Technological University of the Philippines

College of Engineering
Electronics Engineering Department

ELE 11
METHODS OF RESEARCH

CHAPTER 1 - 3
Development of an Arduino-based Identification, Diagnostic and Monitoring System
for Hybrid-charged Lead Acid Battery for E-Vehicle

SUBMMITTED BY:
CASTILLO, Anna May C.
GATTU, Leandro E.
HERNANDEZ, Carmine Ella A.
LABUAN, Jonarld John C.
NAVALES, Leonard F.
SOPENA, Erickson C.

COURSE AND SECTION:

BS ECE 4B

Date of Submission:
March 4, 2019

Submitted to:
Engr. Aaron U. Aquino
Instructor
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Transportation is a vital factor for Filipinos on a daily basis. Utilization of public

transportation is an aspect of economic advancement that the government continues to

improve. With the emerging technology of transportation in the Philippines, e-vehicle

became a trend last 2015 inviting manufacturers for production [CITATION ROM18 \l 1033 ].

In addition, Rommel Juan, the President of Electric Vehicle Association of the

Philippines, boldly declared that there would be one million electric vehicles in the

country by the year 2020, stated on the 3rd Philippine Electric Vehicle Summit [CITATION

Ver14 \l 1033 ]. By 2025, Frost & Sullivan forecasts global e-vehicle sales of 23 million

and its present 2% passenger vehicle market share will reach 22%. As the market of e-

vehicles expand, batteries will continue to get cheaper — costing as little as $100 by

2020[ CITATION Kap18 \l 1033 ]. With the growing industry of e-vehicle, the traction battery

industry, as an essential part of its structure, will also be prominent.

The battery in an electric vehicle system is the counterpart of fuel tank on

conventional vehicle; traction battery replaces gasoline. The type of traction battery

commonly used in the Philippines is lead acid battery; confirmed by the proponents thru

asking several e-vehicle owners. It is economical for it is inexpensive compared to others [

CITATION Isi16 \l 13321 ]. In addition, it is simple to manufacture as its structure of lead

plates and electrolyte are made of diluted sulfuric acid[CITATION Placeholder2 \l 13321 ].

Lead acid battery is a type of electrochemical cell known to be a primary technology

of traction batteries. Electromechanical batteries are design from electrical analogy by

means of having notorious network of electrical components like electromotive forces,

 resistors, and capacitors.The structure of the cellis modeled by two approaches

aremodeling each part as electrical element or modeling the cell behavior as black box.

Black box approach is the interpretation of the output of the terminals [CITATION Ila18 \l

13321 ]. Battery modeling can be acquired from artificial intelligence where fuzzy logic is

used to present discharging of lead acid batteries. The discharging data areacquired by the

manipulation of relationships between the open-circuit terminal voltage of the battery, the

state of charge, and the output currents [CITATION CBu15 \l 13321 ].

The lead acid cell is still worldwide-used even there are new technologies already

introduced. As of today, some e-trike battery shops in Cavite use the said type of battery

for their battery renting and/or swapping business. They perform visual inspection and

voltmeter reading for testing batteries. However, these two tests do not really contribute

toprolongingthe useful life of the battery.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Battery identification, diagnosis and monitoring is a technology that is not yet

available among e-trike battery shops. Several transport terminals are located in Cavite in

which case Lead Acid battery is the only battery type that is used. It is of great

importance that batteries are accurately assessed or diagnosed before having it rented or

swapped for the quality be maintained and not be compromised. However, e-trike battery

shops and owners are only capable of visual inspection for any physical defects like wears

and tears, and by means of a voltmeter for assessing the health of the battery. Both

techniques do not exhibit reliable estimation and decision-making is at risk. For this

reason, the proponents of the study would like to have a deep understanding about the

parameters to consider upon diagnosing an e-trike battery like the lead acid battery. The

proponents would also like to investigate on the common battery failures for which
 incorrect battery estimation could have been a vital factor. With the shared experiences of

e-trike shops and owners, the proponents would like to identify the most common

indications of e-trike battery breakage. Most importantly, the proponents would like to

make further study also on monitoring the efficiency of an e-trike battery without

compromising its charging time.

1.3 Objectives of The Study

1.3.1 General Objectives

The study aims to develop an Arduino-based Identification, Diagnostic and

Monitoring System for Hybrid-charged Lead Acid Battery for E-Vehicles

deployed on e-trike battery shops particularly in Imus, Cavite.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

1. To design and develop an Arduino-based Identification System using QR

Codes generated from the battery’s specifications such as the model number,

no-load voltage, operating current and capacity

2. To design and develop an Arduino-based Circuit as a Measuring System for

the battery’s no-load voltage, no-load current and temperature

3. To develop a MySQL Database for storing, retrieving and displaying initial,

measured and computed parameters like no-load voltage, no-load current,

temperature, internal resistance, charge, State-of-Health, State-of-Charge and

estimated Remaining-Useful-Life

4. To design and develop an Arduino-based Diagnostic System for the analysis

of the battery’s condition with mathematical equations for Discharge Rate,

State-of-Health, State-of-Charge and Remaining-Useful-Life

 5. To test and evaluate the integrated modules demonstrating the proper

functionality of both the hardware and software developments attained in the

study.

6. To develop a Monitoring System using MATLAB for:

a. tracking the battery’s condition with graphical representations

b. predicting its remaining useful life in terms of time

1.3 Significance of The Study

This study will yield convenience to the utilization of e-trike as public transportation.

