(10965) Sheet 02 Probability B PDF

Probability
Lest men suspect your tale untrue Keep probability in view........Gay, John
There are various phenomena in nature, leading to an outcome, which cannot be predicted apriori
e.g. in tossing of a coin, a head or a tail may result. Probability theory aims at measuring the
uncertainties of such outcomes.
(I) Important terminology :

(i) Random experiment :
It is a process which results in an outcome which is one of the various possible outcomes that are
known to us before hand e.g. throwing of a die is a random experiment as it leads to fall of one of the
outcome from {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Similarly taking a card from a pack of 52 cards is also a random
experiment.
(ii) Sample space :
It is the set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment e.g. {H, T} is the sample space associated
with tossing of a coin.
In set notation it can be interpreted as the universal set.
Example # 1 : Write the sample space of the experiment ‘A coin is tossed and a die is thrown’.
Solution : The sample space S = {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6}.
Example # 2 : Write the sample space of the experiment ‘A coin is tossed, if it shows head a coin tossed
again else a die is thrown.
Solution : The sample space S = {HH, HT, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6}
Example # 3 : Find the sample space associated with the experiment of rolling a pair of dice (plural of die)
once. Also find the number of elements of the sample space.
Solution : Let one die be blue and the other be green. Suppose ‘1’ appears on blue die and ‘2’ appears
on green die. We denote this outcome by an ordered pair (1, 2). Similarly, if ‘3’ appears on blue
die and ‘5’ appears on green die, we denote this outcome by (3, 5) and so on. Thus, each
outcome can be denoted by an ordered pair (x, y), where x is the number appeared on the first
die (blue die) and y appeared on the second die (green die). Thus, the sample space is given
by
S = {(x, y) x is the number on blue die and y is the number on green die}
We now list all the possible outcomes (figure)
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
Figure
Number of elements (outcomes) of the above sample space is 6 × 6 i.e., 36
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Probability
Self practice problems :

(1) A coin is tossed twice, if the second throw results in head, a die is thrown then write sample
space of the experiment.
(2) An urn contains 3 red balls and 2 blue balls. Write sample space of the experiment ‘Selection of
a ball from the urn at random’.
Ans. (1) {HT, TT, HH1, HH2, HH3, HH4, HH5, HH6, TH1, TH2, TH3, TH4, TH5, TH6}.
(2) {R1, R2, R3, B1, B2 }. (Here the balls are distinguished from one and other by
naming red balls as R1, R2 and R3 and the blue balls as B1 and B2.)
(iii) Event :
It is subset of sample space. e.g. getting a head in tossing a coin or getting a prime number in throwing
a die. In general if a sample space consists ‘n’ elements, then a maximum of 2n events can be
associated with it.
(iv) Complement of event :

The complement of an event ‘A’ with respect to a sample space S is the set of all elements of ‘S’ which
are not in A. It is usually denoted by A, or AC.
(v) Simple event :
If an event covers only one point of sample space, then it is called a simple event e.g. getting a head
followed by a tail in throwing of a coin 2 times is a simple event.
(vi) Compound event :
When two or more than two events occur simultaneously, the event is said to be a compound event.
Symbolically A  B or AB represent the occurrence of both A & B simultaneously.
Note : “A B” or A + B represent the occurrence of either A or B.
Example # 4 : Write down all the events of the experiment ‘tossing of a coin’.
Solution : S = {H, T}
the events are  , {H}, {T}, {H, T}
Example # 5 : A die is thrown. Let A be the event ‘ an odd number turns up’ and B be the event ‘a number
divisible by 3 turns up’. Write the events (a) A or B (b) A and B
Solution : A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {3, 6}
 A or B = A  B = {1, 3, 5, 6}
A and B = A  B = {3}
(3) A coin is tossed and a die is thrown. Let A be the event ‘H turns up on the coin and odd number
turns up on the die’ and B be the event ‘ T turns up on the coin and an even number turns up
on the die’. Write the events (a) A or B (b) A and B.
(4) In tossing of two coins, let A = {HH, HT} and B = {HT, TT}. Then write the events
(a) A or B (b) A and B.
Ans. (3) (a) {H1, H3, H5, T2, T4, T6} (b) 
(4) (a) {HH, HT, TT} (b) {HT}
(vii) Equally likely events :

If events have same chance of occurrence, then they are said to be equally likely.
e.g
(i) In a single toss of a fair coin, the events {H} and {T} are equally likely.
(ii) In a single throw of an unbiased die the events {1}, {2}, {3} and {4}, are equally likely.
(iii) In tossing a biased coin the events {H} and {T} are not equally likely.
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(viii) Mutually exclusive / disjoint / incompatible events :

Two events are said to be mutually exclusive if occurrence of one of them rejects the possibility of
occurrence of the other i.e. both cannot occur simultaneously.
In the vein diagram the events A and B are mutually exclusive. Mathematically, we write
AB=
Events A1, A2, A3, ....... An are said to be mutually exclusive events iff
Ai  Aj =   i, j  {1, 2, ..., n} where i  j
Note : If Ai  Aj =   i, j  {1, 2, ..., n} where i  j, then A1  A2  A3 ....  An =  but converse need

not to be true.
Example # 6 : In a single toss of a coin find whether the events {H}, {T} are mutually exclusive or not.
Solution : Since {H}  {T} = , 
   the events are mutually exclusive.
Example # 7 : In a single throw of a die, find whether the events {1, 2}, {2, 3} are mutually exclusive or not.
Solution : Since {1, 2}  {2, 3} = {2}    the events are not mutually exclusive.

(5) In throwing of a die write whether the events ‘Coming up of an odd number’ and
‘Coming up of an even number’ are mutually exclusive or not.
(6) An experiment involves rolling a pair of dice and recording the numbers that come up.
Describe the following events :
A : the sum is greater than 8.
B : 2 occurs on either die.
C : the sum is at least 7 and a multiple of 3.
Also, find A  B, B  C and A  C.
Are (i) A and B mutually exclusive ?
(ii) B and C mutually exclusive ?
(iii) A and C mutually exclusive ?
Ans. (5) Yes
(6) A = {(3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3), (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
B = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4). (2, 5), (2, 6)}
C = {(3, 6), (6, 3), (5, 4), (4, 5), (6, 6)}
A  B = , B  C = , A  C = {(3, 6), (6, 3), (5, 4), (4, 5), (6, 6)}
(i) Yes (ii) Yes (iii) No.
(ix) Exhaustive system of events :
If each outcome of an experiment is associated with at least one of the events E1, E2, E3, .........En, then
collectively the events are said to be exhaustive. Mathematically we write
E1 E2 E3.........En = S. (Sample space)
Example # 8 : In throwing of a die, let A be the event ‘even number turns up’, B be the event ‘an odd prime
turns up’ and C be the event ‘a numbers less than 4 turns up’. Find whether the events
A, B and C form an exhaustive system or not.
Solution : A  {2, 4, 6}, B  {3, 5} and C  {1, 2, 3}.
Clearly A B C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = S. Hence the system of events is exhaustive.
Example # 9 : Three coins are tossed. Describe
(i) two events A and B which are mutually exclusive
(ii) three events A, B and C which are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
(iii) two events A and B which are not mutually exclusive.
(iv) two events A and B which are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive.
(v) three events A, B and C which are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive.
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Probability
Ans. (i) A : “getting at least two heads” B : “getting at least two tails”
(ii) A : “getting at most one heads” B : “getting exactly two heads”
C : “getting exactly three heads”
(iii) A : “getting at most two tails” B : “getting exactly two heads”
(iv) A : “getting exactly one head” B : “getting exactly two heads”
(v) A : “ getting exactly one tail” B : “getting exactly two tails”
C : “getting exactly three tails”
[Note : There may be other cases also]

(7) In throwing of a die which of the following pair of events are mutually
exclusive?
(a) the events ‘coming up of an odd number’ and ‘coming up of an even
number’
(b) the events ‘coming up of an odd number’ and ‘coming up of a number  4’
(8) In throwing of a die which of the following system of events are exhaustive ?
(a) the events ‘an odd number turns up’, ‘a number  4 turns up’ and ‘the
number 5 turns up’.
(b) the events ‘a number  4 turns up’, ‘a number > 4 turns up’.
(c) the events ‘an even number turns up’, ‘a number divisible by 3 turns up’,
‘number 1 or 2 turns up’ and ‘the number 6 turns up’.
Ans. (7) (a) (8) (b)
(II) Classical (a priori) definition of probability :

If an experiment results in a total of (m + n) outcomes which are equally likely and if ‘m’ outcomes are
favorable to an event ‘A’ while ‘n’ are unfavorable, then the probability of occurrence of the event ‘A’,
m number of favourable outcomes
denoted by P(A), is defined by =
mn total number of outcomes
m
i.e. P(A) = .
mn
Here we say that odds in favour of ‘A’ are m : n, while odds against ‘A’ are n : m.
n
Note that P(A) or P(A) or P(AC), i.e. probability of non-occurrence of A = = 1 – P(A)
mn
In the above we shall denote the number of out comes favourable to the event A by n(A) and the total
number of out comes in the sample space S by n(S).
n(A)
 P(A) = .
n(S)
Example # 10 : In throwing of a fair die find the probability of the event ‘ a number  3 turns up’.
Solution : Sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ; event A = {1, 2, 3}
  n(A) = 3 and n(S) = 6
n(A) 3 1
  P(A) = = = .
n(S) 6 2
Example # 11 : In throwing of a fair die, find the probability of turning up of an odd number  4.
Solution : S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Let E be the event ‘turning up of an odd number  4’
then E = {5}
n (E) 1
 P(E) = = .
n (S) 6
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Probability
Example # 12 : In throwing a pair of fair dice, find the probability of getting a total of 10.
Solution : When a pair of dice is thrown the sample space consists
{(1, 1) (1, 2) .......... (1, 6)
(2, 1,) (2, 2,)......... (2, 6)
.... ..... .... ...
.... ... ... ...
(6, 1), (6, 2) ........ (6, 6)}
Note that (1, 2) and (2, 1) are considered as separate points to make each outcome as
equally likely.
To get a total of ‘10’, favourable outcomes are, (4, 6) (5, 5) and (6, 4)
3 1
Hence required probability = =
36 12
Example # 13 : A five digit number is formed using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5 without repetition. Find the
probability that it is divisible by 4
Solution : Total 5 digit numbers formed
5 5 4 3 2
Total ways =5×5×4×3×2 = 600
Now, A number is divisible by 4, if last two digits of the number is divisible by 4

Hence we can have 0 4  first 3 places can be filled in 4×3×2 = 24 ways
1,3 2 first 4 places can be filled in 3×3×2×3 = 54 ways

or 5
2 or 0 first 4 places can be filled in 4×3×2×2 = 48 ways
4
2 4 first 3 places can be filled in 3×3×2 = 18 ways
__________
Total number of ways 144 ways
favorable outcomes 144 6
probability = = = Ans.
Total outcomes 600 25

(9) A bag contains 4 white, 3 red and 2 blue balls. A ball is drawn at random. Find the
probability of the event the ball drawn is blue or red
(10) In throwing a pair of fair dice find the probability of the events ‘ a total of of less than or
equal to 9”’.
Ans. (9) 5/9 (10) 5/6.
(III) Addition theorem of probability :

If ‘A’ and ‘B’ are any two events associated with an experiment, then
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB)
De Morgan’s laws : If A & B are two subsets of a universal set U, then

(a) (A B)c = Ac Bc
(b) (A B)c = Ac Bc
Distributive laws : (a) A  (B C) = (A B)  (A C)

(b) A  (B C) = (A B)  (A C)
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Probability
For any three events A, B and C we have the figure
(i) P(A or B or C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A B) – P(B C) – P(C A) + P(A B C)
(ii) P (at least two of A, B, C occur) = P(B  C) + P(C  A) + P(A  B) – 2P(A B C)
(iii) P(exactly two of A, B, C occur) = P(B C) + P(C A) + P(A B) – 3P(A B  C)
(iv) P(exactly one of A, B, C occur) =
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – 2P(B C) – 2P(C A) – 2P(A B) + 3P(A B C)
Example # 14 : A bag contains 4 white, 3red and 4 green balls. A ball is drawn at random. Find the probability
of the event ‘the ball drawn is white or green’.
Solution : Let A be the event ‘the ball drawn is white’ and B be the event ‘the ball drawn is green’.
8
P(The ball drawn is white or green) = P (A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) =
11
Example # 15 : In throwing of a die, let A be the event ‘an odd number turns up’, B be the event ‘a number
divisible by 3 turns up’ and C be the event ‘a number  4 turns up’. Then find the probability that
atleast one of A, B, C occur.
Solution : Event A = {1, 3, 5}, event B = {3, 6} and event C = {1, 2, 3, 4}
 A  B = {3}, B  C = {3}, A  C = {1, 3} and A  B  C = {3}.
Thus
P(A or B or C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A B) – P(B C) – P(C A) + P(A B C)
3 2 4 1 1 2 1
= + + – – – + =1
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
(11) In throwing of a die, let A be the event ‘an odd number turns up’, B be the event ‘a number
divisible by 3 turns up’ and C be the event ‘a number  4 turns up’. Then find the probability that
atleast two of A, B and C occur.
(12) In the problem number 11, find the probability that exactly one of A, B and C occurs.
1 2
Ans. (11) (12)
3 3
(IV) Conditional probability
P(A  B)
If A and B are two events, then P(A/B) = .
P(B)
Note that for mutually exclusive events P(A/B) = 0.
Example # 16 : If P(A/B) = 0.2 and P(B) = 0.5 and P(A) = 0.2. Find P(A  B ).
Solution : P(A  B ) = P(A) – P(A  B)
P(A  B)
Also P(A/B) =  P(A  B) = 0.1
P(B)
From given data,
P(A  B ) = 0.1
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Probability
Example # 17 : If P(A) = 0.25, P(B) = 0.5 and P(A  B) = 0.14, find probability that neither ‘A’ nor ‘B’ occurs.

Also find P A  B 
Solution :  
We have to find P A  B = 1 – P(A  B) (by De-Morgan’s law)
Also, P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)

putting data we get, P A  B = 0.39 
The shaded region denotes the simultaneous occurrence of A and B
 
Hence P A  B = P(A) – P(A  B) = 0.11
Self practice problem :

(13) If P( A / B ) = 0.3, P(A  B) = 0.8, then find P(A  B ) ?
7
Ans.
15
(V) Independent and dependent events

If two events are such that occurence or non-occurence of one does not affect the chances of
occurence or non-occurence of the other event, then the events are said to be independent.
Mathematically : if P(A  B) = P(A) P(B), then A and B are independent.
Note: (i) If A and B are independent, then
(a) A and B are independent,
(b) A and B are independent and
(c) A and B are independent.
(ii) If A and B are independent, then P(A / B) = P(A).
If events are not independent then they are said to be dependent.
Independency of three or more events
Three events A, B & C are independent if & only if all the following conditions hold :
P(A  B) = P(A) . P(B) ; P(B  C) = P(B) . P(C)
P (C  A) = P(C) . P(A) ; P(A  B  C) = P(A) . P(B) . P(C)
Example # 18 : A pair of fair coins is tossed yielding the equiprobable space S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}. Consider
the events:
A = {head on first coin} = {HH, HT}, B = {head on second coin} = {HH, TH}
C = {head on exactly one coin} = {HT, TH}
Then check whether A, B, C are independent or not.
2 1
Solution : P(A) = P(B) = P(C) = = .
4 2
1 1 1
Also P(A  B) = = P(A) P(B), P(A  C) = = P(A) P(C), P(B  C) = = P(B) P(C)
4 4 4
but P(A  B  C) = 0  P(A) P(B) P(C)
 A, B & C are not independent
Example # 19 : In drawing two balls from a box containing 7 red and 4 white balls without replacement, which
of the following pairs is independent ?
(a) Red on first draw and red on second draw
(b) Red on first draw and white on second draw
Solution : Let E be the event ‘Red on first draw’, F be the event ‘Red on second draw’ and G be the
event ‘white on second draw’.
7 7 4
P(E) = , P(F) = , P(G) =
11 11 11
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Probability
7
P2 21
(a) P(E  F) = 11
=
P2 55
7 7 49 21
P(E) . P(F) = × =    E and F are not independent
11 11 121 55
7 4 28
(b) P(E) . P(G) = × =
11 11 121
7
P1 4 P1 14
P(E  G) = 11 =
P2 55
  P(E) . P(G)  P(E  G)   E and G are not independent
Example # 20 : If two switches S1 and S2 have respectively 90% and 80% chances of working. Find the
probabilities that each of the following circuits will work.
Solution : Consider the following events :

A = Switch S1 works,
B = Switch S2 works,
We have,
90 9 80 8
P(A) = = and P(B) = =
100 10 100 10
(i) The circuit will work if the current flows in the circuit. This is possible
only when both the switches work together. Therefore, Required probability
= P(A  B) = P(A) P (B) [ A and B are independent events]
9 8 72 18
= × = =
10 10 100 25
(ii) The circuit will work if the current flows in the circuit. This is possible
only when at least one of the two switches S1, S2 works. Therefore,
Required Probability
= P(A  B) = 1 – P (A) P( B ) [ A, Bare independent events]
 9  8  1 2 49
= 1 – 1    1  =1 – × =
 10   10  10 10 50
Example # 21 : A speaks truth in 60% of the cases and B in 90% of the cases. In what percentage of cases are
they likely to contradict each other in stating the same fact?
Solution : Let E be the event that A speaks truth and F be the event that B speaks truth. Then E and F
are independent events such that
60 3 90 9
P(E) = = and P(F) = =
100 5 100 10
A and B will contradict each other in narrating the same fact in the following mutually
exclusive ways:
(i) A speaks truth and B tells a lie i.e. E  F
(ii) A tells a lie and B speaks truth lie i.e. E  F
 P(A and B contradict each other)
= P(I or II) = (I  II) = P[(E  F )  ( E  F)]
= P(E  F ) + P ( E  F) [ E  F and E  F are mutually exclusive]
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Probability
= P(E) P( F ) + P( E ) P(F) [ E and F are independent]

3  9   3 9 3 1 2 9 21
= × 1  +  1  5  × 10 = 5 × 10 + 5 × 10 = 50
5  10   
Example # 22 : A box contains 5 bulbs of which two are defective. Test is carried on bulbs one by one untill the
two defective bulbs are found out. Find the probability that the process stops after
(i) Second test (ii) Third test
Solution : (i) Process will stop after second test. Only if the first and second bulb are both
found to be defective
2 1 1
probability = × = (Obviously the bulbs drawn are not kept back.)
5 4 10
(ii) Process will stop after third test when either
2 3 1 1
(a) DND  × × = Here ‘D’ stands for defective
5 4 3 10
3 2 1 1
or (b) NDD  × × = and ‘N’ is for not defective.
5 4 3 10
3 2 1 1
or (c) NNN × × =
5 4 3 10
3
hence required probability =
10
1 1 E  1
Example # 23 : If E1 and E2 are two events such that P(E1) = ; P(E2) = ; P  1  = , then choose the
4 2  E2  4
correct options.
(i) E1 and E2 are independent (ii) E1 and E2 are exhaustive
(iii) E1 and E2 are mutually exclusive (iv) E1 & E2 are dependent

