g! bal workbook NTN Robert Campbell BTU tw WeelContents ©] Fact & Fiction q 22 Light & Dark W 53 Great & Small 18 =4 Theory & Practice 26 £5 Heroes & Villains 34 26 Trade & Commerce ae =] Hearts & Minds 50 “8 Chance & Design 58 29 Time & Motion 66 =10 Local & Global 74 Audioscript 82 Answer Key 91 592516 cieeaeaale aGrammar 1A Present simple and continuous for facts and trends Choose the best verb form to complete the text about employment. Circle your answer. People's working lives (1) are becoming / become more flexible, as people (2) are no longer expecting /no longer expect to have a job for life, Statistics vary, but the average worker (3) bas /is baving somewhere between 5 and 10 different jobs over their working life Increasingly, employers (4) are aking / ake on workers on fixed term contracts to meet short-term needs. In some areas, such as IT, the number of contract workers (5) now rvertakes /is naw overtaking the number of permanent staff. Of course, this trend (6) brings /is bringing with it a whole new set of issues around workers’ rights. However, a more Alexible job market (7) does also erate /is also creating more ‘opportunities for people to shape their own careers. Grammar 1B Adverbials with present simple and continuous ‘Complete the sentences with the bestadverbials from the box. currently every other we increasingly nowadays always speaking rally With the rise of budget airlines, people are making short trips by ai. it is now cheaper to fly from London to Edinburgh than to go by train. though, people are also becoming ‘more and more aware of their carbon footprint. Eco-campaigners are telling us how damaging air travel is for the environment. ‘The modern business traveller fies a couple of hundred miles for a meeting. 6 Many governments are considering ‘measures to introduce green taxes to discourage unnecessary air travel Grammar 2 Ellipsis Choose the best shortened version of the underlined part of these informal exchanges. Tick (¥) the correct answer. 1: Cam you acces the internet on this phone? ® the inten Labink so Link con. 2 a: Would you send a birthday message on Facebook instead of a card? 8: No, 1 wouldn't just send a Facebook message. I think it nice to get proper cards. ©-No Twn’ send, * No, won't 3 A: Do you post something on your blog every day? 1. Yes, try to post something every day. + Yes, Fry +s, ry 0, 4: Has Jake replied to your email? 8; Notsure. Lhaven't checked my mail yer. + Lnot checked my mail yt. * Haven’ checked my mail yt 5. A: Have they fixed the wi-fi problem? 1: No,T'mafiaid they haven't fixed the problem, + Na, Tm afraid. + No, 'm afraid not. 6 & You know, you should've just told your boss you were ill and taken the day off. 3, You're right: should have told him Twas ill and. ‘taken the day off © I should bac. © [should bave told.| Fact & Fiction Vocabulary 1 Wikis/Web 2.0 Match the two parts of the sentences. ‘Web 2.0 applications include user-generated ‘This concept of collective intelligence ‘Web 2.0 doesn’t rely on the professional Instead, ordinary individuals add to the knowledge In the best eases, content is then peer Social media have also become a means of disseminating 7 Even traditional news channels are using citizen 8 Developing news stories now include eye-witness 4. expertise of a small, ete group of experts. '» reviewed in order to eliminate errors and obvious bias. content rather than information from a single source. 4 pool in any particular subject area, «journalists to gather information. brings together ideas from a wide range of contributors. sx information instantly. '» accounts mixed with professional reporting. Vocabulary 2A Gradable and ungradable adjectives Choose the correct adverb to qualify the adjectives in these sentences. Circle the correct answer. 1 Viewers around the world were absolutely /very / fairly horrified by the scenes of destruction from the disaster area. 2. The effects ofthe earthquake were felt across an abolutey / merely / utterly large area. 3 Villages near the centre ofthe quake were pretty /very / totally devastated. 44 Many roads were damaged, making it rather /uttery / absolutely difficult for emergency teams to get through. 5. The first rescuers on the scene said they were a isle / abvalutly /very shocked by what they witnessed. 6 Some people who had lost everything were utterly / somessbat / fairly distraught: 7 Other people were wandering the streets, clearly in shock, looking completely / incredibly /a isle bewildered. Ou Vocabulary 2B Nouns to describe emotional reactions Complete the text using the noun form of the adjectives in brackess. You'd think that going to see your favourite stand- up comedian would be a lot of fan, but my recent experience in the front row ata comedy gig proved distinctly uncomfortable. Not long into his routine, the ccomie started chatting to members of the audience. my (1) ____ (relieved, he started off with a guy atthe opposite end of the row.’The poor guy was asked about is job asa computer technician, and to ‘everyone’ (2) (anrased), the comedian ‘went off into a great sequence about IT geeks. But then, to my @) orrifid), he strode across the stage and stopped right in front of me. soon found myself explaining that I worked 2s a dance teacher. I knew it would be a rich source of humour, but to my utter (4) (dismayed, he invited ‘me up onto the stage to teach him a few steps. Rather tomy) (surprised), he turned out to be quite a good mover and to the (6) (delighted) of the audience, I managed to teach him quite a passable tango.Fact & Fiction Vocabulary 3A Science Choose the corret definition ofthe underlined word in each sentence. Tick (W) the correct answer, 1 Ragedaed dacs real tes po check ti ty of. abet open y to pass through \ded by a glaring white light. 2 They were temporarily a very easly seen very bright 3. Archaeologists dug away the top layer of soil to expose the remains of an ancient castle. 4 show something that is hidden '» putsomething in an unprotected environment 4 As water conduets electricity, it shouldn't be used to put cout electrical fires. a carry out allow heat or electricity to pass through 5 The inside of an aircraft isa sealed and pressurised environment. 4 closed tightly » made definite 6 There were a number of glaring errors in the research that invalidated the results. very easily seen very bright 7 The original colours of the temple have faded after being exposed to the sun for many years. 4 show something thatis hidden ' putsomething in an unprotected environment ‘8 Yesterday the company sealed a deal to build the new aircraft 4 closed something tightly »-made something definite Vocabulary 3B Science ‘Complete the text about life on other planets with the words in the box. ageless definitive evidence unmanned form theoretically Isthere life on other planets? Is an (1) question, but one without a (2) as yet. Since man first started exploring space, the search thas been on for any (3) other planets. In 2008, the Phoenix mission landed an ® spacecraft on the surface of Mars. ‘Some people had suggested that microbial life could possibly exist on the surface of the red planet, an idea that isat least (5) found some indications that there may have been water of life.on sound. The Phoenix lander ‘on the planet in the past but produced no conclusive (©) that the planet's harsh environment could support life Extend your vocabulary 1 Collocations for going online Choose the bese verb to complete the sentences. Circle youranswer. 1 Thousands of people ofall ages vit / enter social networking websites every day. 2. Many people renew / update their status daly or even several times a day 3 Some people update / plead photos of themselves to their profiles and their friends can rype / post comments shout them, 4 they want, people can tnsmit/ dowload the photos to their own computer. 5 Its also possible to aplad / maar videos to video sharing websites 6 Friends can then cick / 9 oma link on your profile to watch them,=| Fact & Fiction Prefixes ‘Write the correct prefix in each gap to complete the words in the two texts fore tele uta inter multi post ‘The university is at the (1) front of ¢-learning technology. Many (2)_______graduate students are enrolled in distance learning programmes ‘where much of the course is delivered online using sophisticated (3) __media applications. As ‘well as watching lectures and downloading lecture notes, they complete (4) sive them instant feedback. tists are able to (5) cast ‘space weather’ using the EIT (6) scope aboard the SOHO spacecraft, which can produce images of the 0 the ‘atmosphere’ that surrounds the sun. In order to see light at the extreme end of the spectrum, it ses (8) —_____layer mirrors, made up of hundreds of different layers that absorb different types of light sandwiched together. active exercises that siolet light from the solar corona; Listening Live blogging ©9191 Listen 0 «radio programme and decide ifthe sentences are true or false: Cae your answer 1 Susie isin favour of live blogging. sTie + False 2. Martin is not against all forms of live blogging. sTiue —* False 3. Susie describes live blogging asa form of social networking. Tue + False 4 Martin’ main objection to live blogging i its lack of analysis “True * False 5 He says newspapers shouldn't edit news stories in real time. Tue + False 6 Susie believes that traditional newspapers will ind new readers in the future. sTrue + False © ww Extend your vocabulary 2 Pronunciation 1 Sentence stress - correcting facts © 1.02 Listen to these people correcting facts. Underline the words you think cary the main stress in each sentence. 1 The newspaper claimed she was divorced, but in fact, her husband died a few years ago. 2. Mose people think hes Ameriean, bu actualy he Canadian 3 In interviews he comes across as quite confident, ‘whereas in realty, heb a very shy person. 4 Media reports said that the band had split, but in fact, they're stil together 5 He described himself as a doctor, but in truth, he'd had no medical training. Pronunciation 2 Adjective word stress © 1.03 Write the adjectives in the correct group according to their stress pattern. Then listen and check your answers. femused appalled astonished bewildered delighted dismayed distraught euphoric heartbroken horified overjoyed speechiess e °eFact & Fiction Reading The (unreliable) narrator 1. Read the two versions of the opening lines from a story. ‘What is the difference between them? + woke up with jolt, Had I really heard a shot or had I dreamt? Tlay sill nd listened for any sounds around me.I could hear Jala talking downstairs, but I couldnt rake out what she was saying. Jeff woke up with jot, Had he really heard a shot corhad he dreameit? He lay still and listened for any sounds around him, Downstairs Julia was talking to the electrician on the phone. Iewas the third time this week the power had blown, 2. Read the text on page 8 and answer the questions 1 Teche nrrtborin exercise Ia retibl’ or ‘unreliable 2 Is the narrator in exercise 1b ‘limited’ or ‘omnisci 3. Read the text again and decide if the sentences are true (D or false (F). Correct the false sentences. 1 An author ean write from the viewpoint of one character in the first or third person, 2 Telling a story through the first person can reduce the readk 3 Alimited narrator doesn’t necessarily know all che facts in a story 4 Stories with unreliable narrators are always written in the first person. 5 Authors started using the device of the unreliable narrator in the 1960s. 6 The unreliable narrator is used exclusively in books. 4 Cross out the alternative that has a different meaning to the others. 1 This often enables / allows / forces / permits the reader to become more emotionally involved in the story 2 A.story is usually more engaging / objective / entertaining interesting when itis told in the first person. 3. Writing a story in the first person places certain limitations / emphases / restrictions /consraints on the 4 Their interpretation of what i happening is not always srusorthy / reliable / dependable / sincere 5 Ie could be that their view of what happens is coloured by events or biased / impartial / prejudiced /sbjetce in 6 Inother words, they are human and are fallible / make aistakes/are false /are imperfect. 7 There have been mumerous /connless/ innumerable / rious examples of unreliable narrators 5 Complete the sentences with the correct words, then read the text again to check your answers. 1 Whenever an author ona work of fiction, he or she has to decide from the whois telling the story 2 However, writing a story in the first person places certain limitations on the narrative, itis only possible to recount that particular character sees, knows, feels, and does. 3. The term ‘unreliable narrator is usually used with —_____ tw a work of fetion in the story is tld in the frst person. 4. The term ‘unreliable narrator’ dates back to 1961, bu there have been numerous examples of unreliable narrators — sinee people started telling stories to each other. 6 Read the text again and answer the questions in your own wore. 1 Can you think ofan example of a book told in the first, person, and one in the third person? Have you ever read a book or seen a film with an ‘unreliable narrator? What happened? 3. Can you think of any unexpected twists in plot or denouements in a book you have read or a film you have seen?| Fact & Fiction The (unreliable) narrator Every story needs a narrator, or in other words, the person telling the story. Whenever an author embarks on a work of fetion, he or she has to decide from the outset who is telling the story and whether it isto be told in the first or third person, ‘The main advantage of using the first person, is that it allows the author to write from the viewpoint of one of the characters in the story, ora person related to the story in some other way. This can enable the reader to become more emotionally involved in the story, as they are seeing it unfold through the eyes of one character. The same is true when we tell each other stories in everyday lie, a a story is wsually more engaging when itis cold in the frst person. However, writing a story in the first person places certain limitations on the narative, since iis only possible to recount what cha particular character sees, knows, feels, and does. Writing in the third person, by contrast, allows the author co tell the story from different angles, and provide additional information as seen through the eyes of diferent characters. This is useful when the story would be enhanced by the inelusion of multiple perspectives This type of narrator is called ‘omniscient, because they have an overarching view of everything that oceurs in the narrative. Its, of course also possible to write a story from ‘one person's point of view in the third person. This type of narrator is called limited” because their description of the events is limited to what they can reasonably be expected to know “The term “unreliable narrator is usually used with reference toa work of fiction in which the story is told in the ist person (although it can also sometimes apply to stores told in the third person). Ifthe person telling the story isa character in the story, then their interpretation ‘of whavis happening is subjective, and not always trustworthy. It could be, for example, that there are facts that che narrator is unaware of, or that their view of what happens is coloured by events or biased in some other way. In other words, they are human and fallible, or play with the truth like anyone else, and are therefore ‘unreliable’ “The term ‘unreliable narrator’ dates back to 1961, but there have been numerous examples of unreliable narrators ever since people frst started telling stories to each other. There are several examples in the fictional Arabic tales of the One Thousand and One Nights, also known as the Arabian Nights, as well asin the classic ‘The Canterbury Tales, by the British author Geoffrey Chaucer. “The device is very useful, especially in certain genres such as crime fiction. Using an unreliable narrator allows the author to hoodwink the reader or include unexpected twists inthe plot. For example, key fact revealed towards the end of a story can dramatically overturn the reader’ expectations by undermining everything they have read and believed to be true up to that point. It is also used to great effec in film and television, ‘often to generate suspense and create a shock ‘ending, as in the dramatic denouement commonly used at the end of a detective thriller. Glossary denovement oun) - te endo book or play, hen evenings exiined ‘evice (oun) way tat a we creates a parva tet odin er) =o make someone belive sorting tts Jot rau) ~a scien song tena, especialy on of surprise ‘omniscient asec) knowing eventing overarching adjective -rlving everyting Unfold (er) —1ohsppen, to dovlonFact & Fiction Writing A blog entry Reading 1 Answer these questions. 1 Do you use any social networking sites? Ifso, which ones? 2) Do you keep a blog or know anyone who does? Can you think ofa recent news story in which social networking or text messaging were involved? Read the blog entry and match it with one of the news, Public sector workers are organising strike action. Unemployed people are marching on the country’s capital Young people are camping in city centres in protest at government cuts An update Its week three ofthe protests and some ofthe people. here ane starting to talk about leaving. I think there a real danger of us spliting into groups and losing both the power and the hope that we have. The weather is bad again, but curiously, the hard conditions seem to bring us ‘loser together. Sometimes its difficult to sleep at night, but who wants to sleep when so much is going on? Every day T meet interesting people from around the ‘world. Lam learning a lot about life in other cultures. have anew friend called Mare who's been telling me about the image of the protests thats being presente exch day to the public on TV.A lot ofthe coverage is negative. think its wrong to say that we are causing problems for the local shops and businesses. We do our best to keep the square clean and some of us visit the shops each day tomake sure they are happy: No-one has tld us that we are having a negative effect on their business. In fact, most fof them support us. Its in our interest not to upset the people who have to live and work here, ‘As [write this, Lam secsiving messages from protestors in other parts ofthe country. I can't begin to describe hhow good itfels to be part of this movement. For years, 1 ' sus that young people today have itto0 easy and have nothing to fight for. Maybe that was true before, But now i different. The level of youth ‘unemployment is around 45 per cent and the politicians dont seem to be doing anything about it. And cutting social spending is not necessarily the way to get us out of the current crisis. This protest is important. Hopefully it is encouraging more young people to think about politics and the world in which they lve. I also hope itis changing the way politicians think about young people. 3. Look at the checklist of things to include ina live blog. Read the blog again and highlight the parts tha relate to the things on the lst. 1 Establish the time/date 2 Describe what's happening now 3 Deseribe the conditions 4 Include accounts of other people 5 Mention how other people are reporting events (if relevant) Convey the immediacy of what's happening Express personal feelings and opinions Provide some background information End with a final thought or statement Language focus: the present continuous 4 Look at the blog and match the underlined examples of the present continuous with the descriptions below. 1 An activity in progress at a particular moment 2 An activity in progress over a period of time 3 Arepeated action 4 Adescription of change or a new development Writing skills: giving a first-hand account of an event 5 Look at che wefil phrases to use when giving a first hand account of an event. Match the sentence halves. ‘There’ a real danger of Tam learning a lot about [chink ie wrong to say that = Ieis in our interest not to. 2 4 We do our best to... 6 Tean't begin to describe how good it feels to ... For yeats, our parents have been telling us that + weare causing problems. life in other cultures. ce keep the square clean. 4 us splitting into groups. be part of this movement, upset the people who have to live and work here. ‘swe have nothing to fight for.| Fact & Fiction Preparing to write 6 Read the Writing task below. When preparing your blog, try to include some of the items on the checklist in exercise 3. Writing Imagine you are involved in a news story or are deseribing a news story that is taking place as you write. Write a blog entry to describe what is happening, any new ‘developments, and what you see and feel. * But curiously + No-one has told us... In fact As | write this ‘= This (protest) is important * Hopefully itis encouraging ‘also hope its changing the way ..2 Light & Dark Grammar 1A Future predictions Match the statements a-e with the predictions 1-5 to show how the writer feels about these predictions. 1 By the end of this century, average life expectancy may’ well be over 100 2. There’ no doubs that people will have to retire later than they do now 3. Ie inconceivable that we'll be able to stop work at 60 and spend half our life in retirement. 4 People probably won't retire suddenly like they do at the moment though, 5 Tecould be that they retire gradually, working part-time towards the end of their careers. a. This s certain, » This s probable. © Thisis possible 4. Thisis not likely. This is very unlikely. Grammar 1B Future predictions are Circle 1 By 2050, scientists willbe finding a cure for the common cold correct + incorrect 2 In thirty years’ time, doctors will be using gene therapies to cure or prevent many conditions. 