The continuous increase on oil price gave birth to the increase in sales and utility of e-

trikes [CITATION ROM18 \l 1033 ]. Over the years, e-trike has become more and more

popular due to its advantages like eco-friendly, as it does not contribute to air pollution as

well as noise, and economical, in comparison to conventional gas vehicles. E-trike has

stepped into another level within the industry of automobile manufacturing [CITATION

Zon17 \l 13321 ].

The proponents of the study will explore the improvement of lead acid battery

performance as far as its efficiency, capacity and conservationareconcerned.In addition,

the battery charging process is one of the important problems related to the e-vehicle

system because of the quality of power in the input current drawn by the

charger[ CITATION Sin16 \l 1033 ]. Fast lead-acid battery charger, which is an important

feature of the overall charging infrastructure, is also one of the relevance of this study.

This study will help e-trike battery shops to scrutinize a lead acid battery suitable for

renting and/or swapping to prevent drawbacks. E-trike battery shops will not rely to the

battery physique or to voltmeter alone for diagnosis for there are specific parameters to
 measure. The study will be the bread-and-butter of the e-trike battery shops for better

business judgment.

Over and above that, it will pave the way for thorough and continuous development of

lead acid battery identification, diagnosis and monitoringthat is a profound advancement

in the e-vehicle industry. The effectiveness of the study will mitigate battery efficiency,

capacity and conservation as judgment is at hand.

1.4 Scopeand Limitations

The study only considers the state of lead acid battery for public utilization in Cavite,

particularly in the municipality of Imus. The output of the studyis proposed to e-trike

battery shops and even e-trike owners who offer battery renting and/or swapping. This

study will focus on the identification, diagnosis and monitoring of fully chargedlead acid

batteries that are available within the area.

This study deals with the generation of QR code for unique battery identification. In

addition, QR codes provide security over authentication in each-and-every battery

available. The operation of the QR code is determined on the scanning and encryption.

New methodologies for learning and QR codes are on those used in the present day with

constantly evolving technologies[ CITATION Par16 \l 13321 ].

The purpose of this study is to provide a battery identification, diagnosis and

monitoring system that give e-trike battery shop owners ideas about the condition of

each-and-every available lead acid battery. Physical battery defects, such as wears and

tears or smudges, are not considered as factors for diagnosis and monitoring. The precise

parameters provided were not taken into account in this study.

This study did not develop any billing system. Any rental and/or swapping cost will

be just at flatdown rate.

1.5 Definition of Terms

 Battery Shop – Location where battery rental, swapping, and charging occurs.

 Traction Battery – It isthe battery used in electric-vehicles also known as electric

vehicle battery (EVB); Lead acid battery.

 State-of-Health (SoH) – the degradation of the battery’s internal resistance in

percentage that provides prediction of the battery’s end-of-life.

 Usage Time–timeof battery to fully discharged in terms of minutes.

 CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

2.1 Conceptual Literature

2.1.1 Battery Basics

A battery is an electrical component that transforms chemical energy stored in

its active materials into electrical energy over an electrochemical oxidation-

reduction concept (redox)[ CITATION Isi16 \l 13321 \m Mic10] . The battery

recharging process is the inverse of the process of charging. This reaction

involves electrons transmitting through electrical circuit from a material to

another[ CITATION Mic10 \l 13321 ] . Non-rechargeable batteries are classified as

primary cells/batteries and rechargeable batteries are classified as secondary

cells/batteries[ CITATION Tho10 \l 13321 ].

The basic electrical unit referred to as "cells" is used commonly as the term

"battery;" a battery is composed of a cell or more, can be in series or parallel or

both.[ CITATION Mic10 \l 13321 \m Tho10] . The construction of a cell contains

three active components: anode, cathode and electrolyte;

1. Anode (Negative/Reducing Electrode) — discharges electrons to an

external device.[CITATION Placeholder2 \l 13321 ]

 2. Cathode (Positive/Oxidizing Electrode) — accepts electrons from an

external device.[ CITATION Isi16 \l 13321 ]

3. Electrolyte — the component for transferring charge, within the cell

between the anode and cathode. The electrolyte in lead acid battery is in

liquid form. On other batteries, ionic conductors such as solid or gel-type

polymer electrolytes, are used.[ CITATION Isi16 \l 13321 ]

Figure 2-1
(image from Batteries in a Portable World: For Non-engineers 2016 by Isidor Buchman)

2.1.2 Lead acid Battery

The Lead acid battery contains lead dioxide as its positive electrode and high-surface-

area porous metallic lead as its negative electrode[ CITATION Tho10 \l 13321 ]. The charge state

of lead acid batteries consists of a negative (lead metal) and positive (lead oxide) electrodes

with a sulphuric acid electrolyte. In discharging, the electrodes changes as lead sulphate, and

the electrolyte dissolves sulphuric acid and turns into primary water [ CITATION Ana14 \l 13321
 \m Hai09]. Figure 2-2 is an illustration of a lead acid battery. Equation 2-1 shows the

chemical reaction of lead acid battery charging and discharging.

Equarion 2−1CITATION Mic 10 ¿ 13321[11]

Figure 2-2
(image retrieved from https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-
11/electron-activity-chemical-reactions/ year 2019)

Lead acid batteries are classified into two types: flooded and sealed. Flooded batteries

requires replenishment of water[ CITATION Hai09 \l 13321 \m San01] . A flooded battery

insulator (separator) is a microporous substantial that aids the chemical reaction to occur

while preventing the electrodes from shorting [ CITATION San01 \l 13321 ] . Sealed-lead-acid

(SLA/ Valve-regulated-lead-acid (VRLA)) batteries encloses a valve that releases gas

pressure when excessive gas forms from overcharging [ CITATION Mic10 \l 13321 ].