E   E2 
Also find P  1  and  
 E2   E1 
E 
Solution : Since P =  1  P(E1)  E1 and E2 are independent of each other
 E2 
Also since P(E1  E2) = P(E1) + P(E2) – P(E1) . P(E2)  1
Hence events are not exhaustive. Independent events can’t be mutually exclusive.
Hence only (i) is correct
Further since E1 & E2 are independent; E1 and E2 or E1 , E2 are E1 , E2 are also independent.
E  3 E  1
Hence P  1  
 = P E1 = and P 2
E  = P (E2) =
 E2  4  1  2
Example # 24 : If cards are drawn one by one from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards without replacement, until
an ace appears, find the probability that the fourth card is the first ace to appear.
48
C3 4 C1
Solution : Probability of selecting 3 non-Ace and 1 Ace out of 52 cards is equal to 52
C4
Since we want 4th card to be first ace, we will also have to consider the arrangement, Now 4
cards in sample space can be arranged in 4! ways and, favorable they can be arranged in 3 !
ways as we want 4th position to be occupied by ace
48
C3 4 C1 3 !
Hence required probability = 52
×
C4 4 !
ADVPR - 9
Probability
Aliter :
‘NNNA’ is the arrangement then we desire in taking out cards, one by one
48 47 46 4
Hence required chance is × × ×
52 51 50 49
(14) An urn contains 7 red and 4 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random with
replacement. Find the probability of getting
(i) 2 red balls (ii) 2 blue balls (iii) one red and one blue ball
1 1
(15) Probabilities of solving a specific problem independently by A and B are and
2 3
respectively. If both try to solve the problem independently, find the probability that
(i) the problem is solved (ii) exactly one of them solves the problem.
(16) In throwing a pair of dies find the probability of getting an odd number on the first die
and a total of 7 on both the dies.
(17) In throwing of a pair of dies, find the probability of getting a doublet or a total of 4.
(18) A bag contains 8 marbles of which 3 are blue and 5 are red. One marble is drawn at
random, its colour is noted and the marble is replaced in the bag. A marble is again
drawn from the bag and its colour is noted. Find the probability that the marbles will be
(i) blue followed by red (ii) blue and red in any order (iii)of the same colour.
(19) A coin is tossed thrice. In which of the following cases are the events E and F
independent ?
(i) E : “the first throw results in head”.
F : “the last throw result in tail”.
(ii) E : “the number of heads is two”.
F : “the last throw result in head”.
(iii) E : “the number of heads is odd ”.
F : “the number of tails is odd”.
49 16 56 2 1
Ans. (14) (i) (ii) (iii) (15) (i) (ii)
121 121 121 3 2
1 2 15 15 17
(16) (17) (18) (i) (ii) (iii)
12 9 64 32 32
(19) (i)
(VI) Total probability theorem
If an event A can occur with one of the n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events B1, B2, ....., Bn and
the probabilities P(A/B1), P(A/B2) .... P(A/Bn) are known, then
n
P(A) =  P(B )
i 1
i . P(A / Bi )
Proof :
The event A occurs with one of the n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events
B1, B2, B3,........,Bn
A = (A  B1)  (A  B2)  (A  B3)  ........  (A  Bn)
n
P(A) = P(A  B1) + P(A B2) + ....... + P(A Bn) =  P(A
i 1
 Bi )
Now,
P(A  Bi) = P(A) . P(Bi/A) = P(Bi) . P(A/Bi)
n
 P(A) =  P(B )
i 1
i . P(A / Bi )
ADVPR - 10
Probability
Example # 25 : Box -  contains 6 red and 3 white balls while box -  contains 4 red and 3 white balls. A fair die
is thrown. If it turns up a multiple of 3, a ball is drawn from box -  else a ball is drawn from box -
. Find the probability that the ball drawn is white.
Solution : Let A be the event ‘a multiple of 3 turns up on the die’ and R be the event ‘the ball drawn is
white’
then P (ball drawn is white)
2 3  2 3 25
= P(A) . P(R / A) + P (A) P(R / (A) ) = × + 1   =
6 9  6 7 63
Example # 26 : Cards of an ordinary deck of playing cards are placed into two heaps. Heap - consists of all
the red cards and heap - consists of all the black cards. A heap is chosen at random and a
card is drawn, find the probability that the card drawn is a king.
Solution : Let  and be the events that heap -  and heap - are choosen respectively. Then
1
P() = P() =
2
Let K be the event ‘the card drawn is a king’
2 2
  P (K /) = and P(K /) =
26 26
1 2 1 2 1
 P(K) = P () P(K / ) + P() P(K /) = × + × = .
2 26 2 26 13
(20) Box -  contains 3 red and 6 blue balls while box - II contains 5 red and 4 blue balls. A
fair coin is tossed. If it turns up head, a ball is drawn from box - , else a ball is drawn
from box -  . Find the probability that the ball drawn is red.
(21) There are 5 brilliant students in class XI and 8 brilliant students in class XII. Each class
has 50 students. The odds in favour of choosing the class XI are 2 : 3. If the class XI is
not chosen then the class XII is chosen. Find the probability of selecting a brilliant
student.
4 17
Ans. (20) (21) .
9 125
(VII) Bayes’ theorem :

If an event A can occur with one of the n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events B1, B2 , ....., Bn and
P(B ) . P(A / Bi )
the probabilities P(A/B1), P(A/B2) .... P(A/Bn) are known, then P(Bi / A) = n i
 P(B )
i 1
i . P(A / Bi )
Proof :
The event A occurs with one of the n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events
B1, B2, B3,........,Bn
A = (A  B1)  (A  B2)  (A  B3)  ........  (A  Bn)
n
P(A) = P(A  B1) + P(A B2) + ....... + P(A Bn) =  P(A
i 1
 Bi )
ADVPR - 11
Probability
Now, P(A  Bi) = P(A) . P(Bi/A) = P(Bi) . P(A/Bi)

P(Bi ) . P(A / Bi ) P(B ) . P(A / Bi )
P (Bi/A) = = ni
P(A)

P(A  Bi )
i 1
P(Bi ) . P(A / Bi )
P(Bi/A) =
 P(B )i . P(A / Bi )
2
Example # 27 : Pal’s gardener is not dependable, the probability that he will forget to water the rose bush is .
3
The rose bush is in questionable condition any how, if watered the probability of its withering
1 3
is , if not watered, the probability of its withering is . Pal went out of station and upon
2 4
returning, he finds that the rose bush has withered, what is the probability that the gardener did
not water the bush.
[Here result is known that the rose bush has withered, therefore. Bayes’s theorem should be
used]
Solution : Let A = the event that the rose bush has withered
Let A1 = the event that the gardener did not water.
A2 = the event that the gardener watered.
By Bayes’s theorem required probability,
P(A1 ) . P(A / A1 )
P(A1/A) = .....(i)
P(A1 ) . P(A / A1 )  P(A 2 ) . P(A / A 2 )
2 1
Given, P(A1) =  P(A2) =
3 3
2 3
.
3 1 3 4 6 3
P(A/A1) = , P(A/A2) = From (1), P(A1/A) = = =
4 2 2 3 1 1 62 4
.  .
3 4 3 2
Example # 28 : There are 5 brilliant students in class XI and 8 brilliant students in class XII. Each class has 50
students. The odds in favour of choosing the class XI are 2 : 3. If the class XI is not chosen
then the class XII is chosen. A student is chosen and is found to be brilliant, find the probability
that the chosen student is from class XI.
Solution : Let E and F be the events ‘Class XI is chosen’ and ‘Class XII is chosen’ respectively.
2 3
Then P(E) = , P(F) =
5 5
5 8
Let A be the event ‘Student chosen is brilliant’. Then P(A / E) = and P(A / F) = .
50 50
2 5 3 8 34
  P(A) = P(E) . P(A / E) + P(F) . P(A / F) = . + . = .
5 50 5 50 250
P(E) . P(A / E) 5
 P(E / A) = = .
P(E) . P(A / E)  P(F) . P(A / F) 17
ADVPR - 12
Probability
Example # 29 : A pack of cards is counted with face downwards. It is found that one card is missing. One card
is drawn and is found to be red. Find the probability that the missing card is red.
Solution : Let A be the event of drawing a red card when one card is drawn out of 51 cards (excluding
missing card.) Let A1 be the event that the missing card is red and A2 be the event that the
missing card is black.
Now by Bayes’s theorem, required probability,
P(A1 ) . (P(A / A1 )
P(A1/A) = ..........(i)
P(A1 ) . P(A / A1 )  P(A 2 ) . P(A / A 2 )
In a pack of 52 cards 26 are red and 26 are black.
26
C 26 1
Now P(A1) = probability that the missing card is red = 52 1 = =
C1 52 2
26 1
P(A2) = probability that the missing card is black = =
52 2
P(A/A1) = probability of drawing a red card when the missing card is red.
25
=
51
[Total number of cards left is 51 out of which 25 are red and 26 are black as the
missing card is red]
26
Again P(A/A2) = Probability of drawing a red card when the missing card is black =
51
1 25
.
2 51 25
Now from (i), required probability, P(A1/A) = =
1 25 1 26 51
.  .
2 51 2 51
Example # 30 : A bag contains 6 white and an unknown number of black balls ( 3). Balls are drawn one by
one with replacement from this bag twice and is found to be white on both occassion. Find the
probability that the bag had exactly ‘3’ Black balls.
Solution : A priori, we can think of the following possibilies
(i) E1 6W , 0B
(ii) E2 6W , 1B
(iii) E3 6W , 2B
(iv) E4 6W , 3B
1
Clearly P(E1) = P(E2) = P(E3) = P(E4) =
4
Let ‘A’ be the event that two balls drawn one by one with replacement are both white therefore
E 
we have to find P  4 
 A 
 A

P
  P(E4 )
 E4 
By Baye’s theorem P   E4

 =
 A   A   A   A   A 
P    P(E1 )  P   . P(E2 )  P   . P(E3 )  P   . P(E4 )
 E1   E2   E3   E4 
 A  6 6  A  6 6  A  6 6 A 6 6
P   = × ; P   = × ; P   = × ; P   = × ;
 E4  9 9  E3  8 8  E2  7 7  E1  6 6
1 1
E  
Putting values P  4 81 4
=
 A  1 1 1 1 1
  
4  81 64 49 36 

ADVPR - 13
Probability

(22) Box- contains 3 red and 2 blue balls while box- contains 2 red and 3 blue balls. A fair
coin is tossed. If it turns up head, a ball is drawn from box-, else a ball is drawn from
box-. If the ball drawn is red, then find the probability that the ball is drawn from
box-.
(23) Cards of an ordinary deck of playing cards are placed into two heaps. Heap - consists
of all the red cards and heap - consists of all the black cards. A heap is chosen at
random and a card is drawn, if the card drawn is found to be a king, find the probability
that the card drawn is from the heap - .
2 1
Ans. (22) (23)
5 2
(VIII) Binomial probability theorem :

If an experiment is such that the probability of success or failure does not change with trials, then the
probability of getting exactly r success in n trials of such an experiment is nCr pr qn – r, where ‘p’ is the
probability of a success and q is the probability of a failure in one particular experiment. Note that
p + q = 1.
Example 31 : A pair of dice is thrown 7 times. Find the probability of getting a doublet thrice
1
Solution : In a single throw of a pair of dice probability of getting a doublet is
6
1
considering it to be a success, p =
6
1 5
 q=1– =
6 6
number of success r = 3
3 4
 1 5
 P(r = 3) = 7C3 p3 q4 = 35    
6 6
Example # 32 : A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting ‘a total of 7’ in a single throw is considered as a
success then find the probability of getting ‘a total of 7’ thrice.
6 1
Solution : p = probability of getting ‘a total of 7’ = =
36 6
1 5
 q=1– =
6 6
r = 3, n = 4
3
 1  5 5
  P(r = 3) = C3 p q = 4     =
4 3
6
   6 324
Example # 33 : In an examination of 10 multiple choice questions (1 or more can be correct out of 3 options). A
student decides to mark the answers at random. Find the probability that he gets exactly two
questions correct.
Solution : A student can mark 7 different answers to a MCQ with 3 option i.e. 3C1 + 3C2 + 3C3 = 7
1
Hence if he marks the answer at random, chance that his answer is correct = and
7
6 1 6
being incorrecting Thus p= ,q=
7 7 7
2 8
 1 6
P (2 success) = 10C2 ×   ×  
7
  7
ADVPR - 14
Probability
Example # 34 : A family has three children. Event ‘A’ is that family has at most one boy, Event ‘B’ is that family
has at least one boy and one girl, Event ‘C’ is that the family has at most one girl. Find whether
events ‘A’ and ‘B’ are independent. Also find whether A, B, C are independent or not.
Solution : A family of three children can have
(i) All 3 boys (ii) 2 boys + 1 girl (iii) 1 boy + 2 girls (iv) 3 girls
3
 1 1
(i) P (3 boys) = 3C0   = (Since each child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl)
2 8
2
 1 1 3
(ii) P (2 boys +1girl) = 3C1 ×   × =
2
  2 8
(Note that there are three cases BBG, BGB, GBB)
1 2
 1  1 3
(iii) P (1 boy + 2 girls) = 3C2 ×   ×   =
2
  2
  8
1
(iv) P (3 girls) =
8
1
Event ‘A’ is associated with (iii) & (iv). Hence P(A) =
2
3
Event ‘B’ is associated with (ii) & (iii). Hence P(B) =
4
1
Event ‘C’ is associated with (i) & (ii). Hence P(C) =
2
3
P(A B) = P(iii) = = P(A) . P(B) . Hence A and B are independent of each other
8
P(A C) = 0  P(A) . P(C) . Hence A, B, C are not independent

(24) A box contains 4 red and 5 blue balls. Two balls are drawn successively without
replacement. If getting ‘a red ball on first draw and a blue ball on second draw’ is
considered a success, then find the probability of 2 successes in 3 performances.
(25) Probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after an year of use is 0.2. Find
the probability that out of 5 such bulbs exectly 2 bulb will fuse after an year of use.
325 640
Ans. (24) (25)
1944 3125
(IX) Probability distribution :

A probability distribution spells out how a total probability of 1 is distributed over several values of a
random variable (i.e. how ............................... possibilities)
(X) Expectation :
If there are n possibilities A1, A2, .... An in an experiment having the probabilities p1, p2, .........pn
respectively. If value M1, M2, ....., Mn are associated with the respective possibility. Then the expected
n
value of the experiment is given by p
i1
i . Mi
Note:
(i) Mean of any probability distribution of a random variable is given by :
 pi xi
µ= =  pi xi (Since  pi = 1)
 pi
Its also known as expectation.
ADVPR - 15
Probability
(ii) Variance of a random variable is given by, 2 = (xi – µ)2 . pi

  2 = pi xi2 – µ2 (Note that SD = + 2 )
(iii) The probability distribution for a binomial variate ‘X’ is given by :
P(X = r) = nCr pr qn – r where P(X = r) is the probability of r successes.
P(r  1) n  r p
The recurrence formula = . , is very helpful for quickly computing
P(r) r 1 q
P(1) . P(2) . P(3) etc. if P(0) is known.
Mean of Binomial Probability Distribution = np ; variance of Binomial Probability
Distribution = npq.
(iv) If p represents a person’s chance of success in any venture and ‘M’ the sum of money
which he will receive in case of success, then his expectations or probable value = pM
Example # 35 : A random variable X has the following probability distribution :
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2
P(X) 0 2k 3k k 0 k +k 2k 2 5k 2
Determine
(i) k (ii) P(X < 3) (iii) P(X  6) (iv) P(0 < X  3)
Hints : Use  P(X) = 1 to determine k, P(X < 3) = P(0) + P(1) + P(2), P(X6) = P(6) +(P(7),
P(0 < X  3) = P(0) + P(1) + P(2) + P(3)
1 5 7 3
Ans. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
8 8 64 4
Example # 36 : A fair die is tossed. If 2, 3 or 5 occurs, the player wins that number of rupees, but if 1, 4, or 6
occurs, the player loses that number of rupees. First complete probability distribution table.
Hence find expectation.
Ai 2 3 5 1 4 6
Solution : Mi 2 3 5 –1 –4 –6
Pi 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
Then expected value E of the game payoffs for the player
 1  1  1  1  1  1  1
= 2   + 3   + 5   – 1   – 4   – 6  = – 
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Since E is negative therefore game is unfavorable to the player.
Example # 37 : There are 50 tickets in a raffle (Lottery). There is 1 prize each of Rs. 800/-, Rs. 300/- and
Rs. 200/-. Remaining tickets are blank. Find the expected price of one such ticket.
Solution : Expectation =  piMi
1
Probability of 1 ticket =
50
1 1 1 47
expected price = 800 × + 300 × + 200 × + × 0 = 26 Rs.
50 50 50 50
Example # 38 : A purse contains four coins each of which is either five rupees or two rupees coin. Find the
expected value of a coin in that purse.
Solution : Various possibilities of coins in the purse can be
5Rs. 2Rs.

