional
most of the potential capacity the network journeys in the morning peak. TfL will Capacity increases on national rail
can offer. New trains and upgrades to optimise services in west London by services to tackle crowding
signalling, track, and train control systems running Piccadilly line services, instead National rail services are vital to London’s
will be needed to enable more frequent of the District line, to Ealing Broadway. economy, allowing over half a million
services and faster journey times, as This will take place in the 2020s people to travel into central London every
well as improved accessibility and a following the upgrades of these lines working day. In addition to commuters
more pleasant travelling environment. and will enable increased frequencies arriving from outside London, much of
Upgrading the network while providing to the busier Richmond and Wimbledon London itself, especially south London,
a safe, frequent service day in, day out branches of the District line. is dependent on the national rail network
is extremely challenging and requires for access to the centre. Demand on the
significant resources. Investment in Tube On the Victoria line, frequencies were network for travel to central London in the
improvements will need to continue over increased in 2017 to a peak of 36 trains morning peak is forecast to rise by at least
the lifetime of this strategy. per hour, and further improvements will 50 per cent by 2041, increasing crowding,
lengthen the peak period and improve so capacity improvements are needed.
The current Four-Line modernisation early morning services, allowing up
programme will improve reliability and to 15,000 additional journeys in the Investment is needed in modern, digital
ensure a highly efficient service on the morning peak. Frequencies of up to signalling and train control systems
Metropolitan, District, Hammersmith 36 trains per hour could be achieved on to enable higher service frequencies
& City and Circle lines. Following the the Jubilee line, allowing up to 27,000 and reliability. Digital Railway, the rail
roll-out of new walk-through trains, the additional journeys in the morning peak. industry’s plan to modernise the UK’s
programme will upgrade signalling and On the Northern line, frequencies of railways through targeted use of digital
train control systems to enable higher 30-32 trains per hour could allow up technologies, is expected to deliver
service frequencies. This will result in an to 54,000 additional journeys in the improvements in performance and
increase to 30 trains per hour in central morning peak. Capacity will also be capacity. In some instances, especially in
London by 2021, allowing up to 102,000 increased on the Waterloo & City, Central busy urban areas, this is less disruptive
additional journeys in the morning peak, and Bakerloo lines. and more cost-effective than alternative
with a further increase to 32 trains per options such as building new tracks.
hour in the mid-2020s. The programme The plan focuses primarily on traffic
will also provide step-free access from management, which optimises the flow
train to platform and a more comfortable
journey experience.
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 179
of trains across the network and thereby and in Battersea will allow more trains inner/outer London. The success of the and reliability now offered on the Tube
improves performance, and the European to run to Liverpool Street and Waterloo, London Overground orbital network and bus network. Local train services
Train Control System, also known as in- respectively. Electrification of more in inner London – where usage has on the Great Northern line and in south
cab signalling, which reduces headways of the network (e.g. connections to increased fivefold since the service London (see Figure 28) should be
between trains and thereby has the the Gospel Oak line and services to was transformed by TfL – demonstrates modified to create a London suburban
potential to improve capacity. Marylebone) and providing more 12-car that Londoners will use public transport metro, offering improved frequencies,
train services (with platform extensions services if provided. journey times and interchange
In addition to Digital Railway, and station improvements to support opportunities. These improvements
improvements in track layouts at key this) are also required to provide the With the exception of London could be delivered by the late 2020s and
bottlenecks and capacity upgrades at necessary capacity increases both to Overground and TfL Rail, the Mayor would provide up to 124,000 additional
stations would both allow more trains to and within London. does not have direct control over the places into central London in the peak
run. More capacity is needed on both local TOCs that provide local train services period from south London, and up to
and longer-distance services, the latter In the longer term, improvement works in London. Overall, the reliability and 38,000 additional places in the peak
being used by outer London residents, will be needed to relieve bottlenecks quality of the services provided by period on non-radial services around
as well as people travelling from further at places such as Clapham Junction, these TOCs – which provide most of the inner and outer London. Journey times
afield. Partnership working between the Lewisham and Herne Hill. Many of these services used by Londoners – continue could improve by up to 15 per cent. As
Mayor, TfL, Network Rail and the DfT is schemes will support proposals for more to lag behind that of London Overground outlined in Proposal 64, TfL will work with
crucial to delivering these improvements. metro-like suburban rail services as and TfL Rail, and hence the Mayor has Network Rail to identify and deliver the
described in the next section. concerns regarding their ability to improvements to signalling, train control
The first priority is the Brighton Main contribute to achieving the vision and systems, junctions and stations that are
Line, where a major upgrade is needed to aims of this strategy. needed to make best use of the network.
unlock bottlenecks at East Croydon and Proposal 64
other locations on the line that passes The Mayor, through TfL, will work Responsibility for these services
through Gatwick Airport. This will have with Network Rail and the DfT on should therefore be devolved from DfT Proposal 65
substantial benefits for commuters schemes that will increase the to the Mayor (see Focus on: Devolution The Mayor, through TfL, will work
using fast services from Croydon and capacity and reliability of the of Suburban Rail Services to TfL Control), with Network Rail, train operating
outside London, as well as unlocking new national rail network to and within who would then work to ensure they companies and stakeholders
capacity for better local services across London, managing crowding on both are improved to provide better levels to seek the modification of the
South London, allowing more people to local and longer-distance services. of service. planning of local train services
commute to Croydon town centre by rail. from Moorgate, Victoria and
A new London suburban metro London Bridge to create a London
Other priorities include additional Rail services to enable mode shift from South London relies on its suburban suburban metro, offering improved
Southeastern rolling stock, increased car in inner and outer London rail network for connectivity to central frequencies, journey times and
frequencies into Moorgate, longer While rail and Tube are the main modes London. However, there is a substantial interchange opportunities by the
trains into Fenchurch Street and of radial travel to central London, and growing gap between the level of late 2020s.
improvements on the West Anglia Main cars are the principal means by which service that can be offered on national
Line. Reconfiguration of tracks at Bow Londoners make orbital journeys in rail in south London, and the frequency
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 4.11
4.11 181
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 183
FIGURE 29: ASSUMED GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE OF THE LOCAL STOPPING SERVICES THAT WOULD
TRANSFER TO TFL UNDER DEVOLUTION
To Cheshunt
To Welwyn Stevenage
HERTFORDSHIRE Garden City
Watford
Junction Enfield ESSEX
Town
Chingford Shenfield
Bushey
Brentwood
Alexandra
Palace
Seven
Harrow & Sisters Walthamstow Central/ Romford
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE Wealdstone Walthamstow Queen’s Road
Finsbury
Gospel Park Upminster
Oak Highbury Hackney Downs/ Ilford
Wembley & Islington Hackney Central
Central Barking
Willesden Stratford
Junction Euston
Old Oak Hythe Road Moorgate Barking
Common Lane Custom Riverside
Cannon Liverpool Street
Old Oak Street House
To Reading Common London
Ealing Charing Bridge
THURROCK
Broadway Cross Canary
Shepherd’s Waterloo/ Wharf Charlton
Bush Victoria
Waterloo East New Abbey
Woolwich
Vauxhall Bermondsey Arsenal Wood
Heathrow New Cross
BERKSHIRE Terminals 2 & 3 Brixton
Peckham Lewisham
Heathrow Clapham Rye
Terminal 4 Richmond Junction
To Windsor & Dartford Gravesend
Eton Riverside Tulse Hill Catford
Feltham Balham Bridge Grove Park
Staines Wimbledon
Crystal
Palace Bromley North
Beckenham
Hampton Mitcham Junction
Court Junction
Shepperton West
Croydon Hayes Orpington
East
Croydon KENT
Sutton
London Weybridge
Chessington
South
London Overground
Epsom Purley
SURREY
Proposed London Overground
extension to Barking Riverside Epsom
Downs
0 5 miles
Prospective London Overground services
To Dorking Tattenham To Sevenoaks
To Caterham
Elizabeth line (under construction) Corner 0 5 km
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4.13
A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 185
Seven Victoria
Sisters/
hubs. Town centres would be served South
Crossrail 2
Tottenham
Tottenham
by ‘mini-radial’ networks, developed by Watford/Wembley/
West Coast Main Line
Hale
Walthamstow Central/
improving train services on existing lines, Hendon Queens Road
Victoria
Hounslow
rail links. Staines/
Twickenham
Elizabeth
Woolwich
Improved orbital rail services, integrated Arsenal
Bakerloo line
Crossrail 2 extension
Clapham Peckham Lewisham Abbey
with bus services and improvements Staines/
Junction Rye Wood/
Dartford
for cycling and walking, would enable Twickenham
Richmond
Bexleyheath/
Dartford
Brockley
significant benefits to be achieved District
District
Interchange
Wimbledon
Streatham Common
Interchange
much of outer London from what is Bromley/
Orpington
largely the existing rail infrastructure. Kingston/
Twickenham
An improvement to the orbital network Mitcham
West Croydon
Elmers
would enable mode shift and reduce Epsom Junction End
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 187
The improved orbital network would These interchanges are critical as they longer trains and/or higher frequencies improving London’s orbital connectivity.
provide ‘knock-on’ benefits for users have superior connectivity in their on the North and West London lines Capacity and other improvements are
on some of the most crowded and respective areas of London. They can by the mid-2020s, and potentially new required on each of these networks to
congested parts of the network: it each provide multiple high-frequency stations at Old Oak, enabling a service cater for mode shift from the car in the
would reduce the need to travel to/ radial services to central London, high- offering 10-12 trains per hour between areas they serve, and also to connect
through central London to reach the final quality orbital services that connect Clapham Junction and Old Oak. This better with the broader orbital network.
destination, thereby reducing pressure to other parts of London and high- will meet growing demand, and support
on rail terminals and public transport frequency local bus services. growth at Old Oak and Stratford. Rapid office and residential development
routes to central London. The orbital in east London has meant a significant
network would also improve public Stratford and Clapham Junction are Also by the 2020s, improved signalling increase in use of the DLR, which is
transport network connectivity and well-established hubs, but they are both will enable train frequencies on the forecast to continue – it is essential
resilience at times of service disruption. becoming congested and more capacity East London line to be increased from therefore that capacity on this network
is needed. Lewisham is a very significant 16 to 20 and then to 24 trains per hour. is improved.
local hub but needs a major upgrade and This will allow more trains to serve
Proposal 67 more frequent rail connections to the Clapham Junction, and the rest of the
The Mayor, through TfL, rest of south London to fulfil its potential line via Forest Hill. Targeted capacity Proposal 69
will work to encourage the as a strategic interchange. A new London improvements on the Watford-Euston The Mayor, through TfL, will
development and integration of suburban metro would support this. Old and West Anglia lines should be provided increase the capacity of the existing
inner and outer London rail services Oak is an emerging hub that will need in partnership with Network Rail. Docklands Light Railway network
and multi-modal interchange new stations and connections to enable by 120 per cent by 2041 through
hubs to create ‘mini-radial’ public it to act as a major strategic interchange the introduction of a new higher-
transport links to town centres and for north west London. Proposal 68 capacity train fleet and improved
to provide improved ‘orbital’ public The Mayor, through TfL, will work frequencies (towards 30 trains per
transport connectivity. Priority should also be given to with the DfT to increase the hour across more of the network),
enhancing step-free connectivity at capacity of the London Overground accompanied by greater station
stations and busy bus interchanges, network by 45 per cent by 2030. capacity at major development sites
In the first instance, improving the enabling multi-modal travel. and transport interchanges.
orbital rail network means enhancing
those interchanges that maximise public Current investment will enable an The tram and Docklands Light Railway
transport connectivity across inner upgraded service on the Gospel Oak (DLR) networks provide radial services to
and outer London at Clapham Junction, to Barking line in 2018 with longer, rapidly growing Croydon, and to the City
Lewisham, Stratford and potentially electric trains. Beyond this, a capacity and Isle of Dogs areas respectively. In
Old Oak. enhancement programme should provide doing so, the networks also contribute to
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 189
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 191
To Welwyn To To Broxbourne
Garden City Stevenage & connections
to Stansted
Airport
Romford
Strategic Rail Network
Harrow
Existing network
Ilford Upminster
Stratford Transport for London
Strategic Interchange
0 5 miles
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4.14a
4.14a
A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 193
CROWDING ON THE RAIL, TUBE, DLR AND TRAM NETWORK, 2041, MORNING PEAK, WITH ONLY COMMITTED INVESTMENT �IE EXCLUDING CROSSRAIL 2 AND OTHER CURRENTLY UNFUNDED SCHEMES�
FIGURE 32: CROWDING ON THE RAIL, TUBE, DLR AND TRAM NETWORK, 2041, MORNING PEAK,
WITH ONLY COMMITTED INVESTMENT (IE, EXCLUDING CROSSRAIL 2 AND OTHER CURRENTLY
Chesham
CROWDING ON THE RAIL, TUBE, DLR AND TRAM NETWORK, 2041, MORNING PEAK, WITH ONLY COMMITTED INVESTMENT �IE EXCLUDING CROSSRAIL 2 AND OTHER CURRENTLY UNFUNDED SCHEMES�
Watford Junction Broxbourne
Elstree & Hadley Wood Crews Hill Epping
Amersham Borehamwood
Croxley Enfield
Chesham Town
Watford Junction Broxbourne
Elstree & Hadley Wood Crews Hill Epping
Amersham Borehamwood
Stanmore
Harrow- Wembley Shenfield
Rayners Lane on-the-Hill Chigwell
Park Brent Cross Blackhorse
South Harrow & Wealdstone Seven Tottenham
Uxbridge Neasden Road
Ruislip Sisters Hale
Walthamstow
Alexandra Palace Wood Green Central
Sudbury Hill Romford
Harrow Upminster
Harrow- Wembley Gospel Oak
Rayners Lane on-the-Hill Park Brent Cross
Sudbury Hill Wembley Central Blackhorse
South Seven Tottenham
Neasden Road
Ruislip Sisters Hale Leytonstone
Walthamstow
Central
Sudbury Hill Kentish Town Finsbury Park
West Hampstead Romford
Harrow Willesden Junction Gospel Stratford Upminster
Oak International
Greenford
Sudbury Hill Wembley Central Finchley Road Camden Town
Hackney Leytonstone
Canonbury Central Ilford
Queen’s Park Stratford
Kentish Town Finsbury Park
West Hampstead
Willesden Junction St. Pancras Stratford
King’s Highbury
Int International
Greenford Cross & Islington
Finchley Road Camden Town
Edgware
Road Marylebone Baker Street
Old Oak Common Euston Hackney
Canonbury Central Ilford
Queen’s Park Stratford Grays
Farringdon Old Street
Park Edgware Warren Euston St. Pancras Bethnal
Royal Road Street Square Int. King’s
Liverpool HighburyGreen Mile End Bow
Paddington Cross Street & Islington Road
Westbourne Park Russell
Edgware Barking
Bond Square
Road
Street Marylebone
Oxford Baker Street
Old Oak Common Euston Moorgate Bow
Ealing Shepherd's Notting Circus
Broadway White City Hill Gate Holborn Church West Ham
West Bush Grays
Drayton Euston Farringdon Old Street
Park Edgware Warren Aldgate Bethnal
Tottenham Square East Whitechapel
Royal Wood Road Street City Liverpool Green Mile End Bow
Paddington Court Road Covent Thameslink
Lane Westbourne Park Bank Street Road
High Street Garden Russell Aldgate
Barking
Kensington Green Park Square Canning Custom House
Leicester
Oxford Town for ExCel
Ealing Ealing Kensington Moorgate
Shepherd's Notting Square
Circus
Common (Olympia)
White City Piccadilly Holborn Bow West Ham
West Broadway Bush Hill Gate Blackfriars Tower
Circus Cannon Monument Tower Poplar Church
Drayton Charing Gateway Aldgate
Acton Street Hill
Earl's Bond Cross Tottenham Covent East Whitechapel
Town City
Hammersmith Wood
Court Street Court Road Garden
Lane Victoria Thameslink Bank Aldgate
High Street
Kensington Green Park Canning Custom House
Kensington Embankment Leicester Town for ExCel
Ealing South Westminster
Common (Olympia) Piccadilly Square Beckton
Kensington Blackfriars North
Circus Cannon Monument Tower Tower Poplar
Charing Greenwich
Acton Street Hill Gateway
West Earl's Cross London City Airport
Town
Hounslow Hammersmith Brompton Court London Bridge Canada Water Canary Wharf
Central Victoria
Waterloo
Gunnersbury
and
Waterloo Embankment
South Westminster
East North Beckton
Kensington
Greenwich
West Vauxhall Cutty Sark for London City Airport
Brompton Elephant & Castle
Heathrow Hounslow London Bridge Canada Water MaritimeCanary Wharf
Terminals Central Greenwich
1,2,3 Gunnersbury Waterloo and