2.1.3 State-of-Health (SoH)

Deep understanding about State-of-Health and State-of-charge is vital for Battery

Management System design, especially for e-vehicles like e-trike [CITATION Chr18 \l 13321 ].

State-of-Health, duly affected by charge and discharge cycles, it is defined as the current
maximum capacity (present) [CITATION Zon17 \l 13321 ]. The battery's State-of-Health and its

performance is greatly affected over time due to gradual reduction based on the chemical

reactions in the battery [CITATION And17 \l 13321 ]. Hence, it is considered as an important

indicator parameter in determining battery opportunities [CITATION Zon17 \l 13321 ].

2.1.4 State-of-Charge (SoC)

The most significant parameter for e-vehicle is the state-of-charge of the batteries for

it is the measurement of the electrical energy stored in the battery. Estimation of SOC is vital

to maintain the SOC within the safe and standard operating limits. It is complicated to assess

the battery’s SOC for the SOC varies on different parameters such as temperature, internal

resistance and battery capacitance [CITATION Joh05 \l 13321 ]. An accurate calculation of a

battery’s SOC concerns the issue within its BMS. A proper calculation of the battery’s SOC

prevents the battery destruction and permanent scenarios that will lessen its efficiency and

useful life. State-of-charge of the battery can be described as the remaining capacity in the

battery with respect to its supposed capacity [CITATION Sta17 \l 13321 ]. Two crucial

parameters are required for the accurate and precise estimation of the SOCs of the batteries:

long voltage relaxation time to extent it’s OCV after a current pulse, and a very flat curve on

OCV-SOC relationship for the most of the SOC range [CITATION XIA16 \l 13321 ].

2.1.5 Grid-tie Solar System

Non-renewable energy sources such as natural gas, coal and diesel still exists on most of

the developing countries to acquire the large required amount of energy. Unfortunately, using

the said sources is not positive to the environment. In contrast, energy sources like solar,
biomass, wind, and geothermal are renewable and therefore, sustainable and environment

friendly[ CITATION Mas15 \l 13321 ].

Grid tie solar system is substantiated on the photovoltaic technology, which is one of

the prominent solutions for the growing demand of electricity, especially to commercial

establishments and houses. The power capacity of grid-tied solar power system ranges from

1kW to 1MW, depending on the location where the plant is to be installed [ CITATION Deb16 \l

13321 ]. The installation and design comprises of electrical layout, connections, plant layout,

and sizing of equipment, module disposition, and other electrical protections. A proper

synchronization with the existing electrical system should be implemented [CITATION Deb16 \l

13321 ].

2.2 Related Studies

2.2.1 A Desktop Application of QR Code for Data Security and Authentication

Bar codes were originally commonly used to identify products in a single way.

QR codes are 2D bar codes which also include audio, text, web URL and video.

It also contains exchanges for phones, credentials, etc. This report primarily

generates QR codes printed for question papers. It was proposed that data on

question papers should be encrypted with the AES encryption algorithm. The QR

codes are used to encrypt and scan QR to decrypt the code. Moreover, by

transferring data online, we have reduced memory storage by re-dirigation to a

webpage [ CITATION Par17 \l 13321 ].

2.2.2 MySQL Database for Storage of Fingerprint Data

 This project introduces MySQL, fingerprint data storage database. For future

processes, the application is fingerprint matches. MATLAB R2009 is used to

identify fingerprint and thorough abstraction in this project. MySQL is a

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) it operates as a server to

access database from multiples users. Also for the web server package free and

open source, which contains MySQL database, Apache HTTP server and screen

interpreter inscribed into the PHP and Perl programming languages, it is used

XAMPP Control Panel V2.5 software. This project shows that fingerprint storage

is effective and practical [ CITATION Nan11 \l 13321 ].

2.2.3 State of Charge, State of Health, and State of Function Monitoring for EV

BMS

This project proposes the calculation and monitoring of three key indices, i.e.

the SOC, health status (SOH) and functionality (SOF) of the electric vehicle

BMS. As most SOC vary directly to residual capacity, nominal capacity is

uncertain. The present maximum ability to diminish the SOC estimate error will,

therefore, be redefined. The SOC measurements show that 0.334 percent is the

maximum error. In addition, the article proposes that SOH and SOC reveal the

system's driving power under SOF [CITATION Placeholder4 \l 13321 ].

2.2.4 Energy State of Health Estimation for Battery Packs based on the

Degradation and Inconsistency

The resistance (internal) and capacity are used mainly to determine the health

status (SOH) of battery packs and/or cells to come up with the end - of- life.

However, both methods lead to different conclusion s regarding the battery SOH

due to the capacity independence from the internal resistance. In this paper, a
 ratio between the current maximum energy available (MAA) and the rated total

energy is proposed and defined by the SOH energy of the battery. SOH is, then,

more accurate and appropriate to show the current battery pack status compared

to capacity and power SOH, which includes both degradation and inconsistency

of capacity and domestic resistance. Analyzing data and comparing different

methods makes it superior compared to other methodologies [CITATION

Placeholder5 \l 13321 ].

2.2.5 Tests on Valve-regulated Lead Acid Batteries at Different Environmental

Temperatures and Float Voltages

The following article describes the behaviour, between 22 degrees Celsius and

37 degrees Celsius of two (2) different kinds of valve-controlled lead acid battery

that have already been presented to environmental and float voltages. There have

been significant performance differences between the two types of batteries

[ CITATION Rut02 \l 13321 ].

