A Technical seminar report on

“CYBORG”
Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Submitted By

V.SANDEEP KUMAR
H.T.No:17701A05B1

Department of CSE

Submitted to

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES::RAJAMPET

(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited By NAAC, Bangalore)

(Affiliated To J.N.T.U.A, Ananthapuramu)

2018-2019
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES::RAJAMPET

(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited By NAAC, Bangalore)

(Affiliated To J.N.T.U.A, Ananthapuramu)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the technical seminar report entitled CYBORG is a bonafide
record submitted by V.SANDEEP KUMAR bearing H.T.No.:17701A05B1 in partial
fulfilment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in COMPUTER
SCIENCE & ENGINEERING” for the year 2018-19.

SEMINAR SUPERVISOR-I SEMINAR SUPERVISOR-II

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

 ABSTRACT
Cyborgs-cybernetic organisms, hybrids of humans and machines,
have pervaded everyday life, the military, popular culture, and the academic world .Cyborgs
is ongoing becoming of a doubly “in-between” temporality of humans and machines.
Materially made from components of both sorts of beings, cyborgs gain increasing function
through an interweaving in which each alters the other, from the level of “neural plasticity”
to software updates to emotional breakthroughs of which both are a part.
The first and more traditional sense of the case of organic beings that are physically
and functionally united with mechanized beings to constitute what some consider “true”
cyborgs. The second sense of “cyborg” claims that we have all become cyborgs in the sense
of becoming enfolded within a world in which machines not only perform many of our key
actions but also make possible how we know ourselves, express ourselves, modify our
intentions, and open new avenues for who we might become.
"Cyborg" is a science-fictional shorting of "cybernetic organism". The idea is that, in
the near future, we may have more and more artificial body parts - arms, legs, hearts, and
eyes - and digital computing and communication supplements. The logical conclusion is that
one might become a brain in a wholly artificial body. And the step after that is to replace
your meat brain by a computer brain.
 CONTENTS
 Introduction