Waterloo East Greenwich Woolwich
Battersea
Power Station New Cross Arsenal
Clapham
Junction Vauxhall Queens Road Peckham Cutty Sark for
Heathrow Heathrow Stockwell Maritime Slade Green
Heathrow Denmark Hill Elephant & Castle
Terminal 5 Terminal 4 Richmond Clapham High Street New Cross Gate Greenwich
Terminals
1,2,3 Clapham North
Battersea Lewisham Greenwich Woolwich
Peckham Rye Barnehurst
Power Station New Cross Arsenal
Clapham
Feltham Junction Brixton Queens Road Peckham
Heathrow Heathrow Balham Stockwell Slade Green
Wimbledon
Terminal 5 Terminal 4 Richmond Clapham High Street Denmark Hill New Cross Gate
Sydenham
Herne Hill Crayford
Clapham North
Catford Catford Bridge
Lewisham
Tooting Peckham Rye Barnehurst
Broadway
Grove Park
Feltham Tulse Brixton Crystal
Balham Hill Palace
Wimbledon
Sydenham
Kingston Herne Hill Crayford
Hampton St. Mary Cray
South Wimbledon Catford
Birkbeck Catford Bridge
Tooting
Broadway Bromley
South Grove Park
Streatham Tulse Crystal
Morden Common Hill Palace Beckenham
Junction
Hampton Norwood Orpington
Hampton Surbiton Kingston St. Mary Cray
Court South Wimbledon Junction Birkbeck
<1 standing/m
East
2 Mitcham Croydon
Junction
2 to 3 standing/m2
Croydon
<1 standing/m
East
3 to 4 standing/m 2 2 Ewell West Croydon
1 to 2 standing/m
4 to 5 standing/m 2 2 Chessington South Ewell East
Sutton
Coulsdon South New Addington
2 to23 standing/m2
>5 standing/m
Upper Warlingham
>5 standing/m2
Upper Warlingham
CROWDING ON THE RAIL, TUBE, DLR AND TRAM NETWORK, 2041, MORNING PEAK, WITH THE STRATEGY
FIGURE 33: CROWDING ON THE RAIL, TUBE, DLR AND TRAM NETWORK, 2041, MORNING PEAK,
WITH THE (FULL) STRATEGY
Chesham
CROWDING ON THE RAIL, TUBE, DLR AND TRAM NETWORK, 2041, MORNING PEAK, WITH THE STRATEGY
Watford Junction Broxbourne
Elstree & Hadley Wood Crews Hill Epping
Amersham Borehamwood
Cockfosters
High Barnet
Croxley Enfield
Chesham Town
Watford Junction Broxbourne
Elstree & Hadley Wood Crews Hill Epping
Amersham Borehamwood
Stanmore
Harrow- Wembley Shenfield
Rayners Lane on-the-Hill Chigwell
Park Brent Cross
Seven Blackhorse
South Harrow & Wealdstone Neasden Tottenham
Uxbridge Sisters Road
Ruislip Hale
Walthamstow
Alexandra Palace Wood Green Central
Sudbury Hill Romford
Harrow Upminster
Harrow- Wembley Gospel Oak
Rayners Lane on-the-Hill Park Brent Cross
Sudbury Hill Wembley Central Blackhorse
South Seven Tottenham
Neasden Road
Ruislip Sisters Hale Leytonstone
Walthamstow
Central
Sudbury Hill Kentish Town Finsbury Park
West Hampstead Romford
Harrow Willesden Junction Gospel Stratford Upminster
Oak International
Greenford
Sudbury Hill Wembley Central Camden Town
Finchley Road
Hackney Leytonstone
Canonbury Central Ilford
Queen’s Park
Kentish Town Finsbury Park Stratford
West Hampstead
Willesden Junction St. Pancras Stratford
King’s Highbury
Int International
Greenford Cross & Islington
Finchley Road Camden Town
Edgware
Road Marylebone Baker Street
Old Oak Common Euston Hackney
Canonbury Central Ilford
Queen’s Park Stratford
Grays
Farringdon Old Street
Park Edgware Warren Euston St. Pancras Bethnal
Royal Road Street Square Int. King’s
Liverpool HighburyGreen Mile End Bow
Paddington Cross Street & Islington Road
Westbourne Park Russell
Edgware Barking
Bond Square
Road Marylebone
Oxford Baker Street
Street Euston Moorgate Bow
Ealing White Old Oak Common
Shepherd's Notting Circus
Broadway City Hill Gate Holborn Church West Ham
West Bush Grays
Drayton Euston Farringdon Old Street
Park Edgware Warren Aldgate Bethnal
Tottenham Square Whitechapel
Royal Road Street City East
Liverpool Green Mile End Bow
Wood Paddington Court Road Covent Thameslink
Lane Westbourne Park Russell Bank Street Road
High Street Garden Aldgate
Square Barking
Kensington Green Park Canning Custom House
Leicester
Oxford for ExCel
Ealing Ealing Kensington
Shepherd's Notting Square Moorgate Bow Town
(Olympia) Piccadilly Circus Holborn West Ham
West Common Broadway White City Bush Hill Gate Blackfriars Church
Circus Cannon Monument Tower Tower Poplar
Drayton Charing Gateway Aldgate
Acton Street Hill Whitechapel
Earl's Bond Cross Tottenham Covent East
Town City
Hammersmith WoodCourt Street Court Garden
Lane Victoria High Street Thameslink Bank Aldgate
Road
Kensington Green Park Canning Custom House
Ealing Kensington Embankment Leicester Town for ExCel
South Westminster
Common (Olympia) Piccadilly Square Beckton
Kensington Blackfriars North
Circus Cannon Monument Tower Tower Poplar
Charing Greenwich
Acton Street Hill Gateway
West Earl's Cross London City Airport
Town
Hounslow Hammersmith Brompton Court London Bridge Canada Water Canary Wharf
Victoria
Central Waterloo
Gunnersbury
and
Waterloo Embankment
South Westminster
East North Beckton
Kensington
Greenwich
West Vauxhall Cutty Sark for London City Airport
Brompton Elephant & Castle
Heathrow Hounslow London Bridge Canada Water MaritimeCanary Wharf
Terminals Central Greenwich
Gunnersbury Waterloo and
1,2,3
Waterloo East Greenwich Woolwich
Battersea
Power Station New Cross Arsenal
Clapham
Junction Vauxhall Queens Road Peckham New Cutty Sark for
Heathrow Heathrow Stockwell Maritime Slade Green
Heathrow Denmark Hill Cross Gate
Terminal 5 Terminal 4 Richmond Clapham High Street Greenwich
Terminals
Elephant & Castle
1,2,3 Clapham North
Battersea Lewisham Greenwich Woolwich
Peckham Rye Barnehurst
Power Station New Cross Arsenal
Clapham
Feltham Junction Brixton Queens Road Peckham
Heathrow Heathrow Balham Stockwell Slade Green
Wimbledon
Terminal 5 Terminal 4 Richmond Clapham High Street Denmark Hill New Cross Gate
Sydenham
Herne Hill Crayford
Clapham North
Catford Catford Bridge
Lewisham
Tooting Peckham Rye Barnehurst
Broadway
Grove Park
Feltham Tulse Brixton Crystal
Balham Hill Palace
Wimbledon
Sydenham
Kingston Herne Hill Crayford
Hampton St. Mary Cray
South Wimbledon
Birkbeck Catford Catford Bridge
Tooting
Broadway Bromley
South Grove Park
Streatham Tulse Crystal
Morden Common Hill Palace Beckenham
Junction
Hampton Norwood Orpington
Hampton Surbiton Kingston St. Mary Cray
Court South Wimbledon Junction Birkbeck
<1 standing/m
East
2 Mitcham Croydon
Junction
2 to 3 standing/m2
Croydon
<1 standing/m
East
3 to 4 standing/m 2 2 Ewell West Croydon
1 to 2 standing/m
4 to 5 standing/m 2 2 Chessington South Ewell East
Sutton
Coulsdon South New Addington
2 to23 standing/m2
>5 standing/m
Upper Warlingham
>5 standing/m2
Upper Warlingham
FIGURE 34: IMPROVED ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT BY PUBLIC TRANSPORT, 2015 AND 2041
2015
2–2.5 million
1–2 million
2041
2–2.5 million
1–2 million
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 199
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 201
To the Norwich
north-east
To the
north-west Peterborough
Nuneaton 13
FOCUS ON: LONDON’S LINKS WITH THE WIDER SOUTH EAST 4 1
AND BEYOND 5
Cambridge
For London to be a less car-dependent Wider South East Bedford
1
city, and to ensure that the wider city Economic growth and the provision Ipswich
13
region remains economically successful, of new housing in London and the Milton Keynes Felixstowe
fully inclusive public transport must Wider South East – the economic 12 4
not only be provided for travel within powerhouse of the country – depend 12
Colchester Harwich
1
London, but should be improved for on improvements to the connectivity
Stansted
Luton
5
travel between London, the Wider South and capacity of the strategic transport
East and the rest of the UK, as well as network. Improvements to the rail Oxford Chelmsford North
to international destinations via the network are particularly important, as Sea
2
Channel Tunnel and via ports. they support more active, efficient and London
City 6 Southend-on-Sea
sustainable travel. Figure 35 shows the Heathrow LONDON 8
initial strategic infrastructure priorities Reading 11 Gravesend
Medway
system wherever possible. and TfL, will work with relevant el Thames Estuary ports
Chann
stakeholders to seek to ensure that 0 20 miles
English Airport
transport investment in the Wider Sea port
0 20 km
London’s airports also play a vital role in South East supports the realisation
maintaining and enhancing international of any associated economic and Strategic Infrastructure Priorities
connectivity. Proposals relating to housing growth potential. 1 East West Rail and new 5 Great Eastern Mainline (London- 10 South West Mainline,
Expressway road link Ipswich-Norwich) and A12 Crossrail 2 South West
airports are set out in Chapter five. (Oxford-Cambridge) (London-Surrey/Southern Rail
6 Essex Thameside, A127 and Access to Heathrow) and A3
2 North Downs Rail Link A13 corridor
(Gatwick-Reading) including 11 Great Western Mainline
extension to Oxford 7 Thames Gateway Kent: Elizabeth (London-Reading/Western Rail
line extension and HS1 (London- Access to Heathrow)
3 A27/M27/A259 and rail corridor North Kent-Channel Tunnel)
(Dover-Southampton) 12 Midlands and West Coast
8 Lower Thames Crossing Mainline (London-Luton-
4 West Anglia Mainline, Bedford/Milton Keynes)
Crossrail 2 North (London- 9 Brighton Mainline
Stansted-Cambridge- (London-Gatwick-Brighton) 13 Felixstowe-Nuneaton/
Peterborough) and M11 Midlands and A14
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 203
SURREY
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 205
TfL does not operate coach services c) Working with delivery partners
but is responsible for managing including the coach and tourism
some facilities used by coaches – industries to include coaches in
notably the Victoria Coach Station the Fleet Operator Recognition
(VCS). It is expected that, from 2023, Scheme (FORS).
parts of the VCS facility will start to
become unavailable to coaches due to
requirements for a Crossrail 2 worksite
and the expiry of leases.
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 207
London’s night-time economy The Mayor opened the first Night Tube Around 2,000 permanent jobs are
accounts for 8 per cent of the city’s services in August 2016 on the Central expected to be created by Night
GDP, contributing around £26.3bn and Victoria lines, with services on the Tube, adding approximately £360m
annually, and it represents 40 per cent Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly lines to the night-time economy over the
of the entire UK night-time economy 7. It following. More than 200,000 journeys next 30 years.
employs over 700,000 people. The Mayor are made on these Night Tube services
wants to see this activity grow and has on the busiest weekends, giving users Night Bus services will be adjusted to
established a Night Time Commission an average 20-minute journey time complement night-time rail services
and appointed a Night Czar to saving compared to using other forms and areas with a thriving night-time
champion opportunities for businesses, of public transport. economy. In addition, more dedicated
restaurants, theatres and other cultural and accessible taxi ranks will be provided
activities to make London a more vibrant The Night Tube service has already at strategic locations and interchanges
city and offer an exciting experience for been extended to parts of the London to link with night rail services.
Londoners, visitors and tourists. This Overground and there is potential for
requires a comprehensive, integrated expansion to other parts of the transport London’s streets will be well lit
night-time public transport service. network in response to demand and and inviting at night, providing a safe,
other factors. secure and enjoyable experience for
those travelling on foot and by cycle.
Policy 19 In expanding the night-time network, This will ensure London maintains its
The Mayor, through TfL and services will be planned so that status as a vibrant, 24-hour capital of
the boroughs, and working London’s residents are not unfairly business and culture.
with stakeholders, will seek the impacted by unwelcome noise and
development of London’s public vibration, and policed to address
transport services to support the any concerns regarding anti-social
growth of the night-time economy. behaviour. Clustering night-time activity
around new and existing public transport
links will help to avoid noise nuisance.
7 London’s 24 hour economy, London First and Ernst & Young, August 2016
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A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERIENCE 209
London’s taxis provide a reliable and Taxis also have a key role to play in Issues of licensed taxis and PHVs Illegal and non-compliant taxi and private
trusted service to Londoners, tourists tackling London’s air quality challenge. working remotely from the area in hire activity poses a risk to passenger
and business people from home and From 2018, taxi electric charging points which they are licensed are increasingly safety and undermines the legitimate
abroad, offering customers safety and will be provided to support the roll-out of commonplace. It cannot be right that and law-abiding trades. Improving
convenience, aided by drivers’ extensive zero emission capable taxis as outlined taxi and private hire licensees license compliance and the safety of travelling
knowledge of the capital’s streets. Taxis in the Ultra Low Emission proposals in themselves with one authority with, by taxi and private hire remains a priority
are particularly important in central Chapter three. for example, the sole intention of for the Mayor and TfL.
London, occupying 17 per cent of the working the majority of time in another
road space on an average weekday, with It is essential that the iconic London taxi authority area.
a further 10 per cent occupied by Private brand is maintained and enhanced as Proposal 78
Hire Vehicles (PHVs). its environment continues to change. Taxi and PHV legislation also needs to The Mayor, through TfL, will
This means continuing to monitor take account of technological change, raise the safety standards for
service standards, facilitating customer and new types of service, as the PHV all customers travelling by taxi
Policy 20 feedback, further improving the and taxi trades are both evolving, for and private hire vehicles through
The Mayor, through TfL and the customer experience using technology example through the emergence of effective and transparent regulation
boroughs, and working with (such as including taxi options in TfL’s customer and booking platforms and and enforcement.
stakeholders, will seek to ensure Journey Planner), and exploring new pooling services. The safety and fair
London has a safe, secure, ways to reduce the barriers to becoming treatment of drivers and passengers
accessible, world-class taxi and a black cab driver without compromising remain a top priority. Regulations regarding the use of
private hire service with opportunity the quality of service offered. pedicabs in London are required to
for all providers to flourish. ensure the safety and security of
It is important to raise standards for Proposal 77 passengers and other road users, and
PHVs, recognising that they have a The Mayor, through TfL, will seek: to reduce the impact they have on
Taxis can expand travel horizons for role to play in moving people around congestion, particularly in the West End.
those requiring safe, accessible travel but also contribute towards increasing a) Powers to limit the overall
options. High-quality accessible taxi congestion. TfL should be given more number of private hire vehicles
ranks across the capital are vital to this. powers over the private hire market licensed for use in London so as
New safety, equality and regulatory in London, including the ability to to manage their contribution to
knowledge assessments for PHV cap overall numbers of PHVs. The overall congestion, particularly in
drivers will be introduced by TfL by Government should also introduce central London.
2018. As Night Tube expands, new and legislation to provide statutory
improved taxi ranks at stations will definitions of plying for hire and pre- b) Powers to introduce a requirement
provide safe and accessible options booked services to clarify the difference to ensure that taxi and private hire
for onward journeys. between taxi and private hire services. journeys by TfL-licensed drivers
must either start or end in the
Greater London area.
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 211
Chapter five
– New homes
and jobs
More people than ever want to live and
work in London. By 2041, there are
forecast to be about 1.3 million more
people working in the capital than there
are today. To meet the demands of the
growing population, experts say land will
need to be identified in London for the
building of at least 65,000 homes every
year between now and 2041.
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 213
The transport network has a crucial Transport and Good Growth The transport principles
‘Good Growth role to play in this. Public transport of Good Growth
connections can make parts of London Applying the Healthy Streets Approach
means offering viable places to build homes and to planning transport for growth creates • Good access to public transport
create jobs for the first time. Using a set of Good Growth principles that will
people across the Healthy Streets Approach to plan help London grow in a way that works
• High-density, mixed-use developments
principles of Good Growth and then good economy, and to increase London’s
transport use explains in two sections how transport efficiency and resilience.
can be used to help deliver homes and Policy 21
that have been jobs in a way that will improve quality Good Growth means ensuring that The Mayor, through TfL and
of life by: people living in new housing in central, the boroughs, and working with
available in some inner and outer London have options stakeholders, will ensure that new
a) Shaping the type of growth in London, other than to drive to the shops, to homes and jobs in London are
parts of London using transport services to create school or to work. It means offering delivered in line with the transport
high-density, mixed-use places where people across London – existing principles of Good Growth for
for years.’ people can walk and cycle to local residents and new ones – the benefits of current and future Londoners by
amenities, and use public transport for walking, cycling and public transport use using transport to:
longer trips. that have been available in some parts of
London for years. a) Create high-density, mixed-use
b) Shaping the city, using transport to places, and
support and direct Good Growth, so Applying the transport principles of
the potential for new jobs and homes Good Growth will mean that, as London b) Unlock growth potential in
in underdeveloped parts of the city grows, a greater proportion of people underdeveloped parts of the city.
can be unlocked. will live in locations that are well
connected to employment and other
opportunities by walking, cycling or
using public transport.
