Example 2:

Do example no. 1. Assuming allowable stress to be σ co=6 MPa and σ st =120 MP , what will be the maximum load Pmay be
applied?
Hint: (1) The same deformation for concrete and steel reinforcement.
(2) Compare stresses using the allowable value and using equation of equilibrium.

Solution:
δ st =δ co
σ δ P
Where E= , ϵ = ∧σ =
ϵ L A
σ st Lst σ co L co
= here the Lst =Lco
E st Eco
σ st σ co
=
200 14
σ st =14.3 σ co  eq. (1)

Compare stress using stress limit or allowable:

σ co=6 MPa and σ st =120 MPa

For σ co=6 MPa  eq. (2)

σ st =14.3 ( 6 ) =85.5 MPa  eq. (3)

∑ F y =0 , ↑+¿, the subscript st is for steel and co for concrete respectively.

Pst + P co=P  eq. (4)
Substitute eq. (2) & (3) to eq.(4)

σ st . Ast + σ co . A co =P
85.5( 600)(6)+6 (300 x 300)=P  P=847,800 N

For σ st =120 MPa  eq. (2)

120=14.3 σ co
σ co=8.39 MPa here if we stress the steel to its maximum limit the stress in
concrete will be greater than the allowable stress, so therefore stress in concrete should not be more
than 6 MPa. This will be proven if we substitute the resulting value of concrete which is 8.39 MPa to the equation
of equilibrium (Sum of forces vertically). And the lowest value of P will be equal to 847,800 N.
P = 847,800 N
Extension of tapered rod: (Total Extension)

Consider a rod with length L with a diameter changes from d1 to d2 as shown in the figure 1. The rod is subjected to an axial load
We put an elemental length {d} rsub {x} at a distance x from the larger end (see figure 2).

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

Combing triangle ADE and FHG (Figure 4) and called it triangle a 1h1e1 (figure 5), and also combining triangle ABC and GHI of figure 4 and
called it triangle a2h2c2 (Figure 7)

Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7

a1h1 of figure 5 is equal to AH – EG (figure 4) is equal to d1 – d2 (figure 1)
let say a2h2 of figure 7 is AB + GH (figure 4) is equal to = m
By similar triangle (figure 5 and figure 7)
m d 1−d 2
=
x L
d −d
(
m= 1 2 x
L )  eq. (1)

Let the diameter of the bar at distance x = d m : or distance CI from figure 6

d m =AH − ( AB+GH )= AH −a2 h2=d 1−m Substituting eq. (1)

d m =¿ d 1− ( d −dL ) x
1 2
 eq. (2)

Area of cross section at distance x:

π
Am = d m2 Substiting eq. (3)
4
 2
π d −d
[ ( )]
A m = d 1− 1 2 x
4 L ( d −dL )
let say k =
1 2
so therefore

π 2
Am = [ d 1−kx ]  eq. (4)
4

Stress at x distance:
P P
σ m= =
Am π 2
[ d −kx ]
4 1
4P
σ m= 2  eq. (5)
π [ d 1−kx ]

Strain at x deistance:
σm
ϵ m=
E
4P
ϵ m= 2  eq. (6)
πE [ d1 −kx ]

4P
Deformation at elemental lengthd x, since we assume a smaller value deformation δ =¿ d x =ϵ m = 2
=¿
πE [ d 1−kx ]
4P
By integrating the whole length 2
=δ
πE [ d 1−kx ]
L L
4P 4P 1
δ =∫
0 πE [ d1 −kx ]
2
=
[
πE [ d 1−kx ]2 ] 0

4 PL
δ=  extension of deformation of tapered road
πE d1 d 2

Example 3:
A rod tapers uniformly from 40 mm diameter to 20 mm diameter in a length of 400 mm. If the rod is subjected to an axial load of 10
KN, find the extension of the rod. E = 200 x 10 3 N/mm2.
Solution:
4 PL 4 (10,000)(400)
δ= =
πE d1 d 2 π (200 x 103)( 40)(20)
δ =0.0318 mm

Example 4:
Compute the elongation of the bar shown below, under the tensile load of 30 kN. Take E = 200x10 3 N/mm2