1) National Conservation Strategy(1992)

https://www.slideshare.net/mahasabri/national-conservation-strategy-
73305319
2)https://www.sdpi.org/publications/files/P3-The%20Pakistan
%20National%20Conservation%20Strategy.pdf
NCS

3)National Environment Policy:

https://www.mowr.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/National-
Environmental-Policy-2005.pdf

4)http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?
q=cache:http://www.environment.gov.pk/images/webcontent/brf-
act1997.pdf
PEPA

Food Seciurity and sustainable agriculture

https://asi.ucdavis.edu/programs/ucsarep/about/what-is-sustainable-
agriculture
 Global Warming

Effects of Global Warming

Melting Ice
● In Montana's Glacier National Park the number of glaciers has declined to fewer than 30
from more than 150 in 1910.
● As temperatures change, many species are on the move. Some butterflies, foxes, and
alpine plants have migrated farther north or to higher, cooler areas.
●
● Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across the globe, on average. Yet some
regions are experiencing more severe drought, increasing the risk of wildfires, lost crops,
and drinking water shortages.
●
● Some species—including mosquitoes, ticks, jellyfish, and crop pests—are thriving.
Booming populations of bark beetles that feed on spruce and pine trees, for example,
have devastated millions of forested acres in the U.S.
●
● Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger. Floods and droughts will
become more common. Large parts of the U.S., for example, face a higher risk of
decades-long "megadroughts" by 2100.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 (A) History of Environmental Thought

1. Environmental and Sustainable Development

Sustainable development, a term first used in 1987 in a UN sponsored document called the
Brundtland Report, is often defined as “meeting the needs of current generations
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.” Like
conservationism, sustainable development is a middle ground that seeks to promote appropriate
development in order to alleviate poverty while still preserving the ecological health of the
landscape. Sustainable development does not focus solely on environmental issues. The United
Nations 2005 World Summit Document refers to the “interdependent and mutually
reinforcing pillars” of sustainable development as economic development, social
development, and environmental protection.
concern
Environmental sustainability concerns the natural environment and how it endures and remains
diverse and productive. Since natural resources are derived from the environment, the state of
air, water, and the climate are of particular concern.
1. Unsustainability
2. Threshhold
3. Agriculture and Industrial Revolutions

An agricultural revolution or agrarian revolution is a period of transition from the pre-

agricultural period characterized by a Paleolithic diet, into an agricultural period
characterized by a diet of cultivated foods; or a further transition from a living a more
advanced and more productive form of agriculture, resulting in further social changes.

The British Agricultural Revolution was the unprecedented increase in agricultural

production in England due to increases in labour and land productivity between the mid-
17th and late 19th centuries. Agricultural output grew faster than the population over the
century to 1770, and thereafter productivity remained among the highest in the world.

The rise in productivity accelerated the decline of the agricultural share of the labour
force, adding to the urban workforce on which industrialization depended: the
Agricultural Revolution has therefore been cited as a cause of the Industrial Revolution.

Major developments and innovations

The British Agricultural Revolution was the result of the complex interaction of social,
economic and farming technology changes. Major developments and innovations
include:

● Norfolk four-course crop rotation: Fodder crops, particularly turnips and clover,
replaced leaving the land fallow.
 ● The Dutch improved the Chinese plough so that it could be pulled with fewer
oxen or horses.
● Enclosure: the removal of common rights to establish exclusive ownership of land

● Development of a national market free of tariffs, tolls and customs barriers

● Transportation infrastructures, such as improved roads, canals, and later,

railways

● Land conversion, land drains and reclamation

● Increase in farm size

● Selective breeding

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the
period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included
going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and
iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of
steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system. It also
included the change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal. Textiles were the dominant
industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and
capital invested; the textile industry was also the first to use modern production
methods.
The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of
daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population
began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists say that the major
impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general
population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others
have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th
centuries.

The Industrial Revolution and Population Growth

The most prolific evidence of the Industrial Revolution’s impact on the modern world is
seen in the worldwide human population growth. Humans have been around for about
2.2 million years. By the dawn of the first millennium AD, estimates place the total world
(modern) human population at between 150 – 200 million, and 300 million in the year
1,000. The population of the United States population is currently 312,000,000 (August
2011). The world human population growth rate would be about .1 percent (.001) per
year for the next seven to eight centuries.
 At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution in the mid 1700s, the world’s human population
grew by about 57 percent to 700 million. It would reach one billion in 1800. (Note: The
Black Plague reduced the world population by about 75 million people in the late 1300s.)
The birth of the Industrial Revolution altered medicine and living standards, resulting in
the population explosion that would commence at that point and steamroll into the
20thand 21st centuries. In only 100 years after the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the
world population would grow 100 percent to two billion people in 1927 (about 1.6 billion
by 1900).
During the 20th century, the world population would take on exponential proportions,
growing to six billion people just before the start of the 21stcentury. That’s a 400 percent
population increase in a single century. Since the 250 years from the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution to today, the world human population has increased by six billion
people!
Human population growth is indelibly tied together with increased use of natural and
man-made resources, energy, land for growing food and for living, and waste by-
products that are disposed of, to decompose, pollute or be recycled. This exponential
population growth led to the exponential requirements for resources, energy, food,
housing and land, as well as the exponential increase in waste by-products.

