Republic of the Philippines

University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter is consist of: (1) Background of the Study, (2) Statement

of the Problem, (3) Objectives of the Study, (4) Significance of the Study,

(5) Scope and Limitation and (6) Conceptual Electronic Plan Model.

Background of the Study

The University of Antique Main Campus is a state university in the

Philippines which offers various courses in Tertiary Education, High School

up to Senior High and Kindergarten.

The University of Antique Main Campus has a population area of

approximately 8000. There are 53 offices which have existing telephone

system. The place is almost flat, where almost all establishments have been

constructed but don’t have telephone lines, respectively Architecture Bldg.,

Research and Development Center Bldg., College of Computer Studies Bldg.,

and College of Business Administration Bldg.

The buildings of the University of Antique Main Campus communicate

through an analog type telephone system which is located at the President’s

Office.

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

Statement of the Problem

The University of Antique Main Campus was one of those state

colleges that mainly uses telephone as their way of communication.

According to Engr. Roy Vera Cruz, MIS Administrator, the telephone lines

are connected to main line which is located in the President’s Office. The

privacy issues and maintenance of the system for the MIS are at risk.

For this reason, a telephone plan must be designed to relocate the

main server of the telephone system in the MIS Room. It should have

telephone block terminals in order to cater multiple lines in case of

troubleshooting.

Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study is to design a “Telephone Plan”,

rerouting the telephone system connection of the buildings and offices to be

installed at the University of Antique Main Campus MIS Room. Propose a

lay out of telephone block terminals in the allotted buildings.

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. Determine the number of offices that uses telephone.

2. Design a telephony system.

3. Propose a lay out for the telephone block terminals.

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

4. Propose a cost estimation of materials and labor for the design of

telephone system.

5. Determine why University of Antique Main Campus MIS Room is the

proposed location of the main server of the telephone system.

Significance of the Study

This study is significant to the following:

1. University of Antique Main Campus. This study will serve as a guide

to understand the present condition of telephone system inside the

University and why it is in need to design a Telephone Plan.

2. University of Antique Main Campus Administrators. This study will

provide them basis for implementation.

3. Student, faculty and staff. This study will enable them to understand

the current complexity of telephone system.

4. Future Researchers. This study serves as a major part of a subject

requirement to develop their skills in terms of strategic planning,

designing, time management and patience. This study also serves as a

guide to help those future researchers who want to study this kind of

research and to those who have similar studies.

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

Scope and Limitation

1. The study will cover only the University of Antique Main Campus.

2. The study will focus only on designing the telephone plan of the

University of Antique Main Campus.

3. The study will focus only on designing a lay out for the block

terminals in the allotted buildings.

4. The study covers only the gathering of:

a. The number of offices that uses the telephone.

b. The propose design for telephone system in the Buildings that don’t

have telephone lines yet.

c. Quantity of equipment and its cost of expense for rerouting the

main server.

d. Quantity of equipment and its cost of expense for constructing

telephone block terminals.

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

Conceptual Electronic Plan Model

Input Process Output

Knowledge
Requirements:
1.Data
Communication
2. Cabling
Software
Requirements:
1. Microsoft
Word Telephone Plan of
2` Auto CAD the University of
Design
Hardware Antique Main
Requirements: Campus
1. PABX
Material
Requirements:
1. Wires
a. Fiber Optic
Cable
2. 66 Block
Terminal

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the

thorough and in-depth search done by the researcher. This will also present

the definition of terms for better comprehension of the study.

Related Literature

Telephone

A system that converts acoustic vibrations to electric signals in order

to transmit sound, typically voices, over a distance using wire or radio.

Analog Telephony

The original telephone system. They are still the common choice in

smaller telephone systems towards the lowest possible costs, consistent

with aesthetic and safe practices, and which will result in minimum

maintenance.

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

Figure 1. Analog Telephone

Termination Block

It is a screw-type electrical connector where the wires are clamped

down to the metal part by a screw. It is a connector that allows more than

one circuit to connect to another circuit. It often contains two long

aluminum or copper strips that are designed to connect different

components.

66-Block Terminal

It is widely used in our industry for voice applications since the

1960’s. Although the 66-Block is now considered a legacy termination

device, its design has been updated to handle high speed data applications.

110-Block Terminal

It is used for both voice and data applications.It may be wall or rack

mounted and accommodate up to 300 pairs per block.

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

Figure 2: 66-Block Terminal Figure 3: 110-Block Terminal

Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber Optics or Optical Fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made by

drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of

human hair. It is often used as a means to transmit light between the two

ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber optic communication, where

they permit long transmission over long distances and at higher bandwidths

(data rates) than wire cables.

Figure 4: Fiber Optic Cable

Single-Mode Cable

Single-Mode fiber is the dominant fiber used in today’s

telecommunications and data networking industries. Single-mode uses

step-index fiber and a highly focused source of light that limits beams to a

small range of angles, all close to the horizontal. Single-mode optical-fiber

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

cable is commonly used as backbone cabling and is also usually the cable

type for long-distance phone systems. Light travels through single-mode

fiber optic cable using only a single mode, meaning it travels straight down

the fiber and does not “bounce” off the cable walls. Single-mode fiber optic

cable supports higher bandwidth and longer distances than multimode fiber

optic cable. Devices that use single-mode fiber optic cable typically use

lasers to generate the light that travels through the cable.