4 Sadly, there seems little likelihood that malaria will be eradicated in the near furure. correct. * incorrect 4 Iwon't probably see an end to cancer in my lifetime. 5 Fature medical advances undoubtedly will be limited by economic and ethical issues, not by scientific knowledge. correct * incorrect 6 There's no doube that the gap between rich and poor in terms of healthcare will continue. Grammar 2A Narrative tenses ‘Choose the best verb phrase to complete the story. Circle your answer. [Anna had been in Athens for about three months when she decided to find an apartment of her own. (1) She as staying / Sbel been staying with friend, Zoe, in a rather dark, dingy basement apartment. Zoe (2) bad done /did her best to make her feel welcome, butt just wasn't the “Medliterranean lifestyle (3) shes imagining/ shell imagined. So when she (4) visited /has visited the litle top-loor apartment in Kolonaki with its roof terrace overlooking the square, she (5) mas falling / lo love with it instantly. As the agent opened the door and ushered her i, the spring sunshine (6) had been streaming / eas streaming in through the fall-height windows, bathing the whole living area in a warm golden light. It was perfect. The rent was a little more than (7) sb planned /sheld been planning to spend, but she (8) as puting /pur down a deposit there and then. Grammar 2B Narrative tenses Complete the story with the most appropriate form of the verbs in brackets. Twas early June and Anna (1) ___ (lve) in the apartment for a couple of months when she (2) ____ rein to realise the drawbacks of her new home, When she (3) ___ (moze) in back in the spring, the weather (4) (Ge) rather like a British summer, comfortably warm and bright. Now as the Greek summer got into full swing, the temperature (3) (ris) day by day and her top-floor apartment with its floor to ceiling windows (6) —_______ (ate) the full glare ofthe sun for most of the day. ‘This morning, she (7) (it) out on her roof terrace over an early morning cup of coffee. Te (8) —____ (already / get) warm and she (9) (kno) that she (10) (Goon / have to) retreat inside and close the blinds to create some shade. ume Gi)Light & Dark Vocabulary 1 Light metaphors ‘Match the two pars ofthe sentences. T wonder if you can shed Her whole fice lit Recently, new evidence has come “The local council has yet to give Well inthe light of Thad a very illuminating Tewas a great ides, butin the cold Since he helped me out, ve seen him the green light to the new development. bight of day, I don’t think i’ really feasible. «in quite a different light 4 any light on what happened to the ear doo ‘what you've told me, I think we should cal the police. to light that casts doubt on his conviction. up when she saw the pile of presents 1 conversation with your brother lastnight. Vocabulary 2 Sounds Complete the text about noise using the words from the box. You don't need to use all the words, bang barking buzz chirping clatter creak goingoff honk rumbling squeaking 1 grew up in a small village where things were very quiet. “There was nothing but the (1) _______ of the birds and the occasional dog (2) So it was a bit ofa shock when I moved to the city. couldn't sleep at night because ofthe trafic G) past, or worse stil, ar alarms (4) _____— People seem to show their emotions through sound too. Car drivers (5) horns to show their annoyance and angry neighbours () on the wall. My own neighbours aren't too bad, but even so, the walls are so thin, I their hear the ‘of pans as they do their washing ‘upand the (8) ‘of the floorboards as they move around Vocabulary 3 Describing light ‘Write one adjective in each gap to complete these sentences about light. The first letter is given for you. 1 From one of the windows he could see the 5 glow ofa single lamp. Her face looked pale under the h ‘overhead light in the bathroom. 3. He fumbled around to find the right key, it was difficult tosee in the d____ evening light. 4 The photo was taken in the flattering. w. light of the late afternoon sun. 5. Everyone seemed to look ill under the c___ blue lights at the hospital. ‘6. She blinked as she stepped out of the dark building into the d ‘midday sun. 7 They set out very early inthe f of dawn, They walked up Broadway with its theatres and light b____ neon lights everywhere. Vocabulary 4 Renewable energy Choose the best words or phrases to complete the text Circle your answer. Many power companies now offer a green option where consumers can choose to receive their electricity from (1) zero power / renewable energy sources. As the public are becoming more and more aware of the issues surrounding climate change and concerned about the (2) carbon ‘emiccions / greenhouse evbaust from traditional (3) electric plants / poze stations, selling cleaner energy is becoming an economically viable option. In the pas, the costs involved in developing technologies 10 (4) bandle / barnes the power of the sun, wind and waves was (5) probibiticely restrictive expensive, Nowadays, installing a (6 solar panel /solar station or a wind turbine on the roof of your house is within the reach of many.Light & Dark Vocabulary 5 The senses ‘Complete the sentences using words from the box. You don't need to use al the words. devoid discrete distinct fumbled lack piece place stumbled immersed 1 As you walk into the baths, you are immediately in clouds of steam, 2 The whole interior is uniformly white, of any colour or decoration. 3 We about in the dark, tipping over furniture until someone found a lamp. 4 Later, when everything had calmed down, we tried to together what had happened. 5 We break the job dovn into tasks that can be carried out by different people. 6 She in her handbag trying to locate her ringing phone. Extend your vocabulary Describing fear ‘Complete the word in each gap in these sentences about people’ fears. The first letter is given for you. 1. ve always been rather £ 2 [know it’ silly but when the phone rings it always makes mej_—____— 3. Ian’ climb ladders because I'm p. of heights. 4 Asa child, [always felea biti__by sy grandfather. 5 Tvegotap of dogs. about snakes. Tjust hate them, 6 I'd rather travel by train if I ean because I get a bit T= shomt living: 7 After the attack, Iwas scared s of going # [hate having injections because I've gota bit of a £__ of needles. un Listening Anew home © 1.04 Listen to a news story and write the missing words in the sentences. 1 The familys life forever. 2. The objective is to reduce carbon from an average of eight tonnes per person per year to just one tonne, 3. To achieve this goal, the Lindells are to have to make choices in everyday life. \will probably change the Lindell 4 Wes that they'll have to reduce the time they spend in the shower. 5 The family’s new electric car will_____no carbon dioxide at all. 6 ‘The house will have triple-layer walls and improved — in the roof, 7 The building’ heating will partly be provided by the 8 Electricity that is not will be fed into the national grid. by the family Pronunciation Chunking (5 1.05 Are the pauses in these sentences in appropriate places? Circle your answer. Then listen and check. The pauses are indicated by [..] 1 ‘The man on the right of the photograph [..] draws your eye [...] because of his striking red jacket. * appropriate + inappropriate 2 The cityscape [...] in the background is somewhat [..] blurred making the figures stand out more. + appropriate * inappropriate 3. The picture captures [...] a large black bird just as it lifts off from [...] its treetop perch. + appropriate * inappropriate 4. The jet black of the bird's feathers [. Great & Small Vocabulary 3 quiet and silent ‘Complete these sentences with the word quiet, silent orsilenc. 1 She rented a cottage in the countryside in search of ‘some peace and 2 Could you havea his behaviour? 3. The whole erowd fell __ heads as a mark of respect. 4. He told me he was planning to leave, but asked me to keep it___ for the moment. 5 Shed giving me the [forgot her birthday 6 Helivesa word with Jon about and bowed their tweatment because life now, pottering in his garden or taking his dog out for long walk. 17 Her announcement was met with an awkward from her colleagues. The suspect exercised his right to remain and said nothing, Extend your vocabulary 1 great ‘Choose the correct meaning ofthe word great in these sentences. Tick () the correct answer. 1 The sequencing ofthe human genome is one of the reat scientific achievements of recent yeas 2 enjoyable 1 more than usual «important 2 Researchers in this field are under great pressure to yield commercially useful results. 2 important 1 more than usual «enthusiastic 3 He was always a great fan of independent film-making 1 enthusiastic enjoyable _imporane 4 Tewas clear that everyone had a great time atthe film festival 1 enth important «enjoyable 5 She's great advocate of captive breeding programmes for endangered species. + enthusiastic enjoyable «© more than usual 4 Some ofthese species are now at great risk of extinction tic + more than usual » important © enthusiasticGreat & Small Extend your vocabulary 2 small or little Complete the sentences with the best phrases from the box. Pronunciation 1A Numbers. 91.07 Write the mumbersin the correct categories, ‘Then listen to check your answers. ‘eel smal ‘small hours Tite by tile small print litte did she know small world 1 Pm normally in bed by 11pm, but last night I was late and didn't get back until the 2 ___ that P' planned a secret birthday party for her 3. Incontracts, its important that you read the to make sure there are no nasty surprises. 4 Iwas so embarrassed. My manager shouted at me and I in front of my colleagues. 5 —___ heer eyes adjusted to the darkness, 6 Zoe and Lena already know each other, they worked for the same company a few years ago —it really isa was made to Listening A collection © 1.06 Listen to Ella taking to Annie about her collection, and tick (V) the correct answer to the questions. 1 What do you think Ell collects? + Snow globes Biscuit tins 2 Why did she start collecting? + Because her brother used to give her some as presents, Because her brother stopped collecting. 3. Which is her favourite? +The Rialto Bridge. She doesn't have a favourite 4 Why does she collect them? + Asan investment. & Asa hobby. 5, When Annie says, ‘Is that who I think its”, who do you think she’ referring to? 2 Ella and her husband Prince William and Kate Middleton 6 What's the drawback of Ella’ collection? + There's nowhere suitable to keep it 1» She never has time to look at it ‘three-quarters twenty-twelve sixty-tree a third fone point five eight square metres _fity-one per cent ‘ought point three three eighteen-fiteen ten thousand square miles one thousand and fity round numbers decimal fractions years percentages areas Pronunciation 1B Numbers 1.08 Listen and circle the number you heer 1 + 105g +15¢ otkg 20¢92mm 9.2mm 092m 3 +2000 ©2002 #202 493358 #1358 + 33.58m. 5 * 20,000 km? *22,000km + 20 km? 6 £17,900km —*70,900km —* 7,900km 7 #19% °70% +97% Pronunciation 2 Weak forms 1.09 Listen and underline the words which are pronounced as weak forms in these phrases. 1 ahectic kind of a day She'd arrived at work to find And as if that wasnt bad enough a headache-inducing clamour of noise seemed to be ina panic After an hour or so of noise and chaos. glad of an excuse to leave their desks a welcome relief from a manic morning3 Great & Small Reading Silence and the myth of multitasking 1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box. ceatch do fill ‘keep shut sit’ switch switch 1 Tve lost count ofthe number of times P've had to politely ask people to their voices down. 2. These days we constantly between different tasks and find it impossible to still, nothing and. down, 3 Audio books were the first products to on and up our ‘empty time’. 4 Young people are now finding it difficult ro off completely. 2 Read the text and choose the correct option. 1 The author enjoys / doen’ enjay silence. 2 People aheays respect / don't akzays respect the conditions ina ‘quiet coach’ when asked by the author to do so. 3. The University of Michigan is / n't the only university doing research into multitasking in the US. 4 Multitasking helps /bindersa student’ ability to do schoolwork. 5) The brain is/im’t good at switching from task to task, 6 ‘Downtime’ and ‘empty time’ are / aren’ different terms for the same thing. 1 Same people / Mase people agree we need to switch off from time to time. @) ume 3 Complete these adverbs from the text. The first letter is given for you. 1 happening at the same time 2 more and more over a period of time 3 always, or almost always ik = 4 without stopping 5 certain to happen 4 Complete the sentences using the adverbs from exercise 3. 1 On long journeys I “quiet coach’. ‘opt for the there are people in the quiet coach who don't understand the concept. 3. They are constantly texting their friends and checking their phones 4 Young people are finding it concentrate on a single task. 5 The brain isnot well equipped to deal with many tasks for messages. difficule to 5 Read the text again and answer the questions in your own words. 1 Do you like the concept ofa ‘quiet coach’ on trains? Why or why not? 2 How do you usually fill your time when you travel? 3. Does your lifestyle involve a lot of multitasking? Are you good at multitasking? 4 Do you agree that young people are losing the ability to concentrate on a single task? 5 Do you agree that we all need downtime? How do you ‘manage to incorporate downtime into your dailyA a Great & Small Silence and the myth of multitasking [often travel by train, and on long journeys I invariably opt for the quiet coach’. the name suggests, the quiet coach is a coach for tain passengers like me who prefer to travel without being subjected to other passengers’ phone conversations shrieking children, or tiny music leaking from people’ headphones Inevitably, there are people in the quiet coach who simply don’t understand the concept. Pve lose count ofthe number of times Ive had to politely ak people to keep ther voices down or refrain from using their phones ~ often to no aval [And even if they do manage tobe quiet, they are constantly texting their fiends, checking their phones incessantly for messages, tapping away at theie BlackBerris®, or switching from reading their cleetronic readers to checking thee email Why is it that nowadays so many of us seem to find it impossible to sit still and do nothing, et alone relish silence and inactivity? When audio books frst appeared on the scene in the 1980s, we were told that they were perfect for filling so-called ‘empry time’ while we were sitting oma train or driving a car. Te didn take long for audio books to catch on, ony tobe followed by products such as mp3 players, iPads and smarsphones all designed to fil our empty time’ Asa result, people are spending lss and less time doing nothing, and more and more time doing several things simultaneously. A survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation inthe United States, sugests that most young people today have become experts at multitasking, juggling doing their homework with listening to musi, reading and sending messages, playing video games, watching TV, and updating thei social networking pages. While maletasking may seem, om the face of ia useful skill for young people to posses, research at universities across the United States has shown that young people ae finding it inereasingly diffcul to concentrate om a single task thar requires their attention, such as schoolwork. Although iis widely believed that muliasking is an effective way to complete different tasks at the same time, new research shows that in face the ‘opposite isthe case. According to neuroscientists at the University of Michigan, the brain is not well equipped to deal with many task simultaneously, especially when so many of the tasks are competing to use the same part of the brain to process the information. Using an MRI scanner to observe brain activity, they have demonstrated how the brain struggles as it switches from task to task, aking us less effective at completing them. Noronly are young people finding it harder to concentrate, but they are also losing the ability to switch off completely and give their brains ‘downtime’. The term ‘downtime’ is a modern day equivalent of empty time’, that precious period of time when we allow ourselves to do nothing. There is general consensus nowadays that our brains need time to disconnect and ‘shut down’ ~ so that’ exactly what I'm going to do now. Glossary ugale =) =o ryt. sever important thing tthe [MRI noun) ~ shat fom of magnet resensnce maging neuroscience ou he sini stuay of he enous sytem retrain tom (to tp yours om doing somthing relic rb) toate pleasure cr stisacon shiek vor) to shoutinalous high voice temo avall pase) witout geting to oct you waned @® 33 Great & Small Writing A description of a city Reading 1 Complete the sentences 1 The city I would most like to visit for the first time 2 Thave always dreamed of seeing 3 Twould also be very intrested in secing 2 Read the description ofa city and complete the table. Gi [Coun Location Population [Main attraction Tnteresting fact City firsts “The cl | would most ike to vist for heft time i Saint Peterburg n Russia. The main reson | woud ks to go theres 10 vs the Hermitage Museum wich | have Shaye reamad of seeing Sint Petersburg is Russ’ second largest cy ter ‘Moscow thas @ ponuation of around 4.7 milion jeope andi stueted onthe Batic Sea. The cy was founded by Tear Peter the Gret in 1705 anc was once the county’ capital. spite of two name changes (to Pevoorad and Leningrad) thas managed to hold onto its orginal name anda lt ofits orghel character. “The city's main atraction The Heritage Museum, hich isthe wor’ gest museum. It houses a ‘olection of over 3,000,000 works fom around the word although obviously nota of them are on cepa Neverthles fink Pd need to at aside soveral days to be abo fo appreciate al the works that ae on dip. My main area of intrest staan Renaissance at, $0! trou delay vst that coleton fst, | woud also be ‘er intersted in seeing the colecton of Russian art in the Winter Palace, because | don't krow much about Russian at. {have checked online and most people seem to agree thatthe best te to vst the city isin June, even though itis the peak tourist season t's @ popular te of year ‘cause of the famous Write Nights when the sun does tot totaly st, making the ights as ight as during the day, and hing the cy a crearike atmosphere. The ‘ile Nights are due to the cys goographica location. Saint Petersburg is one ofthe worles most northern cies. Towards the end of June, the city organises Srepecial White Nights Festiva, which nudes ive performances, concerts, and pars. Ithink it woud be a magical a to vist a magica lace 3. Use the words and phrases in the box to complete the sentences. in spite of ‘wo name changes, it has managed to hold on to its original name. It houses a collection of over 3,000,000 works, ‘obviously notall of them are on display. 1 think Td need to set aside several days to be able to appreciate all the works that are on display. ‘My main area of interest is Italian Renaissance art, Twould definitely visit that collection first. “The best time to visit the city is in June itis the peak tourist season. Answer the questions. Why does the writer want to go to Saint Petersburg? ‘Why does she want to go to the Winter Palace? ‘Why is June a popular time to visit the city? “Why does the sun not totally etin the city in June? Writing skills: useful phrases to describe a city 5 Look at the useful phrases to describe a city and write the missing words. Saint Petersburg is Russia’ second largest city Moscow. Ichas a population of. 4.7 million people. eis com the Baltic Sea, The city was by Taar Peter the Great in 1703. Te was once the country’s Tthas managed to hold on to a lot ofits original “The citys main Museum. The best to visiethe city isin June. “The White Nights are due to the city’s geographical is The Hermitage Saint Petersburg is one of the world’s northern cities.3 Great & Small Preparing to write 6 Read the Writing task below. Use the internet and. ‘other sources to find information about the city and the best time of year to visit it. Writing Write about the city that you would most like to visit for the first time, Start your description with the words: The city [would most lke to vist for the first time is. ete a ‘Td need to set aside several days to be able to = My main area of interest * I would definitely visit. * Its popular because .. 1s famous for. * Most people seem to agree that... #1 think it would be a magical time to @)Grammar 1A Modals 1 “Match the modals in these comments with their functions. 1 Pllet you know when I hear anything. 2 Shall [take that bag? 3. If there isnt a bus for half an hour, we might as well walk You ought to call to say you're not going. Can you get some milk on your way home? He will keep leaving his dirty clothes on the floor. Could I borrow your umbrella? ‘You really must vist the Tate Modern while you're in London. + complaining about an annoying habit ba promise © an offer 4 an unenthusiastie suggestion © arequest « arecommendation ix a request for permission suggesting a moral obligation Grammar 1B Modals 1 Choose the best sentence. Tek (¥) your answer. 1 Which of these sentences is a polite order? 2 Will you move the boxes in the corridor? 