0 4 
1 3 
 equally likely 1/ 5
2 2 
3 1 

4 0 
expected value per coin
ADVPR - 16
Probability
1 1 1 1 1
= [5× 0+4×2] + [5×1+3×2] + [ 5 × 2 + 2 × 2]+ [ 5 × 3 + 2 ×1] [5 × 4 + 2 × 0] = 14
5 5 5 5 5
Example # 39 : A pair of dice is thrown 7 times. If getting a doublet is considered as a success, then find the
mean and variance of successes.
1
Solution : In a single throw of a pair of dice, probability of getting a doublet =
6
1 1 5
considering it to be a success, p =  q=1– =
6 6 6
1 7 1 5 35
mean = 7 × = , variance = 7 × × =
6 6 6 6 36
Example # 40 : A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a total of 7 in a single throw is considered as a
success then find the mean and variance of successes.
6 1
Solution : p = probability of getting a total of 7 = =
36 6
1 5
 q=1– =
6 6
1 2
  mean = np = 4 × =
6 3
1 5 5
variance = npq = 4 × × =
6 6 9
Example # 41 : Difference between mean and variance of a Binomial variate is ‘1’ and difference between their
squares is ‘11’. Find the probability of getting exactly three success
Solution : Mean = np & variance = npq
therefore, np – npq = 1 ..........(i)
n2p2 – n2p2q2 = 11 ..........(ii)
Also, we know that p + q = 1 ..........(iii)
5 1
Divide equation (ii) by square of (i) and solve, we get, q = , p = & n = 36
6 6
3 33
 1 5
Hence probability of ‘3’ success = 36C3 ×   ×  
6
  6
(26) From a bag containing 2 one rupee and 3 two rupee coins a person is allowed to draw
2 coins simultaneously ; find the value of his expectation.
(27) A box contains 2 red and 3 blue balls. Two balls are drawn successively without
replacement. If getting ‘a red ball on first draw and a blue ball on second draw’ is
considered a success, then find the mean and variance of successes.
(28) Probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after an year of use is 0.2. If
fusing of a bulb is considered an failure, find the mean and variance of successes for a
sample of 10 bulbs.
(29) A random variable X is specified by the following distribution law :
X 2 3 4
P(X = x) 0.3 0.4 0.3
Then the variance of this distribution is :
(A) 0.6 (B) 0.7 (C) 0.77 (D) 1.55
Ans. (26) Rs. 3.20 (27) mean = 2.1, 2 = .63 (28) mean = 8 and variance = 1.6
(29) A
ADVPR - 17
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Qsadk tkrk gSA* bl iz;ksx dh izfrn'kZ lef"V fyf[k,A
gy % izfrn'kZ lef"V S = {HH, HT, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6}
mnkgj.k # 3 : iklksa ds ,d ;qXe dks ,d ckj Qsadus ds iz;ksx dh izfrn'kZ lef"V Kkr dhft,A izfrn'kZ lef"V ds vo;oksa
dh la[;k Hkh Kkr dhft,A
gy % ekukfd ,d iklk uhyk vkSj nwljk iklk gjk gSA ekukfd uhys ikls ij ‘1’ vkrk gS vkSj gjs ikls ij ‘2’ vkrk
gS rks bl ifj.kke dks ge Øfer ;qXe (1, 2) ls fu:fir djrs gSA blh izdkj ;fn uhys ikls ij ‘3’ vkrk
gS vkSj gjs ikls ij ‘5’ vkrk gS rks bl ifj.kke dks (3, 5) ls fu:fir djrs gSA bl izdkj izR;sd ifj.kke dks
,d Øfer ;qXe (x, y) ls iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS tgk¡ x uhys ikls ij vkus okyh la[;k gS vkSj y gjs ikls
ij vkus okyh la[;k gSA vr% izfrn'kZ lef"V S = {(x, y) x uhys ikls ij la[;k gS vkSj y gjs ikls ij la[;k
gS} lHkh lEHkkfor ifj.kke uhps fp=k esa fn;s x;s gS &
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
fp=k
bl izfrn'kZ lef"V ds vo;oksa dh la[;k 6 × 6 vFkkZr~ 36 gSA
Corporate Office : CG Tower, A-46 & 52, IPIA, Near City Mall, Jhalawar Road, Kota (Raj.) – 324005
ADVPR - 18
izkf;drk
vH;kl iz'u :
(1) ,d flDds dks nks ckj mNkyk tkrk gSA ;fn nwljh ckj esa 'kh"kZ vkrk gS] rks ,d iklk Qsadk tkrk gSaA
bl iz;ksx dh izfrn'kZ lef"V fyf[k,A
(2) ,d FkSys esa 3 yky vkSj 2 uhyh xsans gSA FkSys esa ls ;kn`fPNd :i ls ,d xsan fudkyus ds iz;ksx dh izfrn'kZ
lef"V fyf[k,A
Ans. (1) {HT, TT, HH1, HH2, HH3, HH4, HH5, HH6, TH1, TH2, TH3, TH4, TH5, TH6}
(2) {R1, R2, R3, B1, B2 } ¼;gk¡ ij yky xsnksa dks R1, R2 ,oa R3 vkSj uhyh xsnksa dks B1 ,oa B2
uke nsdj ,d nwljs ls i`Fkd fd;k x;k gSaA½
(iii) ?kVuk : (Event)
;g izfrn'kZ lef"V dk mileqP; gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d flDds dks mNkyus ij 'kh"kZ ;k ,d ikls dks Qsadus ij
vHkkT; la[;k dk vkukA O;kid :i esa ;fn ,d izfrn'kZ lef"V esa 'n' vo;o gSa rks blesa vf/kdre~ 2n ?kVuk;sa
lEcfU/kr gks ldrh gSA
(iv) iwjd ?kVuk : (Complement of Event)

izfrn'kZ lef"V S ds lkis{k ?kVuk A dh iwjd ?kVuk S ds mu lHkh vo;oksa dk leqPp; gS tks 'A' esa ugha gSA
lkekU;r;k bls A, A ;k AC }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
(v) ljy ?kVuk : (Simple Event)
,slh ?kVuk ftlesa dsoy ,d gh izfrn'kZ fcUnq gksrk gS] izkjfEHkd ;k ljy ?kVuk dgykrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d
flDds dks nks ckj mNkyus ij igyh ckj 'kh"kZ rFkk nwljh ckj iqPN vkuk ,d ljy ?kVuk gSA
(vi) feJ ;k la;qDr ?kVuk% (Compound Event)

tc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ?kVuk;sa ,d lkFk ?kfVr gksrh gS rks bl ?kVuk dks la;qDr ;k feJ ?kVuk dgrs gSA ladsr :i
esa A  B ;k AB, A rFkk B ds ,d lkFk ?kfVr gksus dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
uksV : “A B” ;k A + B nks ?kVukvksa A ;k B esa ls fdlh ,d ds ?kfVr gksus dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
mnkgj.k # 4 : ,d flDds dks mNkyus ds iz;ksx esa lHkh ?kVuk,¡ fyf[k,A

gy % S = {H, T}
vr% ?kVuk,¡  , {H}, {T}, {H, T}
mnkgj.k # 5 : ,d iklk Qsadk tkrk gSA ekukfd ß,d fo"ke vad vkukÞ ?kVuk A gS vkSj ß3 ls foHkkftr vad vkukÞ ?kVuk
B gSA ?kVuk,¡ (a) A ;k B (b) A vkSj B fyf[k,A
gy % A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {3, 6}
A ;k B = A  B = {1, 3, 5, 6}
A vkSj B = A  B = {3}
vH;kl iz'u :
(3) ,d flDdk mNkyk tkrk gS vkSj ,d iklk Qsadk tkrk gSA ekukfd ßflDds ij H vkSj ikls ij fo"ke vad
vkukÞ ?kVuk A gS vkSj ßflDds ij T ,oa ikls ij le vad vkukÞ ?kVuk B gSaA ?kVuk,¡ (a) A ;k B
(b) A vkSj B fyf[k,A
(4) nks flDdksa dks mNkyus ij ekukfd A = {HH, HT} vkSj B = {HT, TT} gks] rks ?kVuk,¡ (a) A ;k B
(b) A vkSj B fyf[k,A
Ans. (3) (a) {H1, H3, H5, T2, T4, T6} (b) 
(4) (a) {HH, HT, TT} (b) {HT}
ADVPR - 19
izkf;drk
(vii) lelEHkkoh ?kVuk;sa : (Equally likely Event)
;fn izR;sd ?kVukvksa ds ?kVus dh lEHkkouk leku gks] rks bUgsa lelEHkkoh ?kVuk;sa dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k
(i) ,d flDds dks mNkyus ij] 'kh"kZ vkSj iqPN vkus dh lEHkkouk leku gSA
(ii) ,d lk/kkj.k ikls dks Qasdus ij ?kVukvksa {1}, {2}, {3} vkSj {4} ds ?kfVr gksus dh lEHkkouk cjkcj
gSA
(iii) ,d i{kikrh (biased) flDds dks mNkyus ij ?kVuk,¡ {H} vkSj {T} lelEHkkoh ugha gSA
(viii) ijLij viothZ ?kVuk;sa : (Mutually Exclusive / Disjoint / Incompatible Events)
nks ?kVuk,¡ ijLij viothZ dgykrh gS ;fn nksuksa ?kVuk,¡ ,d lkFk ?kfVr ugha gks ldrh gksA osu vkjs[k esa ?kVuk;as A
vkSj B ijLij viothZ ?kVuk;as gSaA xf.krh; :i esa bls A  B =  fy[krs gSA
?kVuk,¡ A1, A2, A3........, An ijLij viothZ ?kVuk,¡ gksrh gS ;fn Ai  Aj =  i, j {1, 2, 3,....., n} tgk¡ i j
uksV % ;fn Ai  Aj =  i, j {1, 2, 3,....., n} tgk¡ i j rc A1 A2 .......... An = ysfdu bldk foykse lR;
gksuk vko';d ugha gSA
mnkgj.k # 6 : ,d flDds dks mNkyus ij Kkr dhft, fd ?kVuk,¡ {H}, {T} ijLij viothZ gSa ;k ughaA
gy % pw¡fd {H}  {T} = ,
  ?kVuk,¡ ijLij viothZ gSA
mnkgj.k #  :
 ,d ikls dks QSdus ij Kkr dhft, fd ?kVuk,¡ {1, 2}, {2, 3} ijLij viothZ gSa ;k ughaA
gy % pw¡fd {1, 2}  {2, 3} = {2}  
  vr% ?kVuk,¡ ijLij viothZ ugha gSA
vH;kl iz'u :
(5) ,d ikls dks Qsadus ij ?kVuk,¡ ß,d fo"ke la[;k vkukÞ vkSj ß,d le la[;k vkukÞ ijLij viothZ
gSa ;k ugha \
(6) ,d iz;ksx esa iklks dk ;qXe Qsadk tkrk gSa vkSj mu ij vkus okyh la[;kvksa dks uksV fd;k tkrk gSA
fuEufyf[kr ?kVuk,¡ fyf[k,A
A : ;ksxQy 8 ls T;knk gSA
B : fdlh ,d ikls ij 2 vkrk gSA
C : ;ksxQy de ls de 7 gS vkSj 3 dk xq.kt gSA
A  B, B  C vkSj A  C Hkh Kkr dhft,A
D;k (i) A vkSj B ijLij viothZ gSa \ (ii) B vkSj C ijLij viothZ gSa \
(iii) A vkSj C ijLij viothZ gSa \
Ans. (5) gk¡
(6) A = {(3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3), (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
B = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4). (2, 5), (2, 6)}
C = {(3, 6), (6, 3), (5, 4), (4, 5), (6, 6)}
A  B = , B  C = , A  C = {(3, 6), (6, 3), (5, 4), (4, 5), (6, 6)}
(i) gk¡ (ii) gk¡ (iii) ugha
(ix) ?kVukvksa dk fu%'ks"k fudk; : (Exhaustive system of events)
,slh ?kVukvksa dk leqPp; ftlds ckgj dksbZ ?kVuk ?kfVr uk gks ,oa ?kVukvksa E1, E2, E3, .........En esa ls de ls de
,d ?kVuk iz;ksx ds nkSjku ?kfVr gks] ?kVukvksa dk fu%'ks"k fudk; dgykrk gSA
xf.krh; :i esa bls E1 E2 E3.........En = S (izfrn'kZ lef"V) fy[krs gSA
ADVPR - 20
izkf;drk
mnkgj.k # 8 : ,d ikls dks Qsadus ij ekukfd ß,d le la[;k vkukÞ ?kVuk A gS] ß,d fo"ke vHkkT; la[;k vkukÞ ?kVuk B
gS vkSj ß4 ls NksVh la[;k vkukÞ ?kVuk C gSA Kkr dhft, fd ?kVuk,¡ A, B vkSj C ,d fu%'ks"k fudk; cukrh
gSa ;k ughaA
gy : A  {2, 4, 6}, B  {3, 5} vkSj C  {1, 2, 3}.
Li"Vr;k A B C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = S. vr% ?kVukvksa dk fudk; fu%'ks"k gSA
mnkgj.k # 9 : rhu flDds mNkys tkrs gSa] rc fuEu Kkr dhft, &
(i) nks ?kVuk,¡ A vkSj B tks fd ijLij viothZ gSaA
(ii) rhu ?kVuk,¡ A, B vkSj C tks ijLij viothZ vkSj fu%'ks"k gSaA
(iii) nks ?kVuk,¡ A vkSj B tks ijLij viothZ ugha gSA
(iv) nks ?kVuk,¡ A vkSj B tks ijLij viothZ gSa ijUrq fu%'ks"k ugha gSaA
(v) rhu ?kVuk,¡ A, B vkSj C tks ijLij viothZ gSa ysfdu fu%'ks"k ugha gSA
Ans. (i) A : “de ls de nks 'kh"kZ vkuk” B : “de ls de nks iqPN vkuk”
(ii) A : “vf/kd ls vf/kd ,d 'kh"kZ vkuk” B : “Bhd nks 'kh"kZ vkuk”
C : “Bhd rhu 'kh"kZ vkuk”
(iii) A : “vf/kd ls vf/kd nks iqPN vkuk” B : “Bhd nks 'kh"kZ vkuk”
(iv) A : “Bhd ,d 'kh"kZ vkuk” B : “Bhd nks 'kh"kZ vkuk”
(v) A : “Bhd ,d iqPN vkuk” B : “Bhd nks iqPN vkuk”
C : “Bhd rhu iqPN vkuk”
[uksV : ;gk¡ vksj Hkh dbZ fLFkfr;k¡ gks ldrh gS]a
vH;kl iz'u :
(7) ,d ikls dks Qsadus ij fuEu esa ls dkSulh ?kVuk,¡ ijLij viothZ gSa \
(a) ^,d fo"ke la[;k vkuk* vkSj ^,d le la[;k vkuk*A
(b) ^,d fo"ke la[;k vkuk* vkSj ^4 ;k 4 ls cM+h la[;k vkuk*
(8) ,d ikls dks Qsadus ij ?kVukvksa dk fuEu esa ls dkSulk fudk; fu%'ks"k gSa \
(a) ^,d fo"ke la[;k vkuk*] '4 ;k 4 ls NksVh la[;k vkuk' vkSj ^la[;k 5 dk vkuk*
(b) ^4 ;k 4 ls NksVh la[;k vkuk* vkSj ^4 ls cM+h la[;k vkuk*
(c) ^,d le la[;k vkuk*] ^3 ls foHkkftr la[;k vkuk*] ^la[;k 1 ;k 2 vkuk* vkSj ^la[;k 6 dk vkuk^]
Ans. (7) (a) (8) (b)
(II) izkf;drk dh mPp Lrjh; ifjHkk"kk : (Classical (A priori) Definition of Probability)

;fn ,d iz;ksx esa dqy (m + n) ifj.kke vkrs gS ftuds ?kfVr gksus dh lEHkkouk leku gksa rFkk ;fn ,d ?kVuk ‘A’ ds
vuqdqy ifj.kke ‘m’ tcfd 'n' izfrdwy ifj.kke gksa] rc ?kVuk ‘A’ ds ?kfVr gksus dh izkf;drk
m vuqdwy fLFkfr;ksa dh la[;k m
P(A) = = vFkkZr~ P(A) = .
mn dqy fLFkfr;ksa dh la[;k mn
;gka ‘A’ dk vuqdqy la;ksxkuqikr m : n tcfd ‘A’ dk izfrdwy la;ksxkuqikr n : m gSA
n
uksV %& P(A) ;k P(A) ;k P(AC) vFkkZr~ A ds ?kfVr ugha gksus dh izkf;drk = = 1 – P(A)
mn
mijksDr esa ge ?kVuk A ds vuqdwy fLFkfr;ksa dh la[;k dks n(A) rFkk izfrn'kZ lef"V S ds dqy ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k dks
n(S) }kjk iznf'kZr djrs gSA
n(A)
 P(A) = .
n(S)
mnkgj.k # 10 : ,d lk/kkj.k ikls dks Qsadus ij ?kVuk ß3 ;k 3 ls NksVh la[;k vkukÞ dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
gy : izfrn'kZ lef"V S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ; ?kVuk A = {1, 2, 3}
n(A) 3 1
  n(A) = 3 vkSj n(S) = 6  P(A) = = = .
n(S) 6 2
ADVPR - 21
izkf;drk
mnkgj.k # 11 : ,d lk/kkj.k ikls dks Qsadus ij ?kVuk ß4 ;k 4 ls cM+h fo"ke la[;k vkukÞ dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
gy : S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
ekukfd 4 ;k 4 ls cM+h la[;k vkus dh ?kVuk E gSA
n (E) 1
rks E = {5}  P(E) = = .
n (S) 6
mnkgj.k # 12 : lk/kkj.k iklksa ds ,d ;qXe dks Qsadus ij dqy ;ksx 10 vkus dh izkf;drk gSaA
gy : tc iklksa ds ,d ;qXe dks Qsadk tkrk gSa rks izfrn'kZ lef"V
{(1, 1) (1, 2) .......... (1, 6)
(2, 1,) (2, 2,)......... (2, 6)
.... ..... .... ...
.... ... ... ...
(6, 1), (6, 2) ........ (6, 6)}
izR;sd ifj.kke dks le lEHkkoh cukus ds fy, (1, 2) vkSj (2, 1) dks vyx fcUnq ekuk tkrk gSA
dqy ;ksx 10 vkus ds fy, vuqdwy ifj.kke (4, 6) (5, 5) rFkk (6, 4)
3 1
vr% vHkh"V izkf;drk = =
36 12
mnkgj.k # 13 : vadks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5 dh lgk;rk ls fcuk iqujko`fÙk ds 5 vadks dh ,d la[;k cukbZ tkrh gSA bl la[;k ds
4 ls foHkkftr gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
gy : 5 vadks dh dqy la[;k,¡
5 5 4 3 2
dqy rjhds =5×5×4×3×2 = 600
vr% la[;k 4 ls foHkkftr gksxh] ;fn la[;k ds vfUre nks vad 4 ls foHkkftr gksA
vr% 0 4  izFke rhu LFkku 4×3×2 = 24 rjhdksa ls Hkjs tk ldrs gSaA
1,3 2  izFke pkj LFkku 3×3×2×3 = 54 rjhdksa ls Hkjs tk ldrs gSaA

or 5
2 or 0  izFke pkj LFkku 4×3×2×2 = 48 rjhdksa ls Hkjs tk ldrs gSaA
4
2 4  izFke rhu LFkku 3×3×2 = 18 rjhdksa ls Hkjs tk ldrs gSa

