HANDOUT FOR MATH 7B – 4th QUARTER Examples: Company position, Rank in the class
3. Interval - This is the scale of measurement where the value
I. INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Definition of Terms
1. Statistics - It is a scientific body of knowledge that deals with
collection, organization, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data.
2. Data - It refers to the individual information which was
gathered in the population under study.
3. Population – It is the group of people from which a sample is
selected from.
4. Sample - It is the selected representative of the population
used in the research study.
5. Sampling - It is the systematized technique in identifying the
sample of the study.
Branches of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics - This is a set of methods to describe
data that we have collected.
Sample statements:
a. Five out of ten Filipinos are at risk of osteoporosis.
b. An average of 12 people believes that girls are better in
Math than boys.
2. Inferential Statistics - This is a method used to infer, predict,
estimate or conclude something about the data.
Sample statements:
a. From a group of 100 people, the researcher concluded
that 25% of Filipinos believe that tax should be removed.
b. Using the scores of the 3rd summative test, the teacher
predicted how many will get a mark of 75 and below.
II. FAMOUS STATISTICIANS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS
1. Ronald Fisher – He pioneered what is now called as the
experimental design.
2. Francis Galton – He introduced the idea of using percentiles
in data analysis.
3. Adolf Quetelet – He pioneered the application of statistics to
education.
4. William Gosset – He formulated the various methods of
decision making.
5. Abraham de Moivre – He first used the equation of Normal
Distribution.
III. CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
1. Variables – These refer to any quality or characteristics that
change over certain circumstances.
2. Qualitative Variables – These are categorical variables
whose outcomes are expressed in words.
Examples: color, religion, nationality
3. Quantitative Variables – These are numerical variables
whose outcomes are expressed in numbers.
Examples: age, weight, height
a. Discrete Variables – These are variables with finite and
countable set of values.
Examples: Number of siblings, Population
b. Continuous Variables – These are variables with infinite
set of values and cannot be counted by hand. Instruments
are used to measure these variables.
Examples: height, weight, time
IV. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
1. Nominal - This is the scale of measurement where the
categorization does not follow a certain rank, or order.
Commonly, the nominal scale does not involve numerical
values.
Examples: religion, gender
2. Ordinal - This is the scale of measurement which still
involves qualitative values, but follows a certain order.
of zero does not really mean absence of the unit.
Examples: temperature expressed in Fahrenheit and Celsius
4. Ratio - Unlike the interval scale of measurement, the ratio
scale does not give value to zero. Zero merely means
absence of the measurement.
Example: distance, temperature expressed in Kelvin
V. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY FOR
UNGROUPED DATA
1. Mean – This refers to the average of a given set of data and
is computed by adding up all the values and then dividing it
by the number of items.
2. Median – This refers to the value in the middle of the data
set and is computed by: (1) arranging the data set from least
to greatest; then (2) identifying the value in the middle of the
set.
3. Mode – This refers to the most frequently occurring value in
the data set.
VI. THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
Parts of a Frequency Distribution Table
1. C l a s s e s -
these refer to the group of values.
2. Lower Limit – the lower value between two intervals.
3. Upper Limit – the higher value between two intervals.
4. Tally and Frequency - these refer to the number of
occurrences for each interval.
5. Cumulative Frequency (<CF and >CF) - the cumulative
frequency for each class interval is the frequency for that
class interval added to the preceding cumulative total.
Cumulative frequency can also be defined as the sum of all
previous frequencies up to the current point. <CF begins at
the least class interval, while >CF begins at the greatest
class interval.
6. Class Boundaries – these are exact boundaries of each
class interval. The lower class boundaries can be computed
by subtracting 0.5 to the lower limit, and the upper class
boundaries can be computed by adding 0.5 to the upper
limit.
7. Class Mark – this refers to the middle value of a class
interval. This is computed by adding the lower and upper
limits and then dividing that sum by 2.
Constructing a Frequency Distribution Table
1. Find the range by subtracting the highest value in the data
set by the lowest one.
2. Divide the range by the estimated number of classes (n) to
get the class size (c).
3. Construct the class intervals starting with the lowest value in
the data set.
4. Distribute the data into the appropriate classes.
5. Write the frequency for each class interval.