'b Could you move the boxes in the corridor 2. Which of these suggestions sounds more direct? Shall we take a break after this? te Should we take a break after this? 3 Which of these sentences would sound more natural in everyday conversation? + [shall do my best to answer your questions. b Pl do my best to answer your questions. 4 Which of these sentences sounds more formal? 1 Might make a suggestion » Can Tmake a suggestion? 5, Which ofthese sentences has a modal with a stronger meaning? + You really must give usa ring next time you're down this way. You really should give usa ring next time you're down this way. Grammar 2 Modals of obligation “Match the two parts ofthese sentences giving advice about trip. You have to have a visa to enter the country; But you don't have to get a visa in advance; You don’t need to take a lot of warm clothes; We took fleeces and waterproofs with us, If you're going to be out in the middle of the day, ‘We should have taken insect repellent with us; ‘And because we were staying ina pretty remote area, the weather’ really hot in September. b itha requirement forall foreign nationals. «© we got bitten really badly. 4 we weren't able to buy any there. «you ean get one atthe airport when you arrive. + you should make sure you've got a hat. x but we needn’thave, we didn’t use them.-4 Theory & Practice Grammar 3A Determiners Choose the correct determiners to complete the text about being a driving instructor. Circle the correct answer [really enjoy being (1) the /a driving instructor. (2) Any / Each day is different because you come across such (3) a /- range of people. Yesterday, for example, I taught (4) a /an older lady who's been learning for some time now. She's mastered al (5) the /a basics, but she just lacks confidence. However, atthe (6) another /otber end of the scale, [also had a lesson with a teenage lad who was full of himself and didn’t think he really needed (7) any / some lessons. But once we got started, he really had (8) any 7/10 idea about how to control (9) tbe / these cat. (10) Either Neither student i ready to take (11) heir /is test yet and they both present different challenges for me as (12) one / “an instructor. Grammar 3B Determiners and verbs Complete the sentence with the correct present simple form ofthe verb in bracket. 1 very taining sesion serie of warm-up exercies. 2 That’ followed by a run or sometimes a session ona (ast) for (begin) with a trampoline ~ either activity around 20 minutes. 3, Some people neither activity 4 Then each person designed for them. 5 They use either machines or free weights ~ both pieces of equipment (Gelp) to build strength. 6 Neither pi be) more effective than the other; again it a matter of personal preference (prefer) running, though (be) easy. (filo) a routine ce of equipment Vocabulary 1A Academic English Choose the best verb to complete these sentences. lenged debunk question verified ‘pounded indicated 1 The study set out to about mental illness. 2 She science subjects 3 This claim could not be independently 4 Recent research has that people tend popular myths the notion that boys do better at to underestimate their calorie intake 5 James frst his theories on gender difference in the 1960s 6 Inthis article, we the assumption that personality is fixed during childhood. Vocabulary 1B Academic English Choose the correct word to complete these sentences. Circle the correct answer. 1 Those opposed to the reforms are linging to outdated dgna /fucts no longer relevant to current conditions. 2 Other economists have questioned the basic propasal/ premise of this theory. 3 Murray was the frst to advance the pripesitio / proposition that nicotine was the key addictive component of tobacco. 4 Teisnot yet clear how these suggestions could be applied in practice / fact 5 Although this argument may be correct in hypotbess / ‘theory, ivis unlikely to be accepted by practitioners in the field 6 ‘The study showed that, in fact / real, those using only traditional media scored slightly higher in some tests. Uns @Theory & Practice Vocabulary 2 The writer's view What do the underlined phrases in these statements reveal about the writer’ view? Tick (7) the correct answer. 1 Many in education ae fed up with politicians trite formalas about a ‘back-to-bascs' approach to classroom discipline. 4 ‘The writer believes that these ideas are not careflly thought oxt The writer approves ofthese ideas. 2 These ideas are no more than convenient sounulites that do nothing to adeess the complex underlying issues 1 The writer disapproves of the way these ideas are presented The writer thinks that these ideas are concisely expressed Iisa myth that a strict approach to discipline will always prove more effective in controlling behaviour. 1 The writer thinks that the evidence supports this idea. The witerbelives that tis da isnot true. [No doubs there are some circumstances in which severe measures may be necessary. 4 ‘The writer does not believe that this approach is ever justified. +The writers prepared to be open-minded The sweeping claims made fr this approach are based coma handfel of small case studs. 1 ‘The writer agrees that these aims havea strong foundation The writer questions how valid or aecurate these claims ae. [A review of academic studies from around the world shows that such methods donot stand up to seruiny. 1 The writer dsbelieves the claims about these methods The writer believes that more research is needed Vocabulary 3 Film Complete the puzzle with words from the world of fil. Aeron a film that continues the story of another film (6) a film based in a particular period of history (7,5) a film based on a real person’ life (6) a film with an exciting story, often involving erime (8) the music written fora film (5) objects used by actors in a play ora film (5) Down 1 the scenery and furniture used ina film G3) the most famous actors in a film (3) placed on the list of films or actors who could win an award (9) all the actors who appear in a film (4) 17 a film that has a sad, dark view of the world (4:4)Theory & Practice Vocabulary 4 A community project Choose the correct words to complete the text about dealing with climate change. Circle the correet answer. ‘The ‘Rajendrapur Conversation’ is a (1) groundbreaking’ _groundshaking project organised by Manchester University, in which world (2) respected / renowned experts met with ordinary people in Dhaka, Bangladesh, to discuss the challenges posed to their lives by climate change. Many experts agree that climate change will affect people in che most (3) poverty /impoverished areas ofthe world the most severely, especially the urban poor. Ths project ‘marks a shift in the current top-down (4) porudigm / porudox for tackling climate change via central government initiatives, and focuses instead on a bottom-up approach, ly affected in involving the people who will be most direc developing policy from the (5) outset / outlay. Extend your vocabulary Similes Choose the correct words or phrases to complete these similes. Circle the correct answer. 1 [must've been exhausted, I sep lke a log /dog last night. 2 Iwas so shocked by the whole experience, I was rocking shaking like a leaf afterwards 3, Twouldn’t try to talk to Jack this morning ~ he's ike a Dear with a bad toth /sore bead. 4 My uncle smokes like a chimmey / factory —he rmust get through forty a day. 5 Lean believe I forgot Dad's birthday ~T've got a ‘memory like a net /sieve. 6 T'm just not used to that kind of environment, I felt like a fish out of water! om the land. 17 He tried to make outit was like water offa duck’ back / ‘on a glass, but I could tell he was upset. 8 We had lots in common and got on like a bouse/forest on fire, Listening The film Buried © 1.0 Listen to film review and complete the sentences with the adjectives in the box. claustrophobic impossible _intimat different dificult easy exciting successful 1 Tormake the film, director Rodrigo Cortes had to think ay. 2 Most films have a plot that’s to follow. 3. On paper, this was a film that should have been to make, 4 The film’ hero has to eseape a death trap. 5 The film manages to be visually in spite ofits single location. 6 Inorder to tell such an had to think big 7. Ininterviews, actor Ryan Reynolds described the filming as ‘very zl Buried was one of the most of 2010. — story, Cortes films Pronunciation Question tags 1.11 Listen to these comments and decide whether the speaker is certain or almost certain about what they're saying, or if they are not sure that its true. your answer 1 Matt’ a great bloke, isn’t he? (almost) certain * not sure 2 You work with Josie, don't you? * (almost) certain * not sure 3. Sophie’ birthday’s on Tuesday, isn't it? * (almost) certain * not sure 4 The deli shuts at five, doesn't it? * almost) certain * not sure 5) Weare meeting Sam at the station, aren't we? * almost) certain * not sure 6 Te was a fantasti location fora party, wasn’t it? * (almost) certain * not sureTheory & Practice Reading Practice makes perfect 1. An adage is a well-known phrase that says something about life and human experience. Match these adages with their meanings. 1 You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make iedvink 2. There no such thing asa free lunch. 3, Don't count your chickens before they hatch. 4 Don't burn your bridges behind you 2 Don't assume that something will happen. Keep your options open. «Everything has a price. 44 People will do what they want to do, 2 Join the sentence halves. Which of the sentences do you think are true? Ifyou do something many times, Seadies show that natural talent is more important High achievers are no more gifted or intelligent Ifa person believes that it takes real talent to excel, ‘The person who believes, “having the right mindset then they are likely to believe that they cannot improve. does not guarantee success. then you will learn to do it wel that they can improve is more likely to succeed. than practice. than their contemporaries. Read the text and check your answers to exercise 2. Which of these paragraphs best summarises the text? 2 While it cannot be denied that high achievers inherit certain talents that allow them to excel, other people ‘can aso achieve great things, even ifthey put in very litle practice. Our attitudes to success need to change in order to encourage more young people to believe in their abilities to succeed. Although they may not achieve as much as their contemporaries, their performance will improve. ‘¢ After many studies, the concept of being born with a particular talent has been called into question. Itis now believed that the main reason for achieving certain “objectives is the amount of tuition and practice a person has. ) unis 5. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. 1 ‘The old adage ‘practice makes perfect’ has become sore significant in recent times. (ignificance) 2 Ifyou do something many times, then your performance will improve. (over) 3. Practice in other areas of life is equally valuable. (underestimated) 4 How much of a person's achievement is due to what they have been taught? (ewision) 5 Benjamin Bloom studied the factors that had led to people excelling in different fields. (investigation, 6 Complete the sentences with the words and phrases in the box. conversely frst and foremost namely rather sufficiently whereas 1 The subjects of his research did, however, have certain features in common, that they all had dedicated teachers, supportive families, and they had all putin intensive practice 2 High achievers are in fact no more gifted or intelligent the difference lies in the amount of practice they put in. 4. Most people practise doing what they cam do rather than what they cam’ do, the key to success actually ies in working at what you can’ do 4 Clear practical conclusions can be drawn from this. _an understanding of the importance of practice can greatly improve a person’ self- confidence and perseverance. 5 Ifa person believes that it takes real talent to excel ina certain area, then they are likely to doubt their ‘own ability t improve to compete with others, and asa result may give up trying, . the person who ean learn from their mistakes, and believes that they can improve, is more likely to succeed. than their contemporaries; 7 Read the text again and check your answers to exercises Sand6.4 Theory & Practice 4. How helpfal isa ‘can-do attitude? Is it ever unhelpful? 4 Ifyou could achieve expertise in a certain area, what 8 Answer the questions in your own word. 1 Can you think ofa time in your life when ‘practice made perfect 2 Do you agree that with the right mindset you can achieve your goal? ‘would it be, and why? = Whi and why? of the adages in exercise 1 do you agree with, Practice makes perfect “The old adage practice makes perfec’ has taken on special significance in recent times. Is message is simple: if you do something over and over again, then your performance will improve. Although ‘often applied to music and sports ~ both of which are areas in which the necessity to practise is el | evident - the value of practice in other areas of life 1 should not be underestimated. In fact, studies seem ; wo indicate that practice (or experience) plays a greater role in success than natural talent, if such a thing exis. We often refer to people as, for example, a ‘feed lst’ or'a born comedian’, implying that their Ebi is somehow the product of an innate talent. But how much of that person’ achievement is dive to their genes and how much tothe tition they have been given and the hours of practice they have invested in their chosen path? Studies have demonstrated that high achievers are in fact no more gifted o intelligent than their contemporaries; rather, the difference lie in the amount of practice they put in In the 1980s, Benjamin Bloot a profesor of edieation atthe University of Chicago, condvcted an investigation into the factors that had led to people excelling in diffrent fields. He concluded that there was nothing in the early childhoods of these high achievers that could have predicted their later sucess. The subjects of his research did, however, have certain features in common, namely, chat they al had dedicated teachers and supportive families, and they had all put in intensive practice. K. Anders Ericsson, a profesor of Peychology at Florida State University who has arried out research spanning more than two decades into giftedness, expertise, and the benefits of practice, they aa’ do, whereas the key to suecess actualy lies in working at what you czn’r do. Clear practical conclusions can be drawn from this, Fist and foremost, an understanding of the importance of practice ean greatly improve a person’ self-confidence and perseverance. [Fa person believes tha it takes rel talent to excel in a certain area, then they are likely to doubt their own ability to improve sulficiently to compete with others, and as a result may give up trying ‘Conversely, the person who can lear from their ‘mistakes, and believes that they have the capacity to improve is more likely to succeed “These findings have relevance not only to education, butalso tothe workplace. Employees in a company from the outside to occupy key positions. In other ‘words, experience really does count. Or as another ‘old adage puts it, nothing succeeds like success. ‘The key to success is motivation and an. understanding that practice really does make perfect. Ifyou have the right mindset then you really ean achieve your goal concludes that experts are invariably made, and not bor, However, Ericsson's research has also indicated that what counts is not just the amount ‘of practice person puts in, but rather, the way in ‘which they practise, He argues that most people practise doing what they cen do rather than what ‘that actively encourages them to enhance their sills | and seek promotion within the company, will do better than a company that opts to bring in new talent [ essay excel rt) todo someting extemal wl Jat active) anit quay or aby sone that you mindset our) way of king bout ings ae J estigammmecneaneaasmmmatl4 Theory & Practice Writing Expressing an alternative view Reading 1 Answer the questions, 1 How often do you go to the cinema? 2 Do film reviews have an influence on the films you choose to see? 3. Have you ever disagreed with a review of a film, play or book? 2 Read the review and choose the correct alternative, 1 The review is pastive / negative. 2 ‘The writers being rude / polite. 3. The writer prefers watching films ar home /in the A different (re)view 1am writing in response to your recent review of the film The King’ Spech. While [appreciate that Tam ina minority, [hope you will allow me to express my opinion and explain why I don’t share your unanimously positive views of this multi- award winning film. Please don't misunderstand me; Tam not totaly against the film. Like the othe British period dramas you mention in your review, it s perfectly enjoyable and inoffensive. Bue in my ‘pinion, it has more of the look and feel of a’TV drama. I can't help but feel that is rightful place is (on a TV sereen, preferably on a Sunday afternoon, providing a cosy way to round off a wet weekend. I don’, however, think itis an exciting piece of Isit any coincidence that’Tom Hooper, the film’s director, started his career in television, directing teen and adult soaps? I don‘ think so “The characters in his film are too likeable and there is very litte drama to engage with, other than the personal dramas we are used to seeing oon early-evening television. Having said that, the performances are excellent. Colin Firth gives a ‘convincing performance as the King and Hlelena Bonham Carter clearly enjoys every moment of playing his wife. Geoffrey Rush is also very watchable as speech therapist Lionel Logue. You right remember Rush’s powerful performance in the 1996 film Shine that was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Actor. The King’s Speech was nominated for twelve Academy Awards in 2011 and won four, including Best Actor, Best Director and Best Film. I find ithard to @) unt understand why the film received such acclaim from professionals working in the industry Pos the answer lies in the word ‘industry’. At the end of the day; itis the box office that counts. If Tbe King’s Spech isan example of the type of film that will attract older people to the cinema then itis to be applauded. We should all be doing what we can to support the cinema, undoubtedly the best surroundings in which to enjoy a film, However, itis slightly odd that the biggest film of the year would fit much better on a smaller television screen. In my opinion! Writing skills: expressing opinions 3 Allof the underlined adjectives are normally positive, ut wi ‘of them does the writer use in a way which expresses a slightly negative opinion? —— convincing — cosy enjoyable _— aacellent —— inoffensive — likeable —— powerful — watchable 4 Find three phrases in the that the writer uses to show he or she is respectfully. 5 All the phrases below are useful ways to express ‘opinions. Match the sentence halves. But in my opinion, _— Tean't help but feel — Is itis any coincidence = Having said that, — 1 find it hard to understand why = [At the end of the day, = If the film will attract older people to the cinema —__ the performances are excellent. that the film’ director started his career in television? then itis to be applauded. that its rightful place ison a'TV sereen. the film received such acclaim from professionals working in the industry. it has more of the look and feel of a TV di it is the box office that counts.‘4 Theory & Practice Preparing to write 6 Read the Weng tuk below, Use ome ofthe phrases Sn esecte and $a our wing. Writing “Think of an occasion when your opinion of something was different from other people. Write about the occasion and ‘express your own views. Alternatively, write a review of a film that you didn't like, explaining your reasons. Useful language: ‘Lam waiting in response to. ‘don't share your views... ‘am not totally against ‘don't think so. + You might remember '* Possibly the answer lies in. ‘+n my opinionGrammar 1A Present perfect simple and continuous ‘Choose the best verb phrases to complete these news stories, Citele your answer. Police (1) arrested / have arrested a man in connection with the murder of the young teacher, Ellen James. Ms James (2) disappeared / bas disappeared 3 weeks ago, and since then, the police (3) zere appealing / have been appealing for her boyfriend, Jon Lopez, to come forward, Last night, a police spokesman (4) confirmed /bas confirmed tha a 26-year-old man was in custody. Six erew members (5) have rescued /bave been eced from a ship off the Kenyan coast by a US Navy vessel. The ship (6) eas attacked /bas ben artacked by pirates four days ago, and the sis-man crew (7) have hel / were beld hostage. The US Navy ship, which (8) patrolled / bas been patrolling the dlangerous waters off the East African coast for the past six months, (9) picked up /bas picked up a distress call and managed to overpower the pirates. Grammar 1B Present perfect simple and continuous Choose the best description to highlight the difference in meaning between these pairs of sentences. Tick (7) your answer. 1 Myteenage son has learnt to drive cis year. + He cam no drive and bas probably pase bis Aariving tes. © He’ still aking lessons 'y- My teenage son has been learning to drive this year: + He can no drive and bas probably pased bis driving ts. © He'till aking leson. ‘The mayor has called for a ban on smoking near children’ playgrounds. © He bas pasibly suid it only once ina speech + He bas said it repeatedly over a period of time. +b The mayor has been calling for aban on smoking near children’ playground. + He bas psily said it only once ina speech He bas said it repeatedly over a peiod of time. *) A i “My brother has been working for an aid agency in Africa © Continuously over a periad of time recently. + Atsome point inthe past 1b My brother has worked for aid agencies in Africa, * Continuously over a perid of time recently ‘= Atsome point inthe past We've been collecting the signatures of local residents for a petition against the road. ‘© The petition is probably complete and ready 10 be delivered tthe local Member of Parliament. © They areposbly still cllecting more signatures. 