__________
dqy rjhdksa dh la[;k 144 rjhds
vuqdqy fLFkfr;k¡ 144 6
izkf;drk = = = Ans.
dqy fLFkfr;k¡ 600 25
vH;kl iz'u :
(9) ,d FkSys esa 4 lQsn, 3 yky vkSj 2 uhyh xssnsa gaSA ,d xsan ;kn`PNk fudkyh tkrh gSa] rks fudkyh xbZ xsan
ds uhyh ;k yky gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr djksA
(10) lk/kkj.k ikls ds ,d ;qXe dks Qsadus ij ?kVuk ßdqy ;ksx 9 ;k 9 ls de vkukÞ dh izkf;drk Kkr djksA
Ans. (9) 5/9 (10) 5/36.
(III) izkf;drk dh ;ksx izes; : (Addition theorem of probability)

;fn fdlh vfHkiz;ksx esa ‘A’ rFkk ‘B’ nks ?kVuk;sa gks] rks
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB)
Mh&eksxZu fu;e : ;fn loZHkkSfed leqPp; U ds nks mileqPp; A ,oa B gks] rks
(a) (A B)c = Ac Bc
(b) (A B)c = Ac Bc
ADVPR - 22
izkf;drk
forj.k fu;e : (a) A  (B C) = (A B)  (A C)
(b) A  (B C) = (A B)  (A C)
fdUgh rhu ?kVukvksa A, B rFkk C ds fy, fuEu js[kkfp=k esa
(i) P(A ;k B ;k C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A B) – P(B C) – P(C A) + P(A B C)
(ii) P(A,B,C esa ls de ls de nks ?kfVr gks) = P(B  C) + P(C  A) + P(A  B) – 2P(A B C)
(iii) P(A,B,C esa ls fuf'pr :i ls nks ?kfVr gks) = P(B C) + P(C A) + P(A B) – 3P(A B  C)
(iv) P(A, B, C esa ls fuf'pr :i ls ,d ?kfVr gks) =
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – 2P(B C) – 2P(C A) – 2P(A B) + 3P(A B C)
mnkgj.k # 14 : ,d FkSys esa 4 lQsn, 3 yky vkSj 4 gjh xSansa gSaA ,d xsan ;kn`fPNd :i ls fudkyh tkrh gSaA fudkyh
xbZ xsan ds lQsn ;k gjh gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr djksA
gy : ekukfd fudkyh xbZ xsan ds lQsn gksus dh ?kVuk A gS vkSj ml xsan ds gjh gksus dh ?kVuk B gSA
8
P(fudkyh xbZ xsan lQsn ;k gjh gSa) = P (A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) =
11
mnkgj.k # 15 : ,d ikls dks Qsadus ij ekukfd ß,d fo"ke la[;k vkukÞ ?kVuk A gS] ß3 ls foHkkftr la[;k vkukÞ ?kVuk
B gS* vkSj ß4 ;k 4 ls NksVh la[;k vkukÞ ?kVuk C gks] rks A, B vkSj C esa ls de ls de ,d ?kVuk ds ?kfVr
gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
gy : ?kVuk A = {1, 3, 5}, ?kVuk B = {3, 6} vkSj ?kVuk C = {1, 2, 3, 4}
  A  B = {3}, B  C = {3}, A  C = {1, 3} vkSj A  B  C = {3}.
vr% P(A or B or C)=P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A B) – P(B C) – P(C A) + P(A B C)
3 2 4 1 1 2 1
= + + – – – + =1
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
vH;kl iz'u :
(11) ,d ikls dks Qsadus ij ekukfd ß,d fo"ke la[;k vkukÞ ?kVuk A gS] ß3 ls foHkkftr la[;k vkukß
?kVuk B gS vkSj ß4 ;k 4 ls NksVh la[;k vkukÞ ?kVuk C gks] rks A, B vkSj C esa ls Bhd nks ds ?kfVr
gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
(12) iz'u la[;k 11 esa A, B vkSj C esa ls Bhd ,d ds ?kfVr gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
1 2
Ans. (11) (12)
3 3
ADVPR - 23
izkf;drk
(IV) izfrcaf/kr izkf;drk % (Conditional Probability)
P(A  B)
;fn A rFkk B nks ?kVuk,¡ gks] rks P(A/B) = .
P(B)
uksV %& ijLij viothZ ?kVukvksa ds fy, P(A/B) = 0.
mnkgj.k # 16 : ;fn P(A/B) = 0.2 ; P(B) = 0.5 vkSj P(A) = 0.2 gks] rks P(A  B ) Kkr dhft,A
gy : P(A  B ) = P(A) – P(A  B)
P(A  B)
rFkk P(A/B) =  P(A  B) = 0.1
P(B)
fn;s x;s rF;ksa ls P(A  B ) = 0.1
mnkgj.k # 17 : ;fn P(A) = 0.25, P(B) = 0.5 vkSj P(A  B) = 0.14 gksus ij ßu rks A vkSj u gh B ds ?kfVr gksusÞ dh
izkf;drk Kkr dhft, rFkk P  A  B  Hkh Kkr dhft,A
gy : gesa Kkr djuk gS fd P  A  B  = 1 – P(A  B) (Mh & eksxZu fu;e ls)
rFkk P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)
eku j[kus ij P  A  B  = 0.39
Nka;kfdr Hkkx A vkSj B ds ,d lkFk ?kfVr gksus dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
vr% P  A  B  = P(A) – P(A  B) = 0.11

vH;kl dk;Z :
(13) ;fn P( A / B ) = 0.3, P(A  B) = 0.8 gks] rks P(A  B ) Kkr dhft, ?
7
Ans. (13)
15
(V) Lora=k vkSj vkfJr ?kVuk,¡ (Independent and dependent events)

;fn nks ?kVuk;sa bl izdkj gSs fd buesa ls fdlh ,d ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ;k u gksus dk izHkko nwljh ?kVuk ds ?kfVr
gksus ;k u gksus ij ugha iMrk gks] rks ?kVuk;sa Lora=k dgykrh gSA
xf.krh; :i esa : ;fn P(A  B) = P(A) P(B) gks, rks A rFkk B Lora=k gSA
fo'ks"k : (i) ;fn A rFkk B Lora=k gks] rks (a) A rFkk B Hkh Lora=k gksxsaA (b) A rFkk B Lora=k gS vkSj (c) A rFkk
B Hkh Lora=k gSA
(ii) ;fn A rFkk B Lora=k gks] rks P(A / B) = P(A).
;fn ?kVuk,¡ Lora=k ugh gks] rks os vkfJr dgykrh gSA
rhu ;k vf/kd ?kVukvksa dh Lora=krk (Independency of three or more events) %
rhu ?kVuk;as A, B ,oa C Lora=k gSa ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn fuEu lHkh 'krsZa lgh gks&
P(A  B) = P(A) . P(B) ; P(B  C) = P(B) . P(C)
P (C  A) = P(C) . P(A) ; P(A  B  C) = P(A) . P(B) . P(C)
mnkgj.k # 18 : fu"i{kikrh flDdks dk ,d ;qXe mNkyk tkrk gS ftlls le laHkkoh izfrn'kZ lef"V S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
izkIr gksrh gSA fuEu ?kVukvksa ij fopkj djs &
A = {izFke flDds ij 'kh"kZ} = {HH, HT}, B = {nwljs flDds ij 'kh"kZ} = {HH, TH}
C = {Bhd ,d flDds ij 'kh"kZ} = {HT, TH}
rc tkap dhft, fd ?kVuk,¡ A, B, C Lora=k gS ;k ughaA
ADVPR - 24
izkf;drk
2 1
gy : P(A) = P(B) = P(C) = = .
4 2
1 1 1
rFkk P(A  B) = = P(A) P(B), P(A  C) = = P(A) P(C), P(B  C) = = P(B) P(C)
4 4 4
ysfdu P(A  B  C) = 0  P(A) P(B) P(C)
 A, B vkSj C Lora=k ugha gSA
mnkgj.k # 19 : ,d lUnwd esa 4 lQsn vkSj 7 yky xsnsa gSa] blesa ls izfrLFkkiu fd, fcuk nks xsans fudkyh tkrh gks] rks
fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk ;qXe Lora=k gSa \
(a) izFku MªkW esa yky vkSj nwljs MªkW esa yky (b) izFke MªkW esa yky vkSj nwljs MªkW esa lQsn
gy : ekukfd izFke MªkW esa yky xsan vkus dh ?kVuk E gS] nwljs MªkW esa yky xsan vkus dh ?kVuk F gS vkSj nwljs
MªkW esa lQsn xsan vkus dh ?kVuk G gSA
7 7 4
P(E) = , P(F) = , P(G) =
11 11 11
7
P2 21
(a) P(E  F) = 11 =
P2 55
7 7 49 21
P(E) . P(F) = × =    E vkSj F Lora=k ugha gSA
11 11 121 55
7 4 28
(b) P(E) . P(G) = × =
11 11 121
7
P1 4 P1 14
P(E  G) = 11 =  P(E) . P(G)  P(E  G)
P2 55
  E vkSj G Lora=k ugha gSA
mnkgj.k # 20 : ;fn nks fLop S1 vkSj S2 ds dk;Z djus dh lEHkkouk,¡ Øe'k% 90% vkSj 80% gSa] rks fuEu esa ls izR;sd ifjiFk
ds dk;Z djus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
gy : ekuk ?kVuk,¡ fUkEu gSSA

?kVuk A : fLop S1 dk;Z djrk gSA
?kVuk B : fLop S2 dk;Z djrk gSA
90 9 80 8
P(A) = = vkSj P(B) = =
100 10 100 10
(i) ifjiFk dk;Z djsxk ;fn ifjiFk esa /kkjk izokfgr gksrh gksA ;g rHkh lEHko gS tc nksuksa fLop ,d lkFk dke
djrs gksA vr% vHkh"V izkf;drk
= P(A  B) = P(A) P (B) [ A vkSj B Lora=k ?kVuk,¡ gSaA]
9 8 72 18
= × = =
10 10 100 25
(ii) ifjiFk dk;Z djsxk ;fn ifjiFk esa /kkjk izokfgr gksrh gksA ;g rHkh lEHko gSa tc fLop S1 vkSj S2 esa ls de
ls de ,d fLop dke djrk gksA vr% vHkh"V izkf;drk
= P(A  B) = 1 – P (A) P( B ) [ A vkSj B Lora=k ?kVuk,¡ gSA]
 9   8  1 2 49
= 1 – 1    1  10  = 1– × =
 10    10 10 50
ADVPR - 25
izkf;drk
mnkgj.k # 21 : A, 60% fLFkfr;ksa esa lR; cksyrk gS vkSj B, 90% fLFkfr;ksa esa lR; cksyrk gSaA fdrus izfr'kr fLFkfr;ksa esa
leku rF; ij cksyrs gq, nksuksa fojks/kkHkklh fLFkfr esa gksxsa \
gy : ekukfd A ds lR; cksyus dh ?kVuk E vkSj B ds lR; cksyus dh ?kVuk F gks] rks E vkSj F Loar=k ?kVuk,¡ bl
izdkj gS fd
60 3 90 9
P(E) = = F vkSj P(F) = =
100 5 100 10
leku rF; dks cksyrs gq, fuEufyf[kr ijLij viothZ rjhdksa ls A vkSj B ijLij fojks/kkHkklh fLFfr esa gksxsa&
(i) A lR; cksyrk gS vkSj B vlR; cksyrk gS vFkkZr~ E  F
(ii) A >qB cksyrk gS vkSj B lR; cksyrk gS vFkkZr~ E  F
  P(A vkSj B ijLij fojks/kh gksxsA)
= P(I ;k II) = (I  II) = P[(E  F )  ( E  F)]
= P(E  F ) + P ( E  F) [ E  F vkSj E  F ijLij viothZ gSaA]
= P(E) P() + P() P(F) [ E vkSj F ijLij Lora=k gSA]
3  9   3 9 3 1 2 9 21
= × 1   +  1  5  × 10 = 5 × 10 + 5 × 10 = 50
5  10   
mnkgj.k # 22 : ,d lUnwd esa 5 cYc ftuesa ls 2 [kjkc gSaA bu cYcksa ij ,d ds ckn ,d ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSa tc rd fd
nksuksa [kjkc cYc izkIr ugha gks tkrs gks] rks bl izfØ;k ds (i) f}rh; ijh{k.k (ii) r`rh; ijh{k.k ds ckn lekIr
gks tkus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
gy : (i) izfØ;k f}rh; ijh{k.k ij lekIr gks tk;sxh ;fn izFke vkSj f}rh; cYc [kjkc izkIr gks tk;sA vr%
2 1 1
izkf;drk = × = (Li"Vr;k fudkyk x;k cYc iqu% ugha j[kk tkrk gSaA)
5 4 10
(ii) izfØ;k r`rh; ijh{k.k ds ckn lekIr gksxh ;fn
2 3 1 1
(a) DND  × × = ;gk¡ ‘D’ [kjkc cYc ds fy, gSa vkSj ‘N’ lgh cYc ds fy, gSaA
5 4 3 10
3 2 1 1
;k (b) NDD  × × =
5 4 3 10
3 2 1 1
;k (c) NNN  × × =
5 4 3 10
3
vr% vHkh"V izkf;drk =
10
1 1 E  1
mnkgj.k # 23 : ;fn E1 vkSj E2 nks ?kVuk,¡ bl izdkj gSa fd P(E1) = ; P(E2) = ; P  1  = , rks lgh fodYi pqfu,
4 2  E2  4
(i) E1 vkSj E2 Lora=k gSaA (ii) E1 vkSj E2 fu%'ks"k gSaA
(iii) E1 vkSj E2 ijLij viothZ gSaA (iv) E1 vkSj E2 ijra=k gSaA
 E1   E2 
rFkk P   ,oa   Hkh Kkr dhft,A
 E2   E1 
E 
gy : pw¡fd  1  = P(E1)  E1 vkSj E2 ijLij Lora=k gSaA
 E2 
iqu% pw¡fd P(E1  E2) = P(E1) + P(E2) – P(E1) . P(E2)  1
vr% ?kVuk,¡ fu%'ks"k ugha gSaA Lora=k ?kVuk,¡ ijLij viothZ ugha gks ldrh gSaA
vr% dsoy fodYi (i) lgh gSaA
iqu% pw¡fd E1 ,oa E2 Lora=k gSa] E1 vkSj E2 ;k E1 , E2 vkSj E1 , E2 Hkh Lora=k ?kVuk,¡ gSaA
 E1  3 E  1
vr% P 
E
 
 = P E1 =
4
vkSj P 2
E  = P (E2) =
2
 2  1 
ADVPR - 26
izkf;drk
mnkgj.k # 24 : ;fn ,d vPNh rjg QsaVh gqbZ rk'k ds 52 iÙkksa dh xìh esa ls fcuk izfrLFkkfir djrs gq, ,d ds ckn ,d
iÙkk rc rd fudkyk tkrk gSa tc rd fd ,d bDdk ugha vk tkrk gSa] rks pkSFks iÙks ds izFke bDdk gksus
dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
48
C3 4 C1
gy : 52 iÙkksa esa ls 1 bDdk vkSj 3 vU; iÙks fudkyus dh izkf;drk = 52
C4
pw¡fd prqFkZ uEcj ij bDdk vkuk pkfg, vr% bu iÙkksa dks O;ofLFkr djuk gksxkA vc izfrn'kZ lef"V esa 4
iÙkksa dks 4! rjhdksa ls O;ofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gSa vkSj vuqdqy fLFkfr;ksa esa 3! rjhdksa ls O;ofLFkr fd;k tk
48
C3 4 C1 3 !
ldrk D;ksafd prqFkZ LFkku ij bDdk vkuk pkfg,A vr% vHkh"V izkf;drk = 52
×
C4 4 !
oSdfYid gy %
48 47 46 4
‘NNNA’ vHkh"V O;oLFkk gSa vr% izkf;drk = × × ×
52 51 50 49
vH;kl iz'u :
(14) ,d crZu esa lkr yky vkSj pkj uhyh xsans gSA nks xsans izfrLFkkiu ds lkFk ;kn`fPNd fudkyh tkrh gSa] rc
(i) nks yky xsan (ii) nks uhyh xsan
(iii) ,d yky vkSj ,d uhyh xsan] izkIr djus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
1 1
(15) ,d iz'u dks Lora=k :i ls A vkSj B }kjk gy djus dh izkf;drk,sa Øe'k% vkSj gSa] ;fn nksuksa iz'uksa
2 3
dks Loar=k :i ls gy djus dh dksf'k'k djrsa gks rks iz'u
(i) gy gksus dh (ii) Bhd ,d ds }kjk gy gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
(16) iklksa ds ,d ;qXe dks Qasdus ij izFke ikls ij ,d fo"ke vad vkus vkSj nksuksa iklksa ij dqy ;ksx 7
vkus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
(17) iklksa ds ,d ;qXe dks Qsadus ij ,d f}d (doublet) ;k dqy ;ksx 4 vkus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
(18) ,d FkSys esa 8 ekcZy gSa ftuesa ls 3 uhys vkSj 5 yky gSaA ;kn`fPNd :i ls ,d ekcZy fudkyk tkrk gS] bldk
jax uksV djds iqu% FkSys esa j[k fn;k tkrk gSaA iqu% FkSys esa ls ,d ekcZy fudkyk tkrk gS vkSj bldk jax
uksV fd;k tkrk gSaA bu ekcZy ds
(i) igys uhyk vkSj fQj yky gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
(ii) fdlh Hkh Øe esa uhyk vkSj yky gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
(iii) leku jax ds gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
(19) ,d flDdk rhu ckj mNkyk tkrk gSaA fuEu esa ls fdu fLFkfr;ksa esa ?kVuk,¡ E vkSj F Lora=k gS \
(i) E : izFke mNky esa 'kh"kZ vkrk gSA (ii) E : 'kh"kksZa dh la[;k 2 gSA
F : vfUre mNky esa iqPN vkrk gSA F : vfUre mNky esa 'kh"kZ vkrk gSA
(iii) E : 'kh"kksZa dh la[;k fo"ke gSA
F : iqPNksa dh la[;k fo"ke gSaA
49 16 56 2 1
Ans. (14) (i) (ii) (iii) (15) (i) (ii)
121 121 121 3 2
1 2 15 15 17
(16) (17) (18) (i) (ii) (iii) (19) (i)
12 9 64 32 32
(VI) dqy izkf;drk izes; (Total Probability Theorem)