2. History of Environmental Movements

Introduction:

The philosophy behind the environmental movement had its roots in the nineteenth century.
Among many notable conservationist philosophers, several stand out: Ralph Waldo Emerson,
Henry David Thoreau, John Muir, Aldo Leopold, and Rachel Carson.

In an essay entitled “Nature” published in 1836, Emerson wrote that “behind nature,
throughout nature, spirit is present.” Emerson was an early critic of rampant economic
development, and he sought to correct what he considered to be the social and spiritual errors of
his time.
Henry David Thoreau was a writer and a naturalist who held beliefs similar to Emerson’s.
Thoreau’s bias fell on the side of “truth in nature and wilderness over the deceits of urban
civilization.” resource efficiency, avoid waste. Responsibility. ‘What we call
wilderness is the civilzation other than our own. In wilderness is the preservation
of the World”

John Muir :combined the intellectual ponderings of a philosopher with the hard-core,
pragmatic characteristics of a leader. Muir believed that “wilderness mirrors divinity, nourishes
humanity, and vivifies the spirit.” Muir tried to convince people to leave the cities for a while to
enjoy the wilderness. In the early 1890s, Muir organized the Sierra Club to “explore, enjoy, and
render accessible the mountain regions of the Pacific Coast” and to enlist the support of the
government in preserving these areas. Requested federal gov for forest conservation policy+
wrote in Atlantic monthlyetc
Aldo Leopold was a thinker as well as an activist in the early conservation movement. While
serving in the U.S. Forest Service in New Mexico in the 1920s, Leopold worked for the
protection of parts of the forest as early wilderness areas. He argued that regulated hunting
should be used to maintain a proper balance of wildlife on that landscape. Land ethics
A Sand County Almanac ‘A thing is right if it tends to preserve the integrety, beauty
and stability of a biotic community’

Rachel Carson was a best-selling nature writer. In 1962, she published Silent Spring, which
dramatized the potential dangers of pesticides to food, wildlife, and humans and eventually led
to changes in pesticide use in the United States.
Lead to ban on DDT and creation of US env. Protection Agency ‘ As crude a weapon as the
cave man’s club, the chemical barrage has been hurled against the fabric of life’
Environmentalism, political and ethical movement that seeks to improve and protect the quality
of the natural environment through changes to environmentally harmful human activities;
through the adoption of forms of political, economic, and social organization that are thought to
be necessary for, or at least conducive to, the benign treatment of the environment by humans;
and through a reassessment of humanity’s relationship with nature.

Chipko movement in India:

The Chipko movement, or Chipko Andolan, was a forest conservation movement in India. It began in
1970s in Uttarakhand, then a part of Uttar Pradesh went on to become a rallying point for many
future environmental movements all over the world.
In October 1971, the Sangha workers held a demonstration in Gopeshwar to protest against the
policies of the Forest Department. More rallies and marches were held in late 1972, but to little
effect, until a decision to take direct action was taken. The first such occasion occurred when the
Forest Department turned down the Sangh's annual request for ten ash trees.
Simon Company, a sporting goods manufacturer in distant Allahabad, to make tennis racquets. In
March 1973, the lumbermen arrived at Gopeshwar, and after a couple of weeks, they were
confronted at village Mandal on 24 April 1973, where about hundred villagers and DGSS workers
were beating drums and shouting slogans, thus forcing the contractors and their lumbermen to
retreat.
Over time, as a United Nations Environment Programme report mentioned, Chipko activists started
"working a socio-economic revolution by winning control of their forest resources from the hands of a
distant bureaucracy which is only concerned with the selling of forestland for making urban-oriented
products".
In 1987, the Chipko movement was awarded the Right Livelihood Award.

Political struggle:
The world’s first green parties—the Values Party, a nationally based party in New Zealand, and
the United Tasmania Group, organized in the Australian state of Tasmania—were founded in the
early 1970s.
The first explicitly green member of a national legislature was elected in Switzerland in 1979;
later, in 1981, four greens won legislative seats in Belgium.
By the late 1980s environmentalism had become a global as well as a national political force.
Some environmental non governmental organizations (e.g., Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth,
and the World Wildlife Fund) established a significant international presence, with offices
throughout the world and centralized international headquarters to coordinate lobbying
campaigns and to serve as campaign centres and information clearinghouses for their national
affiliate organizations.