2.2.6 Critical Review on the Battery State of Charge Estimation Methods for

Electric Vehicles

This article compares and reviews methodologies of SOC estimation focused

on e-vehicle utility. Three (3) types of State-Of-Charge estimation methodology

for battery packs and four (4) types of battery for State-Of-Charge estimation

methodology have been systematically summarized and evaluated. Though there

are a lot of methodologies for estimation that have been proposed, and the

corresponding progress and applications have been gathered, the science for the

justifiable management of batteries cannot be determined yet. As a result, this

 will finally lead to inefficient energy use. Which is why, the State-Of-

Charge estimation for batteries can be an equivalent to a type of state estimation

problem for a hybrid system with non-linear and non-uniform characteristics, and

with strong time-varying. Therefore, solutions can be sought out from the

uncertainty modeling theory, the data driven control theory and the system

identification theory[ CITATION Rui17 \l 1033 ].

2.2.7 Battery Health Prognosis for Electric Vehicles Using Sample Entropy and

Sparse Bayesian Predictive Modelling

The performance of the State-of-Health battery estimator is verified based on

the large amount of testing at three different temperatures performed. The results

are precise and strong. It also shows that SBPM-based estimator is far more

reliable compared to other schemes as far as analytical integration of temperature

effects is concerned. The paper considers more zbout temperature extents. Like

temperature dependency of different SOH estimator[ CITATION Xia15 \l 1033 ].

2.2.8 Two Time-Scaled Battery Model Identification with Application to Battery

State Estimation

A well-designed estimation for SOH and SOC for BES is of high importance

for system’s design success. Identifying the real-time battery model parameters is

a newer approach to BSEs. This ensures that the test inputs are able to adjust to

the changing levels of the cell as it ages and thorough improvement of the design.

This paper presents a parameter identification methodology for a two time-scaled

battery where different battery dynamics are experimented separately. The

Standard Least Squares Regression method is used for easy implementation in

 real time. With the use of this identification method, estimation of the State-Of-

Charge of the cell is at hand. Using standard methodology for identification

may limit the capabilities in performing successful identification especially to the

frequency response characteristics of the cell[ CITATION Yir15 \l 1033 ].

2.2.9 Diagnosis of Electric Vehicle Batteries Using Recurrent Neural Networks

Battery Diagnosis needs to adopt the snapshot-based approach, and after

invoking relative method it is necessary to minimize the noise effect. A snapshot-

based model is constructed by the use of recurrent neural network (RNN) that is

suitable in handling sequential data with the data of the ratio of I and V during

the charge cycle. The used of long-short term memory (LSTM) neural network as

the improved variant of the standard recurrent neural network, the neural network

of former data and the performance of a battery were used[ CITATION Gae17 \l

13321 ].

2.2.10 Data-Driven Statistical Analysis and Diagnosis of Networked Battery

Systems

Convergence of estimation methodology, probability: employment of central

limit theorem (CLT) and large deviation principles (LDP); and diagnosis

reliability analysis are done very carefully using stochastic differential equations,

central limit theorems and large deviations principles. Samples are performed in

order to produce experimental data to illustrate methods.[ CITATION LeY17 \l

13321 ]

2.2.11 Data-Driven Design of a Cascaded Observer for a Battery State of Health

Estimation
 Accurate SOC and SOH estimations were obtained with regard to voltage and

current data, alone. The observed State-Of-Charge estimation varies and were

corrected in different time step, observed SOH estimation is based on the batch

processing result.[ CITATION hri18 \l 13321 ]

2.2.12 Predicting the Batteries State of Health in Wireless Sensor Networks

applications

The lifespan of a wireless networks depends on the shape of the batteries that

was going to inspect. It is very necessary to inspect and detect those batteries that

are defects. A group of applicable parameters on battery was determined by

generation of models. The conducted tests on this research, proves the validity of

the methods to provide accuracy on getting SOH models.[ CITATION Raf18 \l 13321

2.2.13 A Temperature-Dependent Study of Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries Using

Physical Equivalent Circuit Modeling With Impedance Spectra Derived

High Current/Power Correction

The result for simulations and EIS measurements shows the direct relation

applied current and internal impedance to lead-acid batteries. The paper states

that the result of constant power discharge is 23◦C, 40◦C, and 0◦C. The model

implemented a precise record of SLA battery performance, which can also be

used for battery cell performance prediction for SOC applications. For further

study regarding cycling effects, this model will be used of delivering prediction

and monitoring for SOC and SOH [ CITATION Mic15 \l 13321 ].

2.2.14 Lead-Acid Battery Modeling over Full State of Charge and Discharge Range

The behavior of discharged solid - state electrochemical batteries can easily be

studied using analog electrical models. The Ceraolo model is one of the best

model used for lead-acid electrochemistry. It is the formulation of the

implementation of a methodology for the calculation of all model parameters

with increased accuracy and full usability over the entire range of possible load

and discharge currents [CITATION Placeholder3 \l 13321 ].

2.2.15 Explicit degradation modelling in optimal lead–acid battery use for

photovoltaic systems

In this study, it stated that Battery Lead - acid is the largest photovoltaic (PV)

storage technology in the country. The charging and discharging status of

batteries directly affect the battery degradation and the decrease of battery useful

life. The new iterative 2- model approach to explicit battery deterioration

modeling of optimal procedure of PV systems is also presented. The approach

proposed includes two new models: the economic model and the model for

degradation that were incrementally resolved for the optimal solution. Also, the

battery deterioration model provides costs based on the profile of battery usage,

the temperature and the qualities of battery use. The designs are incrementally

solved to achieve optimal use of batteries in view of deterioration of batteries.