;fn n ijLij viothZ rFkk fu%'ks"k ?kVukvksa B1, B2, ....., Bn ds lkFk ,d ?kVuk A ?kfVr gksrh gS rFkk izkf;drk,¡
P(A/B1), P(A/B2) .... P(A/Bn) Kkr gSa] rc
n
P(A) =  P(B )
i 1
i . P(A / Bi )
ADVPR - 27
izkf;drk
izek.k :
?kVuk A, n ijLij viothZ rFkk fu%'ks"kh ?kVukvksa B1, B2, B3,........,Bn esa ls ,d ds lkFk ?kfVr gks ldrh gS
vr% A = (A  B1)  (A  B2)  (A  B3)  ........  (A  Bn)
n
P(A) = P(A  B1) + P(A B2) + ....... + P(A Bn) =  P(A
i 1
 Bi )
n
vc] P(A  Bi) = P(A) . P(Bi/A) = P(Bi) . P(A/Bi)  P(A) =  P(B )
i 1
i . P(A / Bi )
mnkgj.k # 25 : cDls esa 6 yky vkSj 3 lQsn xasns gSa tcfd  cDls esa 4 yky vkSj 3 lQsn xsans gSaA ,d fu"i{kikrh (fair)
iklk Qsadk tkrk gSA ;fn bl ij 3 dk xq.kt vkrk gS] rks  cDls esa ls ,d xsan fudkyh tkrh gS vU;Fkk
cDls esa ls ,d xsan fudkyh tkrh gSaA fudkyh xbZ xsan ds lQsn gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
gy % ekukfd ßikls ij 3 dk xq.kt vkukÞ ?kVuk A gS vkSj ßfudkyh xbZ xsan ds lQsn gksukÞ ?kVuk R gSA rks
P (fudkyh xbZ xsan lQsn gS)
2 3  2 3 25
= P(A) . P(R / A) + P (A) P(R / (A) ) = × + 1   =
6 9  6 7 63
mnkgj.k # 26 : lk/kkj.k rk'k ds iÙkksa dks nks <s+jksa (Heaps) esa j[kk tkrk gSA <sj esa lHkh yky iÙks j[ks x;s gSa vkSj
II <sj esa lHkh dkys iÙks j[ks x, gSaA ;kn`fPNd :i ls ,d <sj pquk tkrk gS vkSj ,d iÙkk fudkyk
tkrk gS] rks fudkys x;s iÙks ds jktk (King) gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
gy : ekukfd  <sj vkSj <sj pquus dh ?kVuk,¡ Øe'k%  vkSj gSaA rks
1
P() = P() =
2
ekukfd ßfudkyk x;k iÙkk jktk gSÞ ?kVuk K gSA
2 2
 P (K /) = vkSj P(K /) =
26 26
1 2 1 2 1
 P(K) = P () P(K / ) + P() P(K /) = × + × = .
2 26 2 26 13
vH;kl iz'u :
(20)  cDls esa 3 yky vkSj 6 uhyh xsan gaS tcfd II cDls esa 5 yky vkSj 4 uhyh xsnsa gSA ,d fu"i{kikrh
flDdk mNkyk tkrk gSA ;fn 'kh"kZ vkrk gks] rks cDls esa ls ,d xsan fudkyh tkrh gS vU;Fkk 
cDls esa ls ,d xsan fudkyh tkrh gSA fudkyh xbZ xsan ds yky gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
(21) d{kk XI esa 5 es/kkoh Nk=k gSa vkSj d{kk XII esa 8 es/kkoh Nk=k gSaA izR;sd d{kk esa 50 Nk=k gSaA d{kk XI
pquus ds i{k esa la;ksxkuqikr 2 : 3 gSA ;fn d{kk XI ugha pquh tkrh gks] rks d{kk XII pquh tkrh gSA
,d es/kkoh Nk=k ds pquus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
4 17
Ans. (20) (21) .
9 125
(VII) cst+ izes; (Baye's theorem) :
;fn n ijLij viothZ rFkk fu%'ks"k ?kVukvksa B1, B2 , ....., Bn esa ls fdlh ,d ds lkFk ,d ?kVuk A ?kfVr gks ldrh gks
P(Bi ) . P(A / Bi )
rFkk izkf;drk,¡ P(A/B1), P(A/B2) .... P(A/Bn) Kkr gks] rks P(Bi / A) = n
 P(B )
i 1
i . P(A / Bi )
ADVPR - 28
izkf;drk
izek.k :
n ijLij viothZ rFkk fu%'ks"k ?kVukvksa B1, B2, B3,........,Bn esa ls ,d ds lkFk ?kVuk A ?kfVr gksrh gSA
A = (A  B1)  (A  B2)  (A  B3)  ........  (A  Bn)
n
P(A) = P(A  B1) + P(A B2) + ....... + P(A Bn) =  P(A
i 1
 Bi )
vc, P(A  Bi) = P(A) . P(Bi/A) = P(Bi) . P(A/Bi)

P(Bi ) . P(A / Bi ) P(Bi ) . P(A / Bi ) P(Bi ) . P(A / Bi )
P (Bi/A) = = n  P(Bi/A) =
P(A)

P(A  Bi )  P(B ) i . P(A / Bi )
i 1
2
mnkgj.k # 27 : ikWy dk ekyh Hkjksls ds ;ksX; ugha gSA mlds xqykc ds ikS/kksa dks ikuh nsuk Hkwy tkus dh izkf;drk gSA
3
1
xqykc ds ikS/ks lansgkRed fLFkfr esa gSa] ;fn ikuh fn;k tkrk gS rks muds eq>kZus dh izkf;drk gS vkSj
2
3
;fn ikuh ugha fn;k tkrk gS rks muds eq>kZus dh izkf;drk gSA ikWy dqN fnuksa ds fy, ckgj tkrk gS vkSj
4
okil ykSVus ij og ikrk gS fd xqykc ds ikS/ks eq>kZ x;s gSa] rks bl ckr dh D;k izkf;drk gSa fd ekyh us
ikS/kksa dks ikuh ugha fn;k gSaA
[;gk¡ ifj.kke Kkr gSa fd ikS/ks eq>kZ pqds gSa vr% cst+ izes; dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A]
gy : ekukfd A = xqykc ds ikS/ks eq>kZ pqds gksus dh ?kVuk
A1 = ekyh }kjk ikuh ugha nsus dh ?kVuk
A2 = ekyh }kjk ikuh nsus dh ?kVuk
cst+ izes; ls vHkh"V izkf;drk
P(A1 ) . P(A / A1 )
P(A1/A) = .....(i)
P(A1 ) . P(A / A1 )  P(A 2 ) . P(A / A 2 )
2 1
fn;k x;k gS fd P(A1) =  P(A2) =
3 3
3 1
P(A/A1) = , P(A/A2) =
4 2
2 3
.
3 4 6 3
(1) ls, P(A1/A) = = =
2 3 1 1 62 4
.  .
3 4 3 2
mnkgj.k # 28 : d{kk XI esa 5 es/kkoh Nk=k gS vkSj d{kk XII esa 8 es/kkoh Nk=k gSA izR;sd d{kk esa 50 Nk=k gSA d{kk XI pquus
ds i{k esa la;ksxkuqikr 2 : 3 gSA ;fn d{kk XI ugha pquh tkrh gS] rks d{kk XII pquh tkrh gSA ,d Nk=k pquk
tkrk gS tks fd es/kkoh ik;k tkrk gS] rks pqus x, Nk=k ds d{kk XI ds gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
gy % ekukfd d{kk XI ds pqus tkus vkSj d{kk XII ds pqus tkus dh ?kVuk,¡ Øe'k% E vkSj F gSA
2 3
rks P(E) = , P(F) =
5 5
ekukfd ßpqus x, Nk=k ds es/kkoh gksukÞ ?kVuk A gSA
ADVPR - 29
izkf;drk
5 8
rks P(A / E) = vkSj P(A / F) = .
50 50
2 5 3 8 34
 P(A) = P(E) . P(A / E) + P(F) . P(A / F) = . + . = .
5 50 5 50 250
P(E) . P(A / E) 5
 P(E / A) = = .
P(E) . P(A / E)  P(F) . P(A / F) 17
mnkgj.k # 29 : rk'k ds iÙkksa dh ,d xìh dks mYVk djds fxuk tkrk gS vkSj ,d iÙkk xk;c feyrk gSA ,d iÙkk [khapk
tkrk gS vkSj ;g iÙkk yky feyrk gSA xk;c iÙks ds yky gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
gy : ekukfd tc 51 iÙkksa esa ls 1 iÙkk fudkyk tkrk gS rks yky iÙkk fudkyus dh ?kVuk A gSA ekukfd xk;c iÙks
ds yky gksus dh ?kVuk A1 gS vkSj xk;c iÙks ds dkys gksus dh ?kVuk A2 gS vc cst izes; ls] vHkh"V izkf;drk
P(A1 ) . (P(A / A1 )
P(A1/A) = ..........(i)
P(A1 ) . P(A / A1 )  P(A 2 ) . P(A / A 2 )
52 iÙkksa dh xìh esa 26 yky vkSj 26 dkys iÙks gksrs gSaA
26
C1 26 1
vc P(A1) = xk;c iÙks ds yky gksus dh izkf;drk = 52
= =
C1 52 2
26 1
P(A2) = xk;c iÙks ds dkys gksus dh izkf;drk = =
52 2
25
P(A/A1) = yky iÙkk fudkyus dh izkf;drk tcfd xk;c iÙkk yky gSaA =
51
[ dqy 51 iÙks 'ks"k gSa ftuesa ls 25 yky vkSj 26 dkys gSa D;ksafd xk;c iÙkk yky gSA]
26
iqu% P(A/A2) = yky iÙkk fudkyus dh izkf;drk tcfd xk;c iÙkk dkyk gSA =
51
1 25
.
2 51 25
lehdj.k (i) ls, vHkh"V izkf;drk P(A1/A) = =
1 25 1 26 51
.  .
2 51 2 51
mnkgj.k # 30 : ,d cSx esa 6 lQsn vkSj vKkr la[;k esa dkyh xsan ( 3) gSA bl cSx esa ls nks ckj ,d ds ckn ,d xasns
izfrLFkkfir djrs gq, fudkyh tkrh gS vkSj nksuksa ckj fudkyh xbZ xsan lQsn izkIr gksrh gSA cSx esa Bhd
3 dkyh xasns gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
gy : ge fuEu fLFkfr;k¡ lksp ldrs gSa %
(i) E1 6W , 0B
(ii) E2 6W , 1B
(iii) E3 6W , 2B
(iv) E4 6W , 3B
1
Li"Vr;k P(E1) = P(E2) = P(E3) = P(E4) =
4
E
ekukfd fudkyh xbZ nksuksa xsanks ds lQsn gksus dh ?kVuk A gSaA vr% gesa P  4  Kkr djuk gSA
 A 
 A 
P   P(E4 )
E
cst+ izes; ls P  4  =  E4 
 A  A  A   A   A 
P    P(E1 )  P   . P(E2 )  P   . P(E3 )  P   . P(E 4 )
E
 1 E
 2 E
 3  E4 
 A  6 6  A  6 6  A  6 6 A 6 6
P   = × ; P  = × ; P   = × ; P  = × ;
E
 4 9 9 E
 3 8 8 E
 2 7 7  E1  6 6
1
 E4  81
eku j[kus ij P   =
 A  1 1 1 1
  
81 64 49 36
ADVPR - 30
izkf;drk
vH;kl iz ' u :
(22)  cDls esa 3 yky vkSj 2 uhyh xsans gSa tcfd  cDls esa 2 yky vkSj 3 uhyh xasns gSaA ,d fu"i{kikrh
flDdk mNkyk tkrk gSA ;fn 'kh"kZ vkrk gks] rks cDls esa ls ,d xsan fudkyh tkrh gS vU;Fkk II
cDls esa ls ,d xsan fudkyh tkrh gSA ;fn fudkyh xbZ xsan yky gks] rks blds II cDls esa ls
fudyus dh izkf;drk Kkr djksA
(23) lk/kkj.k rk'k ds iÙkksa dks nks <+sjksa esa j[kk tkrk gSaA <sj esa lHkh yky iÙks vkSj II <sj esa lHkh dkys
iÙks j[ks x;s gSaA ;kn`fPNd :i ls ,d <sj pquk tkrk gS vkSj mlesa ls ,d iÙkk fudkyk tkrk gSA
;fn fudkyk x;k iÙkk ,d jktk (king) gks] rks blds II <sj esa ls fudyus dh izkf;drk Kkr djksA
2 1
Ans. (22) (23)
5 2
(VIII) f}in izkf;drk izes; (Binomial Probability Theorem) :

;fn ,d iz;ksx bl izdkj gS fd lQyrk ;k vlQyrk dh izkf;drk ijh{k.kksa ds lkFk ifjofrZr ugha gksrh gSa] rks ,d
iz;ksx ds n ijh{k.kksa esa Bhd r lQyrk izkIr djus dh izkf;drk nCr pr qn – r gksrh gSa] tgk¡ lQyrk dh izkf;drk p gS vkSj
vlQyrk dh izkf;drk q gS rFkk p + q = 1.
mnkgj.k 31 : iklksa ds ,d ;qXe dks 7 ckj Qsadk tkrk gSaA rhu ckj f}d (doublet) izkIr djus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
1
gy % iklksa ds ;qXe dks ,d ckj Qsadus ij ,d f}d izkIr djus dh izkf;drk gSaA
6
1 1 5
bls ,d lQyrk ekuus ij p =  q=1– =
6 6 6
3 4
 1 5
lQyrkvksa dh la[;k r = 3  P(r = 3) = 7C3 p3 q4 = 35    
6 6
mnkgj.k # 32 : iklksa ds ,d ;qXe dks 4 ckj Qsadk tkrk gSaA ;fn ,d ckj Qsadus ij ^dqy ;ksx 7* izkIr djus dks lQyrk
ekuk tk, rks rhu ckj ^dqy ;ksx 7* izkIr gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
6 1
gy % p = dqy ;ksx 7 izkIr gksus dh izkf;drk = =
36 6
1 5
 q=1– =
6 6
3
 1  5 5
r = 3, n = 4   P(r = 3) = 4C3 p3 q = 4     =
 6   6  324
mnkgj.k # 33 : ,d iz'u i=k esa 10 oSdfYid iz'u (3 fodYiksa esa ls 1 ;k ,d ls vf/kd lgh gks ldrs gSaA) gSA ,d Nk=k
;kn`fPNd :i mÙkj nsus dk fu.kZ; djrk gks] rks mlds Bhd nks iz'u lgh gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr
dhft,A
gy : ,d Nk=k 3 fodYi okys ,d iz'u ds 7 fofHkUu mÙkj ns ldrk gSa vFkkZr~ 3C1 + 3C2 + 3C3 = 7
1 6
vr%;kn`fPNd :i ls mÙkj nsus ij mldk mÙkj lgh gksus dh izkf;drk = vkSj xyr gksus dh izkf;drk gSA
7 7
2 8
1 6  1 6
vr % p = , q =  P (2 lQyrk) = C2 ×   ×  
10
7 7 7 7
mnkgj.k # 34 : ,d ifjokj esa 3 cPps gSaA ifjokj esa vf/kdre ,d yM+dk gksus dh ?kVuk A gS] ifjokj esa de ls de ,d
yM+dk ,oa ,d yM+dh gksus dh ?kVuk B gSa vkSj ifjokj esa vf/kdre 1 yM+dh gksus dh ?kVuk C gSaA Kkr
dhft, fd ?kVuk,¡ A vkSj B Lora=k gSaA ;g Hkh Kkr dhft, fd A, B, C Lora=k gSa ;k ughaA
gy : rhu cPpksa ds ifjokj esa fuEu lEHkkouk,¡ gks ldrh gS %
(i) lHkh 3 yM+ds (ii) 2 yM+ds + 1 yM+dh (iii) 1 yM+dk + 2 yM+fd;k¡ (iv) lHkh 3 yM+fd;k¡
3
 1 1
(i) P (3 yM+ds) = 3C0   = (pw¡fd izR;sd cPps ds yM+dk ;k yM+dh gksus dh lEHkkouk leku gSa)
2
  8
ADVPR - 31
izkf;drk
2
 1 1 3
(ii) P(2yM+ds + 1 yM+dh) = 3C1×   × = (;gk¡ ij rhu fLFkfr;k¡ BBG, BGB, GBB lEHko gSa)
2 2 8
1 2
 1  1 3
(iii) P (1 yM+dk + 2 yM+fd;k¡) = 3C2 ×   ×   =
2 2 8
1
(iv) P (3 yM+fd;k¡) =
8
1
?kVuk A, (iii) ,oa (iv) ls lEcfU/kr gS vr% P(A) =
2
3
?kVuk B, (ii) ,oa (iii) ls lEcfU/kr gSa vr% P(B) =
4
1
?kVuk C, (i) ,oa (ii) ls lEcfU/kr gS vr% P(C) =
2
3
P(A B) = P(iii) = = P(A) . P(B) . vr% A vkSj B ijLij Lora=k ?kVuk,¡ gSA
8
P(A C) = 0  P(A) . P(C) . vr% A, B, C Lora=k ugha gSaA
vH;kl iz'u :
(24) ,d lUnwd esa 4 yky vkSj 5 uhyh xsans gSaA fcuk izfrLFkkiu ds ,d&,d djds nks xsans fudkyh
tkrh gSaA ;fn iz'u MªkW esa ,d yky xsan vkSj nwljs MªkW esa ,d uhyh xsan fudyus dks lQyrk ekuk
tk,] rks 3 ckj esa 2 lQyrk,¡ feyus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
(25) ,d QSDVªh }kjk fufeZr ,d cYc ds ,d lky ds mi;ksx ds ckn ¶;wt gksus dh izkf;drk 0.2 gS rks
bl ckr dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft, fd ,sls 5 cYcksa esa ls ,d lky ds mi;ksx ds ckn Bhd nks
cYc ¶;wt gksxsaA
325 640
Ans. (24) (25)
1944 3125
(IX) izkf;drk forj.k (Probability Distribution):
,d izkf;drk forj.k gesa ;g crkrk gS fd dqy izkf;drk 1 dks ;kn`fPNd pj ds vusd ekuksa esa dSls
foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(X) vkdka { kk (Expectation) :
;fn ,d iz;ksx esa n laHkkoukvksa A 1 , A 2 , .... A n dh izkf;drk,¡ Øe'k% p 1 , p 2 , .........p n gSA;fn M1,
n
M 2 , ....., M n Øe'k% laxr laEHkkoukvksa ls lEcfU/kr gS rks iz;ksx dh vkdka{kk dk eku  p .M
i1
i i ls fn;k
tkrk gSA
 pi xi
(i) ,d ;kn`fPNd pj ds fdlh Hkh izkf;drk forj.k dk ek/; % µ = =  pi xi (pw¡fd  pi = 1)
 pi
(ii) ,d ;kn`fPNd pj dk izlj.k % 2 = (xi – µ)2 . pi
  2 = pi xi2 – µ2 (/;ku j[ksa SD = + 2 )
(iii) f}in fopj ‘X’ ds fy, izkf;drk forj.k %

