Assignment #2

Q01.
a) As soon as the ruler is dropped by student A, measure the distance in
meters before it was caught by student B. The greater the distance the
ruler fell greater would be the reaction time. Repeat this at least 10 times
and calculate the mean. Then repeat the experiment with listening to the
music through headphones and calculate the mean. See the difference in
both the mean values that would show that listening to music affects the
reaction time.
b) Reaction time decreased with increasing practice
c) 1. The stopwatch was started before the test.
2. Student was not paying attention to when the ruler dropped.

Q02.
a) D
b) C
c) Work done= force x distance
300x45=13500Nm

d)

Q03.
 a) Third law
b) Elastic Potential
c) Weight=mass x gravitational field strength
d) W=mg
343=mx9.8
343/9.8=m
m=35kg
e) Force=spring constant x compression
f) Compression=30-23=7cm
7/100=0.07m
Force=spring constant x compression
343=kx0.07
K=343/0.07
=4900N/m

Q04.
a) It will have constant speed
b) Distance travelled=speed x time
c) a=v-u/t
18-9/6
=1.5m/s2
d) resultant force=mass x acceleration
e) f=ma
1120+80x1.5
=1240N
f) v2-u2=2as
182-92=2x1.5xs
S=81m

g) Doubling the speed increases the kinetic energy by a factor of 4 as by the

equation (k.e= 1/2mv2) kinetic energy is directly proportional to the speed.

As the kinetic energy increases the work done by the brakes to stop the car

increases as well. Work done increases by a factor of 4 and since work

 done=force x distance work done is directly proportional to distance,the

braking distance will increase by a factor of 4.

Q05.
a) They could not believe theory could be wrong

b) 1.To promote further experiments to prove the theory

2. So that other scientists could review the data.

c) 730 000 = 300 007 400 x time

time= 730 000/300 007 400

time=2.43x10-3s

d) 60x10-9s

e) Systematic error

f) Add the 60 nanoseconds to each time and then calculate again

Q06.
a) Distance is scalar quantity and displacement is a vector quantity
b) 45km
Angle:70o
c) The train changes direction and so velocity changes .Acceleration is the rate
of change of velocity so due to this reason the train accelerates.
d) * Number of squares x each square value
17 x 500=8500m

Q07.
a) The distance travelled under braking force.
b) The reaction time of the driver will increase and so increasing the thinking
distance which in turn will increase the stopping distance.
c) No, because the thinking distance and braking distance are not increasing by
the same factor.
 d) If the sled accelerates the value for constant of friction will be wrong
e) Because only the horizontal component of the force will be pulling the sled
forward whereas the vertical component of force will reduce the force of
surface on sled so the value will not be appropriate.
f) v2-u2=2as
V=0
-u2=2as
-u2=2x-7.2x22
u= 17.99/18m/s
Q08.
a) Starting the stopwatch when dropping the ball
b) i) Before
ii) The speed is increasing
iii) Calculate the gradient of steepest slope
iv) As the speed of ball increases the drag force increases as well until the
drag force becomes equal to the weight. The resultant force becomes 0 and
the ball reaches its terminal velocity
c) Less than
Because the ball has not reached its terminal velocity yet.
Q09.
a) The resultant force should be zero
b) i) W=mg
m=W/g
840/10
=84kg
ii) F=ma
F/m=a
1010/84
=12.0m/s2
Q10.
a) i) 3000N
ii) Air resistance
b) i) gradient of the sloping line
ii) The area under the graph
 iii)
c) Stopping distance is thinking distance + braking distance. Thinking distance is
the distance travelled by a vehicle between the time that the need to brake
is perceived, and the time the brakes are applied. Braking distance is the
distance travelled by a vehicle between the time the brakes are applied and
the vehicle coming to rest. The faster the car is travelling the greater would
be the stopping distance. The factor that would affect the thinking distance is
if the driver is drunk or tired, the thinking distance would be more in such
cases leading to greater stopping distance. Similarly the braking distance
would be affected by weather conditions such as wet roads and worn out
condition of tyres both of them would lead to a greater braking distance and
hence a greater stopping distance.
Q11.
a) Force=spring constant x extension
25x0.12
=3N
b) i) Elastic Potential
Kinetic
ii) It would increase and spring would extend up till 80mm
c) i) Weight
ii) Downward speed increases
Q12.
a) First graph-constant velocity
Second graph- constant acceleration
b) Speed
c) i) a=v-u/t
 9-0/4
=2.25m/s2
ii) The air resistance increases
d) 2000J
Kinetic energy is directly proportional to mass so if the mass is half the kinetic
energy will be half as well.
Q13.
a) i) Distance travelled under the braking force
ii) Wet roads
iii) Greater the speed greater will be the braking force required to stop the
vehicle
b) 170-75/10-5.8
=22.6
c) i) Momentum before is equal to the momentum after
ii) m xv =m xv
1500x8=(1500+900)xv
12000=2400xv
V=5m/s
d) The driver takes longer time to slow down and stop as the seat belt stretches
for the same amount of work done therefore there is smaller force exerted
and prevents injuries.
Q14.
a) i) It will gradually decrease to 0 because the resultant force is acting in
opposite direction of motion
ii) Velocity is a vector quantity while speed is scalar.
b) i) k.e =1/2mv2
1/2x0.05x122
=3.6J
ii) 3.6J
iii) G.P.E=mgh
3.6=0.05x10xh
h=7.2m
iv) B
c) The range is maximum at 45o
Q15.
a) The forces are equal in size and act in opposite directions
 b) i) The boat is accelerating and will move in the forwards direction towards
300N force
ii) Constant velocity to the right
iii) The resultant force is 0 so the boat will continue to move in the same
speed and direction