Multimode Step-Index Cable

Multimode step-index fibers are similar to the single-mode step-index

fibers except the center core is much larger with the multimode

configuration. In multimode step-index fiber, the density of the core remains

constant from the center to the edges. A beam of light moves through this

constant density in a straight line until it reaches the interface of the core

and the cladding. At the interface, there is an abrupt change due to a lower

density; this alters the angle of the beam’s motion. The term step-index

refers to the suddenness of this change, which contributes to the distortion

of the signal as it passes through the fiber.

Multimode Graded-Index Cable

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

Graded-Index fibers are characterized by a central core with a non-

uniform refractive index. Multimode graded-index fiber, decreases this

distortion of the signal through the cable. The word index refers to the index

of refraction. The index of refraction is related to the density. A graded-index

fiber, therefore, is one with varying densities. Density is highest at the

center of the core and decreases gradually to its lowest at the edge.

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

Figure 5: Single-Mode and Multi-Mode Cables

Fiber-Optic Cable Connectors

There are three types of connectors for fiber-optic cables. The

Subscriber Channel (SC) connector is used for cable TV. It uses a push/pull

locking system. The Straight Tip (ST) connector is used for connecting cable

to networking devices. It uses a bayonet locking system and is more reliable

than SC connector. The Latching Connector (LC) and the Mechanical

Transfer Registered Jack (MTRJ) are both small form factor connectors

which allow high density of connectors in patch panels and equipment

ports.

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

Figure 6: Fiber- Optic Cable Connectors

Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX)

A Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX) is an automatic

telephone switching system within a private enterprise. Originally, such

systems - called private branch exchanges (PBX) - required the use of live

operator.

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

Figure 5: Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX)

Related Studies

Development of an Electronic Plan for the University of Antique Main

Campus

This study aims to plan and design an Electronic Plan for the

University of Antique Main Campus, Sibalom, Antique. The researchers aim

to provide a design in rerouting of both local computer network and

telephone system with the adaptation of VoIP technology for the University

of Antique.

The study only focused on the architectural planning and designing the

proposed local computer network and telephone system with the adaptation

of VoIP technology.

Hindrances to High Speed Data Transfer

Kathryn Voss states that, “Flowing through a cable is nothing more

than electrons moving inside the cable and bumping into each other – sort

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

of like dominoes falling.” For a signal to be received properly by the receiver,

enough electrons must make contact all the way through the cable from the

sender to the receiver.

As the frequency on a cable (and consequently the potential data rate)

increases, a number of phenomena hinder the signal’s travel through the

cable (and consequently the transfer of data). These phenomena are

important not only to the person who has to authorize cable purchase but

also to the person who tests and certifies the cable. Many transmission

requirements are expressed as mathematical formulae. For the convenience

of humans who can’t do complex log functions in their heads (virtually

everyone!), values are pre-computed and listed in the specification according

to selected frequencies. But the actual requirement is that the

characteristic must pass the “sweep test” across the full bandwidth

specified for the cable category.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter also includes the activities to be done such as research,

interview, site investigation and analysis, data gathering, consultation to the

thesis adviser/mentor, conceptualization, planning, designing process,

finalization of the design and time table.

Methods of the Study

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

Research

This refers to the time spent on data collection, or collecting

information regarding the type of transmission media and termination

block applicable to the design of telephone plan, collection of existing floor

plan of the buildings inside the University of Antique Main Campus for the

propose design on rerouting the analog telephone system. The source of

information gathered mostly came from the internet, the school library and

interview.

Interview

It is a formal meeting at which someone is asked questions in order to

find out the current condition of the Telephone System in the University. It

is where the problems, possible solutions and suggestions are being tackled.

Site investigation and Analysis

Site investigations are significant steps in a successful site design

process. The intention of the preliminary site investigation was to gather

data for planning and to evaluate the site for compatibility with the

proposed design.

Data to be gathered:

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

1. The number of offices that is interconnected with the existing

analog telephone system in the University of Antique Main Campus.

2. The distances of each and every offices from the proposed site of

the main server.

3. The type of block terminal to be used in the allotted building.

4. Quantity and cost of all the equipment needed and the labor rates

for the rerouting of the analog telephone system.

Consultation

Frequent consultation with the thesis adviser and English critic was

done to accomplish a well-organized design for the study.

Conceptualization, Planning and Design

The researcher used up the required time in planning,

conceptualizing the design and designing the proposed design for this study.

Design Criteria

1. The proposed design of the telephone plan should be designed

using any version of Auto CAD.

2. Fiber optic cable will be used as a transmission media for the

backbone design of the telephone plan.

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

3. 66-Block Terminal will be used as a termination device in the

allotted buildings.

4. The proposed cost of this project should be minimal as possible.

Finalization of the Design

This refers to the final and detailed design of the telephone plan

(rerouting the telephony system) to be used for the improvement of a reliable

and better access of the system in the University of Antique Main Campus

Time Table

Gantt Chart
August September October November
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Activity
1. Choosing a
Topic
2. Chapter 1
3. Chapter 2
4. Chapter 3

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 Republic of the Philippines
University of Antique
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique

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