CONNECTIVE TISSUE

- connects epithelial to muscle tissue

- maintain the form of organs throughout the body
- provides matrix that supports and physically connects other tissues MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM
and cells together in organs
CELL TYPE LOCATION FUNCTION
Extracellular Matrix (surrounds the cell) Monocyte Blood precursor of macrophage
- the major constituent of connective tissue
Macrophage CT, lymphoid production of cytokines,
Contains: organs, lungs, BM, chenostatic (?) factors, and
1. Protein Fibers pleural and several othet molecules that
e.g collagen and elastic fibers peritonial cavities participate in inflammation,
antigen processing and
2. Ground Substances (not visible) presentation
e.g GAGs, proteoglycans, MAGs (multiadhesive
Dust Cells Lungs --
Mesenchymal Cells (CT originate from)
- undifferentiated and have large nuclei (prominent nuclei and fine Kupffer cells Liver same as macrophages
chromatin), spindle-shaped
Microglial cells CNS same as macrophages
*some mesenchymal cells are multipotent stem cells and are
Langerhan cells Epidermis antigen processing and
potentially used is regenerative medicine after grafting
of the skin presentation

Dendritic cells Lymphnodes, Ag processing and

A. CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE (undifferentiated, can transform spleen presentation
into diff cell) *brain cells cant regenerate
Osteoclasts Bone Digestion of BM
A1. Fibroblasts
- most common cells Multinuclear CT segregation and digestion of
- produce and maintain most of the ECM components (protein fibers giant cells (cell foreign bodies
& ground substances) with many
- synthesizes and secretes collagen and elastin nucleus, bigger)

Types: A4. Mast Cells

a. Fibroblast (immature)- active cells - release of bioactive substances
b. Fibrocytes (mature) - quiescent/inactive cell
c. Myofibroblast - involve in wound healing a. local inflammatory response
(clinical significance) b. innate immunity
c. tissue repair
*scar tissue/keloid (hypersecretion of collagen) and wound
contraction Bioactive substances released:
1. Heparin - anticoagulant
A2. Adipocytes
- serve as cushion and insulate the skin and other organs 2. Histamine - allergic reaction
*increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction* /
A3. Macrophage can cause muscle sensitivity, overproduction

Roles: 3. Serine Protease - activate mediators of inflammation

a. phagocytic ability
b. turnover of protein fibers 4. Eosinophil and Neutrophil Chemolactic Factors
c. removal of dead cells, tissue debris, and other particulate material - attract eosinophil and neutrophil

5. Cytokines - directs activities of leukocytes

3a. Histiocytes - present in connective tissue
3b. Monocyte- blood macrophage 6. Phospholipid
- convert prostaglandin, leukotrines?, and other important
mediators of the inflammatory response

*for IHR- Immediate Hypersensitivity Reaction

A5. Plasma Cells
- antibody producing cells
* from B-lymphocyte derived cells/Plasma B-cells ????
A6. Leukocyte
- eosinophil & basophil (sprays its granules to parasite)
- neutrophil - bacteria, invades other territory thus causing
2. Ehlers Danlos
IV: intestinal/aorta fracture
VI: increased skin elasticity, rupture eyeball
VII: increased articulate mobility and frequent luxation
increased articulate mobility/ JOINT MOVEMENT/ FLEXIBLE JOINT
and frequent luxation/ DISLOCATION

infection 3. Scurvy - bleeding of gums

- basophil - allergy
4. Osteogenesis - spontaneous bone fracture
Diapedesis 
- pigsa: migration of leukocytes to the site of inflammation, directed

by the cytokines HYALURONIC ACID, glycosaminoglycans

1. Hurler
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation 2. Hunter
3. San Filippo
4. Marquio Syndrome
Latin words:
a. Rubor - redness, increased blood flow
b. Tumor - swelling, increased vascular permeability MULTIADHESIVE GLYCOPROTEINS
c. Calor - heat
d. Dolor - pain, blood vessel pushes against its wall 1. Tendonitis 
e. Functio Laesa - loss of function

EXTRACELLULAR COMPONENTS B2. Reticular Fibers

- found in delicate CT
- Type III
B. Fibers

B1. Collagen B3. Elastic fibers

- most abundant protein in the body - composite of fibrillin, microfibrils, and elastin
- AKA elastic lamellae
Types of Collagen:
C. Ground Substances
a. Fibrilar collagen (lubricant of cells, located in-between cells)
- forms large fibrils
- type I, II, III, V, XII C1. Glycosaminoglycans
- AKA mucopolysaccharides
- long polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units
b. Sheet forming collagen (hexosamine, uronic acid)
- produced by EC - Hylauronic acid (Hydrated GAGs abundant), clermatan sulfate,
- type IV chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate
(Sulfated GAGs)
c. Linking/Anchoring Collagen
- links fibrillar to one another C2. Proteoglycans
- type VII, IX, XII, XIV - composed of a "core protein" to which is covalently attached
various numbers, and combinations of sulfated GAGs
COLLAGENOPATHY - Decorin, syndecun, aggrecan
1. Marfan Syndrome
- (mutation in fibrillin genes)  (lack of resistance of tissues C3. Multiadhesive Glycoproteins
- are very large molecules with branched oligosaccharide chains and
have an important roles in the adhesion of cells to their
substrate
- laminine, fibronectin, integrin

*Interstitial fluid
CD4 cells, produce T-cells
if infected with HIV, can't produce hence immune system is
weakened

D. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

D1. Connective Tissue Proper

 1. Loose CT - more ground substances than collagen,
surround blood vessels and occupies areas
adjacent to other types of epithelia
2. Dense Regular CT - Type I collagen with elastin
fibers, provide resistance to tearing and elasticity
3. Dense Irregular CT - more collagen

D2. Reticular Tissue

- made up of Type III collagen

D3. Mucoid Tissue

- embryonic form of gel-like connective tissue
e.g wharton's jelly
- found in umbilical cord