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 215
a) Shaping the type of growth options are available for longer trips.
Using the Healthy Streets Approach to
Improving access to public transport plan for this kind of active lifestyle will
5.16
Residential, commercial and other result in a more compact city, and also
batch 5
development should encourage make the best use of scarce land.
walking, cycling and the use of public
transport and minimise the use of the People living in more densely developed
car. Fundamentally, this means that places are less likely to depend on the
development should be suitably car for their journeys, and more likely to
located where there is good access use public transport, walking and cycling
to public transport. to get about. Moreover, the better
people’s access to public transport, the
Developing in these locations will create more likely they are to use it. Figure 37
high-density, mixed-use places where shows the current relationship between
local amenities are within walking and population density and commuting to
cycling distance, and public transport work by car in London.
TRAVEL TO WORK CAR MODE SHARE BY WARD�LEVEL POPULATION DENSITY, LONDON RESIDENTS, 2011
FIGURE 37: COMMUTER CAR USE AND POPULATION DENSITY
80
70
Travel to work car mode share (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Population density (residents per hectare)
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 217
Creating high-density, mixed-use places connected by rail or Tube to employment FIGURE 38: INCREASE IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT ACCESS LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH CYCLING
Land around stations provides opportunities, but will almost always be
Without cycling With cycling
opportunities to create high-density, better connected to schools, hospitals
mixed-use places – new communities and shops by public transport, walking
that are well connected to local or cycling. Land around stations is often
amenities, and to jobs and locations owned by TfL, Network Rail and other
further afield. This makes the most of public sector landowners, and presents
past investment in public transport, a good opportunity to bring forward
and the benefits of future public surplus or underused land for increased
transport investment can be enhanced housing delivery.
by providing new homes (including
affordable homes in a range of tenures) High-density development further
and jobs nearby. from stations can be supported
through improved bus and cycle
There are almost 600 rail and Tube links; such networks can dramatically
stations in London, and opportunities increase the catchment area of a
for development around these stations station, providing greater employment
should be explored, such as converting opportunities and reducing Londoners’
land use from low-density uses (retail dependence on cars.
parks, storage, parking, etc) to high-
density, mixed-use development. Figure 38 shows standard and enhanced
Such change can act as a catalyst for Public Transport Access Levels (PTALs) Public Transport Access Levels National rail Major road
0 1 mile
the regeneration of town centres and in a typical residential area. By extending Lowest Highest Underground Minor road
0 1 km
neighbourhoods, and play a role in the access distance to rail stations Station
revitalising high streets. Development (including cycling as well as walking as
opportunities around stations are access modes), the PTAL can be raised
particularly attractive for ‘Build to Rent’. and more areas can be made attractive
for high-density residential development.
Planning policy and decisions that This would be accompanied by
seek to locate high-density housing improvements to the local cycle
within walking distance of stations infrastructure, such as cycle parking and
mean residents will not only be well segregated routes, where necessary.
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 219
Proposal 79 Secure cycle parking and storage must Proposal 80 Car and cycle parking –
The Mayor, through TfL and the be built into all new developments to The Mayor, through TfL and the guiding principles
boroughs, will seek opportunities enable far higher levels of cycling in the boroughs, will:
for densification of development future, and to enable all residents to own • An expectation for car-free development
in London’s more accessible areas, and
supported by the public transport a cycle. a) Impose high expectations on
car-lite development elsewhere
network, in particular around public developers to deliver transport
transport stations and stops. As future developments will be planned solutions that will promote a • Any residential parking spaces permitted
Investment in improving station around active, efficient and sustainable shift to active, efficient and should make provision for ultra low emission
environments, interchanges and transport modes, they should also be sustainable modes, reduce road vehicles to enable carbon-free travel
local walking and cycling networks, planned to discourage car use, and car- congestion, improve air quality
• Appropriate provision of dedicated spaces
including third-party investment in free and car-lite places must become the and assist in the development for disabled drivers
the redevelopment of surrounding first option across London. of attractive, healthy and
lower-density sites, will act as a active places. • Outside the Central Activities Zone (CAZ),
catalyst to create wider growth. Provision for car parking should be car clubs could be provided in lieu of private
car parking
restricted and that which is provided b) Restrict car parking provision
should be designed to enable alternative within new developments, with • Well-located and accessible cycle
Embedding active travel in uses in the future as car dependency those locations more accessible parking provision
new development decreases. In those areas of London to public transport expected to
All new developments should comprise that are more accessible and well be car-free. New developments
streets and places where people choose connected by public transport, there should contain high levels of More detail, including standards for
to walk and cycle. All developers should is already a tendency towards car-free cycle parking and storage, car and cycle parking, is set out in the
plan to deliver improvements against developments, especially in central and contribute to the provision London Plan.
the ten Healthy Streets Indicators London and town centres. This trend of on-street cycle parking in
when designing local street networks, needs to continue and spread, with car- town centres and other places
clearly putting people before motorised free development becoming the starting of high demand.
vehicles. These street networks should point for all development in well-served
provide for the needs of the whole places. Where car parking is considered
community. Inclusive, accessible design appropriate in new developments,
that enables people of all ages and provision should be made for ultra low
abilities to access services without emission vehicles.
relying on the car is fundamental across
London, and should be planned into all
developments at the outset.
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 221
Embedding efficient freight and Proposal 81 b) Shaping the city Central Activities Zone
servicing in new development The Mayor, through TfL and the Investment in the public transport
New developments will be expected boroughs, and working with Using transport to support and direct system, particularly the rail network, is
to be designed to encourage efficient, stakeholders, will embed efficient Good Growth critical to enabling employment growth
safe and low-emission delivery and freight and servicing in new Creating high-density, mixed-use places in central London. These improvements
servicing trips. Planning permissions development by: will require transport investment to be are set out in Chapter four. In addition,
should secure delivery and servicing fully aligned with the growth strategy set the vitality of central London depends
plans that support off-peak (including a) Ensuring that delivery and out in the London Plan. on a good public realm and a healthy and
night-time) deliveries. servicing plans facilitate off-peak clean environment, including measures
deliveries using quiet technology, The draft London Plan shows that the to reduce traffic dominance, improve air
and the use of more active, city’s growth potential is concentrated quality and deliver far better provision
efficient and sustainable modes in the CAZ and within its town centres for walking and cycling. This is set out in
of delivery, including cargo and Opportunity Areas; there will also Chapter three.
cycles and electric vehicles be growth potential from the managed
where practicable. intensification of suburban areas. This Town centres
means maximising the capacity of Town centres offer a range of vital
b) Ensuring that large-scale the existing public transport network, services and facilities to meet
developments and area-wide extending the network to open up new Londoners’ needs, as well as providing
plans include a local freight and areas for homes, optimising land use a focus for employment and leisure. By
servicing strategy (consisting around stations and radically improving improving transport access between and
of measures such as shared conditions for walking and cycling, within town centres, through a variety of
procurement for consumables, supporting higher densities. transport modes and better conditions
co-ordinated waste and recycling for walking and cycling, their role as
collection, timetabled deliveries, Each of London’s areas is unique nodes for growth can be strengthened,
‘click and collect’ for residents and will require tailored transport to supporting higher development
and flexible loading bays). support growth. densities and greater housing capacity.
Development in and immediately around
c) Piloting ambitious plans in town centres should be focused on
Opportunity Areas and around public transport, walking and cycling
major developments such as High networks, reducing car dependency and
Speed Two to reduce the impact improving the local environment.
of freight and construction trips.
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 223
Opportunity Areas Developments within Opportunity Areas Suburban London Many town centres in outer London offer
Planning for London’s growth corridors should be well designed, compact, safe, Many parts of suburban London also opportunities for high-density, mixed-use
and Opportunity Areas (designated walkable neighbourhoods with good have the capacity to support new redevelopment that can improve the town
through the London Plan as areas access to facilities and services from the development, especially where there centre offer for Londoners living in the
with particular development potential) outset. Live-work areas can reduce the are good connections to central suburbs. The Healthy Streets Approach
should embed best practice in Good need to travel, and efficient deliveries London and town centres. However, it is should be applied in places such as
Growth. Dedicated public transport and and servicing infrastructure should important that the development of the Romford, Hounslow, Sutton and Wood
walking and cycling provision (such be integrated within the site to reduce suburbs is achieved in a way that is not Green, for example, as developments
as bus rapid transit and segregated vehicle movements. dependent on the car. To support this, come forward to maximise the potential
cycleways) should be at their heart, as the transport network needs to reach all for improved public realm and quality
well as good interchanges with rail and parts of London, using the bus network of life for everyone living in, visiting or
Tube for longer journeys and for those Proposal 82 in particular to better connect areas, working in them. Town centre catchments
into central London. Within their growth The Mayor, through TfL and the but also creating a public realm that can grow through improved conditions
corridor, Opportunity Areas should boroughs, will support growth encourages greater levels of walking for walking and cycling, as well as
be well connected to each other as through transport investment and and cycling. enhanced bus services and priority,
well as nearby town centres, schools, planning in the Central Activities which will significantly improve suburban
employment hubs and stations, including Zone, in and around town centres, To deliver new homes and jobs in Londoners’ access to employment and
the provision of public transport options in close proximity to stations and suburban London, full use needs to be leisure opportunities, and contribute to
at weekends to enable car-free lifestyles. in Opportunity Areas. The Mayor made of London’s transport network. regeneration in outer London.
expects planning frameworks in This means extending the public
Strategic planning for Opportunity Areas these areas to set mode share transport network in a selected number Wider South East
should ensure that unnecessary journeys targets that are significantly more of places to support major development Transport can play an important role in
by car are discouraged, partly through ambitious than elsewhere in London opportunities. But crucially, it also means strengthening links between London
restricted parking (including mandatory and will require boroughs and getting more out of the existing network, and areas beyond the GLA boundary,
car-free/car-lite developments), limited other stakeholders to demonstrate by upgrading the quality and capacity not including supporting growth. In planning
access for vehicles by time of day/ how development plans will just of the rail network, but other modes London’s transport, it is important that
vehicle type, and very low speeds, with contribute to mode shift away too, including buses. opportunities for creating new homes
traffic calming measures. Providing from car use towards walking, and jobs in other parts of the Wider
shared access to a car club instead cycling and public transport. South East are considered, working with
of private parking bays in a new willing partners to support development
development (or in an existing residential along the strategic corridors that
street) is just one example of how car continue outwards from London’s
dominance can be reduced and space growth corridors shown in Figure 35.
freed up for other infrastructure to
support active travel.
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 225
Proposal 84
Proposal 83 The Mayor, through TfL and the
The Mayor, through TfL and the relevant boroughs, will seek to
boroughs, will seek to ensure encourage Network Rail to proceed
that full advantage is taken of the with enhancements to the West
opportunity presented by Crossrail Anglia Main Line to help create and
2 to maximise housing delivery and support new homes and jobs in the
the creation of healthy new places Lee Valley.
that are fully integrated with
their surroundings.
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 227
Bakerloo line extension that the right balance is achieved FIGURE 39: PROPOSED BAKERLOO LINE EXTENSION
The Mayor has consulted on options between much-needed housing, and
for an extension of the Bakerloo line to jobs. A potential phase 2 extension could TOWER
CITY OF
improve public transport connectivity offer high-capacity, high-frequency LONDON HAMLETS
NEWHAM
and capacity between south east services that would enable more growth
London and central London, as shown beyond Lewisham.
Waterloo
by Figure 39. In addition to the transport Charing
benefits it delivers, the Bakerloo line Cross
Opportunity Areas. With the Bakerloo line to Lewisham and beyond in GREENWICH
line extension, the Old Kent Road order to improve public transport New Cross Gate
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 229
Elizabeth line extension be improved. As well as providing vital Proposal 86 Other schemes supporting
Land to enable an extension of the support for growth plans in Kent, the The Mayor, through TfL and Good Growth
Elizabeth line was safeguarded as part Elizabeth line extension could link to relevant boroughs, will support a
of the Crossrail Bill. An extension, shown High Speed 1 at Ebbsfleet and boost rail Government-led extension of the In addition to those included in this chapter,
many of the schemes outlined in Chapter four
in Figure 40, could support the 55,000 connectivity throughout the Wider South Elizabeth line eastwards from Abbey
will also support Good Growth in London,
new homes and 50,000 new jobs planned East. It should therefore be taken forward Wood to provide up to 12 trains per for example improved tram services in south
along the route in Bexley and north by Government as a scheme of regional hour, enabling Good Growth in the London and national rail upgrades such as
Kent 1. To achieve this, services on the and national importance. Thames Gateway corridor within providing longer trains on services from
existing rail network would also need to and beyond London. Fenchurch Street. Additionally, other projects
that are nearing completion (such as the
Elizabeth line and the Thameslink upgrade) are
already demonstrating how important transport
FIGURE 40: POTENTIAL ELIZABETH LINE EXTENSION New stations investment is in boosting growth.
TfL will work with boroughs and
Custom developers to identify places along the
House
NEWHAM
HAVERING existing transport network that could
be developed more intensively if new
stations were to be built. This is already
THURROCK being done at Beam Park in east London,
and opportunities for additional stations
are currently being assessed at many
Woolwich Abbey
Arsenal Wood sites including Old Oak.
GREENWICH
Proposal 87
BEXLEY The Mayor, through TfL and
KENT the boroughs, will make the most
of the transport network in London
by identifying opportunities for
0 2 miles new rail stations that will unlock the
Elizabeth line Potential extension Housing
(under construction) growth
potential for significant numbers of
0 2 km
homes and jobs to be created.
1 The method of estimating the number of homes and jobs supported by an extension to the Elizabeth line is
different to that used for other schemes, so numbers should not be directly compared
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 231
Unlocking growth potential through Opportunities from London FIGURE 41: PROPOSED WEST LONDON ORBITAL RAIL
improved rail services Overground improvements
Opportunities from London The London Overground network serves Opportunity Areas
suburban metro several Opportunity Areas across the
London
In recent years, areas around TfL capital and can therefore be a catalyst
BARNET
HARROW
stations have developed twice as quickly for growth. Most Londoners want to Strategic Interchange Hendon
This can act as a catalyst to regenerate connections to Old Oak and across west Old Oak
Victoria Road
Common
existing neighbourhoods, and enable London, between Hounslow and Brent Acton Central
town centre residential intensification Cross – Cricklewood via the Dudding Hill Lionel KENSINGTON
South Acton
and other new development. Through line. This new West London Orbital line Brentford
Road AND CHELSEA
working with boroughs to align planning could potentially support the delivery of Syon Lane
policy and investment in the London an additional 20,000 homes, as well as Kew
Bridge
HAMMERSMITH
AND FULHAM
suburban metro network, there is employment growth in west London.
Q
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 233
Unlocking growth potential through walking and cycle environments, and FIGURE 42: TRAM NETWORK WITH INDICATIVE EXTENSION TO SUTTON
tram network extensions enhancing the attractiveness of the area
Extensions of the tram network will for new developments. WANDSWORTH
LAMBETH
Wimbledon
be considered where they enable the
provision of new homes and jobs in In the longer term, a further extension South BROMLEY
line with Good Growth principles, are beyond Sutton town centre to the Wimbledon
supported by Local Plans and can be planned London Cancer Hub at Belmont, Birkbeck Beckenham
Junction
funded primarily through locally which may accommodate up to 10,000
MERTON
derived sources. new jobs, will also be considered to Mitcham
Elmers
End
support the full development of the site. Junction
An extension to Sutton, shown in Figure Trams could also run direct from Sutton
42, is the first to be considered in this to Wimbledon, linking to Crossrail 2 West
Croydon
context and further extensions will be and delivering a wider improvement in
St Helier
considered where they are consistent connectivity in south west London. Hospital
with this approach. The Sutton extension
East
will be built on a north-south corridor Croydon CROYDON
from Sutton town centre, with a Proposal 89
connection to the existing tram network The Mayor, through TfL and the SUTTON
and to the wider public transport network boroughs, will use the tram network
Sutton
at the extension’s northern terminus. to enable Good Growth by:
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 235
Proposal 90 Proposal 91
The Mayor, through TfL and working The Mayor, through TfL and the
with the boroughs, will complement boroughs, will pilot bus transit
major transport infrastructure networks in outer London
investment with improvements Opportunity Areas with the aim
to local bus services, bus priority of bringing forward development,
and bus infrastructure in order to either ahead of rail investment or
enable high-density development to support growth in places without
over a larger area and thus spread planned rail access. Consideration
the benefits of the infrastructure will be given to pilots at locations
investment further. including Bexley/Greenwich, Enfield,
Havering and Hounslow.
