IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 52, NO.

4, APRIL 2004 1115

[4] J. Marti-Canales and L. P. Lighart, “Modeling and pattern error correc-

tion of time domain far-field measurements,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Mi-
crowave Antennas Propagat., vol. 148, no. 2, Apr. 2001.
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[6] B. Fouresiè and Z. Altman, “Gabor scheme for analyzing antenna mea-
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Fig. 1. Geometry of the L-probe fed patch antenna for conical-pattern
quality using superresolution techniques,” in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. 7th
radiation.
Int. Conf. Antennas and Propagation, 1991, pp. 934–937.
[12] I. J. Gupta, E. K. Walton, and W. D. Burnside, “Time and direction of
arrival estimation on stray signals in a RCS/antenna range,” in Proc.
AMTA Conf., 1996, pp. 411–416. I. INTRODUCTION
[13] M. Bouvet and H. Clergeot, “Eigen and singular value decomposition
techniques for the solution of harmonic retrieval problems,” in SVD Circular patch antennas excited in the TM01 or TM02 high-mode
Signal Processing, E. F. Deprettere, Ed., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, using a coax-probe feed for conical-pattern radiation have recently
1991. been demonstrated [1], [2]. This design has the advantage of a lower
[14] K. J. Raghunath and V. U. Reddy, “A note on spatially weighted subarray profile than the conventional quarter-wavelength monopole antenna.
covariance averaging schemes,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol.
Such antennas can be used for indoor communications or other mobile
40, pp. 720–723, June 1992.
[15] G. H. Golub and C. F. Van Load, Matrix Computations. Baltimore, communications systems, where they may be attached to the roof or
MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1989. glass areas of a vehicle [2]. Then, the stacked patch technique was
[16] G. Panariello, “Syntesis of array with null constraints,” unpublished, pri- further employed on the circular patch with conical-pattern radiation
vate communication, 1992. to increase its impedance bandwidth or achieve dual-band operation
[17] Y. T. Lo, S. W. Lee, and Q. H. Lee, “Optimization of directivity and
signal-to noise ratio on arbitrary antenna array,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 54, [3], [4]. Note, that TM02 mode as in [1] is also referred to as TM01
pp. 1033–1045, Aug. 1966. high-mode in [2] and [5].
[18] R. E. Collin and F. J. Zucker, Antenna Theory. New York: Mc Graw- In this paper, a wide-band circular patch antenna with conical-pattern
Hill, 1969. radiation is reported in the utilization of an L-shaped probe feeding.
[19] Courant-Hilbert, Method of Mathematical Physics. New York: Inter-
Such a technique was mainly employed to produce a broadside pat-
science, 1953.
tern radiation in the previous investigations [6]. The L-probe fed patch
antenna is simple in structure, as the L-probe avoids drilling or sol-
dering of the patch. The new antenna yields an impedance bandwidth
of 30% [for standing-wave ratio (SWR) 2] from 1.622.20 GHz and
an average gain of 5.06.5 dBi with an air substrate thickness of 0.13
Wide-Band L-Probe Fed Circular Patch Antenna for 0 (corresponding to the center operating frequency of the band). The
conical radiation patterns are stable in the passband.
Conical-Pattern Radiation

Yong-Xin Guo, Michael Yan Wah Chia, Zhi Ning Chen, and
Kwai-Man Luk
Abstract—Experimental results for a wide-band L-probe fed circular
patch antenna having conical-pattern radiation are presented. With an an-
tenna thickness of 0.13 times the free-space wavelength of the center
operating frequency, the proposed antenna can achieve a bandwidth of
30% and produce a monopole-like conical radiation patterns. The mea-
sured gain is in the range of 5.0 6.5 dBi in the passband.
Index Terms—Microstrip antennas, monopole antennas, wide-band an-
tennas.
II. ANTENNA GEOMETRY
Fig. 1 shows the geometry of the wide-band L-probe fed circular
patch antenna for conical radiation. The circular patch has a radius of
R = 75 mm ( 0:4750 ) and is printed on a supporting substrate of
relative permittivity of 3.38 and thickness t of 1.5 mm. The patch is
separated from the ground plane by an air substrate of thickness H =
20 mm ( 0:130 ) and locates at the center of the ground plane. The
square ground plane has a dimension of 1.25 0 by 1.25 0 . The patch
is proximity fed by an L-shaped coaxial probe, and it is excited in TM01
mode. The L-probe with radius r = 0:5 mm has a horizontal arm of
dimension Lh = 18 mm ( 0:120 ) and a vertical arm of dimension