1» We've collected more than 3,000 signatures from local residents opposed to the road. ‘© The petition is probably complete and ready 0 be delivered 1 te local Member of Parlizment ‘© They are possibly still collecting more signature. Grammar 2 Clauses with participles ‘Choose the correct participle to complete the text about emergency disaster relief. Circle the correet answer. ‘When a natural disaster occurs, international rescue teams are alerted. Before (1) going /aving gone out t0 2 disaster area the teams are briefed thoroughly. 2) Arrived /Arvivingin the country, they meet with local agencies to liaise. (3) Being asigned / Having been assigned an atea, a team assesses the damage. Then they work using a grid system — the objective (4) Being /aving been to ensure that any survivors have been found in one square ofthe grid before (5) moved / moving on to the next square. “Teams use dogs and heat-detecting equipment to find survivors. Once (6) lcated / locating, the team tries to ‘establish communication with the person. The rescuers (9) tried / ying to reach a survivor keep up a dialogue to reassure them and to help fx their exact position. They often have to work painfully slowly and carefully through a damaged building, (8) wanting not / not wanting to tigger @ farther collapse. After (9) removing / being removed from the building, the victim is checked over by paramedics.5 Heroes & Villains Vocabulary 1 Describing personal qualities \aacglcs the rte wi people allie tr not form ofthe word in brackets 2 ah popule derecho ienloe pon (loyal) among her staff. Neva (courage) journalist working in cone ofthe most dangerous pans ofthe work “Thanks to the extraordinary (utes of toa legen ba pln vas voxel, i un papier ane (bum and admis mia? dU pina ys wo “Thanh is top ay por yom a sil for Gingle-minde) olf and Vocabulary 2 Expressions with give and stand Complete the expressions so that they have a similar meaning to the word) in brackets. Circle your answer. Edith Cowan was a social campaigner and the first woman to be elected to the Australian parliament. Throughout her life she stood (1) up fr /upt0 (defended) the rights of ‘women and children. She believed that lack of edueation stood (2) in font of/in the way of (obstructed) women fulfilling their potential in society She campaigned tirelessly for social change, in education, polities and healthcare, never giving (3 into / way on (compromising) her principles and standing (4) er ground /y (remaining firm) against opposition from the conservative, male establishment. She refused to give (5) up / ground (abandon) her fight for equality campaigning successfully for women right to vore in 1899, Elected to parliament in 1921, she was a forceful speaker, standing (6) up for /up 0 (confronting) her male colleagues. Vocabulary 3 Humanitarian aid ‘Complete the sentences about humanitarian aid with words from the box. You don't need to use all the words. ‘aid charity emergency preventable sustainable help natural 1 Thousands of people are displaced every year by war, politcal instability and by disasters Organisations such as the Red Cross provide relief for displaced people, such as food and shelter. ‘They have teams of —_______ workers on standby to be flown to wherever they're needed. Other NGOs are involved in more development projects, such as improving education and healthcare in Developing World countries. Allotof resources are focused on eliminating diseases, such a8 malaria, which kill millions every year. Vocabulary 4 World problems ‘Complete the puzzle with words associated with humanitarian problems and issues. eons 2- when a disease spreads to many people 8) 7 the state of owing money (4) 8 dishonest behaviour by people in positions of power (10) a lack of nutritious food (12) being unable to read and write (10) a destructive storm with very high winds (9) clean living eonditions (10) a huge wave often caused by an earthquake (7) a lack of rain (7) oe ®5 Heroes & Villains Vocabulary 5A Crime and punishment Choose the word in each group that describes a different type of erime. Cire the correct answer. 1 arson ‘manslaughter murder > burglary theft treason assault blasphemy libel 4 blackmail bribery piracy armed robbery fraud piracy Vocabulary 5B Crime and punishment CGhoor the correct ening to complete these definons Tick (W) the correct answer. eee ee eae oe + ara fen pela inthe mre «pally sacks «pera cen ee cares Vii e cen « mpuromehing hays agaiut the. {ay someting tae goes eget religion A ssmalar tascam hs «demands money by threatening to revea embarrassing information. doce money fxm « peroa vho ove 2 them, + Afrudser someone who a. obtains money by taking people hostage. obtains money by tricking people. Extend your vocabulary 1 Abbreviations and acronyms for international organisations (Copeman ld arwtioct en Cac, amine toomeetanen. demoed Sputicon Chea the enoreaier= 1 Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines were amongst the founder members of ASEAN /the ASEAN in 1967 2 UN/ Tbe UN was founde in 1945 0 replace the League of Natio 5 Like many other UN /#be UN onganistions che headquarters of HO /the WHO isin Geneva, Swizerand + OPEC / The OPEC s made up of countries in Afi, the Mile Eas and South Ameren + Médecins Sans Fromtes isan NGO /NGO set pin tpaineg tines deel 6 Most of UNICEPY / tbe UNICEF’ work involves providing help for children and mother in i. + Sine its foundation in 1949, NATO /tbe NATO has expanded fom it orginal 12 member states oinclade 28 countries. Extend your vocabulary 2 Ways of describing bad people Choose the best adjective to complete these sentences. oe _e badly-behaved brutal corrupt evil mischievous notorious 1 Hewasa __ military dictator, blamed for the deaths of thousands of his people. 2 Tes anew film about the life of one of Mexico’ most gangsters, 3 He has the cheeky grin of a 4A beautiful princess is held captive in a remote castle by switch. schoolboy. 5 Headteachers have the authority to exclude pupils from the classroom. 6 Much of the money ends up in the bank accounts of — officals.5 Heroes & Villains Listening Being a bystander eo Bill, and write the missing words in these sentences from the conversation. 12 Listen to a conversation between Hanna and 1 Sixmen were shop. 2. She saw them, crossed the street, and started to stop them getting away. 3 The papers are calling her 4 No-one wants anymore. 5. And the film could 6 —___ feels wrong to me. Pronunciation Word stress 1.13 Choose the correct stress pattern for the underlined word in these sentences. Circle the correct answer. Then listen and check. 1 There are many issues surrounding UN efforts to avoid cor resolve conflicts around the world, e 2. The International Criminal Court was set up to try and convict those accused of genocide and other ee 3. Most ordinary people are too scared to rebel against the regime. eo 4 A sinall group of demonstrators gathered in the main square in a peaceful protest. e 5 The peace talks have made little progress in recent months. e 6 Both leaders are expected to reject the latest UN proposal e 7 Several Developing World leaders abject to the wording of the announcement. e Ibis now being redrafted so as not to insult anyone. eo 9 Last month saw a dramatic increase in the number of refugees fleeing the fighting. e 10 Some people had walked for days across the desert to reach the camp.) Heroes & Villains Reading Heroes 1 Mach he typeof hero withthe definitions hero fall hero 4 amain character in a story who does not have the qualities that a hero usually has, such a being, morally good +s someone who is admired for their achievements by the ordinary people of a particular region «someone who has done something brave, for example saving a person’ life, or the main male character of ‘book, film, or play, who usually has good qualities 44 ahero who has not been praised or recognised 2. Read the profiles of three heroes in the texts on page 39, and decide which type of hero they are 1 Vicente Ferrer Moncho 2. Lisheth Salander 3) Martha Rivera Alanis 3. Read the texts again and answer the questions. 1 What sort of people did Vicente Ferrer work with? 2. How exactly did he help the people of India? 3 What fact demonstrates that Vicente Ferrer was popular with the people of India? 4 What do Lisbeth Salander and her ereator have ‘Where does the tile of the first book come from? What gift helps Lisbeth with her investigative wor 7 How did Martha Rivera Alanis help her pupils to re: ‘8 How did people hear about Martha’ story? How was her bravery rewarded? Complete the s xeences using the words in the box. | sow originally particulary popularly | posthumeusy_subseqventy 1 Vicente Ferrer Moncho was “San Vicente’ in his native Spain. known as 2 He —____— trained asa lawyer but abandoned his studies in order to become a Jesuit priest. 3 The Millennium trilogy was written by Stieg Larsson and published — 4 Lisheth has difficulty relating to other people, sa result of her traumatic childhood. 5. She does investigative work fora security ‘company, where her photographie memory is useful 5 Without looking atthe texts, replace the words in italics vith the words used inthe texts 1 Vicente Ferrer Moncho was a philanthropist who trained as a Jesuit priest and ga his life to helping the poor and destitute of Southern India. 2 By the time of his death in 2009, the foundation had opened 1,700 village schools. 3 Lisbeth Salanderis the heroine of the best-selling Millennium trilogy of erime novels. 44 Larsson had looked for a publisher for the books shortly before his death. 5 She calmly tld the children in her care to lie face down con the classroom floor, and managed to calm them by getting them to sing, 6 Read the texts again to check your answers to exercises Sand 5. 7 Answer the questions in your own words. 1 Which of the heroes did you already know about? 2, Which one of the heroes would you like to find out ‘more about, and why? 5. Is there a fictional hero or anti-hero you particularly Tike? Ifso, why? 44 Why do you think people like anti-heroes?5 Heroes & Villains Heroes 4) Popularly known as ‘San (i.e ‘Saine’) Vicente’ in his native Spain, Vicente Ferrer Moncho was a philanthropist who trained as a Jesuit priest and devoted his life to helping the poor and destitute of Southern India, Born in Barcelona in 1920, he originally trained asa lawyer but subsequently abandoned his studies in order to become a Jesuit priest. He volunteered to work with members of the untouchable caste in the drought-prone region of Andantapur, and in 1970 founded the Rural Development Trust, later renamed the Ferrer Foundation, which set up countless grassroots humanitarian projects across the region. By the time of his death in 2009, the foundation had inaugurated 1,700 village schools, three hospitals, an AIDS clinic, family planning clinics and libraries, s well as planting three milion trees. I ‘was aso instrumental in providing microcredit schemes to subsistence farmers in order to help improve irrigation systems and crop yields. Never realy a friend of the authorities, Perrer nevertheless became a living legend among the people with whom he worked, and his funeral in 2009 was attended by over 100,000 mourners. b) Lisbeth Salander isthe protagonist of the best-selling Millenium trilogy of erime novels, written by the Swedish author, investigative journalist and political activist Steg Larsson, and py posthumously. The titles of the novels are The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The Girl Who Played with Fire, and The Girl Wo Kicked the Hornets’ Nest. The books’ popularity is largely due to their film adaptations, which were met with great popula and critical aelaim. Although Larsson had sought a publisher forthe books shortly before his death, he wrote them as a hobby, working on them in the evenings after finishing his day job, Lisbeth Salander makes her frst appearance in The Girl witb the Dragon Tattoo; the dragon tattoo of the tile is actually on her left shoulder blade, but she also has other tattoos as well asa pieroed nose and eyebrows. She earns a living as a computer hacker, and by doing investigative work fora security company, where her photographic memory is particularly useful She is portrayed as an intelligent but eccentric and disturbed character who is introverted and has difficulty relating to other people, largely asa result of her traumatic childhood. (©) Martha Rivera Alanis, a kindergarten teacher in Monterrey in Mexico, was giving a class one day when she heard the sound of gunfire outside the school. She calmly instructed the children in her care to lie face ‘down on the classroom floor, and managed to soothe them by getting them to sing a song from one of their favourite television shows, She filmed the scene on her phone and posted the one-and-a-half-minute video on Tivitter. Footage of the event rapidly went viral - the recording received over a million hits on ‘YouTube® and Martha received numerous messages of support from well-wishers. Her bravery was later recognised by state governor Rodrigo Medina, who presented her with an awanl for outstanding civie courage. Martha told reporters that she had been afraid but that her only thought had been to distract the children from the shooting in the stret in which five people were killed. Glossary eat run) ~ 0 ofthe tracona sci ates that peope were born ton Hed sackty estat coco) - having no money or possessions oraeroot acti) ~ ‘lating ote ora people socely snayguat er) 10 open anew bulking oro sar anew erareaton| posthumously acer) pusied ater a wir death shoulder blade frou) ~ ore fhe wo fat bongs atta top of yourback, near your stours {taumatl active = raumate experance ar event makes you fe! very uss. aa or shocked tetogy cur) sts of tree Books, ns, or lays teust our) an orgarzaton that anagos monoy or propery otha tan hp other people or organisations ial cite) ~ very popular ar soeadng vey auc, spec on te teeHeroes & Villains ing Responding to a report Reading 1 Answer the questions. 1 Iserime a problem where you lve? 2 Hlave levels oferime increased or decreased in recent years? 3. Whatare the main causes ofthis inerease/decrease? 2 Complete the crime-related words. Then read the article to cheek your answers 1 An institution where people are kept as punishment for ‘committing a crime. P- 2A person who stays there. p- 3. The sinall room in which they are kept. 4. The period of time someone must stay there. meone who commits several criminal offences. ‘6 Something that makes people decide not to do something by making chem realise that something ‘unpleasant could happen to them. 7 Acchange that is intended to correcta situation that is wrong or unfair, or make a system work more effectively The right deterrent? In June 2011 there were almost 85,000 people in prison in England and Wales. The prison population. has more than doubled in the past 18 years ‘and England and Wales now have the highest percentage of people in prison in Western Europe. This dramatic increase in numbers has led to serious overcrowding in prisons. This has resulted in prisoners having to share calls that were designed for one person. Prisoners also have to be transported to prisons in other parts of the ‘country which have the space to accommodate them, separating them from their families. The bill {or running the countries’ prisons has also risen drastically (@) ums ee In order to tackle the problem, the government has been studying different options. One of the suggestions on the table is to cut the number of jail ‘sentences of less than 12 months. In other words, serious offenders would continue to be sent to prison while people convicted of lesser offences ‘would serve a community sentence. ‘Apart from helping to ease the overcrowding problem, there is serious doubt that shorter prison. sentences act as a deterrent for repeat offenders, ‘According to a 2011 study by the Howard League {or Penal Reform and the Prison Governors’ ‘Association, many repeat offenders prefer prison to doing a community sentence which can often last longer than a prison sentence. \While short prison sentences do not seem to be much of a deterrent for repeat offenders, they do have an effect on first-time offenders. All of the prisoners interviewed for the 2011 report who were ‘experiencing prison forthe fist time, claimed that it ‘would be their first and last prison sentence. The Howard League for Penal Reform believes that ‘community sentences are the best way to make a person become responsible and live a law-abiding Ite, By working for the community, offenders can do something practical and better adapt to a ‘working fe. Others disagree and argue that prison reforms should make prison life harder and more of a deterrent both for frsttime and repeat offenders. Language focus: prepositions 3. Write the missing word. 1 ‘This has resulted prisoners having to share cell 2 The bill running the eountres’ prisons has also risen drastically. 5, order to tackle the problem, 4 Apart —— helping to ease the overerowding problem, 5 According a 2011 study 6 working forthe community, offenders can do something practical. 4 Answer the questions in your own words. 1 Do you think prison isa good deterrent for first-time offenders? 2 Do you think a community sentence is valid alternative for repeat offenders on short sentences? 3 Do you think prisoners should lose rights, such as voting ina general election, while they are in prison?5 Heroes & Villains Writing skills: talking about statistics 5. Use words from the sentences below to complete the lists of words with similar or related meanings. Remember that some of these words are used as both nouns and verbs. 1 The prison population has more than doubled in the past 18 years. 2. This dramatic increase in numbers has led to serious overcrowding in prisons. 3. The bill for running the countries’ prisons has also risen drastically. 4 One of the suggestions isto cut the number of ail sentences of less than 12 months. Nouns aris, (1) a fall,a decrease increase, go up, 2) reduce, (4) ____ Adjectives drastic, significant, sharp, (5)—____ steady, gradual, slow Adverbs dramatically, sharply, (6). slowly, steadily, gradually 6 Re-write the sentences in exercise 5 using words from the Preparing to write 7 Read the Writing task below. Use the internet and ‘other sources to find information about the prison system in your or another country. Writing “How does the prison situation in England and Wales ‘compare withthe situation in your or another country? Compare the situations, giving different people’ opinions ‘onthe best ways to punish eriminals. ert ‘© This has resulted in ‘= The bill for. '* One of the suggestions on the table is ‘nother words... ‘© There is serious doubt that * Others disagree and argue that. unis (a)Grammar 1A Passives Choose an active ora passive verb form to complete the textabout supply chains. Circle the correct answer. ‘The theory ofsupply and demand (1) says /is suid that the price ofa product (2) will increase / willbe increased the more people want to buy it. But in today’s complex markets, where many products 3) supplied /are supplied to ceustomers via middle men, such as international importers cor huge supermarket chains, many small producers (4) are desing out / are being fst out. Prices (5) se /are set by the supermarket at the end ‘of the chain, and if suppliers want to hang on to their ‘contracts, they (6) often force / are aften forced to accept rates that leave them with very litle in the way of profit. ‘This is particularly true of small producers in developing countries, whose product (7) often goes/i often gone through the hands of several middle men, with a cut ofthe profit (8) is taking / being taken at each stage. Grammar 1B Passives ‘Complete the text about the spice saffron using the best form of the verb in brackets Saffron, with its distinctive bright yellow colour, o— (use) in cooking for thousands of years, Te 2) ___ (eufrvatéin a region that stretches from the Mediterranean to Kashmir. Around 300 tonnes of saffron (3) (praduce) worldwide each year Saffron (4) _____ (ome) from a flower, the saffron erocus. The purple flowers (5) (have to / harvest) at dawn before they (6) (wit) in the heat of the day, and the central yellow sti (7) Gepanae) from the petals. These stigma (8) ___ (then / dry) quickly and (©) eal) in airtight containers. Around 150 flowers (10) (need) 10 produce just Ig of dried saffron, so it's perhaps not surprising that it's the world’s most expensive spice by weight. Grammar 2 Cleft sentences Read these opinions about personal finance. In each ease, choose the sentence that ste best emphatic version of the first sentence. Tick (V) your answer. 1 People use credit cards because they're too impatient to seve up for things. 4 The reason people use credit cards is because they're too impatient to save up for things. Why people use credit cards is beeause they're too impatient to save up for things. 2 You should set yourself a monthly budget and stick wit 4 Itsa monthly budget that you should set yourself and stick oi What you should do is set yourself a monthly budget and stick oi 4 think the banks should be more responsible about how much they lend. 1 What the banks should be more responsible about is how much they lend » It’s the banks who should be more responsible about how much they lend. 4 Credit card companies suck people in with special introductory offers. 