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 237
New bus connections In such areas, new services could offer FIGURE 43: AREAS THAT COULD BENEFIT FROM DEMAND-RESPONSIVE TRANSPORT SERVICES
More diffuse growth can be supported the potential to reduce car ownership,
by smaller improvements to the existing cater for more diverse trip patterns and
network, including providing new routes respond to changing lifestyles. Coupled
or enhancing or extending bus priority, with reduced car parking provision, this
coupled with improvements for walking could support denser development in
and cycling. For example, the benefits of areas where it has traditionally been more
the Silvertown Tunnel will be maximised difficult to provide more frequent public
through the delivery of new cross-river transport. In conjunction with measures
bus services, which will increase the to promote cycling and walking, demand-
potential to deliver new housing and responsive services should deliver overall
improve access to jobs. benefits for health and the environment.
The flexible nature of these services could
New demand-responsive bus services also support early transport provision
It will be important to explore new in new areas of development, ahead of
‘mobility’ models (described in more permanent infrastructure/fixed routes.
detail in Chapter six) that enable wider
growth, for example demand-responsive
services. This should be focused in outer Proposal 92
London, where more ‘conventional’ forms The Mayor, through TfL and the
of public transport are less economically boroughs, will explore the role for
viable and car dependency is higher. demand-responsive bus services to
These areas, shown in Figure 43, often enable Good Growth, particularly in
have relatively low PTALs. About one otherwise difficult-to-serve areas of
third of Londoners live in areas with the outer London.
lowest (0, 1a and 1b) PTALs.
0 5 miles
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 239
Unlocking growth potential through A Docklands Light Railway (DLR) FIGURE 44: POTENTIAL NEW BUS ROUTES ENABLED BY THE SILVERTOWN TUNNEL
improved cross-river connectivity extension to Thamesmead would support
A key means of improving the efficiency the development of thousands of new Towards
Stratford
of the transport network and unlocking homes in Newham, Greenwich and
A1
A1
12
20
growth potential is to eliminate physical Bexley, and could be delivered within A11
5
barriers to movement. The Thames ten years; other options being explored 3
4
A1
2
A1
A1011
can in places present a barrier to include the potential for an extension
A117
easy movement, and therefore new of the London Overground from Barking Canning
Town A13
river crossings would connect the Riverside, which would enable orbital rail
A12
communities on either side of it. trips in outer London. Poplar Towards
B ec k to n
A13 ExCeL/
Royal Docks
A1020
Throughout London, increasing the In east London, there is also the potential
number and capacity of public transport for new road crossings to reduce the
links across the Thames will help to bring barriers to trade between east and
Towards
people together and improve access to south east London. The Silvertown Canary A112
Wharf Towards
employment opportunities. The Elizabeth Tunnel will provide new bus links (see Proposed London City
Silvertown Airport
line will provide a new cross-river link Figure 44) as well as ensure that there Tunnel
from south east London, and Crossrail 2 is a reliable and resilient road link
A1
will create new links between south west between east and south east London. 06
02
Isle of Towards A2
London and central London. It will include user charges on the new Dogs Charlton
A2
crossing and on the Blackwall Tunnel to 00 Woo l wi c h
manage traffic demand. A2
06 Charlton
Towards
05
Greenwich
Proposal 93
A2
The Mayor, through TfL, will continue is opened), to address the problems Greenwich
A2
to support the construction and of traffic congestion and associated A207
operation of the Silvertown Tunnel, air pollution, frequent closures and
together with the introduction of consequential delays, and the lack
user charges on the Blackwall and of network resilience and reliability
Silvertown tunnels (once the latter at the Blackwall Crossing. Towards
Eltham
A2
A20
E ltham 0 1 mile
Potential bus routes enabled
by the Silvertown Tunnel 0 1 km
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 241
In central and inner London, new homes in the area. Walking and cycling Active travel and public transport Proposal 94
crossings for people walking and cycling crossings could help to support Good crossings will be the first choice for The Mayor, through TfL, will promote
can help to connect local communities Growth and encourage more active further bridges and tunnels as they new walking, cycling and public
and encourage healthier lifestyles. A new travel in other parts of London, and the support healthy, sustainable living, and transport river crossings where
walking and cycling crossing between Mayor will encourage their development because public transport crossings in such infrastructure would accord
Rotherhithe and Canary Wharf would where they are supported and led by particular have the unique potential to with the policies and proposals of
give thousands of people a direct link the boroughs affected and where local unlock housing and jobs growth. this strategy.
between Canada Water and Canary funding is available.
Wharf, and support jobs and new
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 243
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 245
Surplus land town centres and in accessible locations Development at TfL stations and Decking over roads and other
TfL is the owner of substantial areas within suburban areas, development will other co-location opportunities transport infrastructure
of public land in London. In order to aim to meet the Good Growth principles, There are also opportunities to co-locate Large roads and other transport
facilitate delivery of much needed and the revenue raised will be reinvested transport and homes or jobs as has been infrastructure can divide communities,
housing, the Mayor intends to ensure into the transport network to benefit done at Hammersmith and Westminster create air pollution hotspots and take
that TfL surplus land is used to maximise all Londoners. Tube stations. Given the amount of up a lot of land that could be used for
affordable housing and so reduce operational land TfL holds, significant housing or to support jobs growth.
the inequalities in housing provision The development of TfL’s surplus sites numbers of homes and jobs could be ‘Decking over’ is a method of building
for those who are from low-income will also act as a catalyst to other land delivered in future, for example, by across underpasses or rebuilding roads
households, younger people and owners, particularly those in the public developing housing over or around bus or other transport infrastructure into
disabled people. sector, to bring forward their sites. and rail stations or depots. In developing tunnels, so the land above becomes
Where appropriate, TfL will work with innovative approaches to mixed-use usable for other types of development.
By 2020/21, TfL will start on the property adjoining public sector land owners to redevelopment, the Mayor and TfL can This is expensive to do and must be
development sites that will deliver maximise development opportunities. lead the way in showing other land carefully managed. Early feasibility
10,000 homes. The Mayor intends owners and businesses how to maximise studies suggest that there may be an
that, overall, 50 per cent of homes (as homes and jobs as sites around the opportunity at Barking on the A13 to
measured by habitable rooms) built on Proposal 96 capital are redeveloped. Higher-density deck over a section of highway. This
TfL land and brought to market since May The Mayor, through TfL, will redevelopment at sites with low-density could allow an area that has been
2016 will be affordable. consider, when surplus transport uses such as retail parks (including blighted by noise and poor air quality to
land becomes available, its supermarkets) could support London’s be made a more pleasant place to live,
TfL has brought forward four schemes accessibility to the transport growth sustainably. while also yielding land for new growth.
in 2016-17 (at Kidbrooke, Fenwick, network and its potential for the This scheme would be funded by the
Landmark Court and Blackhorse Road) development of sustainable, development unlocked.
which are on target to deliver, overall, affordable housing. Any capital Proposal 97
more than 50 per cent affordable homes. receipts generated from the sale The Mayor, through TfL, will
Many more surplus sites will be brought of TfL surplus land shall be pursue opportunities for mixed- Proposal 98
forward over the next four years and allocated to TfL’s transport use development and The Mayor, through TfL and working
beyond. Given their locations, most of investment programme. redevelopment in and around with the relevant boroughs, will
them being within Opportunity Areas, operational sites such as rail or bus examine the feasibility of decking
stations to deliver much-needed over the A13 at Barking and assess
housing and regeneration, while the case for its potential to support
continuing to protect, and enhance new homes and jobs, and to improve
where practicably possible, the character of the surrounding
transport operations. environment for the benefit of
existing communities.
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 247
FIGURE 45: ‘FOCUS AREAS’: WHERE TRANSPORT IS THE ENABLER Crossrail 2 and the Lee Valley Barriers to more localised movement
OF SIGNIFICANT CHANGE TO AN AREA Maximising the housing, employment (for example east-west connectivity)
and mode shift potential of the Lee must be addressed to support growth
S e e Fig u re 4 6
Valley requires significant transport and enable behaviour change towards
investment, including faster and more more active modes of travel that also
Wa t fo rd En field frequent public transport connections support the local economy. Transforming
B a r ne t S h en field to more destinations and embedding the way local people see walking and
Wood
active, efficient and sustainable travel cycling will depend on delivering new
G re e n S e e Fig u re 49 patterns from the start through good routes and enhancing the experience of
Romford design and place-making. walking or cycling through improvements
H a r row I lford
to the public realm and excellent place-
S tra t ford Upmin s te r
S e e Fi gure 5 0
B a r k in g Crossrail 2 will support 200,000 new making. A particular focus will need to
S e e Fig u re 4 8
Ux b ri d ge O l d Oa k homes and 200,000 jobs along its route be put on ensuring better access to the
Ealing
and has the potential to transform the poorly connected but newly emerging
accessibility and growth potential of neighbourhoods of Meridian Water, Lea
He at hrow
the Lee Valley and its local centres. Bridge/Leyton and north east Enfield.
H o u n sl ow Lew is h a m
C l a pha m Da r t ford Early upgrades of the West Anglia Main
J u n c t ion
Line in advance of Crossrail 2 could The Crossrail 2 corridor also provides
K i n g sto n accelerate the delivery of this growth. excellent opportunities to support
C royd o n B romley Long-term planning for Good Growth is growth beyond London’s boundaries,
necessary in order to phase the delivery building on existing synergies, including
S u t ton
of homes and jobs alongside investment as part of the London Stansted
S e e Fi g ure 4 7 in the railway. Cambridge Consortium.
Central Activities Zone
S e e Fig u re 5 1
Opportunity Areas
To reach its full potential and optimise Figure 46 sets out the main transport
0 5 miles
the places it serves, Crossrail 2 will proposals to support new jobs and
London
0 5 km need to be complemented by a network homes in the Lee Valley.
of streets that enable and encourage
walking and cycling and deliver a reliable
and clean bus and freight network.
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 249
FIGURE 46: TRANSPORT PROPOSALS FOR HOMES AND JOBS IN THE LEE VALLEY
To Broxbourne &
connections to Cheshunt New neighbourhoods Crossrail 2 in south west London Currently, off-peak and weekend public
Stansted Airport The growth enabled by Crossrail 2 transport services can be poor in areas
Opportunity Areas
M25
Waltham will be delivered using the principles of outer London, creating a cultural
Cross
M25 London of the Healthy Streets Approach to reliance on car ownership and travel.
Proposed Crossrail 2
create ‘Liveable Neighbourhoods’. It Complementary measures for Crossrail
route/station will promote active forms of movement 2 will aim to tackle this bias towards car
Enfield Lock
Proposed Crossrail 2 by densifying town centres and use by improving public transport links
North East route options
around stations, alongside targeted between outer London town centres,
Enfield
improvements in walking, cycling and providing accessible multi-modal
A10
Green
south west rail routes and provide new Figure 47 sets out the main transport
(subject to change)
Palace
Seven A12
Sisters Ley to n s t o ne
C ro u c h
End
A4
Ley to n I l fo rd
03
0
A5
Lee Valley
6
Eastside
A1
A10
Da lsto n 2
A1
Camden Dalston
Tow n
King’s Cross Stratford
St Pancras Barking
Angel
Euston 0 2 miles
Euston St Pancras 0 2 km
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 251
es C laph am
Tham
H e a t h row Clapham B rix ton
Ri c hm o nd Junction
Putney
Hounslow
Tw ic ke nh am
Fe l t ha m
Earl sfie l d Balham
Fulwell
Tooting
Th
am Broadway
e
s
Teddington Wimbledon
Kempton
Park
Norbur y
Sunbury-on-Thames Kingston Raynes
Hampton Hampton Wick Norbiton M e r to n
Park
Upper
Halliford New
Malden
Hampton
Court M i tcham
M o rd e n
M o le sey
Berrylands
Motspur
Shepperton Park
Surbiton
Thames Ditton
Maldon Worcester Park
Manor
Tolworth C roydon
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 253
Inner East London and the Isle of Dogs At present, the Thames contributes to
Significant growth is expected across this problem by acting as a barrier to
Inner East London to 2041, with the movement, particularly for journeys by
potential to deliver more than 100,000 foot and cycle. Feasibility studies are
new homes and 170,000 new jobs. under way for a new walking and cycling
Within this, the northern part of the Isle crossing from Rotherhithe to Canary
of Dogs will continue to act as a global Wharf. To optimise its potential to change
employment hub, at Canary Wharf. travel behaviour and encourage more
active forms of travel, any crossing will
Despite significant transport need to be supported by improvements
improvements, such as the Elizabeth to the surrounding walking and cycle
line from 2019, crowding is predicted networks in order to change the attitude
to worsen on all routes into the area. towards these modes. New and updated
Further investment is needed to continue piers and a cross-river ferry from North
to support growth and serve existing Greenwich will also mean more river
communities, and so options for further services in east and central London.
enhancements to the network as well as The Silvertown Tunnel will deliver a
new connections must be considered. fundamental change in cross-river
Current proposals include DLR fleet bus services.
replacement and improved services,
Jubilee line upgrade, and an improved Figure 48 sets out the main transport
bus and cycle network to enable greater proposals to support new jobs and
travel choice and enhance bus reliability. homes in Inner East London and the
However, congestion on public transport Isle of Dogs.
and the street network is unlikely to
reduce without a focus on behaviour
change that enables and encourages
people to choose to walk and cycle for
short and medium-length journeys.
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 255
Star Lane
Whitechapel Stepney
Green
Whitechapel Canning
Tow n
Barbican Riv
er
Le
a
Moorgate Liverpool Aldgate
St Canning Town
Street East Langdon
Pauls Park
Bank Limehouse
Aldgate Custom
Po p l a r
Fenchurch House
Cannon Street Street Royal
Tower East
Gateway All Saints Victoria
Monument Shadwell Westferry India
Mansion House
Blackwall East India
Poplar Emirates
Dock Basin
Central Activities Zone Royal Docks
Tower
Hill West India
North of Isle of Dogs area Quay Royal Victoria Dock
Canary
Tower
London Canary Wharf
Opportunity Areas Bridge Wa p p i n g Wharf Canary
Doubletree
City St Katherine Docklands Wharf North
Nelson Dock Greenwich
Whitechapel Wapping
London Heron West
Bridge
Elizabeth line/station Th Quays Emirates Silvertown
West India
(under construction) am Greenwich
es Rotherhithe
Docks
Peninsula S i l ve r tow n
Ro t h e r h i t h e
River pier
South Quay North
Borough Canada Greenwich
Proposed new ferry route & pier Water Th
am
Proposed new river pier es
Bermondsey
Proposed Silvertown Tunnel Crossharbour
Greenland
Proposed Rotherhithe to
Canary Wharf foot/cycle bridge
Bermondsey Surrey
Quays
Proposed Bakerloo line extension Isle of
Elephant & Castle
Old Kent Dogs
National railRoad 1 Mudchute
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 257
Outer East London and the in DLR rolling stock and increasing
Thames corridor capacity to the Docklands area. Further
Outer East London and the Thames work is being carried out to understand
corridor have long been identified as what transport infrastructure is needed
having substantial potential for housing to support the growth in the Thames
and employment growth, but progress corridor in the medium and long term.
has been limited by poor public This includes options for walking and
transport connections. There is cycling enhancements, new rail links
potential for a further 250,000 new and local bus improvements. It also
homes and 200,000 new jobs within the includes the reduction of the severance
GLA boundary over the next 20 years, caused by the A13, by putting a section
subject to there being improvements to of it into a tunnel.
transport connectivity and capacity, and
a reduction in the barriers to movement It is essential that the Healthy Streets
in the area presented by the Thames and Approach is applied to any regeneration
local waterways. activity, to support a shift away from
the car to walking, cycling and public
TfL’s planned extension of the London transport in these places and to enable
Overground to Barking Riverside will Good Growth. New developments
support the delivery of 11,000 new should come forward in tandem with the
homes that would otherwise not have provision of new transport links, and so
been viable. In addition, a further 55,000 high-quality, reliable bus connections
homes and 50,000 jobs are planned along will be fundamental to delivering and
the proposed route corridor of a potential stimulating regeneration ahead of new
extension of the Elizabeth line in Bexley rail links.
and North Kent (as shown in Figure 40),
of which at least 20,000 homes would be The Mayor recognises the importance of
directly unlocked by the scheme. river crossings in east London to support
new homes and employment in an area
The Elizabeth line will boost the area’s with significant growth potential. Options
connectivity, and investment is already for new crossings are being examined,
under way to continue to transform old with the priority on improving public
industrial land into new neighbourhoods, transport links across the river.
while providing the necessary supporting
transport infrastructure. Figure 49 sets out the main transport
proposals to support new jobs and
TfL is already investing in capacity homes in Outer East London and the
enhancements such as the upgrade Thames corridor.