The application of the suggested approach was also shown to evaluate the

maximal storage size and financial battery life. Seasonal variations of assessment

also examined the advantages and capabilities of the suggested approach when

considering PV generation and irradiation differences [ CITATION Ami16 \l 13321 ].

2.2.16 Battery Charger Lead-Acid using IC BQ2031

Not every charger utilizes appropriate battery power methods to carry acid

batteries on the market that decrease its useful life substantially. The

development of a Lead-Acid battery charger using appropriate battery life

methods is therefore not an easy task. This study thus builds on the Texas

Instruments BQ2031 dedicated integrated loading circuit with 3 distinct methods,

and the PIC16F877A microcontroller properly monitors, charges, and boosts the

useful life of a lead-acid battery. Control, monitoring and power circuits were

manufactured and testing results [CITATION Dav16 \l 13321 ].

2.2.17 A Flexible Infrastructure for Dynamic Power Control of Electric Vehicle

Battery Chargers

This study offers an electric vehicle (EV) battery charged flexible

infrastructure for dynamic power control (FIDPC). In line with the power needs

of the home in which the vehicle is connected, the framework dynamically

adjusts the EV battery charger current. To validate this proposal, an infrastructure

has been implemented. This infrastructure consists of a Radio Frequency

interface based on a communication system and an EV battery charger. The

proposed concept for FIDPC has been validated by experimenting tests in

realistic conditions. These tests were performed to evaluate the conduct of a

single-phase, 230 V, 16 A, 50 Hz residential electric power control battery

charger. The test results confirm the FIDPC's quick response time despite

working under severe load variations, [ CITATION Vít161 \l 13321 ].

 CHAPTER 3

Methodology

3.1 Theoretical Framework

 Figure 3-1

Figure 3-1 shows the most relevant studies from Chapter 2 that aids the development

of the proponents’ modules.

3.2 Conceptual Framework

 Figure 3-2

The study conceptual framework is presented in Figure 3-2. The proponents will

conduct data gathering of the battery’s specifications and measurable parameters. These

parameters are subjected to be acquired using Arduino-based circuits which will be recorded

to the developed data base. The variables in the input: battery specifications and the

measurable parameters: terminal voltage, working current, and temperature are the variables

in acquiring the State-of-Charge, State-of-Health, and Remaining-Useful-Life prediction.

3.3 Block Diagram

 Figure 3-3

Figure 3-3 shows how the system works. It is illustrated above that the overall system

that is divided into sub-systems.

3.3.1 Hybrid Charging System

In this system, sunlight and AC source are both used as power supply for the lead acid

battery. Sunlight will undergo conversion from light energy to electrical energy using solar

panels and the produced electrical energy will be stored in energy bank. The stored electricity

is connected to grid-tie with AC source and serves as the source of electricity for the charger.

Grid-tie Solar System produces an AC voltage, however, the excess voltage will be fed back

into the utility grid making the cost of the electricity reduced as the solar panels produce

electricity. The charger will convert the output of grid-tie solar system into DC voltage that is

needed for charging the lead acid battery.

3.3.2 Identification system

 Batteries, with and without QR code, are manually selected by the owner of the

battery shop. The specification of new batteries (without QR code) are stored in database

then, the Arduino-based QR code generator will generate a new QR code for the new battery.

The generated QR code is printed in pet adhesive paper that is water, scratch and heat

resistant paper capable of withstanding extreme weather conditions. QR code will serve as

the identifier of the battery that also records data every charging and discharging. Existing

batteries (with QR code) will still be scanned by the Arduino-based QR code reader before

proceeding with the diagnosis.

3.3.3 Measuring system

Before measuring the batteries parameters owner need to sure that the battery is

already full charged. In measuring system an arduino based voltmeter, ohmmeter, ammeter

and thermometer circuit capable of measuring the parameters needed in diagnosis and the

battery end-of-life prediction is used. Two clips are connected to the positive and negative

terminals of the lead acid battery for measuring no load voltage, internal resistance and

current of the battery. Thermometer measures the surrounding and battery temperature, in

addition for more accurate measurement 1hr battery rest after it fully charged is advised.

3.3.4 Diagnostic system

In diagnostic system, decoded data of Qr code, specification of the battery and the

measured parameters of the battery are all injected to the database. The calculation and

prediction of remaining life of the battery in time was done by a mathematical model with the

help of the measured value and the history of the battery. Finding the state-of-charge and the

state-of-health of a battery is also take place in diagnostic system where the output of

mathematical model and the prediction using its history is combined to produce a more

accurate value for these two critical parameters.

 3.3.5 Monitoring system

Monitoring system includes display of measured parameters, the produced critical

parameters and the computed life of the battery in time. The data gathered from the lead acid

battery over time is also available in display to show the performance of the battery in every

charged/discharged cycle. Degradation speed as long as with the graphical representation of

the battery performance are also available. In monitoring system, owner can also know if the

parts inside the battery were replaced by the customer. The monitoring system sends a

warning if the battery parameters undergo a large difference error in predicted parameters to

the measured and calculated parameters.

3.4 System Architecture

Figure 3-4

3.5 Research Locale

 The proponents are subjected to locate shops in Imus, Cavite that offer rental and/or

swapping of lead acid batteries. For that location, the output of the study will be used for

battery diagnosis and testing. The acquired data or data evaluation would be presented to the

shop owners.