P(X = r) = nCr pr qn – r tgk¡ P(X = r), r lQyrkvksa dh izkf;drk gSA
;fn P (0) Kkr gks] rks P(1), P(2), P(3) vkfn dk eku tYnh Kkr djus ds fy, iqujkxeu lw=k
P(r  1) nr p
(recurrence formula) = . cgqr mi;ksxh gSA
P(r) r 1 q
f}in izkf;drk caVu dk ek/; = np ; f}in izkf;drk caVu dk izlj.k = npq.
(iv) ;fn 'p' fdlh dk;Z esa ,d O;fDr ds lQy gksus dh lEHkkouk gksa rFkk lQy gksus ij og ‘M’ jkf'k
izkIr djrk gS rc mldh vkdka{kk ;k lEHko eku = pM
ADVPR - 32
izkf;drk
mnkgj.k # 35 : ,d ;kn`fPNd pj X dk izkf;drk forj.k fuEu gS&
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X) 0 2k 3k k 0 k 2+k 2k 2 5k 2
Kkr dhft, fd&

(i) k (ii) P(X < 3) (iii) P(X  6) (iv) P(0 < X  3)
[ladsr : k Kkr djus ds fy,  P(X) = 1 dk mi;ksx dhft,, P(X < 3) = P(0) + P(1) + P(2),
P(X6) = P(6) +(P(7), P(0 < X  3) = P(0) + P(1) + P(2) + P(3)
1 5 7 3
Ans. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
8 8 64 4
mnkgj.k # 36 : ,d fu"i{kikrh iklk mNkyk tkrk gS ;fn 2, 3 ;k 5 vkrk gS rks f[kykM+h ml UkEcj ds cjkcj :i;s thrrk
gS] ysfdu ;fn 1, 4 ;k 6 vkrk gS rks f[kykM+h mlds cjkcj :i;s gkjrk gS] igys lEiw.kZ izkf;drk forj.k
dh lkj.kh cukb;s] rc f[kykM+h ds Hkqxrku (payoff s) dh lHkh laHkkouk,¡ Kkr dhft,A
Ai 2 3 5 1 4 6
gy : Mi 2 3 5 –1 –4 –6
Pi 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
rc f[kykM+h ds fy, [ksy ds Hkqxrku dk laHkkoh eku

 1  1  1  1  1  1  1
E = 2   + 3   + 5   – 1   – 4   – 6  = – 
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
pw¡fd E _.kkRed gSA vr% [ksy f[kykM+h ds izfrdwy gSA
mnkgj.k # 37 : ,d ykWVjh esa 50 fVdV gSaA buesa 800 :-] 300 :- vkSj Rs. 200 :- izR;sd dk 1 iqjLdkj gSa vkSj 'ks"k fVdV
[kkyh gSA ,sls ,d fVdV dk vuqekfur ewY; (Expected price) Kkr dhft,A
gy : mEehn =  piMi
1
1 fVfdV dh izkf;drk =
50
1 1 1 47
mEehn = 800 × + 300 × + 200 × + × 0 = 26 :i;s
50 50 50 50
mnkgj.k # 38 : ,d ilZ esa pkj flDds gSa ftuesa ls izR;sd 1 :i;s ;k 2 :i;s dk flDdk gSA ,d flDds dk vuqekfur eku
(Expected value) Kkr dhft,A
gy : ilZ esa j[ks flDdksa dh fuEu fofHkUu lEHkkouk,¡ gks ldrh gSa &
5Rs. 2Rs.

0 4 
1 3 
 le lEHkkoh  1/ 5
2 2 
3 1 

4 0 
izR;sd flDds dh mEehn
1 1 1 1 1
= [5× 0 + 4 × 2] + [5 × 1 + 3 × 2] + [ 5 × 2 + 2 × 2] + [ 5 × 3 + 2 ×1] [5 × 4 + 2 × 0]
5 5 5 5 5
= 14
ADVPR - 33
izkf;drk
mnkgj.k # 39 : iklksa ds ,d ;qXe dks 7 ckj Qsadk tkrk gSaA ;fn ,d f}d (doublet) izkIr djus dks ,d lQyrk ekuk
tk,] rks lQyrk dk ek/; vkSj izlj.k Kkr dhft,A
1
gy % iklksa ds ;qXe dks ,d ckj Qsadus ij f}d izkIr djus dh izkf;drk =
6
1 1 5
bldks lQyrk ekuus ij p =  q=1– =
6 6 6
1 7 1 5 35
 ek/; = 7 × =  izlj.k = 7 × × =
6 6 6 6 36
mnkgj.k # 40 : iklksa ds ,d ;qXe dks 4 ckj Qsadk tkrk gSA ;fn ,d ckj Qsadus ij dqy ;ksx 7 vkus dks lQyrk ekuk
tk,] rks lQyrk dk ek/; vkSj izlj.k Kkr dhft,A
6 1 1 5
gy % p = dqy ;ksx 7 izkIr djus dh izkf;drk = =  q=1– =
36 6 6 6
1 2 1 5 5
 ek/; = np = 4 × =  izlj.k = npq = 4 × × =
6 3 6 6 9
mnkgj.k # 41 : ,d f}in fopj ds ek/; vkSj izlj.k ds chp vUrj '1’ gS vkSj muds oxks± dk vUrj ‘11’ gSA Bhd rhu
lQyrk izkIr djus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
gy % ek/; = np rFkk izlj.k = npq
vr% np – npq = 1 ..........(i)
n2p2 – n2p2q2 = 11 ..........(ii)
ge tkurs gS fd p + q = 1 ..........(iii)
5 1
lehdj.k (ii) dk lehdj.k (i) ds oxZ esa Hkkx nsdj gy djus ij q = ,p= rFkk n = 36
6 6
3 33
1 5
vr% 3 lQyrkvksa dh izkf;drk = 36C3 ×   ×   Ans.
6
  6
vH;kl iz'u :
(26) ,d FkSys esa ,d :i;s ds 2 vkSj nks :i;s ds 3 flDds gSaA ,d O;fDr FkSys esa ls 2 flDds fudkyrk
gS] rks mldh mEehn dk eku Kkr dhft,A
(27) ,d cDls esa 2 yky vkSj 3 uhyh xasns gSaA fcuk izfrLFkkiu fd;s nks xsnsa yxkrkj fudkyh tkrh gSaA
;fn izFke MªkW esa ,d yky xsan vkSj nwljs MªkW esa ,d uhyh xsan vkus dks lQyrk ekuk tk,] rks
lQyrk dk ek/; vkSj izlj.k Kkr dhft,A
(28) ,d QSDVªh }kjk cuk, x, ,d cYc ds 1 lky ds mi;ksx ds ckn ¶;wt gksus dh izkf;drk 0.2 gSA
;fn cYc ds ¶;wt gksus dks vlQyrk ekuk tk,] rks 10 cYcksa ds uewus dh lQyrk dk ek/; vkSj
izlj.k Kkr dhft,A
(29) ,d ;kn`fPNd pj X dk izkf;drk forj.k fuEu gSa&
X 2 3 4
P(X = x) 0.3 0.4 0.3
rks bl forj.k dk izlj.k gS &
(A) 0.6 (B) 0.7 (C) 0.77 (D) 1.55
Ans. (26) Rs. 3.20 (27) ek/; = 2.1, 2 = .63 (28) ek/; = 8 ,oa izlj.k = 1.6
(29) A
---------------------------------------------------------------×××--------------------------------------------------------------
ADVPR - 34
Probability
 Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.

 fpfUgr iz'u nksgjkus ;ksX; iz'u gSA
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Hkkx - I : fo"k;kRed iz'u ¼SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS½
Section (A) : Problems based on Classical definition of Probability (PRCD)

[k.M (A) : izkf;drk dh mPpLrjh; ifjHkk"kk ij vk/kkfjr leL;k,¡
A-1. Write the sample space of the following experiment
fuEufyf[kr iz;ksxksa dh izfrn'kZ lef"V;k¡ fyf[k,&
(i) ‘Three coins are tossed’.
rhu flDdksa dks mNkyk tkrk gksA
(ii) ‘Selection of two children from a group of 3 boys and 2 girls without replacement’.
fcuk izfrLFkkiu rhu yM+dks rFkk nks yM+fd;ksa ds lewg esa ls nks dks pquuk*A
Ans. (i) {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
(ii) {B1 B2, B1 B3, B1 G1, B1 G2, B2 B3, B2 G1, B2 G2, B3 G1, B3 G2, G1 G2}
A-2. There are three events A, B, C, one of which must, and only one can, happen; the odds are 8 to 3
against A, 5 to 2 against B : find the odds against C.
;gk¡ rhu ?kVuk;sa A, B, C gSa ftuesa ls fuf'pr :i ls ,d vkSj dsoy ,d gh ?kVuk ?kfVr gksrh gSA A ds izfrdwy
la;ksxkuqikr 8 : 3 rFkk B ds izfrdwy la;ksxkuqikr 5 : 2 gks] rks C ds izfrdwy la;ksxkuqikr Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 43 to 34
A-3. If the letters of the word BANANA are arranged randomly, then find the probability that the word thus
formed does not contain the pattern BAN.
;fn BANANA 'kCn ds v{kjksa dks ;kn`fPNd :i ls O;ofLFkr fd;k tk;s rks cuus okys 'kCnksa esa çk:i BAN ugha gksus
dh çkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
4
Ans.
5
A-4. Nine cards are labelled 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Two cards are drawn at random and put on a table in a
sucessive order, and then the resulting number is read say 07(seven), 42(fourty two) and so on. Find
the probability that the number is even.
ukS dkMksaZ ij 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 vad vafdr gSA buesa ls nks dkMZ ;kn`fPNd :i ls fudkys tkrs gSA rFkk
Øekxr :i esa ,d est ij j[ks tkrs gSA rFkk ifj.kkeh la[;k dks i<+k tkrk gSA tSls 07(lkr), 42(c;kyhl) vkSj
blh izdkj rks la[;k] ds le la[;k gksus dh çkf;drk Kkr dhft;sA
5
Ans.
9
A-5. Three persons A, B and C speak at a function along with 5 other persons. If the persons speak at
random, find the probability that A speaks before B and B speaks before C
rhu O;fDr A, B rFkk C ,d lHkk esa 5 vU; O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk cksyrs gSaA ;fn O;fDr ;kn`fPNd :i ls cksyrs gks] rks A
ds B ls igys rFkk B ds C ls igys cksyus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
1
Ans.
6
ADVPR - 18
Probability
A-6. (i) A rectangle is randomly selected from the grid of equally spaced squares as shown.
,d leku oxks± ds tky ls ,d vk;r ;kn`fPNd :i ls pquk tkrk gSA
Find the probability that the rectangle is a square.

bl vk;r ds oxZ gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
(ii) Three of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are chosen at random. Then the probability that
the triangle with three vertices is equilateral is ‘p’ then 100p equals
fdlh le"kV Hkqt ds N% 'kh"kksZ es ls rhu 'kh"kZ] ;kn`fPNd :i ls pqus tkrs gSA pqus x;s 'kh"kksZ ls leckgq
f=kHkqt cuus dh izkf;drk p gS rc 100 p dk eku Kkr dhft,A
4
Ans. (i) (ii) 10
15
A-7. In throwing a pair of dice, find whether the two events

(i) E1 : ‘coming up of an odd number on first dice’ and E2 : ‘coming up of a total of 8’.
(ii) E1 : ‘coming up of 4 on first dice’ and E2 : ‘coming up of 5 on the second dice’.
are mutually exclusive or not
iklksa ds ,d ;qXe dks QSadus ij
(i) E1 : izFke ikls ij fo"ke vad rFkk E2 : nksuks iklksa ij vdkaas dk ;ksx vkB vkuk
(ii) E1 : izFke ikls ij pkj rFkk E2 : nwljs ikls ij ikap vkuk
dh ?kVuk,¡ ijLij viothZ gSa ;k ugha \
Ans. (a) No ugha (b) No ugha
A-8. In throwing of a pair of dice, find the probability of the event : total is ‘not 8’ and ‘not 11’.
iklksa ds ,d ;qXe dks QSadus esa Þvadks dk ;ksx 8 vkSj 11ß ugha vkus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
29
Ans.
36
A-9. Before a race the chance of three runners, A, B, C were estimated to be proportional to 5, 3, 2, but
during the race A meets with an accident which reduces his chance to 1/3. What are the respective
chance of B and C now?
,d nkSM+ ls igys] /kkodksa A, B, C dh lEHkkouk,¡ Øe'k% 5, 3 ,oa 2 ds vuqikr esa vuqekfur dh xbZ ysfdu nkSM+ ds
nkSjku A fdlh nq?kZVuk dk f'kdkj gks tkrk gS ftlls mldh lEHkkouk 1/3 gks tkrh gSA rks B ,oa C dh lkis{k
lEHkkouk,¡ Kkr dhft,?
2 4
Ans. B = , C =
5 15
A-10. Tickets are numbered from 1 to 100. One ticket is picked up at random. Then find the probability that
the ticket picked up has a number which is divisible by 5 or 8.
fVfdVksa ij 1 ls 100 rd dh la[;k,sa vafdr gS ,d fVfdV ;kn`fPNd :i ls pquk tkrk gS fVfdV ij la[;k 5 ;k 8
ls foHkkT; gksus dh izkf;drk dk eku Kkr dhft,A
3
Ans.
10
ADVPR - 19
Probability
A-11. Three cards are drawn at random from a pack of well shuffled 52 cards. Find the probability that
(i) all the three cards are of the same suit;
(ii) one is a king, the other is a queen and the third a jack.
,d vPNh rjg ls QsVh xbZ rk'k dh xM~Mh ds 52 iÙkksa esa ls rhu dkMZ fudkys tkrs gS] rks fuEu dh izkf;drk Kkr
dhft,A
(i) fudkys x;s rhuksa iÙks ,d gh rjg ¼iku ;k bZV ;k gqde ;k fpM+h½ ds gksA
(ii) ,d jktk] ,d jkuh rFkk ,d xqyke gks
22 16
Ans (i) (ii)
425 5525
A-12. In a throw of a pair of dice, then find the probability of ‘A total of 8 but not 11’.
iklksa ds ,d ;qXe dks QSadus ij] ^vadksa dk ;ksx 8 gks ysfdu 11 ugha gks] vkus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
5
Ans.
36
A-13. Six boys and six girls sit in a row at random. Find the probability that boys and girls sit alternately
6 yM+ds rFkk 6 yM+fd;k¡ ,d iafDr esa ;kn`fPNd cSBs gS rks yM+ds rFkk yM+fd;ksa ds ,dkUrj Øe esa cSBus dh izkf;drk
Kkr dhft,A
1
Ans.
462
A-14. Four persons draw 4 cards from an ordinary pack find the chance
(1) that a card is of each suit
(2) that no two cards are of equal value.
,d lkekU; xìh esa ls pkj O;fDr 4 iÙks fudkyrs gSa rks lEHkkouk Kkr djksA
(1) izR;sd izdkj dk ,d iÙkk gks
(2) dksbZ Hkh nks iÙks leku eku ds u gksaA
13
2197 C4  44
Ans. (i) (ii) 52
20825 C4
Section (B) : Problems based on venn diagram & set theory (PRVD)
[k.M (B) : osu vkjs[k ,oa leqPp; fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr leL;k,¡
B-1. Prove that
P(A – B) = P(A) – P(A  B) = P(A  B) – P(B) = P(A B ) = 1 – P ( A B)
fl) dhft,
P(A – B) = P(A) – P(A  B) = P(A  B) – P(B) = P(A B ) = 1 – P ( A B)
B-2 If P(A) = 0.7 and P(AB) = 0.5 find

;fn P(A) = 0.7 vkSj P(AB) = 0.5 gks] rks Kkr dhft,A
(i) P (A– B ) (ii) P( A B)
B-3. If P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.48 and P(A  B) = 0.16, then find the value of each of the following :
;fn P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.48 rFkk P(A  B) = 0.16 gks] rks fuEufyf[kr ds eku Kkr dhft,A
(i) P(A  B) (ii) P(A B)
(iii) P(A  B) (iv) P((A  B)  (A  B))
Ans. (i) 0.72 (ii) 0.32 (iii) 0.28 (iv) 0.56
ADVPR - 20
Probability
B-4. There are three clubs A,B,C in a town with 40, 50, 60 members respectively 10 people are members of
all the three clubs, 70 members belong to only one club. A member is randomly selected. Find the
probability that he has membership of exactly two clubs
,d dLcs esa rhu Dyc A,B,C gS ftuesa Øe'k% lnL; 40, 50, 60 gSA 10 O;fDr lHkh rhuksa Dycksa ds lnL; gSA 70
O;fDr dsoy ,d Dyc ds lnL; gSA ,d lnL; ;kn`fPNd pquk tkrk gSA izkf;drk Kkr dhft, fd og Bhd nks
Dycksa dk lnL; gSSA
Ans. 5/21
Section(C) : Problems based on Conditional Probability/ Total probability & Bayes'

