Punctuation Verb forms and tenses Phrases & clauses

Apostrophes
Use to show possession: the
boys’ jumpers, the boy’s
jumper.
Use when a letter has been
omitted: you’re (instead of you
are).
Colons:
Use to introduce lists or to
separate 2 independent but
linked clauses.
I need the following items:
pens, pencils and paper.
Semi-colons;
Use to join 2 independent
(main) clauses that are related.
I like fruit; Sam likes vegetables.
Inverted commas
Speech marks – use to indicate
direct speech.
“Pick me up at 7,” said Sam.
Commas,
- In Lists: We ate salad, sandwiches, biscuits and cake.
- To Clarify Meaning: Wash, Mum insisted. (*Read this
without the comma!)
- After Fronted Adverbials: After dinner, I had a bath.
Simple Past & Simple Present Tense consistency Main & Subordinate clauses: a main clause contains a subject and an object and
Punctuation For Parenthesis: Parenthesis is a
Simple tense is the most basic way to Whether a question is in the past or makes sense on its own (e.g. He likes apples). A subordinate (dependent) clause needs to
word or phrase inserted into a sentence to add extra
express action. Simple past: I jumped. present, tense must be kept consistent. be attached to a main clause as it does not make sense on its own. E.g. We ate ice cream,
information. Use brackets, dashes or commas to
Simple present: I jump. even though we were cold.
show parenthesis. I ate the food and danced to the music.
Arjun (my eldest brother) is 14. Relative clauses Noun phrases
Verbs in the perfect form
Subjunctive verb forms Relative clauses add information to A noun phrase contains one noun plus
Single Dashes: use to mark the boundary Perfect tense uses the present, past or
Use this verb form to express wishes,
future form of the verb “to have” + the sentences by using a relative pronoun words that describe it, to function like a
between independent clauses or use to show suggestions, demands and hopes that
past form of the main verb. such as who, that, which, where, when. single noun.
parenthesis. could or should happen. Subjunctive
My aunt has bad knees – she suffers from arthritis. I have smiled / I had smiled / I would verbs use the forms I were and they be. That’s the man who won the lottery. A man in a suit The glistening snow
have smiled
Hyphens: smaller than a dash, use to join words. I wish I were able to drive. Co-ordinating conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions
She asked that they be told today. Use to join two parts of a sentence that A subordinating conjunction (when, if,
He was a bad-tempered man. Present & Past progressive are of equal importance. There are 7: that, because) introduces a subordinate
The present progressive tense is used Modal verbs for, and, not, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
Bullet Points: Use to list information. clause.
for an ongoing action in the present. A modal is used to express ability,
I need to: I like to read or watch a film. I like cycling because it keeps me fit.
● eat breakfast E.g. She is swimming at the beach. possibility, permission or obligation.
● pack my school bag The past progressive tense is used to Common modal verbs: will, would,
Grammar
● walk to school. describe an ongoing activity in the past.
must, should, could, may, can, shall,
E.g. I was swimming at the beach. ought to, might
Nouns Verbs
Full Stops.
Passive & Active A word that names a person, place or A doing word, or phrase that describes
Exclamation Marks! thing. an action or experience.
Active voice: the subject performs the action stated by the verb. E.g. I write a letter.
Question Marks? house, car, John, Zara, London run, sing, think, eat, feel, play
Use to end sentences. Passive voice: the subject is acted upon by the verb. E.g. A letter was written by me.
Stop! You’re driving too fast. Can you slow down? Adjectives Conjunctions
Standard English & Formality A word that describes or gives more
information about a noun.
Words used in a sentence to connect (or
glue together) clauses, phrases or words.
Capital letters Standard English Formal & Informal Vocabulary A red hat A fierce dog when, before, after, while, so, because
Use at the start of Standard English refers to the "correct" Formal language is the use of Standard
sentences and for form of English used in formal writing. English for speech and writing. Pronouns Prepositions
people’s names, places,
Non standard: There ain’t no point. Formal: It is my opinion. A word that is used to replace a noun in a A word that expresses the relationship
days of the week and
Standard: There is no point. Informal: I reckon. sentence. e.g. she, you, him, mine, yours between two other nearby words.
personal pronouns.
She went to the store. before, after, during, in, because of
I went to London with Jo.

Functions of sentences Determiners Subject & Object

Vocabulary Statements Questions?
A word that introduces a noun. Examples
are: a, an, the, some, each, every, one.
The subject is doing something, and the
object is having something done to it.
Synonyms & antonyms Word families Statements are sentences that express a A sentence worded to get more
Groups of words that have a common information. Ends in a question mark. There were two men in the shop. The girl (subject) ate a cake (object).
Synonyms: words with similar meaning. fact, opinion or idea.
tiny, little, small feature, pattern or meaning. They
The weekend is almost over. Are you playing football tomorrow?
Antonyms: words with opposite meaning. usually share the same root word. Adverbs & Adverbials Possessive & Relative Pronouns
big, gigantic, huge An adverb modifies a verb and often Possessive: a pronoun showing
design signature signpost signal
Exclamations! Commands ends in –ly. Examples: slowly, easily, ownership, e.g. mine, yours, hers, theirs.
Prefixes Suffixes A sentence showing strong emotion and A command is a sentence that contains never Relative: joins 2 sentences or refers to a
Add to the beginning of root words to ending with an exclamation mark (!). an order or instruction, for example noun mentioned previously. E.g. which,
Add to the end of root words to change An adverbial is a word or phrase used
change their meaning. Often begins with ‘What’ or ‘How’. someone being told to do something. who, whom, that, whose, whoever.
their meaning. like an adverb to give more detail about
What an exciting day it has been! Mix the eggs with the flour. a verb. In the garden, flowers grew.
unhappy misbehave autograph enjoyment playful considerate
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