1 What credit card companies dos to suck people in with special introductory offers. The ching that sucks people into creditcard ‘companies is special introductory offers. 5 Teannoys me chat banks change so much for overdrais a Ie banks that charge so much for overdrafts that annoys me. ‘The thing that annoys me is that banks charge so. much for overdrafs. 6 Tspend most of my allowance on mobile phone bills. 2 Iesmobile phone bills that T spend most of my allowance on Its most of my allowance that I spend on mobile phone bills.. Trade & Commerce Vocabulary 1 Sounds and movements Choose the best verbs to complete the text. Circle your answer. A group of schoolchildren swarmed through the museum. “They (1) gasped / grasped at the huge dinosaur skeletons, towering many metres above them. They predictably (2) wrigeled / giggled atthe exhibits showing the human body: One litle boy, running too fast, fell over and cut his lip. His teacher (3) bowed / knelt down next to him to take a look. She (4) frowned / peered and pulled some antiseptic wipes from her first aid kt. The boy (5) seized / winced as, she dabbed at the injury, but was soon off again with his friends. She (6) signed / sighed and got back to her feet, feeling exhausted even before lunchtime, and hurried after the children, Vocabulary 2A Ways of looking Complete the sentences with the correct word 1 People tend to look —______ on the migrants, ‘who take all the dirty, but essential jobs. 2. Parents were warned to look symptoms such asa red rash and a high temperature. 3. His brother was three years older than him and he looked ____ to him enormously 4 He felt helpless, looking from the bench as his team let in goal after goa. 5, Her mother looked ____ the baby while she was out at work. 6 The bank has agreed to look. customers’ complaints about extra charges =e 7 Looking ______ om it, }ean see that we made some mistakes, 4 She hated needles, so she looked —___as the nurse administered the injection. Vocabulary 2B Ways of looking Do the underlined verb phrases describe a long look or auick look? Circle the correct answer. 1A group of football fans are gathered round, gazing. intenuly ata TV screen. alonglook —*a quick look 2 She regularly glances down at her prepared notes as she speaks. + along look 3. She glimpsed a familiar face in the crowd and started to push her way through, salonglook — +a quick look ‘+a quick look 4 The two boys stood silently, staring at the floor, their hands in their pockets salonglook — * a quick look 5 Asshe went out, she caught sight of herself in the hall mirror along look — * a quick look 6 Something in the sand caught his eye and he bent down to pickit up. salonglook — * a quick look Vocabulary 3A Problems Choose the correct expressions to complete the sentences about everyday problems. Circle the correct answer. 1 What’ the best way to ger rid of / get out of eoffee stains ‘on my kitchen surface? 2 Mysson’s struggling to keep level with / kep pace withthe other children in his class. 3, We can't cope with the volume of orders; we've rather become a vietim of our own sucess / aur own profits 4. The area’ become very fashionable now and ie’ rising up / pusbing np house prices. 5, We've come up against a few technical issues, but we'll find a method round /a way round them.6 Trade & Commerce Vocabulary 3B Problems Choose an adjective ora verb from the box to complete each sentence. ‘fundamental exacerbate ‘major intractable pressing pose sohe tackle Extend your vocabulary 2 gold and golden ‘Complete the expressions with one word in each gap. The (ine letr rs or ou rir ees eer oter ae (eee sel serene caer ervey fs 1 The bad weather is likely to for the event organisers. 2 He introduced new ideas about how to behaviour problems in the school. a problem 3 The ageing population, 4 For people in developing countries, poverty is a more problem than climate change. 5 Poor diet and a lack of clean water villagers’ other health problems. 6 Youcan usually problem is that we have an the the problem by switching the printer off and on again. 7 Faced with so many seemingly problems, he thought about quitting. 8 Carjacking is a____ problem in some areas of the city Extend your vocabulary 1 Change and exchange Choose the best verb to complete these sentences. change exchange swap switch 2 The golden r listen carefully to the questions. 3 Asayyoung sprinter, he dreamed about winning a gold ‘m______at the Olympies ™. 4 The 1920s and 1930s saw the golden ______ of the railways. 5 She was dressed elegantly in a black dress and wearing. gold j 6 She has become the golden g of daytime television. Listening Book group 1.14 Listen to three people talking about a book. ‘Which person says each of these things? Puta tick (7) in the correct box. Taure [Janet 1 She/he isa fan of the author, 2 She/he found some parts ‘of the book hard to read. 3 She/he wouldn't normally read this type of book. 1 When you're eycling up a hill you should gear 2 The transaction isn't complete until the two parties, 3. Would you rather sit here? We could places if you like 4 He explained that he plans to sides and vote ‘Yes: 5. He only stopped at Munich to trains, 6 Weagreed to, email addresses, but 1 doubt we'll keep in touch, 7 She fidgeted uncomfortably and tried to the subject. 8 They get together to chat and to recipes and gardening tips. @ ume 4 She/he thinks it deals with {important issues. 5 She/he didn't previously [know the author. {She/he liked the incusion | ‘of humour in the book“6 Trade & Commerce Pronunciation 1 List intonation © 1.15 Does the intonation of the underlined word in each sentence rise, or fall? Circle the correct answer. Then listen and cheek. 1. Tourists are soon surrounded by hawkers selling drinks, fresh fruit, ostards and cheap souvenirs of every kind imaginable trie fill 2 Around the edges ofthe square you'll find bakeries, ice-cream vendors and busy pavement cas all bustling with locals and tours falls 3 People come into the market from the surounding villages, some on foot, others in cars, vans, or even on horseback. falls 4 The colourful market stalls are piled high with not just local fruit and vegetables, butalso spices, lowers, handmade sweets and delicious fresh pastries. falls se 7 5. The sixteenth century explorers came back to Europe ith fabulous spices; cinnamon from Sei Lanka, nutmeg from Indonesia and vanilla from Mexico. oflls Pronunciation 2 Past tense endings © 1.16 Write the past tense forms in the correct column according to the pronunciation of the ending. Then listen and check your answers. alleviated exacerbated frowned glanced glimpsed indicated ted fooked peered seized sighed swapped Ww ial ha! Tooked Frowned rr)Trade & Commerce Reading Business talk 1 Read the text and answer the questions. 1 In which section of a newspaper would you expect to find a tet like this? 1 International News Finance © Politics 2 What does the text contain? 2 Only facts 6 Mainly opinion ¢ Both facts and opinion 2. Replace the words in italis with the correct form of the words in the box alleviate cut post tackle hire timescale ‘Whois having to reduce costs? How is one council dealing withthe problem? ‘Whats the government’ deadline for reducing costs? How did companies in the US try to improve their situation when the recession hit? 5 Why are outsourcing companies now taking on lawyers in the US? 6 Which type of business has recently anounced record profits? 3. Read the text and answer the questions in exercise 2, 4 Underline the words and phrases in the text which have a similar meaning to the words in italic in the sentences below. Example: 1 Teis dealing with the problem in a very direct say. ead-on 2 People from India came to see bow the work is done. 3. Other authorities will inevitably do the same. 4 People who have lost their jobs will be forced to stop spending. 5. Many companies are nervous abot legal work being done in other countries. 6 Too many skilled workers in America are unemployed. 7 Bargain shops are fasbi 8 Some businesses are still times. 5. The article isin the style column. Read the article 6 Answer the questions 1 Where do you usualy in newspapers? 2 Do you ever read the oor magazine?i Trade & Commerce Business talk As more and more local authorities in the UK are having to find ways to cut costs while maintaining frontline services, I can reveal that Birmingham City Council has found a radical new solution, and is tackling the problem head-on by outsourcing 100 IT jobs to India. The news didn’t go down well with the unions. Infact, the first they heard of it was when representatives ofthe outsourcing company arrived last week to learn the ropes from the very people they'll be replacing. This is the first example of a publie sector organisation being outsourced, bu it seems likely that other authorities around the country might follow suit as they attempt to reduce expenses by up to 25 per cent and meet the target within the government’ timescale of four years. Thousands of jobs are potentially at risk. In Birmingham there is bound to bea knock-on effect on the local economy when the people whose jobs have been axed are forced to tighten their belts and stop contributing to local businesses. Not that this seems to worry the counel, though. Its handling of this whole fiasco hhas been a PR disaster, and has already sparked so ‘many protests that it might well end up backfiring fon them. No-one at the council was available for comment, which ean only mean that the press office hasn't been outsourced yet. ‘When I mentioned the story to an American colleague, she told me about a new trend ~ called reverse outsourcing. When the recession hit US Companies, many of them tried to alleviate the problem by downsizing their legal departments and outsourcing the work to countries such as, India. Not surprisingly, however, many companies are wary of sensitive legal work being carried out in other countries, not least because of potential problems with data protection and litigation. So they came up with a novel solution — the outsourcing companies started hiring lawyers back in the United States, but paying them outsourcing rates. The lawyers may not be making as much ‘money as they'd hoped for when they lft aw school, but ajob is a job, afterall. Its a question of supply and demand; as the skilled labour market in India dries up and wages skyrocket, and there isa surfeit of skilled unemployed workers in the US, then it makes sound business sense to tap it. But to look on the bright side for a change, a chain of bargain shops, which recently posted recon profits for the third consecutive quarter, has announced that it is to open branches in out- ‘of-town shopping parks. Ita sign ofthe times that these shops, which are more usually to be found on our high streets, are now joining the big names at upmarket out-of-town shopping locations. There was a time when there was a stigma attached to shopping at charity shops and ceat-price supermarkets. Not any more. These days, shops like these are all the rage, giving people the ‘opportunity to boast about the bargains they've found. Its good to know that there are businesses ‘out there still able to make a profit in this bleak economic climate Glossary ae eee | | | fiasco (oun) -acomelts ae embarassing fale Arontine act) = esi or mest rset gation cur) ~ vee ota legal este to ate adeageonort PR (our) pubereatons spark ve) ~to make something happen tap ver) ~10 us got bret tom sometingTrade & Commerce Writing Making a complaint Reading Answer these questions. Hive you ever writen aleter or an email complaining about a service? Did you receive any response? Do you think complaining about bad service is worth doing? Why, or why not? ‘Look at the list of points that are normally included in a letter of complaint, and put them into the order you'd expect to find them. + Adeniled account of what happened ——» Areference to any accompanying documentation. © The consequences of what happened, ‘The date of the letter. « Areference/order number related tothe service/ product you are complaining about. —— F The time you are prepared to wait before considering other options. —r Anexplanation of the main purpose ofthe letter, ——h The action you would like to be taken 3 Read the letter of complaint and find the point from exercise 2 that isnot included. 19 April 2011 BOOKING REF 5800797/WE6 Dear Sir/Madam Tam writing to complain about the service T recently experienced with your company, and to hopefully receive some compensation. Iam very disappointed that I have todo this because Iam a regular customer, and in the past Ihave always recommended your airline to people. Ie a shame that in the future I won't feel confident about doing so again. booked what I thought was a flight from Athens to Buinburgh, departing on 5 April of this year. When I checked in for the light, I was informed that the flight was going to Edinburgh (as Ihad booked) and that other passengers were then going on to Glasgow. However, when we boarded the flight, the cabin attendant announced that the flight was going to Glasgow first and then on to Edinburgh. When other passengers queried this, the attendant checked and confirmed this was correct. The captain also announced that we would fly to Glasgow first and then on to Edinburgh. Shortly before landing, the captain announced that there had been a change of plan and that the Edinburgh passengers would be travelling on by coach. We were then told to go to coach stop 11 to wait for the coaches. This stop was the furthest from the airport terminal and had no shelter. It was bitterly cold and raining quite hard. ‘We waited for more than halFan hour for the coach toate Iewas by nw thea hou took ws two hours to reach Edinburgh to take a taxi to my final leaving passengers being the best way gesture you will check-in for ove originals ofall the forward to hearing Yours faithfully Janet Workman 4 Read the advice for: advice do you think the 1 Try to keep your letter 2 State clearly how you resolved. Give a reasonable deadline Include copies of any related Be polite, Being rude may be eounterproductiv. Avoid sarcasm which can be interpreted as rudeness.Trade & Commerce Language focus: communication verbs 5 Write the communication verb for each definition. The first leter is given for you 1 to give information overa loudspeaker 2. to say that you are not satisfied with something 3. to say that something is defintely true because you know about it 4 to give someone information about something 5 to ask a question about something because you have doubts about it 4 6 toadvise someone that they should do something Writing skills: being polite but firm 6 Re-write the short email message below, making the message polite but firm. Dear Sir, |.am writing to demand a refund for the kettle | bought from you last week. The kettle was faulty and could have killed someone. | want my money back and compensation. Your company has really ‘gone downhill and | won't shop with you anymore, | expect an immediate reply Yours, ‘Tom Ainsworth Preparing to write 7 Read the Writing tsk below. When preparing your letter, make sure you include all the points in exercise 2, and follow the advice in exercise 4 Writing Write a letter to a company, complaining about the service it provided. Make sure your tone is firm but friendly ets ‘Lam very disappointed *(n the past /have always... ‘appreciate that * Fwould ikea refund ... + also hope that as a goodwil gesture . ‘sam enclosingGrammar 1A Articles Choose the correct article to complete these facts about the head. O = zero article. Circle the corect answer. 1 The/A hea isthe heaviest part of the/O human body. 2 Itsa/0 myth that you lose most of your body heat through your head. 5 According to the/O neurobiologists, having the /a larger head doesn't equate to being more intelligent. 4 0/ The 14 different bones make up O /the human Face 5. dn/0 average person wses between 12 and 17 muscles to forma smile Grammar 1B Articles Insert the missing articles in the correct places in these sentences about language and the brain 1 In 1861, French doctor called Pierre Paul Broca came across patient who was only able to say e/a) one word, ‘an 2 After patient died, Broca carried out autopsy. (a / the) 3 He discovered that left part of his brain had been severely damaged by disease which had killed him. (the /sbe) 4 Ieis now understood that patients who suffer damage to this area of brain, now known as Broca’s area, have problems producing speech sounds. (the) 5 Whilst patients with damage to region of brain known as Wernicko's area, named after German doctor, Carl Wernicke, have different problems. (a /a /the) Grammar 2 Unreal conditionals Write the words in the correct order to form unreal conditional sentences. 1 was worried / I'd offer /her/ my granddaughter / about Hruniversity fees, / about /to help /1f/ 2 she / to ask / of education / the importance / my advice, / Were / Pd emphasise /. 3 the opportunity /if/regretit,/ didn’t take / might / she /She /. 4 were / teenager nowadays,/a/TE/ to university / definitely go / Td / in, / medicine /T 5 a doctor / might study / young were /If/ become / and /T/. Grammar 3 Gerunds and infit Choose the correct verb sentences. Circle the ete these 1 Falling / Fallen in loves novels and films 4 popular theme for 2 Jane Austen's Pride and. is considered tobe / ding one of the best fever written, 3 “Titanic” became one of the most suecessfil romantic films of all time after grassed / grassing over $1.8 billion worldwide. 4 In recent years there’ been a trend towards stories about find / finding love in later life. 5 Bollywood romances tend #9 tndlude /for including a predictable mix of elements. 6 The lovers usvally have to overcome numerous difficulties in order tobe /for being together. 7 Inall good romances, the hero and heroine usually end up to lice /lcing happily ever ater. 8 Buc of course, their love is even stronger as a result ‘of ace enduring / having endured various trials and tribulationsHearts & Minds Vocabulary 1 Pace of life ‘Complete the words in these sentences. 1 The lst few songs have a slower t____and a chlled-out fel. 2 Patients complain of suffering extreme tiredness and [enue 3. The friendly, iva grea place to relax. 4 The team are struggling to sell their fll qo tickets for the match, 5. Theaverage life of a dol wild is 45 years. 46 When they are resting, a normal person's heart is around 60-80 b_______ per minute, Vocabulary 2 Love and marriage ‘Choose the correct words to complete the comments. Circle the correct answer. 1 ‘Wehad a whirkoind / rollercoaster romance and 1 ‘pledged / proposed to her after just a couple of months?” 2 ‘Ididn' find genuine /true love until my fifties when I met Alice. Te took us a long time to find each other, but we're definitely soubmates /piriemates? 3. ‘Asa teenager, Iwas completely infuriated /infttuated with my best friends older brother, But it was a cassie case of unreturned / unrequited love ~ he never even acknowledged my existence!” 4 ‘When [first met Jack, I fll Beart /head over heels in love, We were like a couple of love-sick /lve-torn teenagers in those early days? -back atmosphere makes in the Vocabulary 3A Expressions with mind ‘Match the sentences tothe meaning of the expression intl, 1. Sorry, it completely slipped my mind. 2 Swimming in the sea at this time of year? — You're owt of Fea 3 Mind your bead as you get out of the car. 4 Tedid ras my mind that you might be here too. 5 Tm keeping myzelf by tate mind ff ert weeks interview, 4 You can gett done by the deadline if yous your mind init Don't hit it. Teoceured to me forgot it. Diseace myself ‘You're enzy £ You're determined. Vocabulary 3B Expressions with mind Complete the expressions with a verb from the box. ‘change comes get goes have think 1 Tewas a really haunting film, I ean't____ ie cout of my mind. 2 Write your questions down in ease your mind blank. 5 We're going there too. Great minds alike! 4 Just say the first name that to mind. 5 Ifyou ‘your mind, just give me a ring and we can rearrange it. 6 Who did you in mind for the role? uw @)Hearts & Minds Vocabulary 4 Nature vs Nurture ‘Complete the text with one word in each gap. My brother really takes (1) cour father. Physically, he’ the spitting (2) of him, with blonde hair and striking blue eyes. On the other hand, I look (3) ____like either of my parents, 1 do suffer from asthma though, which seems to run @ In terms of personality and interests, it more difficult to say what's (5) —____ ‘what’ got more to do with the way we were brought (©) —____ Both my brother and Tare doing our family to nature and science PhDs at the moment, and P'm not sure whether we were conditioned (7) ______ be curious about the world around us, or whether scientific curiosity is somehow (8) ____ our genes. Extend your vocabulary Collocations with ~hearted Choose the best words from the box to complete the adjectives ending in hearted ‘broken cold whole down half kind light warm 1 Don't get __hearted if you don’t get the first job you apply for. 2 Tmadea_______-hearted attempt to get fit, but I only went to the gym twice. 3) The film’ a gentle, ___-hearted comedy about an Australian family 4 He went off with another woman, leaving Emily alone and___-hearted. 5) Hewasa very do anything for anybody. 6 The minister expressed his _hearted support for the campaign. 7 She paid a generous and tribute to her former manager. ss She is portrayed as a ruthless, hearted criminal. -hearted person — he'd -hearted @ var Listening A broken heart © 1.17 Listen to a radio item about broken hearts and tick (W) the correct answer to the questions. 