 History

 cyborg

 Types of cyborg

 Difference between Cyborg and Robot

 Applications-Some cyborg technologies

 Advantages

 Disadvantages

 Reference

 conclusion
 INTRODUCTION TO and frequently pose the question of
difference between human and machine as
CYBORGS
one concerned with morality, free will,
and empathy. Fictional cyborgs may be
A cyborg, also known as a cybernetic
represented as visibly mechanical or as
organism, is a being with both biological
almost indistinguishable from humans.
and artificial (e.g. electronic, mechanical
Cyborgs in fiction often play up a human
or robotic) parts. The cyborg is often seen
contempt for over-dependence on
today merely as an organism that has
technology, particularly when used for
enhanced abilities due to technology ,but
war, and when used in ways that seem to
this perhaps oversimplifies the category of
threaten free will. Cyborgs are also often
feedback.
portrayed with physical or mental abilities
far exceeding a human counterpart
(military forms may have inbuilt weapons,
among other things). Real (as opposed to
fictional) cyborgs are more frequently
people who use cybernetic technology to
repair or overcome the physical and
mental constraints of their bodies. While
cyborgs are commonly thought of as
mammals, they might conceivably be any
kind of organism.
AN EXAMPLE OF CYBORG
HISTORY
Fictional cyborgs are portrayed as a
synthesis of organic and synthetic parts,
 The term 'cyborg' is a contraction
of 'cybernetic organism', and entered the
language in the early 1960s. The term
'cybernetics' was coined by Norbert
Wiener in 1948. It referred to the then-new
notion of controlling human-designed
processes through feedback and response,
in ways similar to those evident in natural
organisms (Wiener 1948, 1949). He
contrived the word from the Greek word
for 'steersman'.
The origin of the contraction 'cyborg' is
commonly attributed to two US research
scientists, who used it to refer to an
enhanced human being who could survive
in extraterrestrial environments, or, in their
own words "the exogenously extended
organizational complex functioning as an
integrated homeostatic system
unconsciously" (Clynes & Kline 1960).
More generally, a cyborg is a human with
whom mechanical and/or electronic parts
have been integrated. Driven by feature
films that depict imaginings of sci-fi
authors, popular culture envisages a
cyborg as necessarily having functionality
that has been extended beyond that of a
normal human being. Indeed, the OED
adopts that element of Clynes & Kline
(1960). Although one definition is "an
integrated man-machine system", the other
is "a person whose physical tolerances or
capabilities are extended beyond normal
human limitations by a machine or other
external agency that modifies the body's
functioning" (emphasis added). For the
purposes of this analysis, however, it is
necessary to distinguish enhancements
from more mundane, but highly valuable
interventions.
Also in popular culture, cyborgs
enhancements are physically inserted into
the person. This paper will, however, also
encompass circumstances in which this
condition is not satisfied. Consideration
has also been given to the notion of 'bionic
implants'. The concept is, however, largely
confined to entertainment arena, as a result
of a 1973 novel called 'Cyborg', which
gave rise to television series called 'The
Six Million Dollar Man' and 'The Bionic
Woman' - who had 'bionic' eyes, legs and
arms.
CYBORG DEFINITION
A Cyborg is a Cybernetic
Organism , part human part machine.
This concept is bit tricky but let see an
example of a CYBORG, you may
have seen the movie
TERMINATOR. In that ARNOLD was
a CYBORG. He was part man part
machine.
Well definition exactly says this,
CYBORG can be made by technology
known as
CYBERNETICS.
 CYBORG is a combination
between man and machine.
 Different from a robot.
 Used to repair or overcome
physical and mental
constraints
TYPES OF CYBORG ENTITIES
SOCIAL/INDIVIUAL CYBORGS
SOCIAL CYBORG
More broadly, the full term "cybernetic
organism" is used to describe larger
networks of communication and control.
For example, cities, networks of roads,
networks of software, corporations,
markets, governments, and the collection
of these things together. A corporation can
be considered as an artificial intelligence
that makes use of replaceable human
components to function. People at all
ranks can be considered replaceable agents
of their functionally intelligent