3.6 Research Design

3.6.1 Hardware Development

Hybrid
Hybrid charger
charger system
system

Battery
Battery

Withou
Producing
Producing and
and Identification
Identification
printing Qr code
t Qr system
systemusing
using
printing Qr code
code Qr
Qr Code
Code
With Qr code
Measuring
Measuring system
system of of
battery’s
battery’s critical
critical
parameters
parameters

Diagnostic
Diagnostic system
system

Monitoring
Monitoring system
system

Report
Report Generation
Generation

Figure 3-5

The hardware development is divided into two section: Charging and

measuring. All batteries to be diagnosed are required to be fully charged prior to

diagnosing. The charging system is an application of grid tie electrical system, a

hybrid source. After charging the battery will undergo in identification system

consisting of sensor for QR code. For the measurement section, an Arduino-based

measuring circuit will be an equipment to determine the parameters of the battery.

The diagnosis will also undergo to the Arduino. The monitoring system is subjected to

provide a graphical report of the battery’s diagnosis that will be displayed or printed.

3.6.1.1 Hybrid Charger

In this section, the proponents used a solar power and ac source as the input of

the grid tie, as shown in figure 3-7. Hybrid Charger is used to reduce the cost of

electrical bill since there are lot of batteries to be charged by the owner. Solar energy

as another source of the power in this charger is environmental friendly unlike

conventional power which produces emersions that hurt the environment.

3.6.1.2 Arduino based circuits

In voltage and current measurement the proponents used a Gravity 50A

current Sensor (AC/DC). This voltage and current sensor is compatible with arduino

with a operating voltage of 3.3V to 5V. 50A current Sensor (AC/DC) specifications

includes:

 Operating Voltage (analog): 3.3V – 5V

 Peak Measuring Voltage: 3000V(AC), 500V(DC)

 Peak Measuring Current: 50A

 Sensitivity: 40 mV/A

 Operating Temperature: -40 ~ 150°C

  Dimension: 34 x 34 mm

figure (a)
Gravity 50A current Sensor (AC/DC)
(Image from https://www.dfrobot.com/product-580.html)

This is a breakout for the fully integrated linear hall effect sensor ACS758.

The sensor provides accurate current measurement for AC and DC signals. The

proponents used the three terminals in the lower right corner of the sensor in figure (a)

and connected to the arduino, as you can see in the figure (b). The ACS758 releases

an analogous signal with sensed current which varies linearly.this signal are used to

know the voltage and current of the lead acid battery.

figure (b)
(connection of the sensor to the arduino)
 Internal impedance measurement is a quite difficult in this research. The

proponents measured the no load voltage of the battery and compared it to the load

voltage of the battery, then the difference of the voltage varies directly to internal

resistance

figure (c.1) figure (c.2)

(measuring the no load voltage) (measuring the load voltage)

In figure (c.1) ammeter reading is zero since there is no load resistance. For calculating the

voltage drop of the resistor, proponents used the ohm’s law

VINTERNAL RESISTANCE = I x Internal Resistance, eq (a)

VINTERNAL RESISTANCE = 0 x Internal Resistance

VINTERNAL RESISTANCE = 0

From that equation maximum voltage (VNO LOAD) of the lead acid battery is calculated

as:

VCELL = VNO LOAD + VINTERNAL RESISTANCE, eq (b)

VCELL = VNO LOAD

From figure (c.2) load resistance is added to calculate the load voltage of the battery

VCELL = VINTERNAL RESISTANCE + VLOAD, eq (c)

VINTERNAL RESISTANCE = VCELL - VLOAD

From ohm’s law R = V/I and eq (b)

 V ( noload )−V (load )
R ( internal )=
I (measur ed )

ILOAD, VLOAD and VNO LOAD are both needed in calculating the internal resistance, so

that, the proponents made a circuit (figure c.1 and figure c.2) to measure these

parameters [ CITATION Anu18 \l 1033 ].

For temperature measurement, the proponents used DigitalTemperature

Sensor - DS18B20. Unlike other sensor such as thermocouple, TMP100, LM75,

SHT15, TPA81 and other sensors, DS18B20 offers accuracy of ± 0.5°C and a range of

-55°C to 125°C. The proponents also use DS18B20 due to its availability and

compatibility to arduino. DigitalTemperature Sensor - DS18B20 also has an operating

voltage between

3.0V to 5.5V.

figure (d)
Digital Temperature Sensor - DS18B20
(image from: https://robotdyn.com/digital-temperature-sensor-ds18b20-one-
wire.html)

The temperature sensor has three pins (DATA, VCC, GND), as you can see in

figure (d). These three inputs is connected to Arduino to transfer the measured

temperature to the system. We use four Digital Temperature Sensor - DS18B20 for

accuracy of measuring the temperature. These four sensors are connected to the four

sides of the battery.

 Figure (d.1)
(Connection of the temperature sensors)

Figure (d.2)
(sensor chasis)

For temperature sensor chasis, the proponents used a fabric as cover in one

side while a heat inductor foil is used in other side. The heat inductor side is used for
accuracy of measuring the temperature of the battery. The device is wrapped outside

the body of the battery then the four reading of the temperature sensor is used to

calculate the battery actual temperature.

T ( s 1 )+T ( s 2 ) +T ( s 3 )+T (s 4 )
TBATTERY = , eq(d)
4

Calculating the remaining charge directly is not an easy task especially in

batteries with voltages higher than 24V, however the proponents found a way to

calculate the remaining charge of the battery by the use of discharge rate. In

calculating the discharge rate the proponents use coulomb counting method where the

time of discharging (tDC) and the current (I) for some values of tdc are used.
t2
Q=∫ Idt +Q(initial )
t1

Arduino does this integration, by iteratively multiplying current and time and adding

it to the preceding value. The proponents allows arduino to perform calculation in 1

min of testing. [ CITATION KSR16 \l 1033 ]

QDC = I x tDC

QR = QM - QDC, eq (e)

Where Q is the charge and abbreviated to (R) for actual charge, (M) for maximum

charge and (DC) for the discharged charge of the battery.