1 Who is Martha? + Abealth correspondent. A radio presenter © Adoctor. 2 Which one of these stressful situations does Martha not mention? + Death, Leaving home. © Unrequited love. 3. What does she say is usually the best cure for most cases of a broken heart? +. The support of friends. » Time. © Good medical eare. 41 According to Martha, how often does a broken heart cause death? a Very rarely. » Oceasionally. © Quite often. 5, What the real name for ‘broken heart syndrome’? + Cardiac Takotsubo. » ‘Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. « T20S BO cardioempathy 6 Who can ‘broken heart syndrome’ afect? + Anybody. '» Only people with a history of heart disease. «© People who are healthy: 7 Who did research on the effects of broken heart syndrome’ on healthy people? 1, Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging. Brighton & Sussex Medical School. «Hopkins School of Medicine.-/ Hearts & Minds Pronunciation 1 th © 1.18 Listen to the sentences and choose the correct pronunciation of the underlined rb. Circle the correct answer. 1. What do you think? #/0/ asin the + /0/ asin mouth 2 Tes bigger than T expected. + Jal asin the © /0/ asin mouth 3. What’ the other one called? # f8/asin the» /0/ asin mouth 4 Tm leaving next month. #/0/ asin the» /8/ asin mouth 5 There's none lef. #/0/ asin the + /8/ asin mou 6 Go through to the kitchen. + /o/asin the * /0/ asin mouth 7 He’ from South Africa #/8/ asin the * /0/ asin mouth 8 What did he do then? + ol asin the —*/0/ as in mouth 9 Let get together soon, #/0/ asin the + /0/ asin mouth Pronunciation 2 91.19 Listen and circle the sound you hear. sh and ch Lei sayy 2M shi ani ny se ani sil ony oi shy Tif shi si sayy unt? @)/ Hearts & Minds Reading Discovering Shakespeare 1 Complete the sentences in your own words. 1 Shakespeare is still popular with audiences around the world because 5 Write your own definitions for these words in text B. Paragraph I: honorary (adjective) Paragraph 2: scholarship (noun) Paragraph 5: recurring (adjective) ‘Modern productions engage new audiences by... Paragraph 6: familial (adjective) 2 Read text A and compare your answers 3 Read text B and answer the questions. 1 What positions has Ron held? 2 How did he first encounter Shakespeare? 3. How much did he already know about Shakespeare? 4 Why does he think schoolchildren are put off Shakespeare? 5 According to Ron, what ewo things do we know about hhow Shakespeare wrote? (6 What are the recurring themes of his plays? 7 What is the connection between Shakespeare and ‘modern cinema? 4 Find the words in text B that match the definitions, 1 Paragraph 1: (adjective) used for describing someone or something that had a particular job, title, or status in the past, but not now 2 Paragraph 2: (adverb) used for emphasising a negative statement 3. Paragraph 3: (verb) to make someone learn information ‘or accept opinions 4 Paragraph 3: (noun) a film, play, television or radio programme, especially when you are talking about the way it is created and performed 5 Paragraph +: (verb) to become completely different 6 Paragraph 6: (noun) the part of something that makes it successful or strong @ vm Paragraph 8: epic (noun) 6 Read both texts again and answer the questions in your own words. 1 How would you deseribe Ron’ feelings about Shakespeare? Do you have similar feelings? Why / Why not? 2. Have you ever seen a Shakespeare play that has been adapted to a particular place or seting? How did you react to 3 Is there an equivalent writer in your country? How is his or her work taught at school? 4 an you think of plays (by Shakespeare or other playwrights) that explore any of the themes mentioned intext A?7 Hlegibls & Minds Discovering Shakespeare A Shakespeare plays have been translated into virally every language onthe globe, and he remains the most produced playwright in the world. What is it about Shakespeare’ genius that has stood the est of time and is stil able to transcend PEAR ALLAN and the universality of their themes love and jealousy; polities, power and ambition; appearance and deception; idealism and the frailty of human nature. As Ben Jonson, a contemporary of Shakespeare’, remarked, his plays are ‘nor of an age, bur of ll ime. In different eras and in diferent cultures, producers have adapted the plays tothe particular realities of their situations and interpreted them ina way that resonates with their audiences. Japanese productions, for example, have blended them with local zheatrical traditions of kabuki and nob; in totalitarian regimes, oblique references have been made in plays such as Hamlet tothe struggle for power and freedom; and in Brazil, plays have heen transposed tothe setting of the favelas. Moreover, in recent ‘years theatre comp es have increasingly staged productions in a mover idiom that focuses more on the dramatic impact of the plays and less on literal, word-for-word translation, inorder to engage new audiences. Ron Daniels is a theatre producer who was horn and educated in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and was a founder member ofthe “Teatro Oficina, in Sio Paulo, He is an Honorary Associate Director of the Royal Shakespeare Company and a former Anistic Director of the Royal Shakespeare Company's The Other Place Theatre at Seatford-upon-Avon. He now lives in New York which is where we met to talk about his love of ‘Shakespeare, “The firs ime I saw Shakespeare I was 21 years old. had no knowledge of Shakespeare whatsoever until Iwas 21.1 ‘ame over to England on a short scholarship to doa three ‘month course in theatre and it was then that I saw my fst ‘Shakespeare. And for me that was like falling in love at firssight? Ron went on to talk about how, in England, schoolehildren are force-fed Shakespeare so that by the time they reac the end of their education, they have often completely lost interest in him. For Ran, it was a completely diferent experience, coming from avery different culture and suddenly discovering Shakespeare atthe age of twenty-one. Not long after that, he directed his frst Shakespeare play, Hamlet, and since then has directed over 30 Shakespeare productions asked Ron how much he had cliscovered about Shakespeare through working on so many of his plays, ‘We don't now what sor of man he was. We know only that he was aman of the theatre and that he was writing very, very fist. And obviously, he was going off and stealing stories from wherever he could. He was juststealing stories and in hs brain the stories would transform inco these great pays abo asked Ron if he thought there were any recurring themes in his work, ‘Thelieve that most of Shakespeare, well ll of Shakespeare, i about fathers and sons and fathers and daughters, and mothers and sons. Familial relationships form the whole backhone of the whole ofthe work. The English writer David Rudkin once remarked to me that he thought that Mozart had only really written ane tune and then kept obsessing and ereating variations ofthat same tune, And in the same way, ifyou Took at the very first Shakespeare plays and then go right to the other end ‘of his work, he using exaty che same idea Iehas often been sid that if Shakespeare were alive tay Fhe would be filmmaker Ron agrees and say tha working ‘on ane of his plays slike working from afl script ‘Films today are the grea epics of our civilisation. And he was writing the great epics of his time? Gloseary {evel pou) fealty our) ~woakness ‘blque eocie) rot exzressng someting ect poor area fa town Braz wher the houses arn very bad eandion ‘abut rou) ~tastonal Japanese plays thet comin songs, dances and mime, and in wich men pay Btn male an forte pats ‘oh rou) ~acoral Japanese plays that contin music and dace and ar based on ancient or reigius stores ‘obsess (ver) -t thnk or wory about something ate time, away hat sae extreme ote people totalitarian afecte controling a court ans people na very ar way ‘wanscend (yr) ~ 10 bacome reo of nagate ates or hough tha it wat you can achieve ‘ranspose (vr) 10 use an ea ormethodin a iterent stustion rom he oreit as only developed’ Hearts & Minds Writing Get something off your chest Reading 1. Read the message on a website homepage. Look at the ‘options a-c and choose the best definition for the phrase to _get something off our chest in this context. “Do you need to get something off your chest? ‘Then you've come to the right place. Click on ‘one of the categories on the left and share your frustrations with our online community.” + Towrite about something that has been worrying you in your personal life. To seek advice from others about what action you should take to resolve a conflict. ¢ ‘To write about something that has been annoying you, so that you feel better about it. 2 Read the website posting. What does the writer want to get off his che: Get it off your chest ‘Those days, i. seams that hardy a week goes by without ‘some new report being published about the benefits or ‘drawbacks of eating cert foods. Many of these reports ‘contract previous findings, leaving the consumer ‘confused, baled and bewildered. Sometimes | felt. is just a question of time before someone tals us ofthe benefits of smoking or eating fatty foods, | would tke to offer @ couple of examples. We all know that we should reduce our salt intake in order ta reduce. the risk of heart cisease. Or do we? The other day | read ‘about a recent report that was published in a respected medical joural that appears to contradict this advice, In an B-year study, the salt intake of people trom ferent European counties was closely monitored. The study appeared to show that there was no direct relationship ‘between salt intake and high blood pressure or heart disease. infact, it suggested that it was the people who ‘consumed the lowest amount of salt that were mast at risk, ‘Since then, Ihave found comments on various websttes that suggest the study was flawed, butit was published and reported on by our hungry media outlets. (8) une? ‘As Someone who sues from high cholesterol eves, ‘end to keep an eye out for these types of news stores, ‘though ['m sarting to wonder why’ Just afew years 490] studiously controled the number of eggs! ate each Week, batving that eating too many eggs would led tohigh cholesterol and heart disease. Then it emerged that cholesterol in eggs has hardy any effect on blood cholestrol tal. Now | can eat al the eggs | want. But ‘how long wil be before the fncings ofthat research will be overtumed? Don't get me wrong, | am very grateful that there are People out there who dedicate their professional ves to researching how what we eat affects ourheath ust wish they would find a better way of presenting their fincings, so thal we can avoid being scared to death by ‘the sensationalist messengers ofthe news ‘3. Decide if the statements are true or false. Correct the false statements. 1 New evidence suggests that smoking ean be good for you 2 Anew study has rejected the claim that high salt intake ‘ea contribute to high blood pressure or heart disease. 3. The study on sal intake was accurate and carried out correctly. 4 The writer has to keep an eye on his cholesterol levels 5. The writer recently reduced the number of eggs he cats. 6 The writer believes that the media should take a more responsible attitude to reporting the findings of new studies 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box contradict control find keep monitor offer publish 1 Many reports __ previous findings. 2 Iwould like ___a couple of examples. 3 Tread abouta recent report that respected medical journal. 4 In the study, the sat intake of people closely 5. Since then, 1 comments on various websites. 6 Trend — an eye out for these types of news stories. 7 A few years ago T studiously 4 the number of eggs Late each week.Writing skills: expressing anger and frustration 5 The language you use can express the way you feel. Look at the underlined phrases in the text and match them, with the headings below. criticising how often things happen 2 Complaining about contradictions 3 Saying what action you want 4 Questioning what you believe 5 Using negative descriptions to criticise those who cause the problem Preparing to write 6 Read the Writing task below. Use some of the phrases in exercise 5 to help you in your writing. Writing Do you have something you'd like to ‘get off your chest? Write about something you feel strongly about, or respond to the website posting above. Useful language: * These days * Hee * The other day! 1 The study appeared to show. As someare We usta fw year 90 |. * Don't get me wrong am very grateful that a)8s Chance & Desig Grammar 1A Real conditionals “Match the two parts ofthe sentences. Providing you follow the safety instructions, Unless something goes terribly wrong, ‘When you think about how badly damaged the car was, Providing everything’ properly packaged, If you don’t replace the lens cap, Assuming you haven't had any serious accidents, If you wear smooth-soled shoes in icy weather, 4 we should be finished by Tuesday bit shouldn't get damaged. © the risk of an accident is very low. 4. you're likely to slip over. «insurance should be relatively cheap. € itcan easily get scratched, ss they were lucky to walk away unhurt. Grammar 1B Real conditionals ‘Which verb forms are possible in these sentences about hhouse-buying? Tick (V) the correct answer. 1 Ifyou a new-build property, you shouldn't have to ‘worry too much about repairs + buy will buy buy or will buy 2. Providing the developers some kind of guarantee, you can call them back to fix any problems in the frst couple of years «offer » would offer «offer or would offer 3 Ifthey to save money by doing work quickly, developers only have themselves to blame if repairs are needed. a uy » willey © try orwill try @ ume 4 Ifyou for an older property, make sure you get a proper survey carried out. + g0 should go © goorshould go 5 Unless you the building properly inspected, you ‘won't know about any potential problems. 2 get » will get © getorwill get 6 When you full picture of any possible problems, you can decide whether or not it’ worth going ahead. had b have © will have Grammar 2 Unreal conditionals Choose the best phrase to complete these sentences about a road accident. Cirele your answer. 1 IfNaomi hadn't been late for college, she wouldn't be / ‘onl’ have been in such a rush that morning. 2. Uf shel been paying / she was paying more attention, she ‘would have looked before eyeling across the road. 3 Ifthe car had been going faster, she would be thrown / might bve been thrown up onto the bonnet. 4+ But for the driver bed reacted quickly /the drivers quick reactions, she could have been much more seriously injured. 5. Had something been coming / Had been coming something the other way, the aecident would have been much worse. 6 Tfshe'd been wearing a cycle helmet though, she could probably bad / probably would heve had fewer euts and bruises to her face 7 The whole thing could have been much more traumatic if the driver wasn’t / bad the driver not been so kind and calm. ; © Ifithadn’t been for that silly teenage accident, Naomi wouldn't still have had /wouldn' still bave a chipped front tooth to this day.-8 Chance & Design Grammar 3A Passive reporting Choose the correct verb construction to complete these reports froma gossip column. Circle the correct answer. 1 The singer is reported to sign /to bave signed a contract fora six-figure sum. 2. Some erties are thought that his is / tink tis isthe worst film he’ ever made. 2 Teis rumoured thatthe actress is /theactres tobe pregnant with twins 4 Several high profile actors think to have Been /are ‘thought tbe in line for the part. 5 The football star i expected to going to appear /is expected 1 appear in court next month. {6 The controversial chat show host is understood 10 been receiving /o be receiving treatment ata Beverly Hills clinic 2 There i alleged / eis alleged thatthe former model was driving at more than 120 mph. #8 Sources say /are said that the couple are planning to marry in August. Grammar 3B Passive reporting [Are these sentences from academic reports correct? Circle your answer. 1 EI Nifio is now comprehended to playa critical role i many extremes of climate. correct + incorrect 2 Multiple genes are thought to be involved in this complex illness. * correct * incorrect 3 Ieis claimed that the oceans will become ‘more acidic? with higher earbon dioxide levels. correct incorrect 4 The disease is believed to not cross the species barrier between sheep and humans. correct * incorrect 5 Itis gossiped that the university will introduce a new grading system next year. correct * incorrect 6 Wasp infestations are not thought to be related to socioeconomic status. ridge correct * incorrect Vocabulary 1 Accidents Choose the best verbs to complete these sentences. bumped cracked flattened ripped scratched slipped shattered squashed tipped trod 1A friend of my mother’s and broke her wrist. 2 [dropped one of my favourite wine glasses and it con the kitchen floor. 3. Ira lovely old dish ~ i’ slightly can still use it ona wer floor , but 4 Tasso annoyed when I the face of my new watch, 5 While we were atthe beach T piece of glass and cut my foot. 6 Tele terrible when my friend ‘of my son's toys that he'd left on the floor. 7 The box gotslightly in the post, but the contents were fine al my head as I was getting out of the car—Tfelt so stupid. 9 Theentire house was by the earthquake. 10 Myson fll over in the playground and the knee of his new school trousers. unt8 Chance & Design Vocabulary 2 Architecture Choose the correct words to complete this text about a new theatre building, Circle the correct answer. “The new theatre has received a mixed reaction from local people. The (1) external / exterior is covered in reflective gold metal panels and when the sunlight glints off them, it (2) acclaim /acentuates just how different the building is just a @) stone's throw / throw aroay from the city’s historic centre and it’ this (4) vicinity / proximity to more traditional architectural styles that seems tw have provoked such strong reactions. Many say that it’s simply (S) out of keeping with /out of klter to other buildings in the area. People seem to be particularly divided about the huge spiral on the roof of the theatre, one ofits most striking (6) characteristic element / distinguishing features. Far from just being a (7) poetic / decorative flourish though, ie actually a wind turbine which generates power and is from those around it.I part of the theatre's strategy to be carbon neutral by 2030, Vocabulary 3A Describing reactions Choose the best adjective to complete these reactions. awe-inspiring unique classic dreary hideous innovative 1 We stayed in a bland chain hotel in a suburb, miles from the city centre. 2 One critic described the huge sculpture as eyesore. 3 His influences from Eastern and Western traditions. 4 The building’, incredibly energy efficient. style of architecture blends design makes it 5. The helicopter ride gave us the beautiful landscape. {6 The rooms are tastefully furnished ina French style. views of Vocabulary 3B Describing reactions ‘Complete the words in these sentences. The frst letter is given for you. 1 Opinion was d over his first film, released two years ago. 2 Her most recent exhibition opened last month to acela 3 When the article appeared, i was gg with outrage by women’s groups. 4 His controversial photographs tend to p. strong reactions. 5 Thave to say that I'm a fervent a____ of hor music 6 The books have p_ successful with teenagers. 1 be incredibly Vocabulary 4 Conspiracy theories Choose the odd word out in each group. Circle the 1 convincing credible plausible sceptical 2 arbitrary coincidental intentional random 3 coverup — deceive disguise identify 4 benign evil malevolent shadowy 5 albeit hence therefore thus 6 design intentionality pattern randomness, Extend your vocabulary chance Choose the correct words to complete these expressions. with chance, Circle the correct answer. 1 Apparently, there’ a ffy-fify / balfbaif chance of rin, so the race could be eancelled. 2 [think Susan stands a good chance to get / chance of _gtting the job. 3. What chance /Any chance of a cup of coffee? 4. IsJon around? I just dropped in on the of bance /by chance he might be here. 5. The chances are /chance stands the car won't be ready until next week. 6 You haven't got Maxine's number on a chance /by any chance? 7 He's got roughly «flat /am even chance of being fit in time for the match,8 Chance & Design Listening Do you believe in fate? © 1.20 Listen to the people answering the question ‘Do you believe in fate, and match the two parts of the sentences. 1 If Thadn't gone to India, 2 If'm reading a newspaper, 3. Ifsomething bad happens, 4, figs not positive, 5 Ifwe could accepe the things that happen, 6 Ifyou meet someone you've been thinking of, 4 the world would be a better place. » Pill probably be upset. T'llalways read my horoscope. you'll probably think its fate. ‘© you can just blame it on fate. £ I would never have met my husband Pronunciation qu 5 1.21 Write the words inthe correct column according to the pronunciation of qu. Then listen and check your answers. antique consequences grotesque frequent question queue quit squash subsequently unique ‘kw! Ik Iki! ‘question untChance & Design 1 Complete the text with the words in the box. ‘conspiracy markets media theories ‘conspiring governments theorists The Bilderberg Group has often been associated with c= @—____. According to some (3) , the world is being manipulated by this powerful elite, 4) who are the world by controlling (5). — and (7) _______ organisations, 2 Read the text about the Bilderberg Group. What are the aims of ts meetings according to financial its members? bits opponents? 