2019 08 02 Eso213a PDF

Yellow Balls
Compact star-forming regions

Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak
Dhingra
(Source: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EO129119)
Big Bang:
How do we know it happened?

Dhingra
(Source: http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_ig/060915/CMB_Timeline150.jpg)
Evidence 1: CMB
The cosmic
microwave
background —
the radiation left
over from the
Big Bang —
was detected by
Penzias and
Wilson in 1965.

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CMB – Pervasive & Uniform
Variations in the CMB are small  Universe started out
fairly uniform.

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CMB – The evidence becoming stronger!

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Source: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA16874
CMB Peak Wavelength Intensity
Background has perfect thermal radiation spectrum

at temperature 2.73 K
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Evidence 2: Elemental Abundances

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Evidence 2: Elemental Abundances -
Helium
Hydrogen: The most common element in space

(major component of gas clouds, stars and giant planets)
All of these objects also contain a fair amount of Helium

(roughly 25% by mass)
Dhingra
Forming Primordial Helium
Nuclear Reactions inside Stars
Positron
Proton Neutrino Photon

Proton
Proton
Deuterium
Proton Helium-3
Helium-4
Proton
Proton Helium-3
Deuterium
Proton
Positron Photon Proton
Neutrino
Early universe: Other Fallways toDhingra

2019/ ES)213A /make Helium
IIT Kanpur / Deepak
Early Universe
electron
At very high
electron
neutrino temperatures
100,000,000,000 K
(1011 Kelvins),
collisions between
proton neutron subatomic particles are
common and energetic
enough to convert
electron protons into neutrons
electron
neutrino
and vice versa.
Shortly after the big

neutron
proton bang, there were lots of
Dhingra neutrons around
Forming Primordial Helium
Photon
Proton Proton
Neutron
Neutron
Deuterium
Proton
Tritium
Neutron Helium-4
Deuterium
Proton Photon
Neutron
Deuterium
Photon
Availability of free neutrons provided alternative ways to

make Helium Dhingra
Preserving Primordial Helium
Helium-3
Neutron
 At temperatures above 1,000,000,000 K, collisions

among nuclei can break them apart.
 Helium can only survive after the universe cooled
down enough. Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak
Dhingra
Creating Big Bang on Earth??
 Bigger experiments  Higher temperatures

 Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Proton collisions at ~
speed of light.
 Simulates collisionsFall occurring at
2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur
Dhingra
/T >
Deepak 10 15 K
Origin of the Universe - Inflation
 Inflation – Rapid expansion phase

 Post Grand Unified Theory (GUT) era (10-38s)
 In 10-36 s, expansion of the universe by 1030 times
 Proposed in 1981 by Alan Guth
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Why is Inflation needed?
Data from the

Planck Satellite
Fairly uniform universe (small variations in the CMB ).

How can something of the
Fall 2019/ ES)213Ascale of/ Deepak
/ IIT Kanpur universe be uniform?
Dhingra
Uniform Temp. & Density on large scales
Q. How can microwave
temperature be nearly
identical on opposite
sides of the sky?
Answer: Regions now

on opposite sides of the
sky were close together
before inflation pushed
them far apart.

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Origin of density variation  Galaxies (stars)
Gravity amplifies the small variations in density,

producing denser and denser clouds
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 As time has gone on, gravity has continued to cause

things to clump together more and more.
 But, it all started with density differences. What caused
them in the first place?
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The filaments and clumps can be seen in the distribution of

today’s galaxies. Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak
Dhingra
Why did Inflation do?  Inflation
stretched tiny
Big Bang
variations/
Inflation
disturbances to
enormous sizes
in very short
amount of time.
 These
differences in
density then
became the
‘seeds’ for all the
structure in the
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universe.
Inflation and CMB
Data from the

Planck Satellite
Scale of the bright and dim spots provide information about

the magnitude of the primordial variations (fluctuations).
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What are Galaxies?
 Organized Star clusters

 Island of stars

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Galaxy Types
Three main
classes:
 Spiral
 Elliptical
 Irregular
(Source: http://wise.ssl.berkeley.edu/gallery_images/WISE2011-020-lbl.jpg)
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Spiral Galaxies
Andromeda
(M31) Whirlpool
(M51)
NGC1300
Pinwheel
(M101) Dhingra
Some variety in Spiral
Galaxies:
 Different numbers of
spiral arms
Whirlpool
(M51)  Central region can
be a simple bulge or
an elongated bar
 Still, all spiral

galaxies have the
same basic
architecture (disk +
NGC1300 Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak halo)
Dhingra
Elliptical Galaxies
M87
Just a round-ish
ball of stars
Dhingra
Irregular Galaxies
e.g. The Magellanic
Clouds
Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak Large Magellanic Clouds

Small Magellanic Clouds Dhingra
Irregulars blur the lines
M87 between Spirals and
Ellipticals.
Spiral
What are the
relationships between
these galaxy types?
Irregular
Elliptical
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What does color tell us?
The color of a galaxy:
NGC 1300
Average color of its stars
Bluer Arms
Redder Bar/Bulge

Dhingra
(Source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0806/ngc1300_hst_big.jpg)
What does color tell us?
Bluer Arms
Recent star formation
Redder Bar/Bulge
Not so much star Formation.

Dhingra
(Source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1201/ngc1232b_vlt_3969.jpg) NGC 1232
Stephen’s quintet: A compact group of galaxies
Spirals have a
range of colors,
but most include
some blue stars,
so stars are still
forming in these
regions.
By contrast,
elliptical galaxies
are red and so are
not actively
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forming stars.
Galaxy Interactions – Clues to Evolution
Dhingra
This stream of stars is the
remnant of a disrupted galaxy
Image from Purcell et al. 2011

Dhingra

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Yellow Balls

Compact star-forming regions

Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak

Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak

Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak

Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak

Background has perfect thermal radiation spectrum

Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak

Hydrogen: The most common element in space

All of these objects also contain a fair amount of Helium

Proton Neutrino Photon

Positron Photon Proton

Early universe: Other Fallways toDhingra

Shortly after the big

Availability of free neutrons provided alternative ways to

 At temperatures above 1,000,000,000 K, collisions

 Bigger experiments  Higher temperatures

 Inflation – Rapid expansion phase

Data from the

Fairly uniform universe (small variations in the CMB ).

Answer: Regions now

Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak

Origin of density variation  Galaxies (stars)

Gravity amplifies the small variations in density,

 As time has gone on, gravity has continued to cause

The filaments and clumps can be seen in the distribution of

Data from the

Scale of the bright and dim spots provide information about

 Organized Star clusters

Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak

 Still, all spiral

Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak Large Magellanic Clouds

Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak

Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak

Image from Purcell et al. 2011

Fall 2019/ ES)213A / IIT Kanpur / Deepak

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