 3.6.2 Software Development

Lead
Lead No load
acid
acid
batter
batter WITH QR CODE
Voltage,
yy QR
QR code
code image
image Internal
WITHOUT QR Resistanc
CODE Laser
Laser QR
QR code
code e,
Battery Scanner
Scanner Module
Module
LV3396 Operatin
Specificati LV3396
g Current
Arduino
Arduino based
based
ons Arduino
Arduino based
based software
QR code and for
software for
Data
Data base
base of
of QR code measuring
measuring
battery
battery encoder/decoder
encoder/decoder Temperat
voltage,
voltage, current,
current,
ure
resistance
resistance and
and
Data
Data temperature
temperature
Arduino
Arduino based
based base
base of
of
QR
QR code
code battery
battery
generator
generator
Diagnostic
Diagnostic
system
system

Monitoring
Monitoring
system
system

Report
Report
Generation
Generation

Figure 3-6

The software development of the proposed system will use the application of Arduino

Mega R3. The process flow is illustrated on Figure 3-6. A user interface must be manipulated

by a personnel to choose whether to diagnose a cell that is already on the data base ( with QR

code sticker) or not. MyQSL technology will be used for the development of data base. If a

battery has already a QR code on it, then it is already subjected to diagnose by taking its

measured parameters and store the data for monitoring. On the otherhand, a battery that is
subjected to be recorded to the system will have a generated QR code that would be stored to

the data base and process will be same as the former.

3.6.2.1 Diagnostic System

In diagnosing the battery’s life wee need to know the different parameters of the

battery such as voltage, current, resistance and temperature. Using these variables we can

calculate the health of the battery, however, life of a battery is a wide idea of representing the

health of the battery. In this research the proponents categorized the health of the battery as

SOC and SOH. SOC is the ratio of the remaining charge of the battery to its full charged

state. In other words SOC is the percentage of the remaining charged of the battery to the

maximum charge of the battery. For calculating the SOC the formula in eq 11 is used

[ CITATION MBe12 \l 1033 ].

SOC = (QR / QM) x 100%, (10).

t2
1
SOC = SOCo –( ∫ Idt) x 100%,
Cn t 1
(11).

For ne//w full charged batteries we can get the initial state of charge (SOCo) easily, since the

new battery at full charged will meet its maximum capacity. The SOCo for full charged new

battery is equal to 100% because QR = QM and as stated in eq 10.

SOCo = (QM / QM) x 100%

SOCo = 100%

However SOCo of the used full charged battery would be less than 100% due to the internal

resistance produced by continous charging and discharging of the battery. SOC can calculate

using another parameter, such as cell voltage (VCELL) and the original voltage of the battery
before it gets internal resistance (VO), due to the directly proporttional relationship of charge

and voltage.

V (cell)
SOCV = x 100 % (12).
Vo

VCELL is equal to the voltage of the battery excluding the voltage drop of the internal

resistance. Using the equation 4

VCELL = VBAT – VINTERNAL RESISTANCE (13).

VCELL = VBAT – (VBAT - VLOAD)

VCELL = VLOAD

V (load)
SOCV = x 100 % (14).
Vo

Temperature is a big factor in measuring voltage, so that VLOAD may varry with respect to

temperature. Voltage of the battery will increased by a certain value (α, normally0.003V) for

each cell if the temperature of the battery is below the ambient temperature and vice versa.

VLOAD = VMEASURED± n ( α )

V ( measured ) ± n( α )
SOCV = x 100 % (15).
Vo

Where n is equal to the number of cell/cells.

Using equations 11 and 15, where SOCV = SOCo ,new equation is derrived

t2
V ( measured ) ± n( α ) 1
SOC = ( Vo – Cn t 1 )
∫ Idt x 100%, (16).
From the equation 7 if the new battery is full charged the initial discharge (QINITILA DISCHARGE )

is equal to 0 so that

t2
Q ( discharge )=∫ Idt +¿ 0 ¿
t1

t2
Q ( discharge )=∫ Idt (17).
t1

Substituting equation 17 to equation 16 will lead to

V ( measured ) ± n( α ) Q ( discharge )
SOC = ( Vo – Cn )
x 100%,

where Cn is the original capacity QO of the battery

V ( measured ) ± n( α ) Q ( discharge )
SOC = ( Vo – Q( o) )
x 100%, (18).

The proponents also compute the remaining time of the battery in terms of hours and minutes.

t(remaining) = t(average) x SOC (19).

where t(average) is equal to the average operation time of the battery (normally 6 hrs)

Another parameter to be measured in order to know the health of the battery is the

SOH. There are many ways to interpret the SOH such as internal resistance, voltage and

charge.

In this research the proponents used the internal resistance to calculate the SOH.

R ( eol )−R ( internal resistance )

SOHR¿ [1− ] x 100 % (20).
R( eol)−R(o)
Where SOHRis the internal resistant state of health of the battery, REOL is the resistance of the

battery to reach its end of life, and RO is the rated internal resistance of the battery. Knowing

that the original battery resistance is equal to zero since the original resistance is measured in

a new battery. Using the equation 20

R ( eol )−R ( internal resistance )

SOHR¿ [1− ] x 100 %
R eol−0

R ( eol ) R ( internal resistance )

SOHR¿ [1− + ] x 100 %
R ( eol ) R( eol)

R (internal resistance )
SOHR¿ [ ] x 100 %
R (eol)

Using the formula from equation 5.