3 Without looking at the text, decide i the sentences are true (1) oF false (P). 1 The Bilderberg Group meets annually 2 The Bilderberg Group takes its name from the person who founded it, Theodore Bilderberg 3. Most of the participants at the 2011 meeting were from the world of politics 4 Its origina aim was to prevent future confliets. 5. The Group allows a selection of journalists to attend the meetings, but they can't report on them. 6 Some people believe the world is run by the Bilderberg Group. 4 Read the text again and check your answers to ‘exercise 3. Correct the false sentences. 5. Match words 1-8 with words a-h to form eight collocations found in the text. 1 exclusive 2 moguls 2 international gurus > media «hotel 4 financial 4 forum 5 off-the-record e-setting 6 pressing © figures 7 leading discussion relaxed h issues 6 Complete the text with the eight collocations from Each year, this group of around120 people, comprising a cross-section of the world’s most politicians, (1) -.) thinkers ~ get together to spend four days in an Oo to discuss global issues. ‘The Bilderberg Group believed future wars could be avoided if decision-makers could meet, eat, drink and socialise together in a 4). provide an (5) — nfluential figures ~ and Ieclaims to {in which a loose coalition of the world’ (6). cean engage in frank, (@) of some of the most @) —____ of the day. 7 Complete the sentences with the eorrect form of the verbs in the box. ‘cary out control fuel issue orchestrate overthrow pass shroud take 1 No minutes are no resolutions and no communiqués are 2 The atmosphere of secrecy that ___ the annual gatherings has ‘numerous conspiracy theories. Allegations are rife of secret plots to rilitary strikes, national leaders, regime change, and. the world’s economy: 8 Read the text again to check your answers to exercises 6 and’. 9 Answer the questions in your own words 1 Had you heard of the Bilderberg Group before reading this article? Which of the two views of the group do you find more convineing, and why? 2. Can you think of any global events that may have been influenced by Bilderberg Group meetings? 3. Which ofthe topics on the 2011 agenda interest you most? 4 Ifyou could have an informal discussion with three of the world’s decision makers, who would you invite, and what three topics would you discuss?°, Chance & Design The Bilderberg Group Question: What do the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in isl “Tarkey, the Westfelds Marriot in Chantilly, United States, the Astr Palace resort in Athens, Greece, and the Hotel Dolce in Sitges, Spain all have in common? Answer: they have ll hosted recent meetings ofthe Bilderberg Group. Each year, this group of around 120 people, representing a cross-section of the worlds most influential politicians, media moguls, financial purus and thinkers, gather for four days in an ‘exclusive hotel to diseuss global issues. The name of the group even derives from a hotel, the Hotel de Bilderberg, near Arnhem in the Netherlands, where the Bilderberg Group was founded in 1954 by former British Finance Minister Denis Healey, Polish political adviser Joseph Retinger, US banker and statesman David Rockefeller, and Prince Bemhard ofthe Netherlands ‘The 59th Bilderberg Meeting was held in St. Moritz, Switzerland from 9-12 June 2011, and the lst of topis inchuded Challenges for Gree Innovation and Budgetary Discipline, the Euro ‘and Challenges forthe Eurapean Union, te role of Emerging Economies, Social Networks: Connectivity and Security Ines, and New Challenges inthe Middle East. According to the organisation, the meeting was attended by approximately 130 participant, some of whom were from Europe, with the rest coming from North America and elsewhere in the world, About a third of the participants were from government and politics, while the remainder were from the worlds of finance, industry, education, and communications When it was founded, the Bilderberg Group believed future wars could be avoided if devision- makers could meet, eat, drink and socialise together ina relaxed seting, The group claims o provide an international forum in whieh participants can engage in frank, off-the-record diseussion of some of the most pressing issues ofthe day: They argue that such exchange is facilitated by the atmosphere of confidentiality that prevails in the meetings; no minutes are taken, no resolutions passed, no communiqués issued, and participants are bound to secrecy a to the topies discussed. Despite the bevy of reporters and conspiracy theorists that gather around the meeting venues, no press conferences ae given. The list of participants is also a closely guarded secret, though past members ae said to have included Queen Beatrix of Holland, British Prime Minister David Cameron, Prince Charles, Bill Gates, Henry Kissinger, Georges Pompidou, and ‘Queen Sofia of Spain. Nevertheless, the atmosphere of secrecy that shrouds the annual gatherings has fuelled numerous conspiracy theories. For some conspiracy theorists, the Bilderberg Group isa dangerous clique of the world’ elite power brokers, bent on world domination. Allegations are rife of secret plots to carry out military strikes, overthrow national leaders, orchestrate regime change, and control the world’s economy. They argue that, far from being a benign international think-tank, the group's ‘motivation is ideological, with the aim of achieving the centralisation of global economic power for the benefit of large multi-national corporations. So what, then, isthe Bilderberg Group? The jury is still out. For some, it a shadowy organisation which pulls the strings that make the world go round for the benefit of the few. For others its the ultimate example of networking. Glossary bow irour) a group of peopl or tngs ofthe sam rd tique (ncn ~® sma group of pple who sem untidy to cine poole communiqué (eur) ~an ofc etatomert, paca 6 nespapes, oo tlevson ‘ul ~ to mak something Incase or become worse, spell someting urpessant guru our) paron who eter people eect an goto fr eves about aparcuar sort, minutes rou) Steal meeting ‘mogul peur) on imponant and power parson in partclar sett oindusey al the stings otrase)- somaane pling he sre, hay {8 contig astuston andthe people nt, special seca shadowy acct) mysterious and see, or nat understood shroud (1-1 cove ori someting {he jury sil out ras) ~ used fo saying that people have not at decided what hey thnk aout someone something thin tank nun) rou af people who werk together o produce ne ideas ona partic subject offal tan acer of wate cused at) Chance & Design | 8 Chance & Design _ Writing Anews story Reading 1 Answer the questions. 1 How often do you read a newspaper or watch the news on TV? + Can you remember the lst time you read, heard or saw a positive news story? 45 When do‘TV news programmes usually presenta good news story ~ atthe end or beginning ofthe programme? 2. The news story you are going to read has the headline “44 Second Chance. What do you think the story is going t0 be about? Read the story to find out if you were correct. A Second Chance Remember Ted Williams? He was the subject of 2 good news story that appeared on TV and in newspapers around the world in January 2011. ‘Aga boy, Williams had wanted to bea radio ‘announcer, and in order to train his voice he attended ‘a school for voice acting. After seve ‘United States army he found some workin a radio station but, on his own admission, started having problems in his persona life tha eventually Ted 9 {nro prison sentences and becoming homeless. Ie was during a petiod of homelessness that Williams started ‘standing ona street comer, asking for donations. He ‘vould hold a cardboard sign, promoting his voice and explaining how he was a radio announcer who had fallen on hard times. One ofthe drivers who stopped to give him money ‘was local reporter who filmed and interviewed Williams and asked him to demonstrate his deep, powerfl voice. The video was posted on YouTube® find quickly went vial. rvvas only a matter of days. before he was being interviewed on The Early Show nd Taday, two of the most popula early-morning news programmes, Soon Williams was receiving donations and job offers. Hee became the voice of the cable TV channel MSNBC. The Cleveland Cavaliers [NBA basketball team also offered him a job and a home. ‘Fora few weeks, the homeless man with the golden voice became the big international news story with a happy ending, the perfect news iter to il the ‘And finaly.” spot a the end of a news broadcast. ‘Unfortunately, real life can't be as neatly scripted 28 a ‘work of fiction or a news item on a'TV show. Putting his life back together hasn't been without its problems for‘Ted Williams. In spite ofthe fact that plans were being made for a new reality TV show in which he ‘would introduce the stories of people who deserved a econd chance, Williams has had to face many of his ‘own demons again. Lets hope Ted Williams will be able to overcome his demons and take full advantage of his second chance. ‘3. Many newspapers include a short paragraph underneath the heaiine that summarises the news story In the UK, thisis called a standfne, Write a standfirst for the news Story using a maxirnum of 30 words. {Find the phrases in the news story that are used t0 say these things. 1 He accepted that something was true. 2 He had been through a difficult period because he had no job or money. Te spread very quickly on the internet People were giving him money. ‘The news story that ends a TV news programme, Fle had to confront alot of things that he had been trying to avoid. 5 Answer the questions. 1 Had you heard about Ted Williams before reading the news story 2 Can you think of other examples of people who have suddenly hecome famous for a short period of time? 5. Doyou know what happened to any of those people after they became famous? Writing skills: using time expressions 6 The news story includes some useful time expressions, Match the underlined expressions inthe story with the descriptions below. 1 Referring to a particular period 2 Introducing later consequences ne 1 Referring to atime in the very near future eS ae «4 Referring to how longa period lasted“5 Chance & Design paring to write 7 Read the Writing task below. When preparing your ;news story, use some of the time expressions in exercise 6 and add a standfirst (hort summary paragraph) when you have finished writing the story. Writing Write a news story about one of the following: —a good news story you have heard about recently ~a profile of someone who has been given a second chance. eo * This eventually edt... * Unfortunate, ral if * in spite ofthe fact hat. t's hope. unis @)Grammar 1 Unreal past Choose the best verb form to complete these sentences about working conditions in an office. Circle your answer. 1 Ithink its time someone reorganiss / reorganised the layout of our office. 2 Ie completely open-plan ~T'd rather we atleast had / ‘have dividers between our desks. 3 And I wish I badn’t chosen / didn’t choose the desk by the door - whenever someone comes in I get interrupted. 44 Sometimes T feel its as if I were / bad been the receptionist or something, 5 Lexplained the problem to my line manager, saying: ‘I ‘nas wondering / I've wandered if could move desks. 6 Butshe told me it wasn't /basn’t been possible at the moment, + Ifonly I work / worked for a bigger company with lovely: large modern offices. Grammar 2 Quantifiers ‘Are these sentences grammatically correct or incorrect? Girele your answer. 1 Many younger people don’t wear watches now, they use their mobiles to check the time. correct © incorrect 2 In the pas, if you agreed to meet someone, you arrived on time o just few minutes late. correct * incorrect 3, Alot of my friends now seem to think it OK to text and say they're running late. 4 The majority of people do get here on time for their appointments. correct * incorrect 5 Around 20 per cent patients arrive more than 20 ‘minutes after their appointment time. Eat are ps ru ern el aes @» + A greatdeal of my working day is spent answering email. correct * incorrect 8. Weaim to answer most the enquiries within 24 hours. ‘correct * incorrect. Grammar 3A Comparisons ut the words or phrases in brackets in the correct place to complete the sentences about running. 1 Running to keep fit is more popular than it was just a few years ago. (considera) 2 It requires less equipment than many other sports; just good pair of running shoes. (fir) 3. Experts say though that as important as having good shoes is having the right technique. (almast) 4 And expert advice isn’t as expensive as you think, (newt) 5 Getting started is the most challenging part of the process. (by far) 6 But most people find they run, the easier it gets. (the more) 1 When planning where to ran, variety is as important as distance. (equal) 4 Ifyou vary your route, you're les likely to get bored. (much)9 Time & Motion Grammar 3B Comparisons ‘Complete the text about exercise with the best ‘comparative or superlative form of the words in brackets. As people’ lifestyles have become (1) (Gedentary), they're walking and generally moving around much less often than they used to. This lack ‘of exercise means that people are getting significantly (2) ____(beazy) and problems associated with obesity ae becoming a lot 3) (prevalent) “Health experts point out that by far (4) (easy) way to increase your exercise levels is simply to walk more. It is recommended that you walk around ten thousand steps a day. The average desk-bound worker does () (fez) than 3,000. Increasing ‘your daily steps ean be as simple as parking your car a bie) (far) away than usual so that you have a(7) (omg) walk to work, or (&) (gon still, leaving the carat home, which will make you even (9) (io) Vocabulary 1 get ‘Complete the expressions with get using one word in each {gap so that they match the underlined text. 1 She had a shower and put some clothes on. - got 2 [didn’t get out of bed until 10 o'clock. — get 3. He was promoted to manager. — got a 4 Tuswally arrive hackat the house by about 6. get 5 Doyou ever travel abroad with your job? ~ get travel abroad 6 [find deadlines really stressful. get 7 She lost her job after she was caught stealing. ~ got 4 Ie my husband who prepares the kids for school. — gets the kids. for school —_—_ Vocabulary 2 Traffic Complete the words in this text about traffic problems. As a town planner, trafic is one of my major concerns. I'm constantly having to balance the needs of the (1) m____ against those of the 2) p__ Its difficult juggling act. While people often fall into both categories, they'l see no contradiction in arguing for tougher speed BL in) but then complaining about (5) c they’re talking about the problems of getting to work and sitting in (6) rush- traffic. They're "unhappy about all the pollution caused by vehicles sitting in traffic (7) churning out exhaust fumes, but when we put forward schemes to try and reduce the number of cars on the roads, such a5 8) car everyone finds an excuse to explain why it wouldn't work for them, Vocabulary 3 Movement Read the sentences and match them with the type of ‘movement they describe 1 He heard a erash behind him and span round to see what it was. 2 Another wave of passengers poured out into the arrivals hall 3. Ayoung woman rushed down the stars to the platform justas the train pulled out. 4 The narrow stairs spiralled up to the top of the tower. 5 She apologised as her case bumped against another passenger’ leg 6 Abus had collided with a car, blocking the junction. 7. The dog waited by the front door, wagging its tail excitedly Move from side to side. ‘Tarn quickly to face the opposite direction Hit something hard, causing damage. Go round and up in repeated circles. ‘A lot of people moving together. “Move or run quickly Hit gently into something.) Time & Motion Vocabulary 4A Formal and informal language Replace the formal verbs in brackets with a phrasal verb from the box. find out take off jive out make up putup with stand for 1 Most travellers will___ (tolerate) more security checks if they think it improves safety 2 People are now asked to __(remoce) coats, belts and shoes at airport security 3) The first two letters of the flight number (represent) the airline. 4 The eabin crew will (distribute) landing cards to those who need them. 5 Airlines earry out surveys to (disever) which factors influence the choice of airline 6 Business passengers _____ (constitute) around 30% of our customer base. Vocabulary 4B Formal and informal language Choose the more formal word or phrase to complete each sentence. Circle the correct answer. 1 The latest figures sv / indicate ase n the cost eine aT fates ater Layo espe afc (ears fave an effecton the housing mare 4 The situation ie not yet serious enough 0 juni / serra intervention from the finance minister. 4 Each tem / pia of information is recorded and carefully analysed. 5. Different factors will influence the economic conditions indifferent locations / places. 6 Inessence / Basically, the greater the demand, the higher the commodity price becomes. (68) Unts ® Extend your vocabulary 1 Time collocations Complete these sentences withthe best verb. wil make pass take tekeup spare spend waste 1 There’ a big problem with people who police time with hoax calls 2. Nowadays people seem to alotof time playing with their mobile phones, 3 [wandered round the bookshop to ___ time while I was waiting for my flight. 4 Excuse me, ean you a few minutes t0 fll in a questionnaire? 5 Its OK, there’ no rush, your time. 46 When you're stuck in hospital, i difiele to find the time 7 Training for a marathon can things to alot of your time. s Iesimportant to just chat to your kids. time to sit down and— 9 Time & Motion Extend your vocabulary 2 UK and US words Are these sentences written in UK or US English? Use the vocabulary choiges to help you. Ciele the correct answer. 1 Iwas driving up the motorway, when a huge stone hit the windscreen, +UK -+US 2. With petrol prices going up, lots of people are choosing more fuel-efficient cars. +UK —+US 4 Did anyone gee che license plate number? +UK —+US 4 ‘The sidewalks were erowded with holiday shoppers. +UK —*US + Thate it when people leave their bins out where they block the pavement. +UK —+US 6 She has to walk through a dark parking lo on her way. ro work. +UK +S 7 Allorry had overturned, shedding its load of timber: +UK +US 18 He lost his bestfriend in an automobile accident last fall. +UK sus Liste Society at a glance 9 1.2 Listen to someone talking about an international report called Society at a glance and decide ifthe sentences are true or false, Circle your answer. ing 1 The country in which people work the longest hours is Mexico. True + False 2. The average Briton works fewer hours than the average Belgian. True + False 3. Americans spend the least time cooking each day. *True + False 4 The majority of people spend around 40 minutes a day cooking. True + False 5. Most people in OECD countries spend 32 minutes a day shopping. * True * Fale 6 Alarge percentage of Britons had performed an act of kindness in the past month. True * False Pronunciation Word stress 1.23 Choose the correct stress pattern for the underlined word in each phrase. Puta tick (¥) in the correct box. Then listen to check your answers the average employee the informal economy. get promotion a pedestrian zone arise in road fatalities the location of the hive the position of the sun [© ie represents the angle of the sun significant increaseTime & Motion Reading Animal life 1 Complete the text with the words in the box. imals species ccontribut ‘groups parts pests For some they are (I) for others they are valued (2). environment. They can be found in almost all G)______ of the world. They are one of the most diverse (#) ____ of 6) planet and include more than a million (6) tobe destroyed, to our on the 2 What do you think the text in exercise 1 describes? 3 Decide if the facts are true (1) or false (F) Bees only possess one sting. Upto 5,000 bees can live in a beehive. Mosquitoes use blood for food. “Mosquitoes are only found in warm climates Ants communicate by using chemical signals. Antarctica is one of the only places in the world where ants don’t exist. 4 Read the website entries about three insects to check your answers to exercise 3. Correct the false fact. 5. Use the information in the website entries to complete the table. 6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the missing verbs. The first letter is given for you. 1. Their job isto find pollen and nectar for food, and to and protect the hive. 2 Drones mate with the queen bee whose job is to L______ the eggs. 3. The mosquito is responsible for t_______ disease to millions of people in the developing world. 4 Mosquitoes usually £ 5 One of the main reasons for being able to ferent habitats is their on nectar, a ____too many social organisation. 6 When one ant finds food, itm. for other ants to follow. atrail 7 Read the website entries again and answer the questions in your own words. 1 Did you learn anything new from the texts about the insects? 2 What other inseets ean you name in English? 