International Efforts:
Although a small number of bilateral and multilateral international environmental agreements
were in force before the 1960s, since the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment in Stockholm, the variety of multilateral environmental agreements has increased
to cover most aspects of environmental protection as well as many practices with environmental
consequences, such as the trade in endangered species, the management of hazardous waste,
especially nuclear waste, and armed conflict and so on...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. United Nations Conference on Human Environment 1972

The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, having met at Stockholm from 5 to
16 June 1972, having considered the need for a common outlook and for common
principles to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and
enhancement of the human environment, 113 nations participated.
Why?
1. Initiative:
Sweden first suggested to ECOSOC in 1968 the idea of having a UN conference to focus on
human interactions with the environment.
2. UN Recognition
ECOSOC passed resolution 1346 supporting the idea. General Assembly Resolution 2398 in
1969 decided to convene a conference in 1972 and mandated a set of reports from the UN
secretary-general suggesting that the conference focus on "stimulating and providing
guidelines for action by national government and international organizations"
facing environmental issues.

3. The Rome Report:

1) Limits to growth and highlight the risks of unchecked economic development.

2) Highlighted problems+ Population. Blue whale and atomic bomb.

The meeting agreed upon a Declaration containing 26 principles concerning the environment
and development; an Action Plan with 109 recommendations, and a Resolution. Principles of
the Stockholm Declaration:

1. Human rights must be asserted, apartheid and colonialism condemned and has a
responsibility of protecting the environment.
2. Natural resources must be safeguarded.
3. The Earth’s capacity to produce renewable resources must be maintained.
4. Wildlife must be safeguarded which is in threat.
5. Non-renewable resources must be shared and not exhausted.
6. Pollution must not exceed the environment’s capacity to clean itself.
7. Damaging oceanic pollution must be prevented.amenities,
8. Development is needed to improve the environment. And human life condition
9. Developing countries therefore need assistance (tech and eco) to underdeveloped and
disaster
10. Developing countries need reasonable prices for exports to carry out environmental
management
11. Environment policy must not hamper development.
 12. Developing countries need money to develop environmental safeguards.
13. Integrated development planning is needed.
14. Rational planning should resolve conflicts between environment and development.
15. Human settlements must be planned to eliminate environmental problems.
16. Governments should plan their own appropriate population policies.
17. National institutions must plan development of states’ natural resources.
18. Science and technology must be used to improve the environment.by identifying,
controlled and better etc
19. Environmental education is essential.
20. Environmental research must be promoted, particularly in developing countries.
21. States may exploit their resources as they wish but must not endanger others.
22. Compensation is due to states thus endangered.
23. Each nation must establish its own standards.
24. There must be cooperation on international issues.
25. International organizations should help to improve the environment.
26. Weapons of mass destruction must be eliminated.

Importance
The final declaration of the Stockholm Conference was an environmental manifesto
that was a forceful statement of the finite nature of Earth’s resources and the
necessity for humanity to safeguard them. The Stockholm Conference also led to the
creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in December 1972
to coordinate global efforts to promote sustainability and safeguard the natural
environment.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. Our Common Future 1987

Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report, from the United Nations World
Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) was published in 1987.

Q) Main Important Finding

● By the time the Brundtland Commission delivered its report on Our Common Future in
1987, population growth was no longer seen as the major threat to the harmony of the
planet. Almost all of it was among poorer people. And it was not they who were
consuming the Earth's supply of fossil fuels, warming the globe with their carbon
emissions, depleting its ozone layer with their CFCs, poisoning soil and water with their
chemicals, or wreaking ecological havoc with their oil spills. In fact, their consumption of
the world's resources was minute compared to that of the industrialized world.
● Brundtland declared that poverty in the developing world was less cause than effect of
contemporary environmental degradation, the outcome of insensitive technology transfer
 that pauperized people and natural systems. If all the world's people were to live like
North Americans, a planet four times as large would be needed. Only 'sustainable'
development could blend the fulfillment of human needs with the protection of air, soil,
water and all forms of life - from which, ultimately, planetary stability was inseparable.

Some Facts in the report:

● The drought-triggered, environment-development crisis in Africa peaked, putting 36

million people at risk, killing perhaps a million.
● A leak from a pesticides factory in Bhopal, India, killed more than 2,000 people and
blinded and injured over 200,000 more.
● Liquid gas tanks exploded in Mexico City, killing 1,000 and leaving thousands more
homeless.
● The Chernobyl nuclear reactor explosion sent nuclear fallout across Europe, increasing
the risks of future human cancers.

2.Sustainable Development

Def: You know it……

3. Institutional Gaps:

Interrelation and global dependence in inevitable.

Integration and cooperation is the need, closed decisions.