iv)
Q16.
a) Terminal
b) W=mg
m=W/g
54/10
=5.4kg
c) i) The acceleration would be 8m/s2
It is less because there is another force acting upwards on the diver called
the air resistance. The air resistance is more than the weight of the diver so
there is reduced resultant force and therefore the acceleration decreases
ii) The acceleration would be 0
Because the weight of the diver will be equal to the air resistance and so the
resultant force would be 0 so no acceleration.

Q17.
a) Increases
Increases
b) 9+14
Correct value=23
 c) i)
ii) 39m
d) i) Area under the graph
1/2x35x4
=70m

ii)
e) i) momentum= mass x velocity
1200x35
=42000kgm/s
ii) a=35/4=8.75m/s2
F=ma
1200x8.75
=10500N
Q18.
 a) i) 100m
ii) The bus is not moving. It is stationary
iii) Accelerating
iv) Tangent at 45s
150-105/50-36
= 3.21m/s
b) i) 500,000J
ii) Force=work done/distance
500,000/25
=20,000N
iii) Kinetic energy is transferred to the break by heat energy.
Q19.
a) Pitch
Loudness
b) i) As the length of prongs decreases the frequency increases
ii) 10.2cm (value can be wrong because calculated from laptop)
Value is above 9.5 so frequency will be more than 320Hz
c) i) Electronic
ii) Frequency is very high so the length of prongs would be very small
d) Time=0.0005x7=3.5x10-3s
Frequency=1/t
1/3.5x10-3=285.7Hz

Q20.
a) i) not moving

ii)
b) F=ma
 14000 x 2.5
= 35000N
Q21.
a) i) Friction
ii) Air resistance
iii) X to Y
At X force A is greater than force B so the cyclist accelerates .As the velocity
of the cyclist increases the force B air resistance increases as well so the
resultant force decreases but the cyclist continues to accelerate at a lower
rate.
Y to Z
At Y the force B air resistance increases which causes the acceleration of the
cyclist to decrease. Here the force B equals to force A and therefore
resultant force becomes 0 and so the acceleration becomes 0 as well. The
cyclist travels at a terminal velocity.
b) i) work done=force x distance
140 x 24=3360J
ii) Decreases
Thermal energy
Q22.
a) A sound wave of frequency above 20,000Hz.
b) Speed=2x distance/time
2d=1600x 0.80
d=1280/2
=640m
c) Pre-natal scanning
d) Advantage: high detail images
Disadvantage: Can cause mutation of cells which leads to formation of
tumors.

Q23.
a) i) 20 to 20000Hz
ii) Sound wave of frequency above 20,000Hz
iii) Pre natal scanning
b) speed=frequency x wavelength
Wavelength=speed/frequency
Wavelength= 1.5x10-3/2.0x106
 =7.5x10-4m
c) The reflected waves detected at the transducer have a wavelength that is
increased and frequency is decreased.
Q24.
a) i) 10.5cm (value can be slight wrong because I measured it from my laptop)
ii) 8.5+10.5+11.5/3=10.17
iii) 20x10.17=203.4
iv ) Medium fast
b) i) same ball
Same type of grass
ii) The grass is long
c) i) Humidity increases with an decrease in mean distance the golf ball travels
ii) 71x 180=12780
79 x 162 =12798
87 x 147 = 12789
The hypothesis is correct humidity is inversely proportional to mean
distance.
iii) Only three readings are not enough.
d) Distance is a scalar quantity and has magnitude only
Displacement is a vector quantity it has direction and magnitude both.
Q25.
a) i) Gravitational potential energy
ii) Kinetic energy
b) i) The slope
ii) Area under the graph