3. Which is your favourite and least favourite insect? Name Bee Mosquito ‘Where found Where they live Life span Interesting fact9 Time & Motion Animal life Bees exist on every continent except Antarctica and there are approximately 20,000 known species. Peshaps the most well-known species is the honeybee, which takes its name from the honey that it produces by gathering pollen and nectar from lowers. Honeybsees live in colonies inside hives, and a single hive ean be home for upto 100,000 bees. There are generally three types of honeybee. Worker bees, which are the most commonly seen bees, are female and their job i to find pollen and nectar for food, to nurture the developing larvae and to maintain and protect the hive. Drones, which are the male bees, mate with the queen bee whose job is to lay the eggs that will produce the next generation. Bees are not aggressive to humans and, contrary to common belie, not all bees are able to sting; moreover, they are only abe to sting once, unlike wasps which can sting several times. They can live inthe wild for upto five years ‘One of the most reviled ofall insees, the mosquito is responsible for transmitting disease to millions of people in the developing world each year, and causing a least ewo million fatalities. With an average life span of between two weeks and six months, mosquitoes can be carriers of malaria and yellow fever, passing on the disease through their bites. When they bite, they simultaneously inject an enzyme that inh blood clotting, and suck blood into their bodies. Ivis only the females that bite, and they are dependent on blood not for nourishment, since they usually feed on nectar, but rather asa source of protein for their eggs. ‘There are about 3,500 species of mosquitoes found throughout the world, and while they are normally associated with warm climates, some have adapted to life in cooler pats. Mosquitoes tend to congregate around stagnant water, so removing any water from areas such as guters and buckets will reduce your risk of being bitten. Ants have evolved to exist on almost every piece of land on Earth apart from Antarctica. There are around 22,000 species of ant and, along with wasps and bees, ants belong to the Hymenoptera order, ‘They normally live in nests, either underground (in the form of anthills) or in trees. One of the main reasons they have been able to adapt to so many different habitats is their social organisation. Ants work collectively to support the colony ~ queen ants lay the eggs; soldier ants gather food, defend the colony, attack enemy colonies, and even enlist slave ants to work for them. They have developed a sophisticated system of communication, which entails using chemical signals to indicate that they have found food and marking a tral for other ants to follow. As other ants follow the tral, the mark grows stronger and stronger, thus attracting more ants, ‘The average life span of an ant varies considerably from several weeks to several years, although queen ants, who lay the eggs, can live for up to 30 years. Glossary utter jour ~ ne eget road, ox he open pices of peta re fed along the edge fa et ‘weary rn water away ‘habitat (our) te ype of lace that a patcuar animal usa ves {ara (pal ae four) tarm that some inst tke ber they devin io thir adit form nectar (nun) ~a sweet gui ht some Nowers make nd tht insect nd ie nk. pest rou) - an ins or smal anal hat caoges plats cr upp of fod ple (roun)~a powder produced by Rowers te cared bythe wind ores to ter Hower 39 that they ean produce new seeds. rove 1) that ox ets somaone cr someting vey much stagnant acecte) stagnant water doe not fow and often ama ac trail cur) ~ sores of mars lt by someane somata snows hey hava been hee> Time & Motion Writing Being persuasive Reading 1 Answer the questions. 1 Are you good at persuading other people to do what you want to do? ‘Are you easily persuaded to do things other people ‘would like to do? Has an advertisement ever persuaded you to buy a product? 2. Read the magazine article, What is the author trying to persuade us to do? ‘Time for change? Isa metric world. Although a few countries still use other ways of measuring things, metres, kilos and litres are used to talk about distance, weight and volume in just about every place on the planet. ‘The advantages of a metric system are obvious. It provides a single unit for all physical quantities that can be understood (almost) everywhere. And these single units ean be used to measure smaller and larger quantities by adding mili, centi- oF kilo- ‘There’ no need to convert inches into feet, and feet into miles, for example. “The metric system is clearly easier to use than the systems it replaced. Why; then, do we not use a similar system for time? Why do we still use a (60-second minute, a 24-hour day and a 7-day we: Interestingly, these are not new questions. The metric system was introduced in France in 1793, during the Revolution. At the same time, the French also experimented with a decimal time system ~ French Revolutionary Time. Under the system, the day was divided into 10 hours, hours were divided {nto 100 minutes, and minutes into 100 seconds. Its use didn't catch on, though, and it was abandoned in 1795, ‘There are other, even earlier examples of a decimal time system. For two or three thousand years in China, the day was divided into 100 parts called ke, and months were divided into three periods of 10 days called 22m. The division of months into three periods of 10 days was also used in Egypt around 4,000 years ago, where they were called decans. So perhaps it’ time to think again about decimal time. Ie might take time to get used to it but T believe there are real benefits to be gained. Days would have 10 hours, and weeks would have 10 days, with a three-day weekend. There would be three weeks, or 30 days, in every month. The problem is that this adds up to 360 days. What would we do with the extra five or six days? The answer, of course, would be to have a five- or six-day holiday every year. Is there a better reason for adopting decimal time? 3 Lookat the article again and choose the correct 1. Which calculation does the author present as more complicated? + L2inches = 1 foot b I metre = 100 centimetres 2 Which statement is true about France? + There was a decimal time system for two years. » Decimal time became official in 1795. 4 What type of ime system is the writer suggesting The system used in France during the Revolution. One that combines French Revolutionary Time with a concept from China and Ancient Egypt. 4 Whar does the writer see as the major advantage of this ‘change’? a Weekends would be alittle longer. » Everybody would have five or six extra days of holiday a year. Writing skills: language of persuasion 4 Read the list of techniques often used in persuasion. ‘Which ofthe techniques do you think the author uses? 4 Adding humour Addressing potential objections «Asking rhetorical questions Including testimonials Making analogies Making comparisons Reasoning Repetition Storytelling-9 Time & Motion 5 Complete the phrases of persuasion from the article, 1 The —___of a metric system are obvious. 2 There'sno_______ to convert inches into feet. 3. The metric system is clearly _—___to use than the systems it replaced. 4 Why do we _____use a 60-second minute, a 24-hour day and a 7-day week? 5. So perhaps its __to think again about decimal time. 6 There ae real benefits to be 7 Isthere a better for adopting decimal time? Preparing to write 6 Read the Writing task below. When writing your response, use some of the techniques in exercise 4 and some of the phrases in exercise 5. Writing Write a response to the magazine article, presenting the ‘opposing view. ete : * Itprovides ‘© Why, then, do we not. ‘its use didn't catch on .. ‘interestingly, these are... ‘© What would we co with ‘= The answer, of course, would be to...:10 Local & Global Grammar 1A Plural noun forms Choose one noun in each group that does not follov the same rule as the others for plural formation. Circle the 1 aeroplane aircraft deer sheep 2 box path watch wish s analysis crisis emphasis tennis, 4 child foot hand rman s clothes remains scissors. shoes 6 hero kilo potato tomato 7 belief leaf life wife Grammar 1B Plural nouns and verbs Which verb forms are possible in these sentences? ‘Tick (V) the correct answer. 1 The professor has been based in the US for many years, but his family sell in Malawi, » live lives «live orlives 2. Multinational companies with production facilities in less developed countries responsibilty to ensure reasonable working conditions. a has have «has or have 2 This group — previously taught. 2 work harder than any class of students P've » works © work or works 4 The government announced plans to raise the ‘minimum wage next year. a has b have has or have 5 Inrecent years, the number of overseas students at UK universities inereased dramatically. + has b have © has orhave 6 Bach member ofthe team an equally important role in the final result. + play » plays © play or plays Grammar 2 Inversion ut the verbs in the correct position in these sentences about digital media 1 Never before digital media played such an important role in political campaigning. (hace) Not only professional political campaigners get their message across, but ordinary people get to have their say too. (di) 5 Nosoonera politician made a spech, than people are posting reactions on Twitter (bs) 4 Hardly a candidate finished speaking, when a video of the speech appears on YouTube®. (has) 5 No longer traditional print, radio and television the only means of disseminating ideas. (ar) 6 Rarely a medium of mass communication been so open and accessible to the individual. (bas)~10 Local & Global Vocabulary 1 Eating habits Choose the best informal word or phrase to match the ‘more neutral equivalent in brackets. You don’ need to use all the words/phrases. can't bebothered chew on don'tcare grab ahassle nibbleon asnag stick stock up on ‘tuck 1 Nowadays people don't cook proper meals because they think its (too much trouble). 2 They (are too lazy) to spend time making something from fresh ingredients. 3. Instead of sitting down for lunch, most people I know just buy) a sandwich. 4 Some people don’t even eat proper meals ~ they just (at) snacks all day. 5 Tknow people who buy att of) pre-prepared meals once a week or so. 6 ‘Then in the evening, they just. something in the microwave, Vocabulary 2A Globalisation Ave these sentences grammatically correct? Circle 1 In 2008 the collapse of the Icelandic bank, Landsbanki, led to an economical crisis in the country. correct * incorrect (pu) 2 Thousands of people in other countries, including the UK and Holland, had investments with its subsidiary, Leesave. correct * incorrect 3. The bank’ collapse had particularly dramatical consequences for many UK organisations correct incorrect 4 Inthe modern, globalised world, very few countries are now self-sufficiency in vital resources such as food or energy. * correct. * incorrect 5. The majority of developed countries are dependent on. the import of key resources, correct * incorrect 6 The concentration of certain resources in the hands of articular counties i of concern to many. * correct Vocabulary 2B Globalisation Complete the sentences with the correct form ofthe word in brackets, 1 Zhao works in the large multinational company in Cl 2. She is one of several local staff employed for thei (understand) of the local market conditions 3. Whilst many practices are across markets, there is a degree of variation. 4 Alarge part of Zhao's job involves Communicate between head office and local staff. 5. She tries to keep up to date with changes and developments in the local (economic). 6 During her time in the job, she's seen Garona) changes for foreign companies doing business in China 7 Currently, she’ keeping a particular eye on plans to (itera) certain markers (region) office of a (standard) Vocabulary 3A Technology ‘Match the technology to the descriptions. 1 awashing machine a akitchen gadget 2 amicroscope » ahand tool 1 ascrewdrver Acasa ee eee 4 alaptop 4. an electronic device 5 anelectictin-opener «a clentfc instrument una 10 (75)Local & Global Vocabulary 3B Technology Complete these sent using words from thi the words. ences about work in a science lab 1¢ box. You don’t need to use all — —__—— Govess approach controled spose se goa modes encouraged renter | remove scan [All staff have to use an electronic key card to _____ the laboratory 2 Each eard is digitally data to keep a track of who' in the lab. TThe atmospheric conditions inside the lab are carefully with personal 4 There are sensors throughout the lab to temperature and humidity There are strict regulations concerning how staff ____of toxic substances. to take regular breaks to 6 Staff are — void errors through loss of concentration. Extend your vocabulary 1 Road collocations ‘Choose the word that has a different meaning. Circle the correct answer. ‘The road 1 branches connects forks 2 leads goes 10 winds 3 climbs crosses goes up A... road 4 bumpy dusty dirt s busy congested quiet 6 beach coastal mountain Extend your vocabulary 2 Expressions with have ‘Choose the best expression to complete these sentences bout neighbourhood litter. Circle your answer. 1 Tve bad enough of /bad enough with people leaving rubbish on the street in my neighbourhood. 2 Lots of people take some coffee / ave a coffee in a take-out cup, then just leave iton a wal ‘group of kids from the local school bad a try 9 dear / ‘had ago at clearing it up not long, ago. “4 Vharve no iden if / don’t have an idea whether iewas a one- off projector if they'e going to repeat itregulatly. Of course, the local council bas a responsibility to keep / as responsibilty of eeping the streets clean. «¢- We bad stomg bop for / bad bigh hopes for some nest recycling bins in the area but no one used them. Listening The future of the camera 1.24 Listen to the radio programme and complete the sentences with the correct word. 1 Molly is asking i cameras will stil exist asa separate = in the future. 2 Phil thinks the is amazing. 5 In Bob’ opinion, having a dedicated — always preferable. 4 These days people store their photos in the 5 Molly downloaded a very smart the other day 6 More phones and re incorporating cameras these days. 7 Molly wonders if the camera be worried. 4¢ Bobis sure it'll come up with a new ——— ___— should\0 Local & Global Pronunciation 1 Plural nouns 9 1.25 Write these plural nouns in the correct column according to the pronunciation of the plural ending. Then listen to check your answers. ‘analyses books changes churches clothes crises potatoes products theses ites wishes works: ish a. teal works Talos [changes Pronunciation 2 Stress in inverted sentences & 1.26 Listen to these sentences about food and underline the words which are particularly stressed. 1 Never before in human history have we been so far removed from the food we eat. 2 Only recently have ordinary people ad access to such a wide variety of fresh foods all year round. 3 No longer can we justify eating out-of-season ‘vegetables flown from the other side of the world 4 Not only does locally grown produce have a smaller carbon footprint, it also tends to taste better. 5 Rarely do vegetables transported thousands of miles taste as good as those grown on our local farm. mo ®Local & Global Reading Food for thought 1 Read the questions and choose the answer you think 1 How many people in the world weren't getting enough to eatat the beginning of 2011? + 925 milion 2 What proportion of the world population des that figure represent? » 925 million » one in twenty 4, In 2000, what year did the United Nations set as its target to halve the proportion of hungry people? 2015 » 2050 4+ What number is the world population expected to reach by 2050? + 92billion 6 19.2 billion 5 How much food does the average European or North [American throw away each year? a around 100kg around 10 kg 6 Whats the food that is bought and then thrown away uneaten in the greatest proportion? a bread & fruit and vegetables 2 Read the article and check your answers to exercise 1 3. Replace the verbs in italics with the correct form of the verbs in the box. equal lower reduce tackle promise represent spoil throw away 1 Emergencies ofthis type only account for around eight per cent of victims of hunger around the world 2 They pledged to achieve eight international development goals by the year 2015. These included reducing child mortality rates 3 Consumers are left with food that quickly gor aff ‘The food that is disposed ofin the greatest proportion is fruit and vegetables. 4 The total amount of food thrown away each year in the developed world eguates othe entire annual food production of Sub-Saharan Africa. 5 If weare serious about addressing the problem of world ‘hunger for furure generations, then curtailing food ‘wastage should be a major focus of concern. @) & 4. Decide if the sentences are true (1) or false (F). 1 There are eight Millennium Development Goals. 2. There isn't enough food in the world today for everyone to have the nourishment they need. 4. The proportion of people suffering from hunger is increasing. 4 Food in the developed world tends to go off more quickly than food in developing countries. 5 Consumers in developed countries often buy more than they need. Supermarket customers are partly responsible for supermarket waste. 5 Read the article again and check your answers to ‘exercise 4. Correct the false sentences. 6 Complete the Millennium Development Goals using the words in the box. ‘education gender health malaria mortality partnership poverty sustainability 1 Eradicate extreme and hunger 2 Achieve universal primary 3. Promote 4 Reduce child 5 Iimprove maternal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, diseases equality and empower and other 7 Ensure environmental Develop a global for development 7 Answer the questions in your own words 1 Do you check the ‘best before / use by” dates when you buy or use food? 2 What type of food, if any, do you waste? 5. TF you find food in your fridge that has passed is “best before / use by’ date, what do you usually do? 4 Were you surprised by any of the information in the article? 5 Doyou think the Millennium Development Goals are achievable? Who is responsible for trying to achieve them?Local & Global Food for thought In recent years, television images of starving children and news coverage of famines and food riots have raised awareness of the problem of hunger in the developing world. In 2011, Africa became the focus of media attention when it suffered the worst drought for 60 years. However, emergencies of this type only account for around eight per cent of vietims of global hunger. According to the United Nations World Food Programme, at the beginning of 2011 there were 925 million undernourished people in the world, or in other words, one in seven people lacked the food they needed to be healthy and lead an active life. Halving the proportion of hungry people in the world was one of the Millennium Development Goals. In the year 2000, all 193 United Nations ‘member states and many international organisations pledged to achieve eight international development goals by the year 2015, including the reduction of child mortality rates, developing a global partnership for development, and ensuring environmental sustainability, with the eradication of ‘extreme poverty and hunger topping thelist. Although there is currently enough food in the world for everyone to receive the nourishment they need, this does not always reach the people who are most in need of it. The proportion of people suffering from hunger is actually declining but, according to the United Nations Development Programme, the rate of decline is not fast enough ‘Moreover, the problem is likely to be exacerbated as the world population grows ~ in 2000, when the Millennium Development Goals were announced, the world population was 6.1 billion people, but this figure is expected to reach 9.2 billion by 2050, According to the UN, a staggering 33-50% of the food produced around the world is lost or wasted every year. In the developing world, this is often ‘due to problems of infrastructure, such as deficient storage facilities or inadequate processing and packaging systems, whereas in wealthier countries the blame fies mainly with consumers. The average European or North American throws away between 95 and 115kg of food every year, a figure that is in stark contrast with a per capita statistic of 6-11kg. in the developing world. While families in poorer countries tend to buy only enough food to meet their immediate needs, richer consumers are more ed to buy in bulk and consequently are left swith food that is surplus to requirements or that ‘quickly goes off. The food that is disposed of in the greatest proportion is fruit and vegetables, much of which is sil edible. Supermarkets are also to blame by throwing away food that has reached its sell-by date or has broken packaging, by rejecting fruit and vegetables whose appearance is less than perfect, and by catering to customers’ preference for fully stacked shelves. Ichas been calculated that the total amount of food thrown away each year in the developed world equates to the entire annual food production of Sub-Saharan Africa. Ifwe are serious about addressing the problem of world hunger for future ‘generations, then curtailing food wastage should be a major focus of concern. Te-does seem that the time has come to change our attitudes towards food on a local and a global scale. Glossary radeat (et) to gtd something copay, apaciy someting bad ledge vr) - Yo promise sereuty anc pul to do someting Uunderourshed icc) -Saneone who is undnaushed ‘snot heathy becauee hey dont get cag ood-|0 Local & Global Preparing to write 7 Read the Writing task below. When writing your reply, ‘use your notes in exercise 6 to help you. Writing Reply to the appeal for volunteers, explaining why you are interested in volunteering, the areas you are most interested in, how much time you think you'll be able to give, and what makes you the right person for this type of| work. Useful language: ‘There are many ways in which .. Alternatively, ike to make a difference . ‘1d keto become involved in ‘found caring for the animals. * Iwant to give something back ot s0 (ar)