government institutions, whether such a
view is desirable or not. The example
above is reminiscent of the "organic
paradigm" popular in the late 19th century
due to the recent breakthroughs in
understanding of cellular biology.
INDIVIDUAL CYBORG
INDIVIDUAL CYBORG
Neil Harbisson is sometimes claimed to
be a cyborg.
Generally, the term "cyborg" is used to
refer to a human with bionic, or robotic,
implants. In current prosthetic applications,
the C-Leg system developed by Otto Bock
HealthCare is used to replace a human leg
that has been amputated because of injury
or illness. The use of sensors in the
artificial C-Leg aids in walking
significantly by attempting to replicate the
user's natural gait, as it would be prior to
amputation. Prostheses like the C-Leg and
the more advanced iLimb are considered
by some to be the first real steps towards
the next generation of real-world cyborg
applications. Additionally cochlear
implants and magnetic implants which
provide people with a sense that they
would not otherwise have had can
additionally be thought of as creating
cyborgs.
In 2002, under the heading Project
Cyborg, a British scientist, Kevin
Warwick, had an array of 100 electrodes
fired in to his nervous system in order to
link his nervous system into the Internet.
With this in place he successfully carried
out a series of experiments including
extending his nervous system over the
Internet to control a robotic hand, a
loudspeaker and amplifier. This is a form
of extended sensory input and the first
direct electronic communication between
the nervous systems of two humans.
In 2004, under the heading Bridging the
Island of the Colourblind Project, a British
and completely colorblind artist, Neil
Harbisson, started wearing an eyeborg on
his head in order to hear colors. His
prosthetic device was included within his
passport photograph which has been
claimed to confirm his cyborg status.
DIFFERENCE CYBORG AND
ROBOT
Robots and cyborgs seem like the stuff
of science fiction and to some degree
they are. But what most people do
exist just not in the form that they
depict in the movies. The main
difference between a cyborg and a
robot is the presence of life. A robot
is basically a machine that is very
advanced. It is often automated and
requires very little interaction with
humans. In comparison, cyborgs are a
combination of a living organism and a
machine. It doesn’t necessarily have to
be human, it can be a dog , a bird, or
any other living thing.
The living component is what separates
a cyborg from a robot. This basically
means that a cyborg is alive while a
robot isn’t. Even though some robots
can simulate certain aspects of living
beings, it never truly is alive. A robot is
only capable of doing what it was
programmed to do while a cyborg,
especially human cyborgs, exercise free
will on their activities.
The robots and cyborgs vary is
complexity. Robots can be fairly
complex like the factory robots
mentioned above. There are, however,
also robots that are very simple. There
are simple robotic kits made available
to young children to spark their
curiosity and show them the basic
principles behind robotics. In
comparison, the machine part of a
cyborg is often very complex as it
interfaces with the organic part in order
to function. Some prosthetic arms can
function pretty much like a real limb,
and some people can even reach out
and grab things.
APPLICATIONS
IN MEDICINE:
In medicine, there are two important and
different types of cyborgs: these are the
restorative and the enhanced. Restorative
technologies “restore lost function, organs,
and limbs”. The key aspect of restorative
cyborgization is the repair of broken or
missing processes to revert to a healthy or
average level of function. There is no
enhancement to the original faculties and
processes that were lost.
A brain-computer interface, or BCI,
provides a direct path of communication
from the brain to an external device,
effectively creating a cyborg. Research of
Invasive BCIs, which utilize electrodes
implanted directly into the grey matter of
the brain, has focused on restoring
damaged eyesight in the blind and
providing functionality to paralyzed
people, most notably those with severe
cases, such as Locked-In syndrome.
Retinal implants are another form of
cyborgization in medicine. The theory
behind retinal stimulation to restore vision
to people suffering from retinitis
pigmentosa and vision loss due to aging.
IN MILITARY:

DARPA-Cyborg
Military organizations' research has
recently focused on the utilization of
cyborg animals for inter-species
relationships for the purposes of a
supposed tactical advantage. DARPA has
announced its interest in developing
"cyborg insects" to transmit data from
sensors implanted into the insect during
the pupal stage. Similarly, DARPA is
developing a neural implant to remotely
control the movement of sharks. The
shark's unique senses would be exploited
to provide data feedback in relation to
enemy ship movement and underwater
explosives.
IN ART:
The concept of the cyborg is often
associated with science fiction. However,
many artists have tried to create public
awareness of cybernetic organisms; these
can range from paintings to installations.
Stelarc is a performance artist who has
visually probed and acoustically amplified
his body. He uses medical instruments,
prosthetics, robotics, virtual reality
systems, the Internet and biotechnology to
explore alternate, intimate and involuntary
interfaces with the body. He has made
three films of the inside of his body and
has performed with a third hand and a
virtual arm.
SPORTS
Many categories of handicapped
sportspeople, particularly those
participating in athletics and swimming,
compete against others with similar
disabilities and/or levels of disability.
Commonly, the handicapped are protected
from the prosthetes, and both the
handicapped and prosthetes are protected
from the able-bodied, e.g. by segregation
into separate events or at least categories.
Wheelchair racers compete separately
from the able-bodied as well. However,
they go faster than runners. In the case of
the New York Marathon, for example, the
winner of the wheelchair event is about
35% faster than the winner of the foot-
race. Hence segregation into separate
events works the other way around,
protecting the able-bodied from the
orthots. The potential exists for the able-
bodied to be precluded from competing in
wheelchair events, or to be permitted to
compete, and even for them to demand the
right to do so.
A particular case of sports orthosis was
drawn to attention in the presentation
accompanying Clarke (2005a), in Hood
(2005a and (2005b) and in some other
media outlets around that time. Oscar
Pistorius is a South African athlete, who
competes in 200m and 400m events. In
2005, it was speculated that, if he
continued his improvement, he would
qualify for the 2008 Olympic Games, and
by 2012 could be at least a semi-finalist.
Oscar was born without lower legs, and
has artificial legs that include carbon fiber
blades.
The International Association of Athletics
Federations (IAAF) determined that
Pistorius' prosthetics "should be
considered as technical aids which give
him an advantage over other athletes not
using them" (Robinson 2008). They
accordingly banned him from competing
against able-bodied athletes at the 2008
Olympics. This was based on an
amendment to their rules, passed the
previous year that precludes use of "any
technical device that incorporates springs,
wheels or any other element that provides
a user with an advantage over another
athlete not using such a device".
Pistorius challenged the ruling, and won,
on the basis that the IAAF had failed to
show that the legs gave him sufficient
advantage (i.e. that the Exo-prostheses
were in fact Exo-orthoses). Due to an
injury-plagued preparation, however, he
missed the qualifying standard by 0.70
seconds and did not satisfy the criteria for
selection for his national team.
A media report has subsequently
suggested that the IAAF may now have
the required evidence (SD 2009), and
hence may now succeed in banning
double-amputees using such devices in
able-bodied events. Ironically, the brand-
name of the legs Pistorius uses is 'Cheetah'
- doubtless intended to imply speed, but
perhaps now to be interpreted as an
admission that they provide an unfair
advantage to orthots over the able-bodied
athletes.
POSITIVE ARGUMENTS
Certainly, there have been a number of
positive responses to this 'cyborg'
phenomenon. There have been a number
of AI researchers like Hans Moravec who
have unabashedly declared that it may be
time for carbon-based biological life to
yield control of the planet to its 'mind
children,' silicon-based life. They claim
that the phenomenon, seen from a grand
evolutionary perspective, can be seen as
part of the grand design of evolution. The
human cyborg represents a 'transitional
species' of sorts, before the human enters
total post-biological obsolescence. If
evolution is theorized from an abstract
perspective as an attempt to increase the
information-processing power latent in
matter, in the struggle against entropy, it is
clear that hardware (artificial life) will
eventually win out against wetware
(organic life) since it is more durable and
more efficient.
There are others who foresee perhaps a
more peaceable coexistence for human
beings and electronic ‘life,’ One recent
theory that has been bantered about lately
is that the human race may have reached
the saturation point for economic growth,
but this is fortunate since it has arrived in
time for it to work on 'human growth,' i.e.
the re-engineering of the human species.
We can 'graduate' from being victims of
natural selection to masters of self-
selection. It seems hard to argue against