iii)
c) i) 65/2.1=31m/s
80/2.6=31m/s
 ii) Student 1 is wrong because 80 is not equal to 65
Student 2 is correct because the velocities calculated above are same I.e.
31m/s
Student 3 is incorrect because both times are different
Q26.
a) Time
Force
b) The tyres being badly worn
c) i) Braking distance increases with speed but not linearly(not direct
proportion)

ii)
d) i) There is no relation between reaction time of driver and speed of the car
ii) Reduce the speed limit for a specific period of time and record the
number of accidents before and after the speed limit is reduced.
Q27.
a) The boat exerts a force on the water, the water produces a force on the boat
( from Newton’s 3rd Law) causing the boat to move in the forward direction.
b) i) a=v-u/t
16-4/8
=1.5m/s2
ii) F=ma
68x1.5
=102N
iii) Greater than because it needs to overcome the forces resisting the
motion of the boat.
Q28.
a) i) Distance the car travels while the driver’s reaction time
ii) Drinking alcohol
Fast speed
b) i) k.e =1/2mv2
1/2x1600x202
=320,000J
ii) 320000 J
iii) work done= force x distance
work/force=distance
320000/8000=40m
iv) bad condition of tyres
v) There is friction between tyres and steering wheel and work done which
causes the kinetic energy to be converted into thermal energy
c) the battery of car would not need recharging often and so which means lower
cost of fuel as this would increase the efficiency of the car and decrease the
kinetic energy and work done will increase which would charge the battery.
Q29.
a) 4N to the right
b) i) bigger than
equal to
ii) Speed decreases because air resistance increases and it is more than
weight of the diver.
Q30.
a) Make the body of go kart more streamlined
Reduce mass of go kart
b) i) A-B because the slope is steepest
ii) momentum= mass x velocity
140x13=1820kgm/s
Q31.
a) Gravity
b) The car is accelerating because the time is same and distance between the
drops is increasing
c) i) condition of tyres
ii) work done=force x distance
3x103x25=75000J
Q32.
 a) The shape of go kart Y is more streamlined which reduces the air resistance
so the speed of it will increase before resultant force is 0
b) i) 5/3
=1.7m/s2
ii) area under the graph
1/2x5x3
=7.5m
iii) Air resistance
Q33.
a) Total stopping distance=braking distance+ thinking distance
75+21=96m

b) i)
ii) Rain on the road
c) i) C
B
A
ii) Both variables would affect the reaction time so need to measure both of
them separately
Q34.
a) D-E because the steep is shallowest
b) Momentum= mass x velocity
16000x5=80000kgm/s
 c) i)
ii) 188s
Q35.
a) i) His reaction time is longer
ii) Their slopes have same gradient
iii) from the graph t=0.8s
15x0.8=12m
b) Z because different forces have different resistances.

Q36.
a) Acceleration occurs when the direction changes. As the velocity has
direction, acceleration which is the rate of change of velocity it changes
b) To the centre of wheel
c) The circumference of wheel should be bigger so the resultant force will be
smaller.

Q37.
a) A-constant speed
B- Accelerating forwards
C- slowing down
b) i)
ii)
 iii) Equal to
iv) to measure forces exerted on the dummy during the impact

Q38.
a) A- The car is moving with constant speed
B- The car is accelerating
C- The car is decelerating
b) i) the distance the car travels under braking distance
ii) Speed
c) i) 5000N left direction
ii) To measure the forces.
iii) A triangle drawn.
6-2/3-2
=4m/s2

Q39.
a) K.e=1/2mv2
1/2x0.16x352
= 98J
b) i) momentum=mass x velocity
0.16x 30x2
=9.6kgm/s
ii) force=change in momentum/time
9.6/0.001
=9600N
c) This reaction increases the time to reduce the momentum.

Q40.
a) i) 3 waves
ii) 3/0.0001
=30,000Hz
iii) The frequency is above the upper limit of audible range which is 20,000Hz
b) i) The wave is reflected at internal cracks to produce A and at edge of bolts
to produce B
ii) Distance =speed x time
6000 x (0.000005 x 2.5)
 6000 x 1.25x10-5
= 0.075m

Q41.
a) W=mg
75x10=750N
b) At the start of the fall, the only force acting on skydiver is his weight .As the
diver falls air resistance acts upwards .Here the weight is greater than air
resistance which is the downward force so the diver accelerates .This causes
the speed to increase and so causing the air resistance to increase which in
turn causes the acceleration to decrease .Eventually they reach a maximum
velocity known as the terminal velocity where the air resistance is equal to
the weight.
Opening a parachute increases the surface area which would increase the air
resistance .The air resistance would be greater than weight so the resultant
force would be upwards which would cause the diver to decelerate .The
decrease in speed would mean low air resistance so the weight and air
resistance would be equal at a lower terminal velocity.
c) i) The material parachute is made up from
ii) C because it has the smallest surface area so it would fall the fastest
taking least time.