theorem
[k.M (C) : lg izfrcfU/kr izkf;drk rFkk dqy izkf;drk ,oa cst izes; ij vk/kkfjr leL;k,¡
C-1. (i) In a two child family, one child is a boy. What is the probability that the other child is a girl ?
,d ifjokj esa nks cPps gSaA ,d cPpk yM+dk gS nwljs cPps ds yM+dh gksus dh izkf;drk D;k gksxh\
(ii) If the older child is a boy, then probability that the second child is a girl is
;fn cM+k cPpk yM+dk gS] rks nwljs cPps ds yM+dh gksus dh izkf;drk D;k gksxh\
2 1
Ans. (i) (ii)
3 2
C-2. A fair dice is thrown untill a score of less than 5 points is obtained. Find the probability of obtaining not
less than 2 points on the last thrown
,d fu"i{k ikls dks rc rd mNkyk tkrk gS tc rd fd ml ij izkIr gksus okyk ifj.kke 5 ls de ugha vk tkrkA
rks vfUre mNky esa izkIr ifj.kke 2 ls de izkIr ugha gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
3
Ans.
4
C-3. A card is drawn from a well shuffled ordinary deck of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that the card
drawn is :
(i) A king or a queen (ii) A king or a spade
lkekU; 52 iÙkksa dh xìh esa ls ,d rk'k dk iÙkk fudkyk tkrk gSA fudkyk x;k iÙkk fuEu izdkj gksus dh izkf;drk
Kkr dhft,A
(i) ,d jktk ;k ,d jkuh (ii) ,d jktk ;k ,d gqdqe
2 4
Ans. (i) (ii)
13 13
C-4. The odds against a certain event are 5 to 2, and the odds in favor of another event independent of the
former are 6 to 5 : find the chance that one at least of the events will happen.
,d fuf'pr ?kVuk ds izfrdwy la;ksxkuqikr 5 : 2 gS vkSj ,d vU; ?kVuk tks fd izFke ls LorU=k gS ds i{k esa
la;ksxkuqikr 6 : 5 gS rks de ls de ,d ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus dh lEHkkouk Kkr dhft,A
52
Ans.
77
C-5. A, B, C in order draws a card from a pack of cards, replacing them after each draw, on condition that
the first who draws a spade shall win a prize : find their respective chances.
A, B, C iquLFkkZiu ds lkFk blh Øe ls ,d&,d iÙkk ,d rk'k dh xìh esa ls fudkyrs gSa rFkk tks loZizFke gqdwe dk
iÙkk fudkyrk gS og thrrk gSA rks muds thrus dh lEHkkouk,¡ Kkr dhft,A
16 12 9
Ans. , ,
37 37 37
ADVPR - 21
Probability
C-6. 6 persons A,B,C,D,E,F are arranged in row. Find the conditional probability that C & D are separated
given that A & B are together.
6 O;fDr A,B,C,D,E,F ,d iafDr esa O;ofLFkr fd;s tkrs gSA A rFkk B lkFk jgs rc C ,oa D ,d nwljs ls i`Fkd-i`Fkd
jgus dh izfrcfU/kr izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 3/5
C-7. There are 5 brilliant students in class XI and 8 brilliant students in class XII. Each class has 50
students. The odds in favour of choosing the class XI are 2 : 3. One of the classes is chosen randomly
and then a student is randomly selected. Find the probability of selecting a brilliant student.
d{kk XI esa 5 Nk=k ;ksX; gSa rFkk d{kk XII esa 8 Nk=k ;ksX; gSaA izR;sd d{kk esa dqy 50 Nk=k gSaA d{kk XI ds pquus ds
i{k esa la;ksxkuqikr 2 : 3 gSA ,d d{kk dks ;kn`fPNd p;u dj mles ls ,d Nk=k dks pquk tkrk gSA ,d ;ksX; Nk=k
dks pqus tkus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
17
Ans. .
125
C-8. Box – I contains 5 red and 2 blue balls while box – II contains 2 red and 6 blue balls. A fair coin is
tossed. If it turns up head, a ball is drawn from box–I, else a ball is drawn from box–II. Find the
probability of each of the following :
(i) A red ball is drawn (ii) Ball drawn is from box–I if it is blue
izFke ik=k esa 5 yky vkSj 2 uhyh tcfd f}rh; ik=k esa 2 yky vkSj 6 uhyh xsans gSA ,d fu"i{kikrh flDdk mNkyk
tkrk gSA ;fn 'kh"kZ vk;s rks izFke ik=k esa ls ,d xsan vU;Fkk f}rh; ik=k esa ls ,d xsan fudkyrs gSa rks fuEu dh
izkf;drk Kkr dhft,
(i) ,d yky xsan vkus dh (ii) ;fn xsan uhyh gks rks izFke ik=k ls fudys
27 8
Ans. (i) (ii)
56 29
C-9. Two cards are drawn successively from a well-shuffled ordinary deck of 52-playing cards without
replacement and is noted that the second card is a king. Find the probability of the event ‘first card is
also a king’.
nks iÙks Øekxr ,d rk'k dh xìh esa ls fcuk iquLFkkZiu fudkys tkrs gS rFkk f}rh; iÙkk jktk izkIr gksrk gS rks izFke
iÙks ds Hkh jktk gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
1
Ans.
17
C-10. 12 cards, numbered 1 to 12, are placed in a box, mixed up throughly and then a card is drawn at
random from the box. If it is known that the number on the drawn card is more than 3, find the
probability that it is an even number.
12 iÙks ftu ij 1 ls 12 vafdr gS ,d cDls esa j[ks x;s gS rFkk vPNh rjg ls feyk;s x;s gSA vc ,d iÙkk bl cDls
ls ;kn`fPNd :i ls fudkyk tkrk gSA ;fn ;g Kkr gS fd fudkys x;s iÙks ij vad 3 ls vf/kd gS rks izkf;drk Kkr
dhft, fd ;g ,d le vad gSA
5
Ans.
9
C-11. In a building programme the event that all the materials will be delivered at the correct time is M, and
the event that the building programme will be completed on time is F. Given that P(M) = 0.8 & P(M  F)
= 0.65. If P(F) = 0.7, find the probability that the building programme will be completed on time if all the
materials are not delivered at the correct time.
,d fuekZ.k dk;Z esa lHkh lkexzh lgh le; ij igq¡pkus dh ?kVuk M gS rFkk fuekZ.k dk;Z lgh le; ij iwjk gksus dh
?kVuk F gSA fn;k gS P(M) = 0.8 rFkk P(M  F) = 0.65 ;fn P(F) = 0.7, rc fuekZ.k dk;Z ds lgh le; ij gksus
dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft, ;fn lHkh lkexzh lgh le; ij ugha igq¡pkbZ xbZ gSA
1
Ans.
4
ADVPR - 22
Probability
Section (D) : Problem based on Binomial Distribution / Expectation / mean

& Variance
[k.M (D) : f}in caVu] vkdka{kk] lekUrj ek/; rFkk izlj.k ij vk/kkfjr leL;k,¡
D-1. South African cricket captain lost the toss of a coin 13 times out of 14. Then find the chance of this
happening.
nf{k.k vÝhdh fØdsV Vhe dk dIrku 14 esa ls 13 ckj flDdk mNkyus ij gkjrk gS rks ,slk gksus dh laHkkouk Kkr
dhft,A
7
Ans.
213
D-2. In an examination of 10 multiple choice questions (1 or more can be correct out of 4 options). A student
decides to mark the answers at random. Find the probability that he gets exactly two questions correct.
,d iz'u i=k esa 10 cgq oSdfYid iz'u gSaA (4 fodYiksa esa ls 1 ;k ,d ls vf/kd lgh gks ldrs gSaA) ,d Nk=k ;kn`fPNd
:i mÙkj nsus dk fu.kZ; djrk gS] rks mlds Bhd nks iz'u lgh gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
(14)8
Ans. 10
C2 .
1510
D-3. Three cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards. If
getting a card of spade is considered a success, find the probability distribution of the number of
successes.
rk'k ds 52 iRrksa dh vPNh rjg ls QsaVh xbZ xM~Mh esa ls ,d ds ckn ,d rhu iÙks] fiNys iÙks dks xM~Mh esa iqu%
j[kdj fudkys tkrs gSA ;fn gqde dk ,d iÙkk vkus dks lQyrk ekuk tk;s rks lQyrkvksa dh la[;k dk izkf;drk
caVu Kkr dhft,A
Ans. X 0 1 2 3
27 27 9 1
P( X)
64 64 64 64
D-4. A had in his pocket a 100 Rupee and four 10 rupee notes; taking out two notes at random he promises
to give them to B and C. What is the worth of C’s expectation?
A dh tsc esa ,d] 100 :i;s vkSj pkj 10 :i;s ds uksV gSaA og nks uksVksa dks ;kn`fPNd fudkyrk gS rFkk B o C dks
nsus dk oknk djrk gS rks C dh vkdka{kk dk eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 28 rupees :i;s
D-5. A box contains 2 red and 3 blue balls. Two balls are drawn successively with replacement. If getting ‘a
red ball on first draw and a blue ball on second draw’ is considered a success, then write the probability
distribution of successes. It is given that the above experiment is performed 3-times,
,d ik=k esa 2 yky vkSj 3 uhyh xsans gSA nks xsans Øekxr fudkyh tkrh gS ;fn izFke xsan dk yky vkuk o f}rh; xsan
dk uhyk vkuk lQyrk ekuk tkrk gS rks lQyrk dk izkf;drk forj.k Kkr dhft,A ;g fn;k x;k gS fd ;g
vuqiz;ksx rhu ckj iquLFkkZiuk ls nksgjk;k tkrk gSA
xi 0 1 2 3
Ans. 3
 19  19 2 19 216
pi   18  108 
 25  25 3 25 3 25 3
D-6. A coin is tossed 5-times. Find the mean and variance of the probability distribution of appearance of
heads on the tosses.
,d flDdk 5 ckj mNkyk tkrk gS rks 'kh"kZ vkus dh izkf;drk forj.k dk ek/; o izlj.k Kkr dhft,A
Ans. mean ek/; = 2.5, variance izlj.k = 1.25
ADVPR - 23
Probability
PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

Hkkx - II : dsoy ,d lgh fodYi çdkj (ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE)
Section (A) : Problems based on Classical definition of Probability (PRCD)
[k.M (A) : izkf;drk dh mPpLrjh; ifjHkk"kk ij vk/kkfjr leL;k,¡
A-1. In drawing of a card from a well shuffled ordinary deck of playing cards the events ‘card drawn is
spade’ and ‘card drawn is an ace’ are
(A) mutually exclusive (B) equally likely
(C) forming an exhaustive system (D*) none of these
vPNh rjg QsVh xbZ ,d rk'k dh xìh esa ls ,d iÙkk fudkyus ij ?kVuk,¡ ^fudkyk x;k iÙkk gqdqe* vkSj ^fudkyk
x;k iÙkk bDdk* gSa&
(A) ijLij viothZ (B) lelEHkkoh
(C) ?kVukvksa dk fu%'ks"k fudk; (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
A-2. A 9 digit number using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 is written randomly without repetition. The
probability that the number will be divisible by 9 is:
vadks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ls fcuk iqujko`fÙk ds 9 vadks dh ,d la[;k ;kn`PN;k fy[kh tkrh gS] rks la[;k ds 9 ls
foHkkftr gksus dh izkf;drk gS &
(A) 1/9 (B) 1/2 (C*) 1 (D) 9!/99
A-3. Entries of a 2 × 2 determinant are chosen from the set {–1, 1}. The probability that determinant has zero
value is
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C*) (D) none of these
4 3 2
,d 2 × 2 Øe dh lkjf.kd dh izfof"B;k¡ leqPp; {–1, 1} esa ls pquh tkrh gSA lkjf.kd dk eku 'kwU; gksus dh
izkf;drk gksxh&
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C*) (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
4 3 2
A-4. A dice is thrown a fixed number of times. If probability of getting even number 3 times is same as the
probability of getting even number 4 times, then probability of getting even number exactly once is
,d ikls dks fuf'pr ckj QSadk tkrk gSA ;fn le la[;k 3 ckj vkus dh izkf;drk] lela[;k 4 ckj vkus dh izkf;drk
ds cjkcj gS rks Bhd ,d ckj le la[;k vkus dh izkf;drk gksxh-
1 3 5 7
(A) (B) (C) (D*)
4 128 64 128
A-5. A and B throw with two dice ; if A throws 9, then B’s chance of throwing a higher number equals
A rFkk B nks ikls QSadrs gS ;fn A, 9 QSadrk gS rks B ds T;knk vad vkus dh lEHkkouk Kkr dhft,A
1 1 1 2
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
6 3 2 3
A-6. If an integer q is chosen at random in the interval – 10  q  10, then the probability that the roots of the
3q
equation x2 + qx + + 1 = 0 are real is
4
3q
;fn vUrjky – 10  q  10, esa ,d iw.kk±d q, ;kn`fPNd :i ls pquk tkrk gSA rks leh- x2 + qx + + 1 = 0 ds
4
ewy okLrfod gksusa dh izkf;drk gksxh&
16 15 14 17
(A) (B) (C) (D*)
21 21 21 21
ADVPR - 24
Probability
A-7. The chance that a 13 card combination from a pack of 52 playing cards is dealt to a player in a game of
bridge, in which 9 cards are of the same suit, is
fczt ds [ksy esa rk'k ds 52 iÙkksa esa ls ,d f[kykM+h dks 13 iÙks ftuesa 9 iÙks ,d gh izdkj ds gks] nsus dh laHkkouk gS&
4 . 13 C9 . 39
C4 4! . 13 C9 . 39
C4 13
C9 . 39
C4 13
C9 . 39
C4
(A*) 52
(B) 52
(C) 52
(D) 2. 52
C13 C13 C13 C13
A-8. A bag contains 7 tickets marked with the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively. A ticket is drawn &
replaced. Then the chance that after 4 drawings the sum of the numbers drawn is 8 is:
,d FkSysa esa 7 fVdVksa ij Øe'k% la[;k,¡ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 vafdr gSaA ,d fVdV iquZLFkkiu ds lkFk fudkyk tkrk gS
rks pkj fVdVksa ds fudkyus ds ckn la[;kvksa dk ;ksx 8 vkus dh lEHkkouk gS&
(A) 165/2401 (B*) 149/2401 (C) 3/49 (D) 1/49
A-9. A & B having equal skill, are playing a game of best of 5 points. After A has won two points & B has
won one point, the probability that A will win the game is:
A rFkk B ftudk [ksy dkS'ky ,d leku gSa] 5 vadks dk ,d [ksy [ksyrs gSaA A ds 2 vad rFkk B ds 1 vad thrus ds
i'pkr~ A ds [ksy thrus dh izkf;drk gS &
(A) 1/2 (B) 2/3 (C*) 3/4 (D) 2/5
Section (B) : Problems based on venn diagram & set theory (PRVD)
[k.M (B) : osu vkjs[k ,oa leqPp; fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr leL;k,¡
B-1. If two subsets A and B of set S containing n elements are selected at random, then the probability that
A  B =  and A  B = S is
;fn leqPp; S ftlesa n vo;o gS] ds nks mileqPp; A rFkk B ;kn`fPNd :i ls pqus tkrs gS rks
A  B =  ,oa A  B = S dh izkf;drk gksxh&
4
1 1 3 1
(A) (B*) n
(C)   (D)
2 2 4 3n
3 2
B-2. If P(A) = and P(B) = then –
5 3
(i) The range of values of P(A  B) is
2 9  2   1  4 3
(A)  ,  (B)  ,1 (C) 0,  (D*)  , 
 5 10  3   3  15 5 
(ii) The range of values of P(A  B) is

2 9  2   1  4 3
(A)  ,  (B)  ,1 (C) 0,  (D*)  , 
 5 10  3   3  15 5 
(iii) The range of values of P(A  B) is
2 9  2   1  4 3
(A)  ,  (B*)  ,1 (C) 0,  (D)  , 
 5 10  3   3  15 5 
3 2
;fn P(A) = vkSj P(B) = rc
5 3
(i) P(A  B) ds ekuksa dk ifjlj gS&
2 9  2   1  4 3
(A)  ,  (B)  ,1 (C) 0,  (D*)  , 
 5 10  3   3  15 5 
(ii) P(A  B) ds ekuksa dk ifjlj gS&
2 9  2   1  4 3
(A)  ,  (B)  ,1 (C) 0,  (D*)  , 
 5 10  3   3  15 5 
ADVPR - 25
Probability
(iii) P(A  B) ds ekuksa dk ifjlj gS&

2 9  2   1  4 3
(A)  ,  (B*)  ,1 (C) 0,  (D)  , 
 5 10  3   3  15 5 
B-3 Let X = {1,2, ..... , 10}, if set A and B are formed from elements of X the probability that n (A  B) = 2, is
ekuk X = {1,2, ....., 10}, ;fn leqPp; A vkSj B, X ds vo;oksa ls cuk;s tkrs gS] rc n (A  B) = 2, gksus dh
izkf;drk gS
10 10 10
C2 3 3 38
(A) (B*) 5.   (C)   (D)
410  4 4 410
B-4 If probability that exactly one of events A, B, C occurs, is 0.6 and probability that none of A,B,C occur
is 0.2,
then probability that atleast two of A,B,C occur is
;fn ?kVukvksa A, B, C esa ls Bhd ,d ds ?kVus ds izkf;drk 0.6 gks rFkk buesa ls fdlh Hkh ?kVuk ds uk ?kVus dh
izkf;drk 0.2 gks] rc A,B,C esa ls de ls de 2 ds ?kVus dh izkf;drk gS &
(A) 0.6 (B) 0.4 (C) 0.8 (D*) 0.2
Section (C) : Problems based on Conditional Probability/ Total probability & Bayes'
theorem
[k.M (C) : lg izfrcfU/kr izkf;drk rFkk dqy izkf;drk ,oa cst izes; ij vk/kkfjr leL;k,¡
C-1. The odds that a book will be favourably reviewed by three independent critics are 5 to 2, 4 to 3, and 3
to 4 respectively. Then the probability that of the three reviews a majority will be favourable.
rhu Lora=k vkykspdksa }kjk ,d iqLrd dk vuqdqy leh{kk djus ds i{k esa la;ksxkuqikr Øe'k% 5 : 2, 4 : 3 vkSj 3 : 4
gSA rhuksa leh{kkvksa esa ls vuqdqy cgqer gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
163 209 209 208
(A) (B*) (C) (D)
343 343 387 387
C-2. In throwing a pair of dice, the events ‘coming up of 6 on Ist dice’ and ‘a total of 7 on both the dice’ are
(A) mutually exclusive (B) forming an exhaustive system