4.Population and human resource:(pending)

Chapter 5: Food Secuirity:

1) Developed surplus+ chemicals

2) Developing: less attention to small farmers, land barren, buying capacity.
Sol:
 1) Land reforms to promote small farmers
2) Terms of trade developing/ developed
3) Rural development
Chapter 6: Ecosystem and Species

Extincting species
The genetic material in wild species contributes billions of dollars yearly to the world economy
in the form of improved crop species, new drugs and medicines, and raw materials for industry.
Sol:.com
Governments can stem the destruction of tropical forests and other reservoirs of biological
diversity while developing them economically. Reforming forest revenue systems and
concession terms could raise billions of dollars of additional revenues

Governments should investigate the prospect of agreeing to a 'Species Convention', similar in

spirit and scope to other international conventions reflecting principles of 'universal resources'.
They should also consider international financial arrangements to support the implementation
of such a convention.

Chapter 7: Energy: ( Amend)

- More industry more utilization of non renweable+ global warming ( use will increase by
factor of 5)
- Sol strict control + technology use.

Chapter 8:
- The urban populaation reached to 1 billion
Lack of facilities and infratstructure.
Sol:
● taking the pressure off the largest urban centres and building up smaller
towns and cities, more closely integrating them with their rural
hinterlands. This will mean examining and changing other policies -
taxation, food pricing, transportation, health, industrialization

● Good city management requires decentralization of funds, political power,

and personnel - to local authorities, which are best placed to appreciate
and manage local needs. But the sustainable development of cities will
depend on closer

International Cooperation and Institutional reforms:

Growth in many developing countries is being stifled by depressed commodity prices,

protectionism, intolerable debt burdens, and declining flows of development finance.

Sol:A particular responsibility falls to the World Bank and the International Development
Association as the main conduit for multilateral finance to developing countries
he International Monetary Fund should support wider and longer term development objectives
than at present: growth, social goals, and environmental impacts.

Multinational companies can play an important role in sustainable development, especially as

developing countries come to rely more on foreign equity capital.

Institutional and Legal Change:

Governments must begin now to make the key national, economic, and sectoral
agencies directly responsible and accountable for ensuring that their policies,
programmes
Regional organizations need to do more to integrate environment fully in their goals and
activities. New regional arrangements will especially be needed among developing
countries to deal with transboundary environmental issues.
All major international bodies and agencies should ensure that their programmes
encourage and support sustainable development, and they should greatly improve
their coordination and cooperation.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

(UNCED), OR EARTH SUMMIT
Introduction: same as Agenda 21

1. Accentuating the 27 principles of stolckhomes(26 in original)

2. Agenda 21
3. Convention on Biological Diversity:
Biodiversity Treaty, international treaty designed to promote the conservation of
biodiversity
to ensure the sustainable use and equitable sharing of genetic resources.

The convention calls for the conservation of genetic resources by preserving

sensitive ecosystems, rehabilitating degraded ecosystems, and enacting
legislation that protects endangered plant and animal species.

the treaty requests financial assistance for developing countries so that they can
afford programs designed to conserve their biological resources.

The governing body of the convention, has established thematic programs that set
goals and strategies for conserving genetic resources in each of several major
types of ecosystems:
marine and coastal areas, inland waterways, forests, mountain areas, agricultural
areas, and dry and sub humid lands.
4. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro

The UNFCCC objective is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level
that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system". The framework
sets non-binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no
enforcement mechanisms. Instead, the framework outlines how specific international treaties (called
"protocols" or "Agreements") may be negotiated to specify further action towards the objective of the
UNFCCC.

COP would be held annually, which has been carried out to the letter. COP25-2019 will
be held in Chile. Experts on the environment, ministers, heads of state and non-
governmental organizations are involved in the COPs.

4. Declaration of principles relating to forests

The Declaration of principles for the sustainable management of forests, which does
not have mandatory legal force, “provides, fundamentally, that all countries,
especially developed countries, should endeavor to green the Earth through
reforestation and forest conservation; that the States have the right to develop their
forests according to their socioeconomic needs, and that financial resources
specifically intended to establish forestry conservation programs should be provided to
developing countries with a view to promoting a substitute economic and social policy”.

5. Convention on combating desertification

The Rio Summit addressed the problem of desertification, which has been taking
alarming characteristics for some time. In Rio, he advanced on how to deal with the
problem and supported a new integrated approach on it. Entered into force on
December 26, 1996.” The extensive UN document, “United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification in Countries Affected by Severe Drought or Desertification, in
Particular in Africa” consists of 6 parts, 40 articles and dozens of sections and
numerals. Desertification is inseparable from the issues of global warming, water
scarcity, drought, deforestation of forests and vegetation fires.

Agenda 21
Introduction

Agenda 21 is a non-binding, voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations with
regard to sustainable development. It is a product of the Earth Summit (UN Conference on
Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. It is an action agenda
for the UN, other multilateral organizations, and individual governments around the world that
can be executed at local, national, and global levels. The "21" in Agenda 21 refers to the 21st
Century. It has been affirmed and modified at subsequent UN conferences.