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 259
FIGURE 49: TRANSPORT PROPOSALS FOR HOMES AND JOBS IN OUTER EAST
LONDON AND THE THAMES CORRIDOR
Blackhorse
Turnpike Lane Road
Seven
A12
Sisters Tottenham Gidea A1 A127
Hale Park 27
Walthamstow
Central
Chadwell
Heath Romford
A4
Romford
06
Goodmayes
Seven
2
Kings
A10
A1
Ilford Upminster
Forest
Stratford Gate Manor Park Upminster
Dal s to n International Maryland
Dalston
Barking
5
Barking
M2
London 1
A1 West Ham Riverside
Shoreditch Bethnal A13
W h i te cGreen
ha pe l
A1020
High Streetline
Elizabeth
Liverpool Canning
A12
(under construction)
Street Potential
Aldgate Town Beckton Lower Roding
BankCi t yPotential
East Elizabeth line
Aldgate
Fenchurch Street A13 Crossing A13
Tower
extension Potential
Gateway
Tower Custom Belvedere
House London City Crossing
HillWaOverground
London ppi n g Airport Potential
Thamesmead
London Gallions
A1
Waterloo BoroughBridge Proposed London Proposed Crossing
3
Lambeth North Overground extension & new Canary
Bermondsey Silvertown Woolwich
Belvedere
Be rmoRiverside
nd sey station Wharf Tunnel Ferry
Barking Canada
Elephant & Castle
Old Kent Road 1 Water
A1
82
A2
Proposed
kh akmhBakerloo
Pe cPec line Lewisham Dartford
Cross
A2
a m Bexleyheath Crossing Tilbury
Lou ghbo ro u g h extension Peckham Gate
Town
J
Brix tonu nc t i o n
Denmark Rye
National rail
Hill East
Br ix ton
Brixton Dulwich
Proposed Beam Park station A20 Proposed Lower
Eltham A2 Thames Crossing
Herne Underground Dartford
A21
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 261
Old Oak and Park Royal Opportunity The development area at Old Oak There is already congestion on the
Area – interchange between HS2, presents a unique opportunity to surrounding highway network, particularly
the Elizabeth line and the Great champion and implement the Healthy on the A40 and A406. The road network
Western Main Line Streets Approach, using the principles will need to be proactively managed to
Significant investment in transport of Good Growth to base development minimise the impact of development,
infrastructure at the area around Old around active, healthy lives. especially during construction works.
Oak could act as a catalyst for unlocking High-quality public transport, walking and
development opportunities. At present, the Grand Union Canal, cycling facilities, and limits on car parking
railway lines and changes in level across are essential to encourage mode shift
There is space to create 25,500 new the area create barriers to walking and away from cars.
homes and 65,000 jobs for Londoners, cycling, and significant amounts of
making this one of the biggest growth development are proposed for which Development of this growth area is
areas in the city and the largest public transport capacity and safe anticipated to happen over many years
regeneration area in the UK. and convenient walking and cycling and transport proposals will need to be
Neighbouring the Old Oak development routes do not currently exist. It is flexible enough to respond to changes
area is Park Royal, Europe's largest essential that a new street network is in technology and behaviours. It is also
industrial estate, which needs to be developed using the Healthy Streets essential that the needs of businesses
protected, supported and intensified Approach to make walking and cycling at Park Royal and existing residential
through good transport infrastructure. the first choice across the area. This communities around the site are met
will require a series of new bridges and during construction and development.
A new Old Oak station served by underpasses and careful consideration TfL will work with stakeholders to
HS2, the Great Western Main Line and of how the proposed Old Oak High Street consider a complementary package
the Elizabeth line is set to open in 2026. is delivered, ensuring it is able to link of transport investment, including the
This key strategic interchange will help into all existing and proposed stations. opportunities to connect with London
to relieve pressure at Euston by allowing High-quality and reliable bus links to and Overground and Underground services,
people to change between these lines through the area from existing residential a potential new Chiltern Railways service
before reaching central London, and communities will also be required to to Old Oak, and new bus, walking and
act as a national and international ensure that everyone benefits from the cycling links through the site, with
gateway for travellers arriving from proposals at Old Oak. High-density, flexible multi-purpose streets.
HS2 and Heathrow. The West London mixed-use development will mean that
Orbital line will significantly improve local amenities are within walking and Figure 50 sets out the main transport
orbital connectivity from Old Oak to cycling distance, and exceptional public proposals to support new homes and jobs
north west and south west London. transport links for longer journeys will at Old Oak and Park Royal.
reduce the need to use cars.
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 263
FIGURE 50: TRANSPORT PROPOSALS FOR HOMES AND JOBS AT OLD OAK AND PARK ROYAL
Roundwood
Opportunity Areas
Park
Alperton W illesden
Green space
d
Un
London Overground Harlesden Kensal
n
io C anal Kensal Rise
06
Overground stations
Willesden
Potential London Overground Junction
extension (West London Orbital Rail) Kensal Green
National rail
Underground
A4
Road 0 Kensal
Hanger Hythe Green
Cycle routes Lane Gra nd Un St Mary’s RC
i Road Cemetery
Cemetery
on
Potential new cycling routes
C an
al
Park Old Oak Common
Royal Victoria Road Old Oak
A40 Common
Lane
North HS2
Acton Old Oak
Common Wormwood
Sc ru bs
Nor th
A406
Kensington
Ladbroke
Grove
Acton
Eal ing Main Line
West
North Acton East
Ealing Acton
A40
Latimer
W hite Road
Cit y White
A406
Ealing City
Broadway
Ealing 0 ½ mile
Common Ealing Acton Wood
Common Lane 0 500 metres
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 265
Devolution and London’s suburban Trams provide a high-quality link between In most places, the focus will be on
metro in south London Wimbledon and Croydon, and connect increasing the density of existing land
Historically, south London’s growth has with the existing and future planned uses rather than converting industrial
been constrained by the nature of its rail rail services to central London. Large land (which is in scarce supply compared
connections, and much of the area has increases in patronage are expected over to other parts of the city) to housing.
low-density housing, with opportunities the next 20 years, and various options In some areas, it may be possible to
for intensification. There is a limited for expansion are being considered, in consider the potential consolidation
Underground network in the region and particular, an extension to Sutton, which and co-location of industrial activities
much of that network is overcrowded. would support the delivery of at least to enable the release of land for high-
Where good rail connections do exist, 10,000 new homes and improve public density development while maintaining
they serve a wide catchment area, transport accessibility to Sutton town the amount of floor-space available
causing commuters to use cars to reach centre and St Helier Hospital. for industry.
stations and adding to congestion on the
streets in these areas. TfL will work with the GLA, boroughs Figure 51 sets out the main transport
and other stakeholders to better proposals to support new homes and
Crossrail 2 will add significant capacity co-ordinate land use and transport jobs in south London.
to the network and enable densification planning activity around stations in south
of town centres such as Kingston and London, which will aid regeneration,
Wimbledon. The proposed Bakerloo line increase the delivery of new jobs and
extension would also put south east homes and integrate them better with
London on the Tube map and underpin the local and wider area. By improving
the development of 25,000 new homes the environment for walking, cycling and
and 5,000 new jobs. public transport users, these will become
the default modes of choice for travel
Devolution of the south London rather than the use of cars.
rail networks would bring about an
immediate improvement in service There will also be focused transport
quality for existing users across a investment at ‘strategic hubs’, such as
wide area. This could be followed by Clapham Junction and Lewisham, to
upgrades to signalling, track and optimise customer experience, improve
stations to further enhance frequency connectivity between town centres and
and therefore capacity. improve accessibility by extending the
reach of the step-free network.
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 267
FIGURE 51: TRANSPORT PROPOSALS FOR HOMES AND JOBS IN SOUTH LONDON
Acton Elephant
Town & Castle Canada Water
Kew Victoria
Th
Bridge a
m
Kennington es Charlton Woolwich
Gunnersbury Kings Arsenal
West Brompton Road Vauxhall
Chelsea Peckham
Rye New Greenwich
Heathrow Syon
Terminals Lane Cross New Cross
2&3 Gate
Mortlake Barnes
Richmond Falconwood
East Brockley
Lewisham
North Putney Clapham Dulwich
Sheen Junction Brixton
Hounslow East Putney Honor Eltham
Heathrow Herne Oak Park
Terminal 4 Hill Hither
Catford Catford Green New
Twickenham West Bridge
Streatham Eltham
Feltham Dulwich Mottingham
Hill Forest
Balham Tulse Hill Grove
Hill Park
Fulwell
Th West Beckenham
am Tooting Norwood Hill
Wimbledon Broadway Streatham
es
Elmstead Woods
Teddington
Crystal
Palace
Bromley North Chislehurst
Norbury
Kingston Beckenham
Hampton Raynes Junction
Court Park
New Mitcham Bromley Bickley
Morden
Malden Junction Elmers End South
Motspur Selhurst Eden Park
Shepperton Park Arena Petts
Maldon St Helier West
Surbiton Woods
Manor Croydon West Wickham
Worcester Hayes
Indicative development potential Park Sutton Orpington
related to transport infrastructure Common Sandilands
Tolworth
Opportunity Areas Waldon East
Carshalton Croydon
South Addington
London Croydon Village
Wallington
Proposed Crossrail 2 route
Chessington
Proposed Crossrail 2 route options South
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS
5.15 269
Delivering Good Growth depends on the growth, new development must be FIGURE 52: DELIVERING GOOD GROWTH
planning process. It requires clear policy expected to contribute to funding DELIVERING
Good land use GOOD GROWTH
planning enables the delivery of enhanced and increased public transport and
at all levels, with targets for mode share it. Public sector funds can unlock active travel provision. Transport
Good land use planning enables the services and
delivery ofinfrastructure
enhanced and in increased
turn shapepublic
the city throughand
transport
(such as through OAPF) and enhanced development and leverage further enabling high-density
active travel provision.development and liveable
Transport services neighbourhoods
and infrastructure where
in turn people
shape want
the city to live and
through
environmental standards, securing private funding. TfL’s Growth Fund enabling
work. Thishigh-density
is the cycle development and liveable neighbourhoods where people want to live
of Good Growth.
and work. This is the cycle of good growth.
funding for transport from increased land supports the delivery of transport
values, and working with authorities and schemes that accelerate housing
communities, in and outside London. delivery and unlock development and
regeneration opportunities in London’s Using land use planning to achieve sustainable travel:
The London Plan is the spatial strategy growth areas. The Fund allows TfL to
for growth, with policies to ensure new deliver beneficial development that Maximised densities Ambitious local
and focused growth mode share targets
development delivers Good Growth. might otherwise be unviable. TfL works
Given the importance of transport with the GLA to allocate this Fund to
Supportive Enhanced tools Freight servicing
infrastructure to support and unlock appropriate projects. London Plan and data such included in
policies as WebCAT design
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 271
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NEW HOMES AND JOBS 273
The Government announced its Moreover, it would be unacceptable if the in highway trips’ is not credible and Any proposals must ensure that they can
preference for a new north west runway air quality gains secured by the Mayor would place further pressure on already deliver significant additional capacity
at Heathrow in October 2016. This would and the potential noise improvements congested streets, including through the and connectivity that are capable both
increase the airport’s current cap by as a result of new technologies were not increase in freight vehicles that would of attracting sufficient passenger and
more than 50 per cent, from 480,000 allowed to accrue to local communities result from any expansion. staff trips that would otherwise be made
flights to 740,000 flights per year. The to improve public health, but were in cars and taxis, and of accommodating
Mayor is engaging with the planning instead used to enable expansion of If the aspiration for no new highway the additional demand. This cannot be
process around Heathrow expansion to Heathrow airport. trips is achieved, this would result in at the expense of non-airport trips and
ensure his fundamental concerns are an increase in public transport trips of services, nor should it erode the ability of
raised and addressed. more than 250 per cent. But without the transport network – including already
Policy 22 significant new infrastructure, it will place planned schemes – to enable growth.
The demand generated by the current The Mayor will continue to oppose severe strain on the public transport
airport combined with local traffic expansion of Heathrow airport networks that serve the airport. Existing There is an important role for
already place considerable strain on the unless it can be shown that no committed schemes such as the improvements to bus, cycling and
roads and railways serving the airport new noise or air quality harm Elizabeth line and the Piccadilly line walking infrastructure serving the airport,
and contribute to levels of NO 2 that would result and the benefits of upgrade – designed to support London’s particularly for staff journeys. It is also
are well in exceedance of legal limits. future regulatory and technology population growth – will not be able to essential that the access for disabled
The Mayor considers that, as a result improvements would be fairly accommodate this increase. Delivering people to the airport is improved.
of the additional flights and associated shared with affected communities. the shift to public transport requires
traffic, any expansion at Heathrow would Any such expansion must also Government commitment to further
significantly impair London’s ability to demonstrate how the surface schemes to provide sufficient additional Proposal 101
meet international air quality obligations access networks will be invested capacity and connectivity, notably: The Mayor will:
in the shortest possible timescale and in to accommodate the resultant
would contribute to an overall worsening additional demand alongside • A western rail link to Heathrow – direct a) Work with industry partners
of air quality relative to the situation background growth. services from the Thames Valley: and stakeholders to assess
without expansion. Slough, Maidenhead and Reading options for surface access to
Heathrow, and
Heathrow already exposes more people The forecast additional airport-related • A southern rail link to Heathrow
to significant aircraft noise than its five highway trips are an essential component – direct services via a route with b) Seek a commitment from
main European rivals combined, and the of the air quality impacts and one that sufficient spare capacity from central, Government to fund and deliver
proposed increase in flights cannot avoid any expansion would have to address. south and south west London, as well within an appropriate timescale
many people being newly exposed to Without significant rail investment, the as Surrey the extensive transport measures
significant noise. airport’s aspiration for ‘no net increase required to support the expansion
of Heathrow.
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DELIVERING THE VISION 275
Chapter six –
Delivering
the vision
Delivery in a changing world
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DELIVERING THE VISION 277
a) Changing technology Proposal 102 FIGURE 53: THE ROAD SPACE REQUIRED TO TRANSPORT 67 PEOPLE
The Mayor, through TfL, will work
Recent years have seen major to ensure its information systems
technological developments, including and payment platforms take
the rapid uptake of mobile technology. account of technological advances
The increased ability to share and evolve to remain fit for purpose.
information, new payment methods and
the ease of accessing the internet on-
the-go have already changed consumer Principles for new transport services
expectations about interacting with the and technology
transport system, and about how it is The evolution of technology has already
operated. Technology will continue to generated new approaches to transport
advance rapidly, and across the world services in London and this is only set
billions of pounds will be invested in the to continue. How these develop has the
development of ‘new mobility services’. potential to either help or hinder the
achievement of the strategy’s aims.
While some predicted technological The best examples of this issue relate
Bus Bicycle Car (whether privately
changes may be years or even decades to technologies that are developing owned or shared, diesel
away, many are more immediate and can around how cars operate and how they Source: © Cycling Promotion Fund or electric)
be used to improve people’s lives right can be accessed.
now. This includes providing real-time
information to people as they plan trips Car dependency and traffic dominance How efficiently road space is used for dominance – new car-based services
and move around the city. It also means have many significant impacts on cities the movement of people provides a vivid and technologies may resolve some
using available technologies to make and their residents. These range from example of this phenomenon. While problems, but others will remain.
using active, efficient and sustainable health impacts – increasing inactivity and moving, a car takes up the same amount
travel options easier, including by road danger, worsening air pollution and of physical space, regardless of who The only way to tackle all of the problems
ensuring that payment platforms are noise, and creating severance between owns it, how safe it is or how clean its associated with car dependency and
up to date and fit for purpose. By people and communities – to congestion. engine is. While there may be some ways traffic dominance is to reduce car use
tracking and shaping new technological Many new technologies aim to resolve of improving how efficiently this space directly, through mode shift towards
developments as they emerge, London some of these problems – electric is used in the future – such as increasing walking, cycling and public transport use.
will continue to benefit from one of the vehicles will reduce some types of occupancy, or using technology to co- While technological changes to the way
most comprehensive and integrated pollution and autonomous vehicles may ordinate vehicles – these will not make cars operate and how they are accessed
transport networks in the world. reduce road danger – but no car-based cars as efficient as buses or cycles, have the potential to improve some
approach to transport can solve them all. as illustrated in Figure 53. The same aspects of London life in some ways,
type of issue can be seen across all the they are unlikely to be the best solution
impacts of car dependency and traffic to London’s problems in the long term.
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DELIVERING THE VISION 279
In the worst cases, the adoption of It is not yet clear which precise measures
new technologies could increase car will be needed to do this over the full
dependency and traffic dominance, course of this strategy to 2041. The
undermining efforts to increase walking, Mayor’s approach to developing these
cycling and public transport levels. If measures will be based on a set of
car-sharing services are promoted in the principles derived from the Healthy
wrong areas, people could switch from Streets Approach, set out in Policy 23.
cycling or getting the bus. If autonomous TfL will monitor changes to any transport
vehicles make car use more appealing services or technology that could affect
and easier to do, people may walk around how Londoners get around or experience
their neighbourhoods less. This would London’s streets. This includes those
present serious problems for the health detailed below and a range of other
of Londoners and the functioning of potential developments, such as the
the city. use of drones or delivery robots, as
well as applications of technology that
If well managed, however, new services cannot be predicted yet. The future
could play an important role in catering development of policies and proposals
for essential journeys in London, will be informed by this and guided by
reducing car ownership and use, and Policy 23 to allow TfL to adapt as needed
helping Londoners to transition away to ensure the aims of this strategy are
from car dependency. achieved – potentially influencing how
the organisation operates, engages with
To put new services and technologies customers and businesses, and plans for
to the best use for all Londoners, they the future.
must, therefore, be carefully managed.