Lv = 15 mm ( 0:10 ). The vertical arm of the L-probe lies at the

Manuscript received September 3, 2002; revised April 14, 2003. center axis of the circular patch.
Y.-X. Guo, M. Y. W. Chia, and Z. N. Chen are with the Institute for Infocomm
Research, Singapore Science Park II, 117674 Singapore, Singapore (e-mail:
yxguo@ieee.org). III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
K.-M. Luk is with the Department of Electronic Engineering, City University
of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Fig. 2 shows the measured SWR. The SWR is less than two in the
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2004.823971 frequency range of 1.62–2.20 GHz, corresponding to an impedance

0018-926X/04$20.00 © 2004 IEEE

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1116
Fig. 2. Measured SWR of the antenna.
Fig. 3. Measured radiation patterns, 10 dB/div. (a) 1.62 GHz. (b) 1.91 GHz.
(c) 2.20 GHz; E; E .
bandwidth of 30% (SWR  2). Fig. 3(a)–(c) shows the radiation pat-
terns for the lower end of 1.62 GHz, the center frequency of 1.91 GHz,
and the higher end of 2.20 GHz in the passband, respectively. Referring
to Fig. 3, symmetrical conical radiation patterns with a 040  020
0018-926X/04$20.00 © 2004 IEEE
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 52, NO. 4, APRIL 2004
dB null at zenith ( = 00 ) are observed for the xz - and yz -plane cuts.
The maximum radiation appears around  = 6300 . The obtained an-
tenna gain in the band is in the range of 5.06.5 dBi due to the low
backward radiation.
The bandwidth of a probe fed patch antenna is limited by the induc-
tance introduced by the coaxial feed in the case of a thick substrate.
In this new design, using the L-probe feeding, the horizontal part of
the probe together with the conducting surface of the patch acts as an
open-circuited stub and compensates the inductance of the vertical part
of the probe. Note that one inconvenience of this new antenna may be
its large size, as compared with a quarter-wave monopole. However,
the proposed antenna is simpler in structure than the stacked case [3]
and has a bandwidth of 30% to cover DCS, PCS, and UMTS bands for
certain indoor wireless communication applications.
REFERENCES
[1] Y. J. Guo, A. Paez, R. A. Sadeghzadeh, and S. K. Barton, “A circular
patch antenna for radio LAN’s,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, vol.
45, pp. 177–178, Jan. 1997.
[2] L. Economou and R. J. Langley, “Patch antenna equivalent to simple
monopole,” Electron. Lett., vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 727–729, May 1997.
[3] K. W. Chan, K. F. Tong, and K. M. Luk, “Wideband circular patch
antenna operated at TM mode,” Electron. Lett., vol. 35, no. 24, pp.
2070–2071, Dec. 1999.
[4] S. Y. Lin and K. L. Wong, “A stacked circular microstrip antenna for
dual-band conical-pattern radiation,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett.,
vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 202–204, Feb. 2001.
[5] Y. S. Wu and F. J. Rosenbaum, “Mode chart for microstrip ring
resonators,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-21, pp.
487–489, July 1973.
[6] K. M. Luk, C. L. Mak, Y. L. Chow, and K. F. Lee, “Broadband microstrip
patch antenna,” Electron. Lett., vol. 34, pp. 1442–1443, July 1998.
Peak Sidelobe Level Reduction With a Hybrid Approach
Based on GAs and Difference Sets
Salvatore Caorsi, Andrea Lommi, Andrea Massa, and Matteo Pastorino
Abstract—This paper presents an approach for the optimization of the
beam pattern produced by massively thinned arrays. The method, which
combines the most attractive features of a genetic algorithm and those of a
combinatorial technique (namely, the difference sets method), is aimed at
synthesizing massively thinned antenna arrays in order to suitably reduce
the peak sidelobe level. Selected numerical results are presented in order
to assess the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed approach.
Index Terms—Array antennas, difference sets, genetic algorithms, mas-
sively thinned arrays, sidelobe control.
I. INTRODUCTION
Filled antenna arrays are composed of radiating elements placed on a
uniform lattice a half-wavelength the distance between adjacent points
[1]. In order to reduce the element count, cost, weight, power consump-
tion, and heat dissipation, a thinning is performed by removing a per-
centage (called thinning percentage) of array elements according to a
Manuscript received December 12, 2002; revised April 25, 2003.
The authors are with the Department of Information and Communication
Technology, University of Trento, 38050 Trento, Italy.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2004.825689