1.International Integration: ( Need and Ways)

1st section integrates society with economy and stresses on the mutual effort among all the
nations.
international cooperation to implement and speed up our progress toward sustainable
development.
-global partnership

FINANCIAL RESOURCES: Developing nations need free trade and access to markets in
order to achieve sustainable economic growth. Special attention should be given to nations
whose economies are in transition.

Transfer of TECHNOLOGY: Scientific knowledge can help prevent shortages of energy, water
and non-renewable resources. Developing countries should access environmentally-sound
technology and know-how through a collaborative international network of laboratories.
2.Social Problems
Poverty is caused by hunger, illiteracy, inadequate medical care, unemployment and population
pressures. Every year in the developing world, nearly 15 million children under 15 die from
infection and malnutrition.
The poor need access to basic education and health care, safe water and sanitation, and to
resources, especially land.
Protecting and Managing WATER: In the developing world, one person in three lacks safe
drinking water and sanitation

Sol: basic requirements for health and dignity. A cleanup of the most obvious sources of
pollution is needed in order to have safe water and sanitation for all by the year 2025.

3.Changing CONSUMPTION PATTERNS: (Industrial Threats and Solutions)

New concepts of wealth and prosperity which are more in harmony with the Earth's carrying
capacity need to be developed, particularly in the industrialized countries. Individuals need to
accept that they have choices when making decisions about their own consumption patterns.

Solution
Management of TOXIC CHEMICALS: There are presently no less than 100,000 commercial
man-made chemicals. Countries need to develop and share expertise for a sound
management of toxic chemicals and prevent illegal international traffic in toxic and
dangerous products.
HAZARDOUS WASTES: Developing countries have come under pressure to accept
unpleasant imports of hazardous waste which pose a risk to people and the environment.
Developed countries have an obligation to promote the transfer of sound technologies and
reduce hazardous waste.
SOLID WASTE and SEWAGE: Growing quantities of garbage and sewage from our cities
pose threats to our health and environment. An urban waste prevention approach needs to
be implemented so that by 2010, all countries should have national plans for waste
management.
RADIOACTIVE WASTE: The use of radioactive substances is growing in nuclear power
production of electricity, medicine, research and industry and so is the waste. It is important to
ensure training and financial support to developing countries that have nuclear programs to
ensure safe and responsible management.

4.Population and use of land

The world's population is expected to exceed 8 billion by the year 2020. Countries need to know
their national population carrying capacity.
By the year 2000, half the world's population will be living in cities. Governments should reduce
migration to the big cities by improving rural living and see that the homeless get access to land,
credit and low-cost building materials.

Sol: Increasing demand for land and its natural resources is creating competition and conflicts.
Sustainable use and management of land should include landscape ecological planning,
traditional and indigenous land practices and the active participation in decision-making by
people affected by land planning. New technology in agricultural development.Biotechnology
development.

5.Natural Resource Management:

1) Ozone Depletion ( Alternate energy resources reduction in fossil use)
2) More urban migartion( develop rural areas)
3) Desertification( mitigate through trees to retain water and soil fertility)
4) Mountainous area protection 10% of world population lives there

Solutions for the overall growth:

6. Strengthening the Role of Major Groups:

Women Rights:
Governments are urged to give girls equal access to education, to make health-care
systems responsive to women's needs and to bring women into full participation in social,
cultural and public life.
Children and youth make up nearly one-third of the world population. Governments are urged to
combat abuse of the rights of youth, especially females in certain cultures, and to ensure that
all children have access to education.
Women, who do much of the world's farming, should have access to tenure and the use of land,
to credits and technologies.
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE: Indigenous people comprise about 4% of the world's population and
their numbers are decreasing. Governments and international organizations should protect
their rights and patrimony, recognize their traditional knowledge and resource management
practices and enroll them in full global partnership.
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) form a
network in both developed and developing countries and play a vital role in the shaping and
implementation of participatory democracy which is integral to the implementation of
sustainable development.
LOCAL AUTHORITIES: Local authorities, such as municipal governments, should consult
citizens and community, business and industrial groups on local programs, policies, laws and
regulations to achieve Agenda 21's objectives.
WORKERS and TRADE UNIONS: Workers will be among those most affected by the changes
needed to achieve sustainable development. Through elected representatives, workers must be
involved in promoting socially responsible economic development.
BUSINESS and INDUSTRY: Responsible behavior in the private sector is a prerequisite to
achieving sustainable development. Entrepreneurship can play a major role in improving the
efficiency of resource use, minimizing wastes and protecting human health and environmental
quality.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

RIO Summit 2002/Johannesburg +10

Objective:
The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development (Objective)
1. We, the representatives of the peoples of the world, assembled at the World Summit on
Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa from 2-4 September 2002, reaffirm our
commitment to sustainable development.
2. We commit ourselves to build a humane, equitable and caring global society cognizant of
the need for human dignity for all.
3. At the beginning of this Summit, the children of the world spoke to us in a simple yet
clear voice that the future belongs to them, and accordingly challenged all of us to ensure that
through our actions they will inherit a world free of the indignity and indecency occasioned by
poverty, environmental degradation and patterns of unsustainable development.
4. As part of our response to these children, who represent our collective future, all of us,
coming from every corner of the world, informed by different life experiences, are united and
moved by a deeply-felt sense that we urgently need to create a new and brighter world of
hope.