Q42.
a) Part B because the slope is steepest
b) Velocity has direction

Q43.
a) a=v-u/t
23-12/4
=2.75m/s2
b) The driving force and frictional force both increases but the driving force is
greater than the frictional force.

Q44.
a) i) 42-30=12m/s
ii) a=v-u/t
42-30/12
0.2m/s2
 b) Graph B

Q45.
a) i) 120N
ii) 140-120=20N
iii) As the speed of swimmer increases the drag on him increases as well
until the forces D=T the resultant force becomes 0
b) i) Average speed of the swimmer
ii) Force may change and this would give reliable results
iii) Most of the fast swimmers are males
iv) Use minimum hand force to swim.

Q46.
a) i) The lorry has the greatest momentum because from the formula
momentum=mass x velocity momentum is directly proportional to mass
and it has the greatest mass
ii) momentum=mass x velocity
175x14=2450kgm/s
b) i) increases
ii) because speed is increasing

iii)

Q47.
a) The driver has been drinking alcohol
This increases the reaction time and so this will increase the braking
distance and thinking distance
 b) These variables would affect the results and to compare the types of
barriers the variables have to kept the same
c) The design of barrier can be changed easily
Simulations are more realistic than using cars and barriers.

Q48.
a) Area under the graph
bxh
6x8=48m

b)

Q49.
a) F=ma
F=2000-875=1155N
F/m=a
1155/275=4.2m/s2
b) i) NO
Because sample size is small and accident files do not include age of riders.
ii) There are more accidents with the 125cc motorbike even though the
number of these bikes is less than the 500cc motorbike
c) i) It increases the collision time therefore reducing the rate of change in
momentum. Since F=Δmv/t reducing the momentum would reduce the
force on the momentum
ii) YES since it would cause less serious injuries

Q50.
 a) F=ma
80x1.2=96N
b) i) direction
ii) They are continuous variables
iii) C because velocity is constant and resultant force is 0

Q51.
a) Braking distance is added to thinking distance
b) They are directly proportional, as the speed increases the thinking
distance increases as well
c) i) control variable
ii) Do the experiment with student listening to music and repeat the
experiment without music to see if music affects reaction time
d) It would increase the reaction time.
e) Y

Q52.
a) i) He has longer reaction time
ii) Their slopes have same gradient
iii) From the graph t=0.8s
15x0.8=12m
b) Z because different forces would give different resistance values

Q53.
a) i) a=v-u/t
9/2=4.5m/s2
ii) m/s2
iii) Speed
 iv)
b) i) Make B because it has smallest impact force on all kinds of surfaces.
ii) It is difficult to measure forces with human athletes

Q54.
a) Slope is shallow
b) A-B
c) i) 200m
ii) 60-40=20s
 d) i)
ii) 164s
Q55.
i) the greater the fall, the thicker the tile
ii) 60mm
From the graph we can conclude that for a 2m fall a tile of thickness of
60mm is needed to reduce risk of injury

Q56.
a) Gravity
b) i) Initially force L is greater than force M, as the speed increases of the ball
the force M increases. Gradually force M becomes equal to force L as the
speed is constant
ii) Terminal velocity
iii) 0.7-0.2/7.5-4
= 0.14m/s

Q57.
a) i) Both have same wavelength
ii) Both have different shape of graph
b) i) 20kHz
ii) Medium through which the waves travel
iii) It is absorbed and transmitted
Q58.
a)i) constant
ii) heat
b)i) 22m/s ----- chart C
13m/s ------chart A
Tired------- chart B
ii) The braking distance would increase

Q59.
a) i)The total force acting on a body when all the forces are added together
accounting for their directions
ii) It moves with a constant velocity
b) F=ma
240x4=960N
960x103/320000
=3m/s2
c) As the speed of aircraft increases there is air resistance acting on it so that
reduces the resultant force.

Q60.
a) i) Velocity has a direction
ii)Area under the graph
bxh+1/2xbxh
8x4+1/2x8x8
=64
 iii)
iv) The total momentum before is not equal to total momentum after
b) Smaller force would be required to reduce the momentum of the driver