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DELIVERING THE VISION 281
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DELIVERING THE VISION 283
New public transport and higher- by trips having many different start Connected and autonomous vehicles of vehicle, including cars, freight vehicles
occupancy services and end points, and consequently Looking ahead, changing vehicle and potentially public transport, as well
As these changes occur, TfL will conventional public transport is less able technology, such as the advent of as enabling new types of vehicle.
continue its role of providing a public to provide services that cater for people’s connected and autonomous vehicles,
transport network to meet London’s needs. These demand-responsive has the potential to change more The Mayor’s overall approach to these
economic, environmental and social services could also help address demand radically how Londoners travel. changes is to ensure the right transport
needs. Should technology enable new pinch-points or provide alternatives Traditional vehicle manufacturers as well services, using the right vehicles, in
higher-occupancy services, such as where car travel still predominates. as high-profile technology companies the right places. To do this, trials will be
those using vehicles larger than a taxi are aiming to launch increasingly safely managed in the short term; and
but smaller than conventional buses, TfL will carry out detailed assessment ‘driverless’ technology within the next more detailed policies will be developed
TfL will look to use these to extend of evolving and emerging transport five or so years, so it is essential that to shape the emergence of connected
the reach of its network, where this is business models, including demand- preparation takes place now. Many of and autonomous vehicles in London. The
needed. Where other providers wish to responsive transport, to assess their the changes, particularly in the nearer guiding principles set out in Policy 23
deliver similar services, these should potential contribution to achieving the term, will be incremental and do not will be used to ensure new technologies
look to complement this essential policies and proposals of this strategy, amount to fully self-driving vehicles. For do not undermine the Healthy Streets
public transport network and provide and identify areas in which new demand- example, advanced driver assistance Approach by leading to a growth in car
alternatives to car travel. They should not responsive bus services could enhance technologies offer the potential to use at the expense of a move to walking,
undermine TfL’s ability to deliver any of or complement existing public transport prevent traffic incidents, and to protect cycling and public transport.
the aims of this strategy, impact on its provision. TfL will work with boroughs passengers and people walking and
network management duties or cause and relevant stakeholders to agree cycling, reducing road danger in London. Shaped in the right way, connected and
additional congestion, particularly in how to identify which areas are the On-board software will increasingly allow autonomous vehicles can make travel
central and inner London. most appropriate in which to implement vehicles to communicate with roadside easier for older and disabled people and
such services. infrastructure, and each other. This reduce road danger. This technology
TfL will explore any opportunities for capability could provide opportunities could also improve how efficiently road
new ways to help reduce car use further to reduce road danger and improve space is used, such as through route
alongside improvements to ‘conventional’ Proposal 104 traffic management. choice that avoids congested areas,
bus and other public transport services, The Mayor, through TfL, will explore optimising gaps between vehicles
helping to make better use of road and trial demand-responsive bus Applications of these technologies are or simultaneous acceleration at
space. Demand-responsive bus services, services as a possible complement being developed. Real-world trials of junctions. This technology could also
which operate without necessarily fixed to ‘conventional’ public transport highly autonomous vehicles have already make high-occupancy services (such
routes or frequencies, are one particular services in London. This will include begun and are likely to grow in number as conventional buses or demand-
application that could potentially cater consideration of trials that could in the near term; industry aspirations for responsive services in the right
for gaps in service provision where public unlock otherwise difficult-to-serve these vehicles increase in scale from the locations) more attractive, to contribute
transport is required. This could offer areas of outer London. 2020s onwards. This technology could to a shift away from car use.
benefits particularly in outer London have a significant impact on every type
where travel patterns are characterised
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DELIVERING THE VISION 285
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DELIVERING THE VISION 287
b) Delivery, funding to work with the rail industry, the Port Funding and powers A new approach to funding and delivering
6.08
and powers of London Authority (PLA), Government Achieving a transport system that the transport network is therefore
and other stakeholders. This reflects meets the needs of all Londoners required. This must include addressing
Delivery processes the fact that direct responsibility for the and successfully delivers the policies the fundamentally inadequate and unfair
Although the aims of this transport operation and improvement of London’s and proposals of this strategy will way in which road use is paid for in
strategy will be partly delivered directly transport system is not currently unified require additional funding that is both London, with motorists paying too little,
by TfL on the Mayor’s behalf, they will under the Mayor. Only those schemes stable and secure. Without adequate and in effect being subsidised by public
also need in part to be delivered by the delivered by TfL are directly in the gift of funding, quality of life, health and social transport fare payers. Measures such as
London boroughs’ Local Implementation the Mayor. The process is summarised by integration are at risk, and there will be road user charging (where appropriate),
Plans (LIPs), and by the Mayor seeking Figure 54. damage to London’s economic growth, land value capture and the devolution
ability to deliver new housing and of financial powers to local level are
MTS DELIVERY PROCESS resilience to climate change. essential to delivering an efficient and
FIGURE 54: TRANSPORT STRATEGY DELIVERY PROCESS fair funding system.
There are a number of funding
Other statutory Mayoral strategies challenges to be addressed in delivering
LONDON PLAN
Health Inequalities Economic Development
this strategy, including: Policy 24
Strategy Strategy The Mayor will seek to ensure
• How to cover London’s transport that London’s transport system
Mayor’s Transport Housing Environment Culture
Strategy Strategy Strategy
operating costs through the available is adequately and fairly funded to
Strategy
income sources in an environment deliver the aims of the transport
where London’s population is growing strategy. Additional powers should
and Government grants are falling, be devolved to the Mayor, the GLA
LIPs Guidance while continuing to provide an efficient, or TfL to enable the Mayor and his
reliable and affordable service and agencies to respond effectively to
a continued programme of asset economic, social and environmental
Network Rail HLOS Other delivery partners
TfL Business Plan Borough LIPs
programme (eg Government, PLA)
renewals and maintenance change. These should include
financial, regulatory and other
• How to maximise funding from current powers to enable London’s
Service and scheme delivery sources and develop new income challenges to be met, and emerging
streams to continue to make essential opportunities to be optimised.
new capital investments
Monitoring outcomes
• How to diversify funding sources –
only possible with the devolution
of additional powers to the Mayor –
to create a more stable and secure
funding environment to meet
London’s transport needs
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DELIVERING THE VISION 289
Cost of the strategy deliver a sustained growth in revenue In addition, for the Elizabeth line project,
In order to meet London’s transport to fund continued investment. all funds are ring-fenced specifically ‘Delivering
needs and successfully deliver the (eg specific levies such as Business
aims of the strategy, significant capital This level of capital spend is ambitious Rate Supplement and Community the schemes
investment will be required between and can only be achieved through Infrastructure Levy (CIL)).
now and 2041. Delivering the schemes close collaboration between London’s identified in the
identified in the strategy will require various delivery agencies, including TfL’s operating expenditure, including
an average capital investment by TfL the Government, national rail, London’s capital renewals, will be primarily reliant strategy will
and others of around £3.3bn a year. boroughs and the private sector. on fares and BRR funding sources.
This equates to around 0.9 per cent of require an average
London’s Gross Value Added. This means Funding the strategy Other sources such as capital grants
that the level of expenditure envisaged Transport in London is funded through a and prudential borrowing, which in the capital investment
by the strategy is broadly in line with the combination of sources, including: past have largely funded new capital
National Infrastructure Commission’s investment, are likely to be scaled down. by TfL and others
recommendation of an economic • Business Rate Retention (BRR) under In the future, additional borrowing is
infrastructure spend of circa 1.2 per cent Mayoral control, which will replace only an option where the capital spend of around £3.3bn
of Gross Domestic Product per annum. existing direct Government grants for results in an increase in future revenues
operations and new capital investment that can service the operating and a year.’
TfL’s current business plan covers the from 2017-18 financing costs.
period to 2021-22 and has a planned
net operating surplus towards the • TfL ‘prudential borrowing’ against A large part of TfL’s future capital
end of the period. This is supported future revenue spend is expected to be used to
by a comprehensive review of the deliver the aims of the Healthy
organisation under a TfL-wide • Revenue from fares and other ‘user Streets Approach, and although
transformation programme to reduce pays’ sources (eg Congestion Charging) these types of schemes are generally
costs and improve efficiency. much cheaper to deliver than large
• Non-fare sources (eg advertising infrastructure schemes, they cannot
Beyond the business plan period, and property) typically provide the revenue required
the operational surplus should be to sustain further borrowings.
maintained, but this will be challenging. • Contributions from the London Additional sustainable funding sources
TfL’s financial strategy assumes a boroughs and the private sector, and project-specific grants are needed
balance between sustained investment for example, developer funding for to deliver the aims of this strategy
in both operating transport services associated transport investments alongside contributions from London
(including capital renewals) and new boroughs and the private sector.
capital investment. Expenditure will need • Other specific grants
to meet the needs of Londoners and
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DELIVERING THE VISION 291
Potential future additional sources of Devolving financial powers to London as permissive powers to develop new Proposal 107
funding and project-specific grants and other UK cities could allow them mechanisms, subject to consultation. The Mayor, through TfL and working
The Mayor must have the right range to manage their own growth. When This would allow for the development with Government, will fund the
of powers in order to ensure continued asked, most Londoners would support of a consistent approach with Section delivery of the strategy by:
investment in the renewal and expansion more of the tax raised in London being 106 payments and the Mayoral and
of the transport system. Without this, controlled at the London level, while Borough CIL. The LFC made further a) Maximising any available
it will not be possible to deliver an the evidence reviewed by the London recommendations that would build on this efficiencies, subsidising
affordable transport system that is Finance Commission (LFC) suggests that and help London deliver major transport, services at appropriate levels
accessible to all and provides a better granting cities revenue-raising powers housing and other capital investments. and ensuring that value for
quality of life. can promote accountability, fairness and money is otherwise achieved
economic efficiency. In addition to the LFC recommendations, from the existing and planned
Successful transport systems benefit Vehicle Excise Duty (VED) should be transport network.
everyone in the city, and so it is logical In recognition of this, and following devolved to TfL to provide revenue for
that it is not fare payers alone who fund an invitation for TfL to bring forward investment in strategic roads in London, b) Seeking to ensure a sustained
them. All beneficiaries, such as road proposals for financing infrastructure the responsibility for the management of level of funding from fares,
users and businesses, should contribute projects from land value uplift, the which was devolved to TfL in 2000. Business Rate Retention and
to funding the transport system Government has agreed to establish a This would bring investment in London’s other existing sources of income.
according to the benefits they get from joint task force (including the GLA and streets in line with the Government’s
the system, the external costs their use TfL) to explore the options for piloting intention to allocate VED revenue to c) Seeking additional taxes,
of it generates – such as congestion and a Development Rights Auction Model the English Strategic Road Network from financial powers or other similar
air pollution – and their ability to pay. (DRAM) on a major infrastructure project 2020. Powers to change how VED is mechanisms, including Vehicle
in London. levied would also provide London Excise Duty in London, to create
There is a large gap between the wealth with the flexibility to trial new ways of a fairer way of funding the
that London’s economy generates and its This is a welcome development, which paying for roads, which would be better delivery of transport schemes
ability to fund the major investment on represents a positive step towards the linked to the impacts vehicles have on and services, to better capture
which its success depends. Compared devolution of fiscal powers called for them and on London as a whole. and conserve the benefits they
to other cities across the world, London in a report published by the LFC 1. This Taxation rules should also be reviewed create and to enable the delivery
controls relatively little of the tax raised recommended the full devolution of to ensure they incentivise active, of the transport and community
within it and this means it can appear property taxes, including council tax, efficient and sustainable travel to/from benefits that the pursuit of this
over-reliant on the national Government. business rates and stamp duty, as well and for work. strategy will bring to London,
the Wider South East and the
UK as a whole.
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DELIVERING THE VISION 293
Implementation plan This will mean that sustained investment Inner London
in improving walking and cycling Eighty per cent of trips in inner London
A 25-year programme for mode shift environments and public transport are already made on foot, by cycle or
This section summarises how the services in inner and outer London will using public transport. This is enabled
policies and proposals set out in be required to enable the long-term by inner London’s dense public transport
Chapters three, four, five and six will be changes in travel behaviour envisaged network, relatively good conditions
implemented to achieve the central aim in this strategy. However, across London for cycling and walking, and short trip
of this strategy – that 80 per cent of trips three quarters of existing car trips are distances. However, more than 90 per
will be made on foot, by cycle or using short enough to be switched right now, cent of current car trips here are short
public transport by 2041. and almost 20 per cent of Londoners – enough to feasibly be switched to
from across London – want to reduce walking, cycling and public transport,
The implementation plan shown in their dependency on cars, so a lot can and TfL’s Transport Classification of
Figure 55 consists of a broad range of also be achieved in the short term. Londoners research shows that about
measures, from local changes to very 40 per cent of inner Londoners are
large infrastructure schemes and area- Central London amenable to reducing their car use.
wide policy initiatives like the ULEZ. Ninety-five per cent of trips are already
Some of these schemes will deliver made on foot, by cycle or using public Many inner London streets are already
greater change than others, and many transport in central London. Almost all relatively appealing places to walk, cycle
will take some time to complete, so of the remaining car journeys could be and spend time, so some of this potential
progress towards the London-wide switched to these modes now, and rail can be unlocked through specific
active, efficient and sustainable mode and Tube capacity improvements, the measures in the short term. Liveable
share aim will, in practice, vary from year opening of the Elizabeth line and plans Neighbourhoods will be created in key
to year. for Crossrail 2 will enable this to be inner London locations, the strategic
increased further. The transformation cycling network will continue to develop
Although this aim is expressed as a of Oxford Street, the re-shaping of the with Cycle Superhighways 4, 9 and 11, and
single measure of 80 per cent across bus network, an improved cycle network a walking and cycling river crossing will
London, different parts of London and better street design at key junctions be built between Rotherhithe and Canary
have different characteristics, and will such as Old Street will be accompanied Wharf. All these changes will allow more
contribute to the aim in different ways. by initiatives to enable businesses to local trips to be made on foot or by cycle.
Some areas of London already have an consolidate and retime their deliveries
active, efficient and sustainable mode and servicing. This programme will
share of well over 80 per cent, while enable more people travelling into
others are unlikely to achieve this aim central London to build active travel into
locally over the next 25 years. The policy their day and will enhance the experience
mix required to achieve the necessary of being in central London.
local contribution to the city-wide aim
will therefore vary between different
parts of London.
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DELIVERING THE VISION 295
Public transport will be significantly Outer London allocated to moving and parked cars, Using the Healthy Streets Indicators
improved to provide appealing and Only 60 per cent of journeys are to create welcoming environments for in implementing the strategy
convenient alternatives to car use for done on foot, by cycle or using public people to walk, cycle and spend time in.
longer journeys that cannot practicably transport within outer London, with cars The ten Healthy Streets Indicators will be used
to assess schemes to ensure they improve the
be done on foot or by cycle. Bus priority currently being used for the remaining Public transport will be improved to
experience of streets for all Londoners.
will be improved for busy routes and 40 per cent. While about 80 per cent of help people not to use cars for longer
to provide efficient services for radial these car journeys are short enough to trips and those that cannot practicably TfL’s Guide to the Healthy Streets Indicators
routes in particular. Tube lines will be feasibly be switched to active, efficient be walked or cycled. This will include will be the starting point for ensuring policies
upgraded, step-free access will be and sustainable modes now, unlike re-shaping bus services, creating new and proposals contribute to the Mayor’s vision
improved, and the Elizabeth line will be elsewhere, such a switch is dependent express services, bus transits and orbital for London. The Healthy Streets Check for
Designers will be used to assess significant
opened. Night Tube, DLR and Overground on providing new or more appealing routes, and the provision of bus priority
changes to street layouts to ensure they are
services will be extended to reduce alternatives. Compared to people living in in town centres. Improved rail services, delivering all-round improvements for people
reliance on cars for late-night travel. inner London, people in outer London are including orbital services, and enhanced walking, cycling, using public transport and
less amenable to reducing their car use, connectivity via strategic interchanges spending time.
Planning the creation of new homes and so providing these alternatives is key to will provide options for rapid, longer-
jobs alongside transport improvements improving the lives of many people. A distance journeys around London.
in inner London will embed walking, recent history of planning around car use Implementation plan summary table
cycling and public transport use into in outer London, in particular, will mean Following the opening of the Elizabeth Implementation of the schemes
growth areas. This will be a longer-term that this is a challenge that will take line in 2019, further public transport identified in the strategy can be
change, that will see improvements longer to overcome. improvements including the new West grouped into three time periods:
made on the Isle of Dogs, at Stratford London Orbital line, the extension of the 2017-20, 2020-30 and 2030-41.
