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Superposition and Standing Superposition and Standing

Waves Waves
PHYS 116 Superposition
PHYS 116

Superposition Superposition of Two Pulses

• Adding of Waves Superposition is the key to Pulses moving toward
each other at 1 box/s
• Standing Waves many physical
phenomena that result
from waves that are
constrained to a region
that result in Standing
Waves
– Musical instruments
– Microwaves

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standing_wave_2.gif

Superposition of Two Pulses Superposition of Two Pulses

Pulses moving toward Pulses moving toward
each other at 1 box/s each other at 1 box/s

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Superposition of Two Pulses Superposition of Two Pulses

Pulses moving toward Pulses moving toward
each other at 1 box/s each other at 1 box/s

Superposition of Two Pulses Superposition of Two Pulses

Pulses moving toward Pulses moving toward
each other at 1 box/s each other at 1 box/s

Superposition of Two Pulses Superposition of Two Pulses

Pulses moving toward Pulses moving toward
each other at 1 box/s each other at 1 box/s

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Wave Snapshot and History Graph

Interference
Practice
Look for this spreadsheet in
your Canvas Course. Use Constructive Destructive
simple velocity and time
values and see the different
plots.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interference_of_two_waves.png

Standing Wave Terms

• Node
Superposition and Standing • Antinode (Loop/envelope)
Waves • Resonant Mode(s)=m (specific frequencies
where standing waves occur)
Standing Waves • Harmonic
PHYS 116 • Fundamental=1st Harmonic
• Overtone=all the other harmonics

Standing Waves Standing Waves on Strings

• Why do instruments • Animations: = =
have different sounds http://www.acoustics.salfo
when playing the same rd.ac.uk/feschools/wave =2
notes? s/super.htm#superpositi
– Harmonics on
2 2 2 2
– Fourier Analysis https://phet.colorado.edu/ =
en/simulation/legacy/fouri 1 2 3 4
er
2 The mode is the variable m
= in the equation. It happens
to be the same number as
the harmonic.

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Standing Waves on Strings Practice

For the fundamental Given a string: • Calculate the linear
= • Length 1.23 meters mass density
=2 • Mass 4.5 grams • Calculate the velocity of
=2 a wave on the string
• Tension 500 newtons
 
=
Write the equation for the 3rd
  harmonic.
2

Given a string:
Practice • Length 1.23 meters Practice
• Mass 4.5 grams
Calculate the linear • Tension 500 newtons Given a string: • Draw the fundamental
mass density • Length 1.5 meters standing wave
Calculate the velocity of a • Calculate the
= • Vibrating in the
wave on the string wavelength of the
4.5 fundamental standing
= = 3.66   wave pattern. fundamental
1.23 = • Calculate the velocity of
the wave if the
  500 frequency is 60 Hz.
= = 370
0.00366

Practice Drawing Standing Waves in Pipes

Given a string: • Calculate the Pressure
• Length 1.5 meters wavelength
Nodes/Antinodes
The fundamental standing = 3.0 • Open End: Node
wave pattern. • Calculate the velocity of The pressure is the same
the wave if the as in the air outside the
frequency is 60 Hz. pipe
= • Closed End: Antinode
= 3.0 60 The pressure can change as
it is separated from the air
= 180 outside the pipe.

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Standing Waves in Pipes: Standing Waves in Pipes:

Pressure Waves Pressure Waves
1 1
=
2
=2 • Fundamental =
2
=2 • Fundamental
or 1st Harmonic or 1st Harmonic
=1 =1 • 2nd Harmonic =1 =1 • 2nd Harmonic
Note that the wave Note that the wave
forms are • 3rd Harmonic forms are • 3rd Harmonic
Pressure wave Pressure wave
drawings. drawings.
• 4th Harmonic • 4th Harmonic
Write the remaining equations and find a pattern to write a Write the remaining equations and find a pattern to write a
single in terms of m. single in terms of m.

Standing Waves in Pipes:

Drawing Standing Waves in Pipes
Pressure Waves
1 Displacement
=
4
=4 • Fundamental Nodes/Antinodes
or 1st Harmonic • Open End: Anti-Node
3 4
=
4
=
3 • 3rd Harmonic The molecules are free to
move as there is no
Note that the wave
forms are • 5th Harmonic boundary to prevent
Pressure wave motion.
drawings.
• Closed End: Node
• 7th Harmonic
The molecules cannot move
Write the remaining equations and find a pattern to write a as there is a barrier
single in terms of m.
preventing it.