Identified five specific areas where concrete results are both essential and achievable:-
Water supply
The Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment Report 2000 by the WHO and the UNICEF
provided an overview on the water supply and sanitation sector. According to the Report, nearly one
of five people, or 1.2 billion men, women and children have no access to fresh water.Every year, 2.2
million people die of diarrhoea; millions more suffer nutritional, educational and economic loss
through diarrhoeal disease, which improvements in water supply and sanitation could prevent.
The Challenges we Face
1. We recognize that poverty eradication, changing consumption and production patterns,and
protecting and managing the natural resource base for economic and social development are
overarching objectives of, and essential requirements for sustainable development.
2.The deep fault line that divides human society between the rich and the poor and the
ever-increasing gap between the developed and developing worlds pose a major threat to global
prosperity, security and stability.
3.Water and sanitation
4. Bodiversirty
5. Energy
6. Health
7. 14. Globalization has added a new dimension to these challenges. The rapid integration of
markets, mobility of capital and significant increases in investment flows around the world have
opened new challenges and opportunities for the pursuit of sustainable development. But the
benefits and costs of globalization are unevenly distributed, with developing countries facing special
difficulties in meeting this challenge.

Aims:
1.Water and Sanitation: To provide access to at least 1 billion people who lack clean drinking water
and 2 billion people who lack proper sanitation.
The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) has set up a trust fund aimed at
halving the number of people who do not have access to basic sanitation or clean water. Launched
as part of the worldwide observance of World Habitat Day, the “Water and Sanitation Trust Fund” is
a key follow-up to the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg, South
Africa.
“The aim of the Trust Fund, which has an initial investment of $1 million, is to kick-start a plan

2.Energy: To provide access to more than 2 billion people who lack modern energy services;
promote renewable energy; reduce over-consumption; and ratify the Kyoto protocol to address
climate change.
3.Health: To address the effects of toxic and hazardous materials; reduce air pollution which kills 3
million people each year, and lower the incidence of malaria and African guineaworm, which are
linked with polluted water and poor sanitation.
5.Agricultural production: To work to reverse land degradation, which affects about two thirds of
the world’s agricultural production.
6.Biodiversity and ecosystem management: To reverse the processes that have destroyed about
half the world’s tropical rainforest and mangroves and are threatening 70% of the world’s coral reefs
and decimating the world’s fisheries.
Extra points
7.We reaffirm our pledge to place particular focus on, and give priority attention to, the fight against
the worldwide conditions that pose severe threats to the sustainable development of our people.
Among these conditions are: chronic hunger; malnutrition; foreign occupation; armed conflicts; illicit
drug problems; organized crime; corruption; natural disasters; illicit arms trafficking; trafficking in
persons; terrorism; intolerance and incitement to racial, ethnic, religious and other hatreds;
xenophobia; and endemic, communicable and chronic diseases, in particular HIV/AIDS, malaria and
tuberculosis.
8. We are committed to ensure that women’s empowerment and emancipation, and gender equality
are integrated in all activities encompassed within Agenda 21, the Millennium Development Goals
and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation.
9. We recognize the reality that global society has the means and is endowed with the resources to
address the challenges of poverty eradication and sustainable development confronting all humanity.
Together we will take extra steps to ensure that these available resources are used to the benefit of
humanity.

Acievements
Earth Summit 2002 produced more than 300 partnership initiatives on the environment and
sustainable development. Partnership initiatives are not multi-lateral international treaties; they are
agreements between two or more governments, non-governmental organizations.
The main agreement produced by Earth Summit 2002, the Johannesburg Declaration on
Sustainable Development, merely reiterates many of the goals contained in the Rio Declaration and
Agenda 21.
The Johannesburg Declaration also does not contain many specific proposals for preserving the
environment or promoting sustainable development. Instead, the Johannesburg Declaration
addresses the environment and sustainable development in more general terms.
 The Johannesburg Declaration also requests that nations implement measures to eliminate or
minimize all threats to sustainable development, including drug use, terrorism, corruption, ethnic
intolerance, and the effects of natural disasters.
The agreement to establish a ten-year framework for programmes on Sustainable and
cunsumption production, with industrialised countries takingthe lead in this global effort, is another
important result.
- On globalisation, the Summit has agreed concrete actions to enhance the role of trade for
sustainable development, for example by encouraging trade in environmentally friendly and organic
products from developing countries and by strengthening international action for corporate
responsibility.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

UNFCCC

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international

environmental treaty adopted on 9 May 1992 and opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio
de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. It then entered into force on 21 March 1994, after a sufficient
number of countries had ratified it. The UNFCCC objective is to "stabilize greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system".The framework sets non-binding limits on greenhouse gas
emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. Instead, the framework
outlines how specific international treaties (called "protocols" or "Agreements") may be negotiated to
specify further action towards the objective of the UNFCCC.