(associated with the Elizabeth line), at Old Because the potential to switch tram network to Sutton, the creation of a
Kent Road (associated with the Bakerloo existing trips is so high, even in London Suburban Metro and the delivery The implementation plan reflects current
line extension), at Battersea (associated outer London, improvements to the of Crossrail 2 will enable the creation delivery priorities. It will be regularly
with the Northern line extension), and at walking environment for short local of high-density, mixed-use places in reviewed through the TfL Business Plan
various locations including Clapham and trips to shops, leisure activities and outer London town centres, as well as an to ensure it continues to align with the
Hackney (associated with the substantial schools could significantly reduce intensification of homes around stations Mayor’s priorities.
improvement in rail connectivity that will car dependency. Likewise, new and and interchanges. New public transport,
be provided by Crossrail 2). enhanced cycling infrastructure will allow walking and cycling river crossings, such Longer-term unfunded schemes are at
people to switch to cycling for commuter, as a DLR extension to Thamesmead, varying stages of development. These
shopping and leisure trips. As for inner will support Good Growth in outer east will be regularly reviewed to ensure
London, the Liveable Neighbourhoods London. Planning new developments alignment with policy priorities, value for
programme will support these changes. around walking, cycling and public money, deliverability and to take account
Borough LIPs’ traffic reduction strategies transport use in this way is essential to of opportunities for funding that may
will seek to actively reduce traffic achieve the longer-term changes that are become available.
levels in town centres, on high streets required to transform outer London for
and other places where people want the benefit of its residents.
to be, including by reducing the space
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DELIVERING THE VISION 297
Healthy Streets and healthy people Healthy Streets and healthy people (continued)
Policy 2 – Active travel Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041 Policy 6 – Air quality Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041
Improve local walking routes, including routes to schools Retrofit and procure cleaner buses
Transform Oxford Street and investigate options for Reduce emissions from the freight fleet
Parliament Square
Deliver cleaner taxis
Deliver a London-wide strategic cycle network
Introduce ULEZ in central London
Protect, improve and promote the Walk London Network
Introduce ULEZ in inner London
Develop and support Cycle Hire
Tighten LEZ standards London-wide for buses, coaches
Support and encourage cycling and walking to school and HGVs
Promote and support cycling and walking to work and in Deliver Low Emission Bus Zones (including bus priority)
local communities
Policy 7 – Zero carbon Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041
Improve wayfinding for walking and cycling
Introduce Zero Emission Zones
Improve walking and cycling information in TfL Journey Planner
Provide incentives to support the transition to ULEVs
Embed accessibility and inclusivity in planning and design of
Healthy Streets Optimise rail energy efficiency
Policy 3 – Vision Zero for road danger Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041 Manage the impacts of air quality on the Underground
Deliver Vision Zero by encouraging safer road user Lobby for increased low-carbon energy generation
behaviours with a programme of education, engagement and
Reduce emissions from non-road mobile machinery
enforcement initiatives
Deliver Vision Zero by improving vehicle safety (includes Reduce emissions from transport construction and operations
banning most dangerous HGVs/HGV Direct Vision) Reduce river-based emissions
Policy 4 – Security Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041 Ensure the electric charging infrastructure is in place to
Improve personal safety and security on London's streets support the transition to ULEVs
Ensure safety and security on the public transport network Policy 8 – Local environment Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041
Implement sustainable drainage on streets
Policy 5 – Efficient streets Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041
Encourage more freight consolidation Increase number of street trees
Reduce, re-time and re-mode deliveries Reduce rainfall run-off from rail schemes
Work with boroughs to develop traffic reduction strategies, Policy 9 – Climate change Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041
including workplace parking levies Develop climate change mitigation schemes
Improve customer communication for road users Include resilience measures in maintenance and upgrade
programmes (ongoing)
Reduce noise and vibration impacts from rail
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DELIVERING THE VISION 299
Policy 10 – Whole journey approach Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041 Policy 16 – Rail (continued) Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041
See Policies 1-3 and 11-19 Deliver Tube upgrade programme – Jubilee, Northern
and Victoria
Policy 11 – Vision Zero for safe public transport Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041
Deliver Deep Tube programme – Piccadilly, Central, Bakerloo
Work to eliminate deaths and serious injuries from public and Waterloo & City
transport services
Deliver London Underground station capacity programme
Policy 12 – Affordability Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041
Deliver London Overground frequency upgrades (network-wide)
Ensure public transport fare levels are affordable
Deliver strategic interchanges at Clapham Junction, Lewisham,
Policy 13 – Customer experience Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041 Stratford and Old Oak Common and improved accessible
Improve information provision and use of technology interchange facilities across inner and outer London
Policy 14 – Accessibility Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041 Deliver station upgrade programme (London Overground)
Upgrade national rail stations to step-free Deliver Tram upgrades
Deliver step-free Tube stations and more accessible vehicles Deliver DLR upgrades
Deliver wheelchair-accessible bus stops Deliver station upgrade programme (DLR)
Improve accessibility of taxi ranks for wheelchairs Provide better information to help customers plan their journeys
to avoid crowding
Launch 'one-stop shop' platform for ATS
Policy 17 – River Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041
Expand ATS marketing Publish a joint Port of London Authority/TfL pier strategy
Improve provision of accessible information and communication for London
Policy 15 – Bus Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041 Investigate extended river services to the east
Develop bus network to meet existing and future demand Investigate feasibility of pedestrian/cycle ferry between
North Greenwich and Canary Wharf
Deliver bus priority network
Encourage the use of the river for freight
Policy 16 – Rail Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041
Policy 18 – Wider South East and beyond Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041
Deliver the Elizabeth line
Provide more 12-car HS1 domestic services
Deliver Thameslink Programme
Deliver HS2 and associated national rail changes,
Deliver Brighton Mainline Upgrade (higher frequencies) including mitigation of impacts at street level
Devolve suburban rail services to Mayoral control Deliver new coach hub(s)
Deliver London suburban metro Policy 19 – Night-time Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041
Increase rail capacity (other lines) Extend Night Tube services
Deliver Crossrail 2 (scheme includes delivery of West Anglia Introduce night-time services on London Overground
Main Line 4-tracking)
Introduce night-time services on DLR
Investigate feasibility of Crossrail 2 eastern branch
Policy 20 – Taxi and Private Hire Cost 2017–2020 2020–2030 2030–2041
Deliver national rail station capacity upgrades
Raise safety standards for all customers travelling by taxi
Lobby for upgraded rail freight routes and private hire vehicles through effective and transparent
Deliver Four-Line Modernisation programme – Metropolitan, regulation and enforcement
District, Hammersmith & City and Circle
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DELIVERING THE VISION 301
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DELIVERING THE VISION 303
Local Implementation The priorities that are required to be c) Expected outcomes of The expected outcomes of the strategy
Plan guidance addressed by the boroughs in their the strategy are described below. These are based
The boroughs have Highway Authority LIPs are: on a number of assumptions about the
powers, and play a crucial part in Assessing the impact of the strategy future, described in more detail in the
managing and operating London’s • A contribution to reducing Londoners’ The strategy is grounded in a wide- evidence base. Given the uncertainty
roads. Indeed, 95 per cent of the dependency on cars in favour of ranging evidence base. It has been inherent when considering the future,
network is under their control. They are active, efficient and sustainable developed using TfL’s available data a series of sensitivity tests were
also responsible for planning, parking modes of travel, with the central aim and forecasting tools to understand conducted to demonstrate the impacts
controls, education, leisure and other for 80 per cent of all trips in London past trends and events and the current of alternative assumptions. Where
activities that impact on transport, and to be made on foot, by cycle or using traffic and transport situation in London, ranges are presented below, these in
bring in third-party funding for transport public transport by 2041 and to identify the likely challenges large measure reflect the outputs of
schemes. Within this strategy, several and opportunities that London will face those sensitivity tests. Beyond this,
policies can only be delivered with • The application of the Healthy Streets over the coming decades. Projections major economic, technological or cultural
substantial borough-level intervention. Approach across all areas of local of a future with and without the traffic changes could influence travel patterns
transport and public realm policy and transport measures proposed have in unforeseen ways.
At the local level, the implementation of been undertaken, testing a range of
the strategy is to be effected through • The improvement of street scenarios for the accommodation of
a LIP that is prepared by each of the environments for people who are London’s future population, economy
London boroughs. The GLA Act sets walking, cycling and spending time, and transport network. The analysis
the requirements for boroughs to including the introduction of traffic is described in the evidence base 2
prepare a LIP that shows how they will reduction strategies accompanying the strategy.
deliver the strategy locally and to do
so ‘as soon as reasonably practicable’ • The provision of a good public
after the strategy has been published. transport experience for those who
The Mayor will issue guidance on the live in, work in, or visit the borough
preparation of the next LIP when this
strategy is published. • The use of the transport principles
of Good Growth to guide the
development of new homes and jobs
Policy 25
The boroughs shall prepare and
implement Local Implementation
Plans (LIPs) containing proposals
for the implementation of the
Mayor’s Transport Strategy in their
area. Each LIP should also contain a
delivery plan and a monitoring plan. 2 Challenges and Opportunities and Outcomes Summary Report, Transport for London,
https://consultations.tfl.gov.uk/policy/9b28c200/
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6.05
DELIVERING THE VISION
6.06 305
FIGURE 57: MODE SHARES FOR TRAVEL WITHIN AND BETWEEN CENTRAL,
CURRENT AND EXPECTED MODE SHARES FOR TRAVEL WITHIN AND BETWEEN CENTRAL,
INNER,AND
INNER OUTER AND
OUTER OUTSIDE
LONDON LONDON
AND OUTSIDE LONDON, 2015 AND 2041
Outside London
Expected outcomes FIGURE 56:MODE
EXPECTED EXPECTED MODE
SHARE, 2041 SHARE
The strategy has set out a range of OUTCOMES, 2041
20% 3m 80% 2015
policies and proposals aimed at creating Outer
Healthy Streets and healthy people, 20%
providing a good public transport 55% 1m 45% 70% 2m 30%
experience and new homes and jobs. Inner
The aim is for 80 per cent of trips to be
85% 1m 15% 90% 1m 10%
made by active, efficient and sustainable
Central
modes – public transport, walking and
17%
cycling – by 2041, compared to 63 per 90% 1m 10% 95% 2m 5%
cent today. This aim is expected to be 63%
fulfilled by increases in levels of walking
and cycling from the current 27 per 80% 6m 20%
cent to between 30 and 40 per cent of
trips, and increases in public transport Trips currently made by walking, cycling and
use from the current 35 per cent to public transport 60% 10m 40%
between 40 and 50 per cent of trips. The Additional trips expected to be made by walking,
expected outcomes of the strategy are cycling and public transport with the strategy
summarised in Figures 56, 57 and 58. Trips still expected to be made by car/taxi/PHV
Outside London
in 2041
Central
95% 1m 5% 99% 3m 1%
90% 7m 10%
Healthy Streets and healthy people Healthy Streets and healthy people (continued)
By 2041, the strategy is expected to have delivered the following outcomes: By 2041, the strategy is expected to have delivered the following outcomes:
London’s streets will be healthy and more Londoners will travel actively (see Policy 2) London’s streets will be used more efficiently and have less traffic on them (see Policy 5)
All Londoners to be doing a healthy level of Walking or cycling will be the best choice for Falling car ownership and use Less road freight transport at Traffic will fall and congestion
activity through travel shorter journeys peak times in central London kept in check, allowing more
efficient operations
Everyone who is able to should be sufficiently Seventy per cent of Londoners will live within
active for health through their regular travel, 400m of the London-wide strategic cycle network. There will be at least 3 million A 10 per cent reduction in Falling car use and more
demonstrated by 70 per cent of people reporting The walking environment will be appealing so that fewer daily car trips and one morning peak freight transport efficient freight activity reduces
two periods of ten minutes spent walking or 3 to 5 million more trips could be made by active quarter of a million fewer cars in central London by 2026. overall traffic levels by 10-15
cycling on the previous day. modes every day. owned in London. per cent. Traffic congestion
remains broadly at today’s levels
London’s streets will be safe and secure (see Policies 3 and 4) during peak periods.
Aim for there to be no deaths or serious injuries Everyone will be able to feel safe and secure
London’s streets will be clean and green (see Policies, 6, 7, 8 and 9)
on London’s streets when travelling on the street
London’s transport will be on track to be zero emission by 2050 Streets will be
A 65 per cent reduction in the number of people The proportion of people who say that they do greener and not
killed or seriously injured on London’s streets by not feel safe walking by themselves in their local too noisy
2022 (against 2005-09 levels) and a 70 per cent area – currently one in four people – will fall, and
reduction by 2030 (against 2010-14 levels). By fewer people will say that they are deterred from A 72 per cent reduction A 94 per cent reduction A 53 per cent Transport schemes
2030, no one will be killed in or by London buses. travelling by safety concerns. in CO 2 emissions from in road transport reduction in road will deliver a net
transport (excluding NOx emissions, and transport PM 2.5 and positive impact on
aviation, 2013 base) in compliance with legal 45 per cent reduction biodiversity. Fewer
London, with road and limits for NO 2 levels on in road transport people will be
rail transport on a clear London’s streets. PM 10 emissions. affected by noise from
trajectory to reach zero traffic. The transport
carbon by 2050. system will be more
resilient to effects of
climate change.
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DELIVERING THE VISION 309
The public transport network will meet the needs of a growing London (see Policies 10, 17, 18 and 19) Active, efficient and sustainable travel will be the best option in new developments (see Policy 21a)
Between 14 and 15 million The public transport network The Thames will be used more Car dependency will be reduced and more Across London, improved rail and bus services
trips will be made by public will offer new connections and for passengers and freight people will live in well-connected areas will improve connectivity
transport every day more frequent services
Fewer London residents will be dependent on a In total, 7.6 million people will live within 45
Total travel will increase Total capacity on rail services car to access opportunities and services. About minutes’ travel time of central London, 2.3 million
by around 55 per cent on (London Underground, DLR, tram 1 million more people will be living in places with more than today. The number of jobs accessible to
London’s buses and nearly and national rail) will increase the best transport connections. the average Londoner within 45 minutes by public
100 per cent on the Tube and by around 90 per cent, with transport will increase by 70 per cent.
rail network (measured by more than 80 million additional
passenger kilometres). seat kilometres. Transport investment will unlock the delivery of new homes and jobs (see Policy 21b)
Public transport will be safe, affordable and accessible to all (see Policies 11, 12, 14 and 20) Rail capacity to central London will increase by more than 80 per cent, with new public transport
services improving connectivity and reducing crowding, enabling the delivery of new homes
Everyone will be able to travel safely throughout Everyone will be able to travel across London
the entire transport system spontaneously and independently
Crossrail 2 will provide new The Bakerloo line extension will An extension of the DLR to
The Mayor has frozen fares to make travel On average, the amount of extra time spent direct connections through enable more than 25,000 new Thamesmead could enable up to
more affordable travelling to make a journey on the step-free central London, relieving homes and 5,000 jobs in the Old 17,000 new homes and around
network compared to the same journey on the full crowding and supporting Kent Road Opportunity Area. 3,000 new jobs.
The Mayor will seek to ensure public transport fare network will reduce by around 60 per cent. Travel 200,000 new homes and
levels enable affordable access to travel for all time, customer care and the overall accessibility 200,000 new jobs.
Londoners, including any devolved rail services in of the network will also be improved.
TfL’s affordable fares pledge. Development will also be supported by bus service improvements
Journeys by public transport will be pleasant, fast and reliable (see Policies 13, 15 and 16) Transport for London land will, where possible, be brought forward for development
Bus journeys will be quick and reliable – Rail and Tube journeys will be less crowded, New places where transport infrastructure could enable more intensive development will be identified,
an attractive alternative to the car despite rising passenger volumes with transport land used to deliver housing where possible. By 2020/21, TfL will start on the property
development sites that will deliver 10,000 homes.
Bus speeds will improve by approximately 5-15 per Crowding on rail and Underground services will
cent London-wide, with particular improvements reduce by around 10-20 per cent compared to
expected in inner London. today, measured in terms of the total crowded
distance compared to total distance travelled.
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DELIVERING THE VISION
6.09 311
MONITORING, APPRAISAL
Outcomes monitoring and reporting performance, ensuring that projects AND EVALUATION
FIGURE CYCLE APPRAISAL AND
59: MONITORING, Proposal 108
This strategy sets out a clear vision and programmes deliver the expected EVALUATION CYCLE The Mayor, through TfL, will offer
for London in the period to 2041 and benefits, and that these benefits support and guidance to ensure
commits to a number of aims as well contribute to the outcomes set out in that local transport schemes and
Is the right
as a wide range of ambitious outcomes the strategy. thing being initiatives as set out in boroughs’
against which progress will be measured. done to deliver Local Implementation Plans are
the outcomes?
