Glencoe - World History - Chapter 6 Vocabulary

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1. Sheikh The ruler of an Arabic tribe, chosen from one of 21. Sunni A Muslim group that accepts only the
the leading families to be a council of elders. descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers
of Islam.
2. Allah Arabic for "God"; the supreme god of Islam.
22. Vizier A high government official in ancient Egypt or in
3. Quran The holy scriptures of the religion of Islam.
Muslim countries.
4. Islam Monotheistic religion that emerged in the
23. Sultan "Holder of power", the military and political
Arabian Peninsula during the seventh century.
head of state under the Seljuk and the
5. Hijrah The journey of Muhammad and his followers to Ottomans.
Madinah in 622, which became year 1 of the
24. Mosque A Muslim house of worship.
official calendar of Islam.
25. Oriented Directed toward the interests of a particular
6. Hajj A pilgrimage of Makkah, one of the
group.
requirements of the Five Pillars of Islam.
26. Complex The bureaucracy assisting the caliph in
7. Shari'ah A law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after
administering the empire grew more complex.
Muhammad's death; it provided believers with
a set of practical laws to regulate their daily 27. Abū Bakr Shortly after Muhammad's death, some of his
lives. closest followers chose Abū Bakr, a wealthy
merchant and Muhammad's father-in-law, to be
8. Revelations Divine truths.
their leader.
9. Submission Act of submitting to the control or authority of
28. Mu`āwiyah In 661, the general Mu`āwiyah, the governor of
another.
Syria and one of Ali's chief rivals, became caliph.
10. Arabian A desert land sorely lacking in rivers and lakes.
29. Umayyad In doing this, he established the Umayyad
Peninsula
dynasty dynasty.
11. Makkah The Arabs trace their ancestors to Abraham
30. Battle of In 732, however, Arab forces were defeated at
and his son Ishmael, who were believed to
Tours the Battle of Tours in Gaul (now France).
have built a house of worship called the Kaaba
at Makkah (Mecca). 31. Abbasid Abū al-`Abbās, a descendant of Muhammad's
dynasty uncle, overthrew the Umayyad dynasty in 750
12. Muhammad Into this world of tension stepped a man
and set up the Abbasid dynasty, which lasted
named Muhammad.
until 1258.
13. Khadija He grew up to become a caravan manager and
32. Baghdad In 762, the Abbasids built a new capital city at
married a rich widow named Khadija.
Baghdad, on the Tigris River, far to the east of
14. Muslims Those who practice the religion of Islam are the Umayyad capital at Damascus.
called Muslims.
33. Hārūn al- The best known of the caliphs of the time was
15. Madinah In 622, the year 1 of the Islamic calendar, he Rashīd Hārūn al-Rashīd, whose reign is often described
and his supporters left Makkah and moved as the golden age of the Abbasid caliphate.
north to Yathrib, later renamed Madinah
34. Seljuk One such group was the Seljuk Turks.
(Medina; "City of the prophet").
Turks
16. Bedouin Muhammad began to win support from people
35. Saladin In 1169, however, Saladin, a new Muslim ruler,
in Madinah, as well from Arabs in the desert,
took control of Egypt and made himself sultan,
known as bedouin.
thus ending the Fatimid dynasty.
17. Five Pillars This means practicing acts of worship known as
36. Mongols The Mongols were a pastoral, horse-riding
of Islam the Five Pillars of Islam: belief, prayer, charity,
people who swept out of the Gobi in the early
fasting, and pilgrimage.
thirteenth century to seize control over much of
18. Caliph A successor of Muhammad as spiritual and the known world.
temporal leader of the Muslims.
37. Bazaar A covered market in Islamic cities.
19. Jihad "Struggle in the way of God"
38. Dowry A gift of money or property paid at the time of
20. Shia A Muslim group that accepts only the marriage, either by the bride's parents to her
descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law Ali as husband or , in Islamic societies, by a husband
the true rulers of Islam. to his wife.
39. Compiled Collected and edited into a volume.
40. Eroded Diminished or destroyed by degrees.
41. Morocco Trade was carried both by ship and by camel caravans, which traveled from Morocco in the far west to the countries
beyond the Caspian Sea.
42. Caspian Sea Trade was carried both by ship and by camel caravans, which traveled from Morocco in the far west to the countries
beyond the Caspian Sea.
43. Faimids After the rise of the Fatimids in Egypt, however, the focus of trade shifted to Cairo.
44. Córdoba This is exemplified by córdoba, the capital of Umayyad Spain.
45. Astrolabe An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the positions of stars.
46. Minaret The tower of a mosque from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer five times a day.
47. Muezzin The crier who calls the Muslim faithful to prayer from the minaret of a mosque.
48. Arabesques Geometric patterns repeated over and over to completely cover a surface with decoration.
49. Commentary An explanatory treatise.
50. Transform To change the form or appearance of.
51. Ibn-Rushd One such philosopher was Ibn-Rushd.
52. Ibn Sīnā Especially well known was the philosopher and scientist, Ibn Sīnā.
53. Ibn-Khaldūn Ibn-Khaldūn, who lived in the fourteenth century, was the most prominent Muslim historian of the age.
54. Omar One of the most familiar works of Middle Eastern literature is the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyám.
Khayyám
55. Sāmarrā' The Great Mosque of Sāmarrā' in present-day Iraq was the world's largest mosque at the time it was built (848 to 852),
covering 10 acres (more than 40,000 square m).
56. Granada The finest example of the Islamic palace is the Alhambra in Granada.