Standing Waves in Pipes: Standing Waves in Pipes:

Displacement Waves Displacement Waves
1 1
=
2
=2 • Fundamental =
2
=2 • Fundamental
or 1st Harmonic or 1st Harmonic
=1 =1 • 2nd Harmonic =1 =1 • 2nd Harmonic
Note that the wave Note that the wave
forms are • 3rd Harmonic forms are • 3rd Harmonic
displacement wave displacement wave
drawings, NOT drawings, NOT
pressure. • 4th Harmonic pressure. • 4th Harmonic
Write the remaining equations and find a pattern to write a Write the remaining equations and find a pattern to write a
single in terms of m. single in terms of m.

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Standing Waves in Pipes:

Practice
Displacement Waves
Given an air column: • Draw the fundamental
1
=
4
=4 • Fundamental • Length 0.30 meters standing wave
or 1st Harmonic • Open on one end, • Calculate the
3 4
= = • 3rd Harmonic closed on the other wavelength of the
4 3
• Vibrating in the fundamental
Note that the wave
forms are • 5th Harmonic fundamental standing • Calculate the frequency
displacement wave
wave pattern. if the velocity of sound
drawings, NOT
pressure. • 7th Harmonic in air is 343 m/s
Write the remaining equations and find a pattern to write a
single in terms of m.

Practice
Given an air column: • Calculate the
• Length 0.30 meters wavelength of the
fundamental Superposition and Standing
• Open on one end,
closed on the other = 1.20 Waves
The fundamental standing • Calculate the frequency
wave pattern. if the velocity is 343 m/s Wind Instruments
=
PHYS 116
343
= = 286
1.20

Wind Instruments Tut’s Trumpet

The Egyptian tomb of Tutankhamun contained many
treasures, including two trumpets. These trumpets were
Open or closed simple instruments, consisting of straight tubes with a
mouthpiece at one end and a bell at the other. The longer,
ends? Trumpet: Closed-open bronze trumpet was 94.4 cm long. The smaller of the two
• Open End: fipple, Clarinet: Closed-open was 58 cm long, made of silver. This trumpet, like other
similar musical instruments, couldn’t make a reasonable
bell Flute: Open-open sound at the fundamental frequency, but it could produce
all of the harmonics. What frequencies could the instrument
Recorder: Open-open
have produced?
• Closed End: Reeds,
buzzing lips Read more:
http://www.touregypt.net/museum/tutl62.htm#ixzz2yViXAqQ9
Hear it played:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13092827

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Tut’s Trumpet Tut’s Trumpet

The smaller of the two was 58 cm long, made of silver. The smaller of the two was 58 cm long, made of silver.
Using the 3rd harmonic for Using the 1st harmonic (fundamental) for
this calculation this calculation
The trumpet is a tube closed on one end. The trumpet is a tube closed on one end.
3 1
= 58 =77.3 cm = 0.773 m = 58 =232 cm = 2.32 m
4 4

343 = 0.773 343 = 2.32

= =
= 444 3 = 148 1

This is the A above middle C, close to the tuning This is the D below middle C.
pitch of an orchestra.

Find the frequency for the fundamental, the lowest note possible.

https://www.intmath.com/trigonometric-graphs/music.php https://www.intmath.com/trigonometric-graphs/music.php

Tut’s Trumpet Tut’s Trumpet

• Now can you calculate each the frequencies • Now can you calculate each the frequencies
for each trumpet when played in the 1st, 3rd, for each trumpet when played in the 1st, 3rd,
and 5th, harmonics? and 5th, harmonics?
Bronze Trumpet: Silver Trumpet: L=58 Bronze Trumpet: Silver Trumpet: L=58
Harmonic Harmonic
L=94.4 cm cm L=94.4 cm cm
1st
1st 91 Hz 148 Hz
3rd
3rd 273 Hz 444 Hz
5th
5th 454 Hz 740 Hz

Two source interference

Path difference =S2P – S1P
= 1 wavelength
=
Superposition and Standing
Waves
P

Two Source Interference constructive interference -------

destructive interference -------

Beats
PHYS 116
S1 S2

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Interference Beats
• Constructive/Destructive 1
r  
2
r  1 3 1
r    1  =
+
2
2 2
r  2
5 1 = −
r    2 
r  3 2 2
r  m 7
r    3 
1
2 2
• Where m=1, 2, 3, …  1
r   m  
 2