Autumn Semester, Academic Year 2017–18

Assignment - 1

Course Code: MA407 Course Name: Topology

(1) Write all topologies on X = {a, b, c} consisting of exactly (i) three elements,
and (ii) five elements.

(2) Write a topology on the set X = {a, b, c, d} which is neither discrete nor
indiscrete but has the property that every open set is clopen.

(3) Let X be an infinite set. If τ is a topology on X such that every infinite subset
of X is closed, prove that τ is the discrete topology.

(4) Determine whether B = {{a} , {c} , {a, b} , {b, c}} is a base for a topology on
X = {a, b, c}.

(5) Show that B = {{a} , {c, d} , {b, c, d, e, f }} is a basis for a topology on X =

{a, b, c, d, e, f }. Find the topology generated by B.

(6) Find the topologies generated by the subbases (i) S1 = {X} (ii) S2 = {{x} : x ∈ X}
on the set X.

(7) Consider the discrete topology on X = {a, b, c, d, e}. Find a subbase for this
topology which does not contain any singleton set.

(8) Let X be a non-empty set and S be the collection of all sets X − {x}, x ∈ X.
Prove that S is a subbasis for the cofinite topology on X.

(9) Let Sn = {n, n + 1, . . .} and Tn = {1, 2, . . . , n}, where n ∈ N. Then S, the

collection of all Sn and Tn for n ∈ N, is a subbase for a topology on N. Find
the topology generated by S.

(10) Let (X, d) be a metric space and B be the collection of all open balls in X.
Show that B is a basis for a topology on X (called the metric topology).
Also prove that each singleton in X is a closed set with respect to the metric
topology.

(11) Let τ be the collection consisting of R, φ and all infinite open intervals (r, ∞)
with r ∈ Q. Show that τ is not a topology on R.

(12) Let τ be the collection of subsets of N consisting of φ and all subsets of the
form En = {n, n + 1, n + 2, . . .} with n ∈ N.

(i) Show that τ is a topology on N.

(ii) Determine the closed sets of N.
(iii) Find the accumulation points of the set A = {4, 10, 12}.
 (iv) Determine the closure of the sets {7, 24, 47, 85} and {3, 6, 9, 12, . . .}.
(v) Find those subsets of N which are dense in N.

(13) Let τ = {φ, R2 } ∪ {Gk : k ∈ R} be the collection of subsets of the plane R2 ,

where Gk = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ R, x > y + k}. Prove that τ is a topology on R2 .
Is τ a topology on R2 if k ∈ R is replaced by (i) k ∈ N, (ii) k ∈ Q?

(14) Let S be the set of all open half-planes in the plane R2 . Find the topology on
R2 generated by S. (This is similar to the subbasis of open rays in R.)

(15) (i) If {τα } is a family of topologies on X, show that ∩τα is a topology on X.

(ii) Give an example to show that, in general, union of two topologies on a set
X is not necessarily a topology on X.
(iii) Let {τα } be a family of topologies on X. Show that there is a unique small-
est topology on X containing all τα , and a unique largest topology contained
in all τα .

(16) (a) Show that the countable collection B = {(a, b) : a < b, a, b ∈ Q} is a basis
that generates the standard topology on R.
(b) Show that the collection C = {[a, b) : a < b, a, b ∈ Q} is a basis that gen-
erates a topology different from the lower limit topology on R. Determine the
√ √
closures of (0, 2) and ( 2, 3) in Rl and in the topology generated by C.

(17) Let τ1 and τ2 be two topologies on X such that τ1 ⊆ τ2 and A ⊆ X. What is

the relation between the interiors and closures of A with respect to τ1 and τ2 ?

(18) Find the interior and closure of the following subsets of R2 (with usual topol-
ogy).

(i) A = {(x, y) : y = 0}
(ii) B = {(x, y) : x > 0 and y 6= 0}
(iii) C = A ∪ B
(iv) D = {(x, y) : x ∈ Q}
(v) E = {(x, y) : 0 < x2 − y 2 ≤ 1}
(vi) F = {(x, y) : x 6= 0 and y ≤ 1/x}