Progress against the aims and supported by monitoring plans that
Monitoring, appraisal and evaluation are challenges identified in the strategy will demonstrate delivery against the
essential to ensuring the policies and be measured through a wide-ranging policies, proposals and expected
Are the
proposals of the strategy are likely to be programme of monitoring and evaluation, Is the outcomes of this strategy.
expected
EXPECTED intended
achieved. They will inform planning and reported annually in TfL’s Travel in outcomes
being OUTCOMES activity being
prioritisation of resource use to ensure London statistical report of transport delivered?
achieved?
delivery of the strategy stays on track. trends and outcomes. The approach to
The process is set out in Figure 59. monitoring will be focused on transport
Is this
outcomes but placed in the wider social, activity
Critical to achieving this is to ensure economic and environmental context. delivering
the expected
there is a clear line of sight from the benefits?
strategy’s aims through to local and
project-level objectives. TfL, London Policy 26
boroughs and other organisations The Mayor, through TfL and
delivering this strategy will bring forward the boroughs, and working with As well as ongoing London-wide
schemes and proposals that accord stakeholders, will review their monitoring, all major schemes and
with the policies and proposals of the delivery plans to ensure the proposals will be supported by a
strategy, to be appraised through a expected transport outcomes of monitoring plan that assesses their
new multi-criteria framework tool. The this strategy are achieved as far contribution to achieving the strategy’s
policies, proposals and outcomes of the as practicable should monitoring aims and outcomes. TfL will put in place
strategy will be embedded in the way show that otherwise they would be appropriate monitoring programmes
that TfL makes decisions and assesses unlikely to be achieved. for schemes it will deliver but it is
recognised that individual boroughs
may not have the resources required
to monitor schemes for which they
are responsible.
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GLOSSARY 313
Glossary
C
that have adverse effects on humans and
• Inner London (excluding central development of an area in line with local
the ecosystem.
London, as appropriate): the boroughs development plans.
B
Brent, Bromley, Croydon, Ealing, Enfield, to reduce congestion. Some vehicles are
because walking, cycling and public transport
Greenwich, Harrow, Havering, Hillingdon, currently exempt from the Congestion Charge.
alternatives are not available or appealing.
Hounslow, Kingston upon Thames, Merton,
Redbridge, Richmond upon Thames, Sutton Connected vehicles:
BikeSafe London: Car-lite development:
and Waltham Forest, as defined by the Vehicles that can communicate with other
Skills training for motorcycle riders in London, A housing development that is designed to
Office for National Statistics vehicles and/or infrastructure.
run by the Metropolitan Police. deter reliance on cars and encourage walking,
cycling and public transport use.
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GLOSSARY 315
Connectivity: number of deliveries required, while ensuring Euro standards: Growth area:
The general term for how easy it is for people remaining deliveries are made as safely as EU standards that define maximum air pollutant A specific area for new residential development
to get to places, jobs, homes and services. possible and in an environmentally friendly way. emissions for new vehicles sold within EU to accommodate future population growth,
member states. These range from Euro 1-6 for as outlined in the Government’s Sustainable
Consolidation: Development Rights Auction Model (DRAM): light vehicles and Euro I-VI for heavy vehicles. Communities Plan. Within London, these
The process of rearranging and combining A new land value capture mechanism that looks include the Thames Gateway and the London-
deliveries to reduce the number of van and to capture value uplift from new development Evening peak: Stansted-Cambridge-Peterborough corridor.
lorry journeys made in London. to fund future infrastructure. The period in the afternoon and evening when
travel demand is highest (4pm-7pm).
Consolidation centre:
A centre where deliveries can be brought
Dial-a-Ride:
A door-to-door transport service for disabled H
G
for more efficient onward movement to people for whom public transport services
their final destinations. It enables organisations are unsuitable. Health inequalities:
and planning authorities to improve operational Health inequalities are systematic, avoidable
efficiency, resulting in reduced congestion, Direct Vision Standard: and unfair differences in mental or physical
Green infrastructure:
fewer delays and improved safety. A method of assessing the extent to which health between groups of people. These
A network of green spaces – and features
HGV drivers can see other road users directly such as street trees and green roofs – that is differences affect how long people live in good
Construction and demolition waste: from their cabs, rather than through mirrors, planned, designed and managed to deliver a health and are mostly a result of differences
Waste arising from the construction, cameras or other devices. range of benefits. These include mitigating in people’s homes, education and childhood
repair, maintenance and demolition of buildings flooding, cooling the urban environment experiences, their environments, their jobs and
and structures, including roads. It consists Disability: and enhancing biodiversity and ecological employment prospects, their access to good
mostly of brick, concrete, hardcore, subsoil As defined by the Equality Act 2010, a physical resilience, as well as providing more attractive public services and their habits.
and topsoil, but it can contain quantities of or mental impairment that has a ‘substantial’ places for people.
timber, metal, plastics and occasionally special and ‘long-term’ negative effect on a person’s Healthy routes:
(hazardous) waste materials. ability to do normal daily activities. The social A TfL-funded programme of street
Green roofs/walls:
model of disability defines disability as the Planting on roofs or walls that helps cool the improvements, delivered by TfL and the
Construction Logistics Plan (CLP): effect of the barriers, discrimination and urban environment, improves air quality, slows boroughs, to create better routes to schools
A travel plan that aims to improve the disadvantages faced by disabled people, not rainwater run-off and creates wildlife habitats. and local attractions, which may include cycle
sustainability of construction freight movements the impact of their specific impairment. parking and the implementation of 20mph
by establishing site management and limits and zones.
Greening:
procurement processes to reduce the impact
E
The improvement of the appearance, function
of construction traffic on the street network. Healthy Streets Approach:
and wildlife value of the urban environment
through soft landscaping. The Mayor and TfL’s approach to prioritising
people and their health in decision-making
L
A vehicle that utilises batteries and electric A system that can help some people with a An organisation that represents London’s 33
traction motors in conjunction with the internal hearing impairment by transferring information local authorities, and lobbies on their behalf.
combustion engine. to their hearing aid. London Councils also runs a number of pan-
London services.
Legible London:
Hydrogen bus: Inner London: A map-based walking wayfinding and
A bus powered by a hydrogen fuel cell. See ‘Central, Inner and Outer London’. information system that gives people clear London Finance Commission (LFC):
and consistent information to facilitate and The Commission helps the Mayor and
Hydrogen fuel cell: Integrated Impact Assessment (IIA): encourage walking journeys. It is managed by London’s local authorities to improve the tax
A cell that acts like a constantly recharging A systematic process for assessing the TfL but available for third-party use. and public spending arrangements for the city
battery, electrochemically combining hydrogen likely sustainability effects of the strategy in to promote jobs, growth and greater equality.
and oxygen to generate power. Vehicles order to ensure they are fully considered and It was reconvened in 2016 by the Mayor of
Licence Lite:
powered by hydrogen fuel cells produce only addressed at the earliest appropriate stage London, Sadiq Khan, to review the fiscal
The Mayor’s scheme to stimulate the
water and heat as by-products. of decision-making. The transport policies powers – control over taxes and spending
decentralised and low-carbon energy market,
and proposals within the draft strategy are – London should have to invest in its
in which the GLA acts as a licensed energy
subject to the following assessments, and the infrastructure, deliver public services and stay
supplier and works with partners to supply
I
findings have been collated into the overall IIA internationally competitive.
energy to non-domestic consumers in London.
Report: Strategic Environmental Assessment
(SEA); Habitats Regulation Assessment (HRA); London Plan:
Liveable Neighbourhoods:
Equalities Impact Assessment (EqIA); Health The Mayor’s spatial development strategy
Inclusion: A TfL-funded programme, delivered by TfL and
Impact Assessment (HIA); Assessment of for London. At the time of publishing, the Mayor
Removing barriers and taking steps to create the boroughs, to improve the public realm and
Economic Impact (AEI); and Community Safety had consulted on a new London Plan.
equality, harness diversity and produce the experience of walking, cycling and using
Impact Assessment (CSIA).
safe, welcoming communities and cultures public transport while increasing opportunities
to use streets as public spaces and reducing Londoners:
that encourage innovative and fresh ways
Permanent and temporary residents of London
J
of thinking, and allow people to speak up, car trips.
and, where also applicable, commuters from
especially to suggest where things could be
outside London, visitors and tourists.
done better. Local Implementation Plan (LIP):
A statutory transport plan produced by London
Journey stage: boroughs, which brings together transport Low Emission Zone (LEZ):
Inclusive design:
Part (or sometimes all) of a trip made by a single proposals to implement the strategy A charging zone across most of Greater
The creation of environments that everyone
mode of transport. A home-to-work trip, for at a local level. London for vehicles that do not meet emissions
can use – confidently, independently and
example, may contain three journey stages: a standards for particulate matter.
with choice and dignity – to access, and
benefit from, the full range of opportunities walk to a bus stop, a bus journey stage, and a LoCITY:
further walk from the bus stop to the workplace.
M
available. Inclusive design avoids separation An industry-led programme helping the freight
or segregation and is made up of places and fleet sector lead the way in improving air
and spaces that acknowledge diversity quality and reducing carbon emissions.
K
and difference, meeting the needs of everyone
in society. London Atmospheric Emissions Maximum fare:
Inventory (LAEI): A charge that can be applied if a pay as you go
Killed or Seriously Injured (KSI): A database of emissions sources and Oyster or contactless payment card is used
A standard metric used to measure levels information about rates of emissions for air at only one end of a journey made by Tube,
of road safety. pollutants within and around London. DLR, London Overground, TfL Rail, River Bus or
national rail services in London.
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GLOSSARY 319
Mayor’s Air Quality Fund: Nitrogen oxides (NOx): Private Hire Vehicle (PHV):
P
Funding from the GLA to London boroughs A generic term for nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and Any vehicle that seats up to eight
to support a wide range of projects aimed at nitrogen monoxide (NO) – the latter can form passengers and is available for hire with a
improving air quality. NO 2 in the atmosphere. Euro standards set NOx driver. These vehicles require a PHV licence
vehicle emissions limits. to operate in London.
Particulate matter (PM):
Mixed-use development: A mixture of various solid and liquid particles of
Development for a variety of activities on Non-road Mobile Machinery (NRMM): various chemical compositions suspended in Public realm:
single sites or across wider areas such as Any mobile machine, item of transportable the air. Publicly accessible space between and
town centres. industrial equipment or vehicle that has a within buildings, including streets, squares,
combustion engine and is not intended for forecourts, parks and open spaces.
PM 2.5:
Mode share: carrying passengers or goods on the street.
Particulate matter that is 2.5 microns or less
The relative use of each mode of transport. in diameter. Particulates of this size are small Public transport accessibility level (PTAL):
The calculation of mode share in the strategy NRMM Low Emission Zone: enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and A measure of connectivity to the public
is based on trips. An area of London subject to regulation other organs, causing a wide range of health transport network. For any given point in
of NRMM emissions, as defined by the impacts, and are therefore subject to legal London, PTALs combine walk time to the
The Mayor’s Office for Policing and GLA’s Supplementary Planning Guidance, limit values. network (stations, bus stops) with service
Crime (MOPAC): ‘The Control of Dust and Emissions from wait time at these stops to give an overall
Mayoral office responsible for policing Construction and Demolition’. accessibility index. There are six accessibility
PM 10:
in the capital outside the City of London. Particulate matter that is 10 microns or less levels (1=poor, 6=excellent).
O
in diameter. It is harmful to human health and
Morning peak:
R
subject to legal limit values.
The period in the morning when travel demand
is highest (7am-10am). Police:
Opportunity Areas: In the context of the strategy, this refers
London’s principal areas of opportunity to all police forces in London tasked with Radial travel:
National Infrastructure Commission (NIC): has more than 5,000 jobs and/or 2,500 homes, of London Police and British Transport Police. Responsible procurement:
A commission that provides the Government with a mixed and intensive use of land, assisted Socially, environmentally and economically
with impartial, expert advice on major long- by good public transport accessibility. Port of London Authority (PLA): sustainable procurement to deliver an
term infrastructure challenges. A public trust established to administer, improved quality of life and better value for
Opportunity Area Planning Framework (OAPF): preserve and improve the Port of London. money. It involves working across London to
Network Rail: Strategic spatial plans for Opportunity Areas in provide sustained employment opportunities
The owner and infrastructure manager of London, as designated in the London Plan. Port of London Authority’s 2035 and improve working conditions. It means
most of the rail network in England, Scotland Thames Vision: opening up access to contract opportunities
and Wales. Orbital travel: The Port of London Authority’s framework for for London’s diverse businesses, and voluntary
Non-radial journeys made between one part of the development of the tidal Thames between and community sector organisations,
Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2): London and another, where the end destination now and 2035. encouraging improved practices with suppliers
A gas formed by combustion, identified as is not in central London. and promoting greater environmental
an air pollutant harmful to human health. The sustainability to make London a better place
legal limit values measure concentrations of Outer London: to live and work.
NO 2 in the air. See ‘Central, Inner and Outer London’.
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GLOSSARY 321
S
Rainwater lying on the surface or within surface A train operating company (TOC) runs rail A one-way movement from one place to
water drains/sewers. passenger services, leasing and managing another to achieve a single main purpose. Trips
stations from Network Rail. TOCs are the may be further sub-divided into journey stages.
Sustainable Drainage System (SuDS): consumer face of the rail industry, and
ScooterSafe London:
Measures and techniques to help capture, use, generally apply for franchises to run specific
U
Skills training for scooter riders in London, run
delay the dispersal of, discharge or absorb routes from the Department for Transport. The
by the Metropolitan Police.
surface water. London’s approach is set out in London Overground franchise is managed by
the Sustainable Drainage Action Plan. Transport for London. TOCs normally lease
Section 106 (s106):
trains from rolling stock companies.
These agreements confer planning obligations Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV):
T
on persons with an interest in land in order Vehicle with reduced emissions of air
Transport assessment:
to achieve the implementation of relevant pollutants and CO 2, including battery electric,
A process that sets out transport issues
planning policies as authorised by Section 106 hydrogen fuel cell electric, plug-in hybrid and
relating to development proposals.
of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. range-extended electric vehicles.
Thames Gateway:
Transport for London (TfL):
Servicing trips: A corridor of land on either side of the Thames Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ):
One of the GLA group of organisations,
Trips made to provide a service such as the extending from east London through to north Charging zone in which vehicles that do not
accountable to the Mayor, with responsibility
collection of waste or to conduct maintenance Kent and south Essex. The London part of the comply with emissions standards for air
for delivering an integrated and sustainable
or repairs. area extends eastwards from Deptford Creek pollutants will be subject to a daily charge.
transport strategy for London.
and the Royal Docks and includes parts of the
Shared mobility: lower end of the Lee Valley around Stratford. Urban realm:
It also includes parts of the boroughs of Transport for London Growth Fund:
A form of personal travel in which users The area between building alignments,
Barking and Dagenham, Bexley, Greenwich, A fund for smaller-scale transport schemes
share access to vehicles rather than privately including public spaces next to streets.
Havering, Lewisham, Newham and Tower that helps directly unlock the creation of new
owning them. Streets make up the greatest part of the
Hamlets as well as limited parts of Hackney homes and jobs, and leverages funding for
urban realm in most cities.
and Waltham Forest. such purposes from other sources.
Social integration:
The building of strong communities where
V
Town centres: Transport for London Road
all Londoners can lead interconnected lives
Places in London that provide access to Network (TLRN):
and play an active part in their city and the
a range of commercial, cultural and civic Described in the GLA Act 1999 as the Greater
decisions that affect them. This can only be
activities, including shopping, leisure, London Authority Road Network, this is now
achieved by working to prevent, identify and
known as the Transport for London Road Vehicle Excise Duty (VED):
remove inequalities and barriers that prevent employment, entertainment, culture, and
Network. It comprises 580km of London’s red A tax (also known as ‘vehicle tax’, ‘car tax’, and
people from engaging in their communities and social and community facilities. Town centres
routes and other important streets. ‘road tax’) that is levied as an excise duty.
wider society, while recognising the important are classified in the London Plan according
It must be paid for most types of vehicles being
role played by interaction and participation in to their existing role and function in light of
Travel plan: used (or parked) on the public roads in the
overcoming these. characteristics such as scale, mix of uses,
A long-term management strategy that United Kingdom.
economic performance and accessibility.
encourages active, efficient and sustainable
Step-free network:
travel for new and existing developments. It Vision Zero:
The network of Underground, London Traffic reduction strategy:
sets out transport impacts, establishes targets An approach to road danger reduction
Overground and/or national rail stations that Borough-led strategy to reduce car
and identifies the package of measures needed that works towards the elimination of road
provide step-free access from the street to the and freight traffic at a local level, developed
for improvement. traffic deaths and serious injuries by
platform or train, such as through the provision as part of LIPs.
reducing the dominance of motor vehicles
of lifts or ramps.
on London’s streets.
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GLOSSARY
Z
A person travelling on foot, by cycle or by
motorcycle, who is disproportionately affected
by road danger in London. Vulnerable road
users make up 80 per cent of those killed or
Zero carbon:
seriously injured on London’s streets.
Activity that causes no net release
of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
W
gas emissions into the atmosphere.
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