V ( noload )−V (load )

R ( internal )=
I (measured)

V ( noload )−V ( load )

SOHR¿( )x 100 % (21).
R ( eol ) x I ( measured )

Degradation of the battery is equal to the decrease of the SOH over a period of time

Degradation = 1 – SOH (22)

Calculating the End of Life of the battery in terms of cycle and time using SOHR is used,

since the degradation of the battery is proportional to the number of cycle (Cn) used

(1-SOH) = k(Cn)

1−SOH ( calculated )
k= (23).
C (n)

Also;
 1−SOH ( standard )
k= (24).
C (maximumcycle)

From the two formula in equation 23 and 24

1−SOH ( standard ) 1−SOH ( calculated )

=
C(maximumcycle) C (n)

C ( n ) x [1−SOH ( standard ) ]
C (maximumcycle)= (25).
1−SOH ( calculated )

For calculating the remaining cycle of the battery to reach the end of life, difference of the

maximum cycle and cycle used (Cn) is used.

C ( remainingcycle )=C ( maximumcycle )−C ( n )

C ( n ) x [1−SOH ( standard ) ]
C ( remainingcycle )= −C ( n ) ( 26 ) .
1−SOH ( calculated )

Degradation of the battery is also proportional to the time of degradation

(1-SOH) = k (t)

1−SOH ( calculated )
k= (27).
t

Also;

1−SOH ( standard )
k= (28).
t (maximum)

From the two formula in equation 27 and 28

1−SOH ( standard ) 1−SOH ( calculated )

=
t (maximum) t
 tx[1−SOH ( standard ) ]
t (maximum)= (29).
1−SOH ( calculated )

For calculating the remaining time of the battery to reach the end of life, difference of the

maximum time and the used time (t) is used

t ( remainingtime ) =t ( maximumtime )−t

tx [1−SOH ( standard ) ]
t ( remainingtime ) = −t (30).
1−SOH ( calculated )

The unit of time used in this equation is month due to the average useful time of the

lead acid batteries is 2 years.

3.7 Statistical Treatment of Data

The acquisition of RUL prediction uses statistical approach using the input parameters

as variables. The concept of correlation and regression aids the estimation of useful life in

terms of the SOH of the battery. The acquired data of SOH and RUL will be plotted in a

graph where RUL is in the vertical axis and SOH is in the horizontal axis.
 Remaining Useful

Total battery's
used time LEGEND
The relationship of
RUL and SOH
Minimum Battery‘s initial
Allowable SOH condition
for Battery In this condition the
Life

battery will no longer

available to use

Measured State of Health

(%)

Figure 3-7

The presented graph in Figure 3-7 is a sample of an illustration of the possible output

graph using the gathered data. In this graph, the value of RUL is decreases as the value of

SOH decreases. The minimum allowable SOH for the battery available would be the standard

SOH for the battery. The total useful time of the battery would vary in accordance to the

usage of the battery. For the accuracy of the prediction, the initial condition and final

condition would be stored in the database.

3.8 Technical Evaluation

The integrated modules developed in the study will undergo testing and evaluation by a

government agency for energy sources, the Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and

Emerging Technology Research and Development (PCIEERD) and the personnel of the
battery shop proponents had subjected for implementation. Figure 3-8 shows a diagram of

division of subjects for evaluating the developed system

Figure 3-8

3.8.1 Sample Form of Survey

 Appendix

Work Plan
 2018 2019 2020

Activities No De Ja Fe Ma Ap Ma Ju Ju Au Se Oc No De Ja Fe Ma Ap

v c n b r r y n l g p t v c n b r r
Description
Choosing a

Topic
Consultation

with Topic

Adviser
Lectures and

Discussions
Research on .

RRL
Search of

Deployment

Location
Submission of

Chapter 1,2

&3
Title Defense
Submission of

Project

Proposal
Canvassing

the Materials
Learn to

Program using

Arduino
Arduino

Programming
Purchasing of

Materials
Prototyping
the Hybrid

Charging

System
Prototyping

the Battery

Diagnostic

and

Monitoring

System
Prototyping

the Billing

System for the

Hybrid

Charging

Station
System

Development
Implementatio

n (Trial 1)
Formulation

of Chapters 4

&5
Progress

Defense
Implementatio

n (Trial 2)
Analyzation

and

Comparison of
Trial 1

to Trial 2
Pre-final

Defense

Deployment

of Project
Finalization of

the Thesis

Paper
Final Defense
Appreciate
Approval of

Research

Book by Panel
Finalization of

Research

Book
Submission of

Research

Book

Financial Plan

Material Quantity Unit Price (Php) Cost (Php)

Solar Panel System 1 pc. 15,000.00 15,000.00
Grid tie electrical 1 pc. 8,300.00 8,300.00

system
Battery for solar 1 pc. 10,000.00 10,000.00

panel storage
Computer system 1 pc. 8,700.00 8,700.00
Arduino Mega 1 pc. 2,500.00 2,500.00
Probes – compatible 50 pc. 20.00 1,000.00
for Arduino

application
Laser QR code 1 pc. 1,500.00 1,500.00

scanner module

LV3396

Printer (Desktop) 1 pc. 7,450.00 7,450.00

LM35 TEMP 2 pc. 242.00 484.00

SENSOR
.
Total 54,934
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