Key Principles under the UNFCCC

● Key principles such as the No-harm Principle, Sustainable Development, Precautionary

Principle, Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Polluter Pays Principles were
recognised throughout the UNFCCC.
● What is the No-Harm Principle? This no-harm rule is a widely recognised principle of
customary international law whereby a State is duty-bound to prevent,reduce and control
the risk of environmental harm to other states. Where states may exploit its own
resources however, must not cause harm to areas beyond its jurisdiction. This principle
is significant in relation to the UNFCCC and is stated on the second page.
● What is the Precautionary Principle? This principle states that if an action or policy
has a suspected risk of causing harm to the public or environment, the absence of
scientific consensus should not prevent States from taking precaution regarding the
threats of harm. This principle is emphasised in Article 3.3 of the UNFCCC.
● What is the Polluter Pays Principle? This principle is enacted to make the party who is
responsible for causing the pollution to pay for the damage caused by the pollution. This
principle is emphasised under Article 3.1 of the UNFCCC.
● What is Common by Differentiated Responsibilities? This concept is about all
countries having the same responsibilities while consisting of differing capabilities
 regarding the protection of the environment. This is emphasised under Article 4.1 of the
UNFCCC.
● What is Sustainable Development? Is the principle concerning development that
meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability for future
generations to be able to meet their needs. Article 3.4 of the UNFCCC indicates the use
of this principle.

Bodies under UNFCCC

● Conference of the Parties: Parties to the UNFCCC continue to adopt decisions, review
progress and consider further action through regular meetings of the Conference of
the Parties (COP). The Conference of Parties is the highest-decision making body of
the Convention, and usually meets annually.
● Secretariat: The Conference of Parties and the Convention goals are supported by
various bodies and organizations. This includes a Permanent Secretariat with various
duties set out under Article 8 of the UNFCCC. Since 1996, the Secretariat has been
based in Bonn, Germany, after an offer to host it was accepted by Parties to the first
meeting of the COP in 1995.
● Subsidiary Bodies: A number of subsidiary bodies also advise the COP. The
Subsidiary Body on Scientific and Technical Advice (SBSTA) links scientific, technical
and technological assessments, the information provided by competent international
bodies, and the policy-oriented needs of the COP. The Subsidiary Body for
Implementation (SBI) was created to develop recommendations to assist the COP in
reviewing and assessing implementation of the Convention and in preparing and
implementing its decisions. The SBSTA and SBI usually meet twice each year, at the
same time and venue. One of these two yearly meetings generally takes place in
parallel with the COP.
● More recently, two additional bodies have been established. In late 2005, the Ad Hoc
Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto
Protocol was established. In late 2007, the COP decided to establish the Ad Hoc
Working Group on Long-Term Cooperative Action, under the COP. For more
information on these bodies, see the sections on “COP 11” and “Post-2012 Issues”
(below).
● Financing and the Global Environment Facility: The UNFCCC includes provision under
Article 10 for a financial mechanism to support developing countries and countries
with economies in transition to a market economy in implementing the Convention.
Parties to the UNFCCC decided that the Global Environment Facility (GEF) should act
as the financial mechanism, given its expertise in this area.
● Other financial resources for implementing the Convention are also available through
the Special Climate Change Fund, the Least Developed Countries Fund, and the
Adaptation Fund, as well as through donor countries and agencies.
● Expert Groups and Other Constituted Bodies: The Convention is also supported by a
number of expert groups and other constituted bodies. These include the
Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) on national communications from “non-Annex I”
Parties (a group composed mostly of developing countries). Other bodies include the
Least Developed Country Expert Group (LEG), the Expert Group on Technology
Transfer, and the Executive Board of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and
Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee.
 ● The Conference of the Parties also cooperates with, and is supported by, numerous
other international organizations and other groups, including scientific bodies, UN
agencies, and other conventions. These include the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), which publishes comprehensive reviews on climate change
science every five to six years, as well as other technical reports and papers.
● Another group, the open-ended Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate (AGBM), which
was created following COP-1 and was instrumental in securing the agreement on the
Kyoto Protocol in 1997, no longer convenes.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 PARIS AGREEMENT
Introduction
● COP21 climate talks in Le Bourget, France on 11 December 2015, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon
shared, “I have been attending many difficult multilateral negotiations, but by any standard, this negotiation
is most complicated, most difficult, but most important for humanity.”

● the Paris Agreement was a success, reflecting a universal, explicit acknowledgement among the nations of
the world, that climate change is a serious issue requiring urgent action. However, while long on ambition,
the Agreement falls short on steps for concrete action.

Objective Summary
Q) So why does Trump believe the Paris agreement is “very unfair” to the
United States?