increasing human longevity, intelligence,
or strength, since human beings seem to
live too short a span, to make too many
mistakes in reasoning, and to lack the
physical endurance necessary to make
great accomplishments. Indeed, there are
those who feel that without technological
modification, the human being might be
simply too "shortchanged" from an
evolutionary standpoint to accomplish the
race's greatest dreams, such as peaceful
coexistence, environmental sustainability,
and space exploration. The search for
human perfectibility is one of the oldest of
utopian dreams.
Lastly, there are the postmodern theorists,
normally noted for their antitechnological
stance, who have taken a favorable
position on the coming of the cyborg. The
"cyborg anthropologists" have followed
the line of Donna Haraway, who declared
that she would rather be a cyborg than a
goddess any day, in a sort of cynical
repudiation of ecofeminism and the
fetishizing of nature.
The advantages of becoming a cyborg:
1. Returning Function
If you have had parts of you damaged,
such as you are blind, you can have to
eyes replaced with electromechanical
devices that return function.
2. Increased Strength
Assuming that it is possible to replace or
enhance the human endoskeleton with
metal and pneumatic/hydraulic pumps, the
strength of a cyborg could be drastically
increased above a normal human. A metal
skeleton would even possibly allow you to
even take hits a normal human couldn't
survive (e.g. A sledgehammer to the chest,
or a gunshot to the head)
3. Added Functionality
A cyborg does not have the limits of a
standard human. For example due to
increased weight, they could replace or
add appendages such as a building a gun
inside the arm, that can extend out and
shoot, with there being less recoil thanks
to weight and strength.
4. Possibly Longer Lifespan
because you are replacing a lot of your
body parts, you are making some of your
organs obsolete and since you aren't
relying on them, it doesn't matter if they
fail or are taken out. How ever until
research into extended or replenishing the
state of the brain, you will still only have
as long to live as your brain will allow.
Unless you could somehow transfer your
conscience into the computer that
eventually replaces your brain, you are
screwed.
5. Increased Intelligence/Computational
Power/Perception
A possibility of a cyborg can be to add
microchips to the brain, which would
allow your brain to offload commands
such as doing calculations to the chip,
which could do the calculations
instantaneously and return the answers to
the brain. Perception could be increased by
assisting parts of the brain that deal with
awareness.
NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES
The critics of bioelectronics and
biocomputing foresee numerous potential
negative social consequences from the
technology. One is that the human race
will divide along the lines of biological
haves and have-nots. People with enough
money will be able to augment their
personal attributes as they see fit (which is
what they already do with techniques such
as spas, plastic surgery, etc.) as well as to
utilize cloning, organ replacement, etc. to
stave off death for as long as they wish,
while the majority of humanity will
continue to suffer from plague, hunger,
'bad genes,' and infirmity. It's hard not to
see the biological 'haves' advocating
separation and/or extinction inevitably for
their unmodified peers.
It's inevitable that there will be those who
see the potential of a sort of master race
from this technology. Certainly, the
military has already considered the
possibility of the super-soldier, augmented
by technology so that he has faster
reflexes, deadlier accuracy, greater
resistance to fatigue, integrated weaponry,
and most importantly, lesser inclinations
toward fear or doubt in combat. Such
soldiers could be created through
combinations of biochemical’s,
bioelectronics, and DNA manipulation.
They might have available arsenals of new
biological warfare components,
synthetically generated within their own
bodies. But it's not clear that these
'cyborgs' would not turn on their creators.
Indeed, there's no reason at all to think
they would forever allow themselves to be
controlled by inferiors. They could easily
become a new sort of dominant caste,
forcing the rest of untechnologized
humanity into serfdom. Or perhaps they
might decide simply to eliminate it.
For that reason, it's logical to suspect that
one of the other dangers inherent in
bioelectronics might be the ability to
control and monitor people. This would be
a tremendous violation of human privacy,
but the creators of human biotech might
see it as necessary to keep their subjects
under control. Once implanted with bio-
implant electronic devices, 'cyborgs' might
become highly dependent on the creators
of these devices for their repair, recharge,
and maintenance. It could be possible to
modify the person technologically so that
their body would stop producing some
essential substance for survival, thus
placing them under the absolute control of
the designers of the technology.
The Disadvantages of becoming a cyborg:
1. Possible loss of humanity
Due to having microchips installed in your
brain that can alter your behavior, it is
possible that you would lose or overwrite
the parts of you, that make you who you
are. When your brain dies, people aren't
likely to let your body go to waste and will
therefore replace the deceased brain with
Artificially Intelligent computers, leading
to your body becoming an android.
2. Expensive
Unless you are being subjected to
becoming a cyborg against your will by
secret underground science teams, this
entire tech is going to be coming out of
your pocket, and it will not be cheap.
3. Loss of Acceptable Appearance
Assuming that you had your muscles
mostly replaced with pumps, you aren't
going to have all that much blood, so there
won't be a whole lot keeping your skin
(and your member) alive.
4. Likely to Die in the Creation
Procedures
Adapting to cyborg life wouldn't be even
nearly as hard as surviving all the surgery
that you would have to go through to have
entire parts of your body replaced. Unless
research teams develop some way to
replace body parts with other things in an
instant, you will probably be dead before
you know it.
5. You Are Now Property of a
Government
Expanding on the expensive point, now
that you have somehow managed to
survive the expensive surgery that an
underground government has paid for,
they basically now own you and you are in
their service until your brain dies and they
turn you into an android to keep forever.
ARGUMENTS ON BALANCE
The proponents of bioelectronics are
inevitably correct in suggesting that it
holds out incredible benefits for the human
race. (Admittedly, those who argue for
human obsolescence as a benefit should be
discounted by any reasonable humanist.)
Likewise, it is undeniably the case that
some of the skepticism toward
bioelectronics arises out of the
superstitious attitude that people hold
toward computers and electronic
technology, as well as medical and
reproductive procedures that they don't
fully understand. However, they are
incorrect in arguing that regulation and
oversight will only hinder research in this
area and prevent scientific progress in the
relevant areas. In marginalizing the social
and ethical issues generated by research in
biocomputing, these researchers are
showing a side of science that people have
routinely expressed anger about - its
refusal to accept social responsibility for
unforeseen consequences. In order for
bioelectronics research to progress, it will
have to accept that the potential dangers
are real, and that the concerns of some
skeptics are valid. Otherwise, something
disastrous might occur which might create
a 'death-blow' for the industry; much as
has happened with nuclear power in the
U.S., and nothing positive will ever have
been attained.
IMPLICATIONS
This section draws on the cases outlined
above in order to identify the kinds of
rights that may be emergent, or may be at
least asserted, claimed or desired,
variously by cyborgs and by non-cyborgs
in reaction to the cyborgisation of others.
Rights of the Non-Cyborg (or Pre-
Cyborg)
 a claim right on service-providers,
to take due care in the design and
testing of prostheses and orthoses
and procedures for installing them
- case (4) - chip-implantation
 a claim right on the state, to
receive quality-of-life prostheses -
case (1) - spectacles and hearing-
aids
 a claim right on the state, to
receive matter-of-life-and-death
prostheses - case (2) - renal
dialysis, stents and pacemakers
 a liberty right to decline a
prosthesis or orthosis - case (4) -
RFID-anklets and chip-implants,
and case (7) - RFID chips as the
norm
 a claim right on the organizers of
sporting events, to enable
participation in events with cyborg
athletes - case (5) - wheelchair
sports
 a claim right on service-providers,
preventing the denial of access to
services by non-cyborgs - case (7)
- RFID chips as the norm.
Rights of the Cyborg
 a claim right by prosthetes, on
operators of facilities, to be able to
use external, Exo- and endo-
prostheses in facilities used by the
public - case (3) wheelchairs on
aircraft
 a claim right by prosthetes, on the
organizers of sporting events, to
enable participation in events
separately from able-bodied
athletes - case (5) - double-
amputees
  a claim right by prosthetes, on the that if the future of intelligent
organizers of sporting events, to robots , then to protect mankind,
enable participation in events with we will must need some
able-bodied athletes - case (5) - terminators. They all are cyborgs
double-amputees because by making human
cyborgs
 a claim right by orthots, on the
organizers of sporting events, to
enable participation in events with
able-bodied athletes - case (5) -
double-amputees References
 a claim right by orthots, on the

organizers of sporting events, to
www.cyborganthropology.com
enable participation in events
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyb
separately from able-bodied
org.
athletes - case (5) - double-
 www.kevinwarwick.com/icybor
amputees
g.htm
 a claim right by orthots, against
others, to be able to utilize their
enhanced functional capability,
perhaps only within a particular
context, but perhaps generally -
case (8) - military and security
personnel.

CONCLUSION

 Human Humans limited

capabilities, human sense the
world in a restricted way.
 Even cyborgs has some major
defects and wrong sides as like
any technologies evolving now
days. Finally I would like to say