1.Trump Administration is closely tied to the fossil fuel industry

The fossil fuel industries hold powerful political clout over the Trump Administration
and the Republican Party: It has been reported that Trump himself, Vice President
Pence and EPA Administrator Pruitt are all personally closely associated with the
petrochemical mogul Koch Industries (Mayer, 2017).

Once the U.S. withdraws from the Paris Agreement, the Trump Administration will seek
to repeal climate regulations to benefit energy companies including Koch Industries.

2.current political and social polarization

 This embolden Trump's withdrawal decision; the partisanship, social tension,
and ideological antagonism that define today's U.S. leave little room for bipartisan
cooperation (Jonathan and Sam, 2015), and the Charlottesville riot on 21 August,
2017, is just the latest incident that testifies to the current polarization. Seeing that his
constituency was not going to react negatively to his withdrawal decision, Trump was
emboldened to announce the exit, hoping that it would help him in the next election.

3.The advantage to other nations

The crux of his argument is that other countries, especially China and India, can take
advantage of U.S. actions.

Trump points out that China is permitted to grow its emissions until 2030, and that
India demanded “billions and billions and billions” of dollars to enter the deal, while the
United States gets nothing.

It is true that China has committed to peak its emissions around 2030, but it has also
committed to lower the carbon intensity of its economy to 60-65 percent below its 2005
level and to more than double the share of carbon-free energy in its entire economy over
the same time period.

4. Protectionist Policy

Fourth, Trump's undue emphasis on America First departs significantly from Obama's
foreign policy philosophy.

Economically, Obama believes that the Paris Agreement enhances America's climate
security, promotes America's low-carbon economy and renewable energy industry, and
is indispensable for securing employment and maintaining the U.S. competitive edge
(Obama, 2017).
On the contrary, Trump believes that the Paris Agreement undermines U.S. competitive
edge and impairs both employment and traditional energy industries (TWH, 2017).

Trump believes that the agreement weakens the U.S. sovereignty. A climate skeptic,
Trump puts overwhelming weight on mitigation's economic costs and belittles its
ecological and economic benefits, which is consistent with his nationalistic and
isolationist America First world view.

Implications
1) Impairs the success of the Agreement:

First, U.S. withdrawal substantially undermines the universality of the Paris

Agreement, which is perceived as the backbone of global climate regime.
The agreement is primarily distinguished from the Kyoto Protocol by the
universal participation of both developed and developing countries.

The absence of the U.S. from both agreements may point to a similar direction
for the Paris Agreement.

2) Leadership deficit:
The concerted leadership of the U.S., the EU, and China was essential to the
making of the Paris Agreement and any associated compliance.

The bottom-up approach in the Paris Agreement relies on strong leadership

that leads by example to achieve compliance, in contrast with the top-down
approach by which parties face more stringent constraints.

With the EU mired in the Brexit negotiations and other crises, implementing
the Paris Agreement will be frustrated in the absence of U.S. leadership.

3.Bad precedence for the world:

Third, U.S. backing out sets a bad precedent for global climate cooperation;

the U.S. will essentially be free-riding on other countries' mitigation efforts if

it fails to achieve its NDCs. Although most countries reaffirmed their
commitment to the Paris Agreement after Trump's announcement, it will not
be surprising to see changes in these countries' climate politics.

If other countries were to follow the same path by delaying mitigation for eight
years (the longest possible term for a U.S. President) or cutting renewable
energy research, about 350–450 Gt of additional CO 2 would be emitted, and
the 2 °C target of the Paris Agreement would be rendered unachievable.

4. Burden on others

Fourth, by withdrawing from the Paris Agreement, the U.S. gains itself more
emission space and lower mitigation costs while squeezing other
countries' emission space and raising their mitigation costs, and this will in
turn make it more difficult and expensive to achieve the 2 °C target of the
Paris Agreement.

The global computable general equilibrium model in Dai et al. (2017)

predicts that 1) under the NDCs target,2 if the U.S. only reduces its emissions
by 20%, 13%, and 0% below the 2005 levels by 2025, the CO2 emissions
space will decrease by 1.1%, 1.8%, and 3.3% in the EU.

5. More cost on the rest

The U.S. has been the top donor to the Global Environmental Facility,
contributing around 21% of its total shares.
The Trump Administration decided to terminate the donation to the Green
Climate Fund, which will reduce America's share to 6.4%. The Green Climate
Fund plays an essential leveraging role in global climate financing.

6.
The Trump Administration's steep cut in climate research funding will
compromise the quality of future IPCC reports and ultimately undermine the
authority of future climate negotiations.

The U.S. leads the world in the fundamental research on climate change; by
the year 2015, America accounted 58% of the 100 most cited climate papers.
If Trump's proposed budget cuts are approved, climate funding at multiple
federal agencies will be at risk, and in the long run, climate negotiations and
international climate cooperation will be crippled.