(C*) independent (D) dependent
iklksa ds ,d ;qXe dks QaSdus ij] ?kVuk;sa ÞizFke ikls ij vad 6ß vkSj Þnksuksa iklks ij vadksa dk ;ksx 7ß gSa &
(A) ijLij viothZ (B) ?kVukvkas dk fu%'ks"k fudk;
(C) LorU=k (D) ijrU=k
C-3. A dice is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 8. The conditional
probability that the number 5 has appeared at least once is
,d ikls dks nks ckj Qsadk tkrk gS rFkk iklksa ij vk;s vadks dk ;ksx 8 ik;k tkrk gSA de ls de ,d ij la[;k 5
vkus dh izfrcaf/kr izkf;drk gS
(A) 1/6 (B*) 2/5 (C) 3/5 (D) 1/2
C-4. An instrument consists of two units. Each unit must function for the instrument to operate. The reliability
of the first unit is 0.9 and that of the second unit is 0.8. The instrument is tested & fails. The probability
that “only the first unit failed & the second unit is sound” is “
fdlh rU=k dh nks bdkbZ;k¡ gSA bl rU=k dks dk;Z djus gsrq izR;sd bdkbZ dk dk;Z djuk vko';d gSA izFke bdkbZ dh
fo'oluh;rk 0.9 rFkk f}rh; bdkbZ dh fo'oluh;rk 0.8 gSA rU=k dks tk¡pus ij ;g jgrk gS dsoy izFke bdkbZ ds
vlQy ,oa nwljh bdkbZ ds lgh gksus dh izkf;drk gksxh&
1 2 3 4
(A) (B*) (C) (D)
7 7 7 7
ADVPR - 26
Probability
C-5. A pack of cards is counted with face downwards. It is found that one card is missing. One card is drawn
and is found to be red. Then the probability that the missing card is red.
rk'k ds iÙkksa dh ,d xìh dks mYVk djds fxuk tkrk gS vkSj ,d iÙkk xk;c feyrk gSA ,d iÙkk [khapk tkrk gS vkSj
;g iÙkk yky feyrk gSA rks xk;c iÙks ds yky gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
25 26 1 25
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
51 51 2 52
C-6. Pal’s gardner is not dependable, the probability that he will forgot to water the rose bush is 2/3. The
rose bush is in questionable condition. Any how if watered, the probability of its withering is 1/2 & if not
watered then the probability of its withering is 3/4. Pal went out of station & after returning he finds that
rose bush has withered. Then the probability that the gardner did not water the rose bush is.
2
ikWy dk ekyh Hkjksls ds ;ksX; ugha gSA bl ckr dh izkf;drk fd og xqykc ds ikS/kksa dks ikuh nsuk Hkwy tk,xk] gSA
3
1
xqykc ds ikS/ks lansgkRed fLFkfr esa gSa] ;fn ikuh fn;k tkrk gS rks muds eq>kZus dh izkf;drk gS vkSj ;fn ikuh ugha
2
3
fn;k tkrk gS rks muds eq>kZus dh izkf;drk gSA ikWy dqN fnuksa ds fy, ckgj tkrk gS vkSj okil ykSVus ij og
4
ikrk gS fd xqykc ds ikS/ks eq>kZ x;s gSa] rks bl ckr dh D;k izkf;drk gSa fd ekyh us ikS/kksa dks ikuh ugha fn;k gSaA
(A*) 3/4 (B) 2/5 (C) 1/4 (D) 1/2
C-7. A dice is weighted so that the probability of different faces to turn up is as given
Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2
If P(A/B) = p1 and P(B/C) = p2 and P(C/A) = p3 then the values of p1, p2, p3 respectively are -
Take the events A, B & C as A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 5} and C = {2, 4, 6}
,d ikls dks bl izdkj cuk;k tkrk gS fd fofHkUu Qydksa ds vkus dh izkf;drk fuEukuqlkj gS &
va
d 1 2 3 4 5 6
iz
kf; dr k 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2
;fn P(A/B) = p1 rFkk P(B/C) = p2 rFkk P(C/A) = p3 gks] rks p1, p2, p3 dk eku Øe'k% gksxk ;fn ?kVuk;sa A, B rFkk C
bl izdkj gksa fd
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 5} rFkk C = {2, 4, 6}
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
(A) , , (B) , , (C) , , (D*) , ,
3 3 4 3 3 6 4 3 6 3 6 4
Section (D) : Problem based on Binomial Distribution / Expectation / mean & Variance
[k.M (D) : f}in caVu] vkdka{kk] lekUrj ek/; rFkk izlj.k ij vk/kkfjr leL;k,¡
D-1. A bag contains 2 white & 4 black balls. A ball is drawn 5 times, each being replaced before another is
drawn. The probability that atleast 4 of the balls drawn are white is:
,d Fksys esa 2 lQsn vkSj 4 dkyh xsans gSaA ,d&,d xsan iquZLFkkiu ds lkFk 5 ckj fudkyh tkrh gS rks de ls de pkj
xsanks ds lQsn gksus dh izkf;drk gS &
(A) 4/81 (B) 10/243 (C*) 11/243 (D) 8/243
D-2. In a series of 3 independent trials the probability of exactly 2 success is 12 times as large as the
probability of 3 successes. The probability of a success in each trial is:
3 LorU=k ijh{k.kksa dh ,d Js.kh esa Bhd 2 lQyrkvksa dh izkf;drk] Bhd 3 lQyrkvksa dh izkf;drk dh 12 xq.kk gS] rks
izR;sd ijh{k.k esa lQyrk dh izkf;drk gS &
(A*) 1/5 (B) 2/5 (C) 3/5 (D) 4/5
ADVPR - 27
Probability
D-3. A coin is tossed n times, what is the chance that the head will present itself an odd number of times.
,d flDdk n ckj mNkyk tkrk gS] bl flDds ij fo"ke ckj 'kh"kZ vkus dh izkf;drk gksxh
1 2 1 2
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4 5
D-4. From a bag containing 2 one rupee and 3 two rupee coins a person is allowed to draw 2 coins
randomly then the value of his expectation.
,d FkSys esa ,d :i;s ds 2 vkSj nks :i;s ds 3 flDds gSaA ,d O;fDr FkSys esa ls ;kn`fPNd 2 flDds fudkyrk gS] rks
mldh vkdka{kk dk eku gS
(A) Rs. 5.10 (B) Rs. 2.30 (C) Rs. 4.30 (D*) Rs. 3.20
D-5. A & B throw with one dice for a stake of Rs. 99/- which is to be won by the player who first throws 4. If A
has the first throw then their respective expectations of rupees are:
(A) 50 & 49 (B*) 54 & 45 (C) 45 & 54 (D) 33 & 66
A vkSj B, 99 :- ds nkos ds fy, ,d ikls dks QSadrs gS tks fd igys 4 QSadus okys }kjk thrk tk;sxkA ;fn A igys
QSadrk gS rks mudh vkadk{kk Øe'k% gksxh &
(A) 50 ,oa 49 (B) 54 ,oa 45 (C) 45 ,oa 54 (D) 33 ,oa 66
D-6. A fair coin is tossed 99 times. If X is the number of times heads occur, if P (X = r) is maximum then
sum of possible values of r is
,d fu"i{kikrh flDdk 99 ckj mNkyk tkrk gSA ;fn X ckj 'kh"kZ vkrk gS] rks P (X = r), r ds laHkkfor ekuksa dk
;ksxQy gS] vf/kdre gS rks &
(A) 98 (B*) 99 (C) 101 (D) 104
PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

Hkkx - III : dkWye dks lqesfyr dhft, (MATCH THE COLUMN )
1. Column –  Column – 

 
 (A) If the probability that units digit in square of an even integer is 4 (p) 1
is p, then the value of 5p is
1
(B) If A and B are independent events and P(A  B) = , (q) 2
6
1 B
P(A) = , then 6P =  
3 A
(C) One mapping is selected at random from all mappings of (r) 3
the set S = {1, 2, 3, ......, n} into itself. If the probability that
3
the mapping is one-one is , then the value of n is
32
(D) A boy has 20% chance of hitting at a target. Let p denote (s) 4
the probability of hitting the target for the first time at the nth
trial. If p satisfies the inequality 625p2 – 175p + 12  0, then
value of n is
LrEHk –  LrEHk – 
(A) ,d le iw.kk±d ds oxZ esa bdkbZ vad 4 gksus dh izkf;drk ;fn p gS rc (p) 1
5 p dk eku gksxk
1
(B) ;fn A vkSj B Lora=k ?kVuk,¡ gSa vkSj P(A  B) = , (q) 2
6
1 B
P(A) = gks] rks 6P =  
3 A
ADVPR - 28
Probability
(C) leqPp; S = {1, 2, 3, ......, n} ds lHkh izfrfp=k.kkas es ls izfrfp=k.k (r) 3

Lo;a esa ls ;kn`PN;k pquk tkrk gSA ;fn izfrfp=k.k ds ,dSdh gksus
3
dh izkf;drk gS rks n dk eku gS
32
(D) ,d yM+ds }kjk ,d y{; dks Hksnus dh 20% lEHkkouk gSA ekukfd (s) 4
n os iz;kl esa izFke ckj y{; dks Hksnus dh izkf;drk p gSA ;fn
p vlfedk 625p2 – 175p + 12  0 dks lUrq"V djrk gS] rks
n dk eku gS &
Ans. (A)  (q), (B)  (r), (C)  (s), (D)  (r)
2. Column –  Column – 

          (15JM110305)
 (A) A pair of dice is thrown. If total of numbers turned up (p) 5/16
on both the dice is 8, then the probability that the
number turn up on the second dice is 5’ is
(B) A box contains 4 white and 3 black balls. Two balls are (q) 1/3
drawn successively and is found that second ball is
white, then the probability that Ist ball is also white is
1
(C) A biased coin with probability p, 0 < p < 1 of heads is (r)
2
tossed until a head appears for the first time. If the
probability that the number of tosses required is even is 2/5,
then p equals
1
(D) A coin whose faces are marked 3 and 5 is tossed 4 times : what (s)
5
is the probability that the sum of the numbers thrown being less,
than 15?
(A) iklksa ds ,d ;qXe dks QSadk tkrk gSA ;fn nksuksa ij vadksa dk (p) 5/16
;ksx 8 gS] rks f}rh; ikls ij vad 5 vkus dh izkf;drk gS &
(B) ,d fMCcs esa 4 lQsn vkSj 3 dkyh xsans gSA nks xsans Øekxr fudkyh (q) 1/3
tkrh gS rFkk f}rh; xsan lQsn ik;h tkrh gS rks izFke xsan ds Hkh
lQsn gksus dh izkf;drk gS &
1
(C) ,d i{kikrh flDdk ftlesa 'kh"kZ vkus dh izkf;drk p, 0 < p < 1 gS (r)
2
dks izFke ckj 'kh"kZ vkus rd mNkyk tkrk gSA ;fn vko';d mNkyksa
ds le gksus dh izkf;drk 2/5 gS] rks p =
1
(D) ,d flDdk ftldh Qydsa 3 rFkk 5 ls ukekafdr gSa] 4 ckj mNkyk tkrk gS] (s)
5
bu ij la[;kvksa dk ;ksx 15 ls de vkus dh D;k çkf;drk gksxh \
Ans. (A)  (s), (B)  (r), (C)  (q), (D)  (p)

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
Hkkx-I : dsoy ,d lgh fodYi çdkj (ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE)
ADVPR - 29
Probability
1. A local post office is to send M telegrams which are distributed at random over N communication
channels, (N > M). Each telegram is sent over any channel with equal probability. Chance that not more
than one telegram will be sent over each channel is:
,d LFkkuh; iksLV vkWfQl ls M Vsyhxzke Hksts tkrs gSa tks ;kn`fPNd :i ls N lapkj pSuyksa esa ck¡Vs tkrs gS (N > M)]
izR;sd Vsyhxzke dks fdlh Hkh pSuy ij Hksts tkus dh izkf;drk cjkcj gks] rks izR;sd pSuy ij ,d ls vf/kd Vsyhxzke
ugha Hksts tkus dh izkf;drk gS &
N N N N
CM . M ! CM . N ! CM . M ! CM . N !
(A*) M
(B) N
(C) 1  N
(D) 1 
N M M NM
2. A cube painted red on all sides, is cut into 125 equal small cubes. A small cube when picked up is
found to show red colour on one of its faces. Then the probability that two more faces also show red
colour.
,d ?ku lHkh rjQ ls yky gS] bls 125 NksVs ?kuksa esa dkVk x;kA ,d NksVk ?ku mBkus ij ;g ik;k x;k dh blds
,d Qyd ij yky jax gSA rc blds nks vU; Qydks ij Hkh yky jax gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
4 4 8 3
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
49 120 49 49
3. A car is parked by an owner in a parking lot of 25 cars in a row, including his car not at either end. On
his return he finds that exactly 15 placed are still occupied. The probability that both the neighboring
places are empty is
,d O;fDr 25 dkjksa ds ikfdZxa LFkku ij viuh dkj [kM+h djrk gS tcfd vfUre LFkkuksa dks NksM+ fn;k gS tc og
okil vkrk gS] rks mls Bhd 15 LFkku Hkjs feyrs gS] rks mldh dkj ds nksuksa rjQ ds LFkku [kkyh gksus dh izf;drk
gksxh&
91 15 15 17
(A) (B) (C*) (D)
276 184 92 92
4. A has 3 tickets in a lottery containing 3 prizes and 9 blanks; B has 2 tickets in a lottery containing 2
prizes and 6 blanks. Compare their chances of success
A ds ikl ykWVjh ftuesa 3 bZuke rFkk 9 [kkyh gS] ds 3 fVdV gS rFkk B ds ikl 2 fVdV ftuesa 2 bZuke rFkk 6 [kkyh gS]
rks mudh lQyrk dh lEHkkoukvksa dh rqyuk dhft,&
(A*) 952 / 715 (B) 950 / 952 (C) 952 / 710 (D) 425/952
5. A 2n digit number starts with 2 and all its digits are prime, then the probability that the sum of all 2
consecutive digits of the number is prime, is
,d 2n vadks okyh la[;k dk izFke vad 2 gS rFkk bl la[;k ds lHkh vad vHkkT; gSA rks bl la[;k ds lHkh nks
Øekxr vadks dk ;ksx vHkkT; la[;k gksus dh izkf;drk gksxh&
(A) 4 × 23n (B*) 4 × 2–3n (C) 23n (D) 22n
6. A fair coin is tossed eight times, then find the probability that resulting sequence of heads and tails
looks the same when viewed from the beginning or from the end.
,d fu"i{k flDdk vkB ckj mNkyk tkrk gS rks izkf;drk ;fn ifj.kkfer fp=kks o iV~Vksa dk Øe izFke rFkk var ls
ns[kus ij leku gksµ
(A) 1/8 (B*) 1/16 (C) 1/4 (D) 1/2
7. An urn contains 'm' green and 'n' red balls. K (< m, n) balls are drawn and laid aside, their colur being
ignored. Then one more ball is drawn. Then the probability that it is green.
,d FkSys esa 'm' gjh rFkk 'n' yky xsnsa gSA buesa ls K (< m, n) xsnsa fcuk jax ns[ks fudky dj vyx j[k nh xbZ gSA
rc ,d vU; xsn fudkyh tkrh gSA rks blds gjs jax ds gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
m n 2n 3n
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
mn mn mn mn
ADVPR - 30
Probability
8. In a regular decagon find the probability that the two diagonal chosen at random will intersect inside the
polygon.
fdlh le nlHkqt esa ;kn`fPNd :i ls pqus x;s nks fod.kksZ dk çfrPNsn fcUnq] cgqHkqt ds vUnj gksus dh çkf;drk Kkr
dhft;sA
6 12 5 3
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
17 17 17 17
9. An urn contains m white and n black balls. A ball is drawn at random and is put back into the urn along
with k additional balls of the same colour as that of the ball drawn. A ball is again drawn at random.
Then the probability that the ball drawn now is white.
,d ik=k esa m lQsn rFkk n dkyh xsan gSA ,d xsan ;kn`fPNd fudkyh tkrh gSa rFkk ftl jax dh xsan fudyrh gSa mls
mlh jax dh vfrfjDr k xsanks ds lkFk ik=k esa okil j[k nh tkrh gSA ,d xsan iqu% ;kn`PN;k fudkyh tkrh gSA vc
fudyus okyh xsan ds lQsn gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft, \
m n 2n 2m
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
mn mn mn mn
10. There are two urns. There are m white & n black balls in the first urn and p white & q black balls in the
second urn. One ball is taken from the first urn & placed into the second. The probability of drawing a
white ball from the second urn is -
nks ik=k] ftlesa izFke esa m lQsn vkSj n dkyh rFkk f}rh; esa p lQsn rFkk q dkyh xsans gSA izFke ik=k ls ,d xsan
fudkydj f}rh; ik=k esa j[kh tkrh gS rks f}rh; ik=k esa ls ,d lQsn xsan fudkyus dh izkf;drk gksxh &
(p  1)n  pm (p  1)m  pn (p  1)m  2pn (p  1)m  pn
(A) (B) (C) (D*)
(m  n) (p  q  1) (m  n) (p – q  1) (m  n) (p  q  1) (m  n) (p  q  1)
11. The chance that the top card in the deck is a diamond given that the fourth card from the top is a
eight in well shuffled deck.
,d vPNh rjg QSVh gqbZ rk'k dh xM~Mh esa Åij ls pkSFkk iÙkk vB~Bh gS] rks Åij okyk iÙkk bZaV ds gksus dh izkf;drk
Kkr dhft,A
1 2 1 2
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
4 3 2 5
12. A fair coin is tossed 9 times the probability that at least 5 consecutive heads occurs is
,d fu"i{kikrh flDds dks 9 ckj mNkyus ij de ls de 5 ckj yxkrkj fpÙk (Head) vkus dh izkf;drk gS
9
5 3  1 5
(A) (B*) (C) 9C5   (D)
64 32 2 29
13. A man has 10 coins and one of them is known to have two heads. He takes one at random and tosses
it 5 times and it always falls head. Then the chance that it is the coins with two heads.
,d O;fDr ds ikl 10 flDds gSa buesa ls 1 flDds ds nksuksa vksj 'kh"kZ gSA og ;kn`fPNd :i ls ,d flDdk ysrk gSa rFkk
bls 5 ckj mNkyrk gSa vkSj ges'kk 'kh"kZ vkrk gS] bl flDds ds nksuksa vksj 'kh"kZ okyk gksus dh D;k lEHkkouk gS \
32 32 23 19
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
41 51 32 32
14. 2 hunters A & B shot at a bear simultaneously. The bear was shot dead with only one hole in its hide.
Probability of A shooting the bear 0.8 & that of B shooting the bear is 0.4. The hide was sold for
Rs. 280/-. If this sum of money is divided between A & B in a fair way, then find the share of A
nks f'kdkjh A vkSj B ,d Hkkyq ij ,d lkFk fu'kkuk yxkrs gSA Hkkyq dh [kky esa ,d Nsn gksus ij gh og ej tkrk gSA
Hkkyq dks A }kjk ekjus dh izkf;drk 0.8 rFkk B }kjk 0.4 gSA bl [kky dks 280 :- esa cspk tkrk gSA ;fn bl dher dks
A rFkk B ds chp lgh rjhds ls ckaVk tkrk gS] rks A dk fgLlk gS
(A) 130 (B*) 240 (C) 200 (D) 190
ADVPR - 31
Probability
15. A number is chosen at random from the numbers 10 to 99. A number whose product of digits is 12 will
be called a good number. If he choose three numbers with replacement then the probability that he will
choose a good number at least once is
10 ls 99 rd dh la[;kvksa esa ls ,d la[;k ;kn`fPNd :i ls pquh tkrh gSA og la[;k ftlds vadks dk xq.kuQy 12
gks] vPNh la[;k (good number) dgykrh gSA ;fn og rhu la[;k,¡ izfrLFkkiu djrs gq, pqurk gS rks de ls de
,d ckj vPNh la[;k (good number) vkus dh izkf;drk gS
(A) 0.872 (B*) 0.127 (C) 0.562 (D) 0.461
PART - II : SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE

Hkkx - II : ,dy ,oa f}&iw.kk±d eku izdkj ¼SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE½
1. Seven digits from the number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 are written in random order. The probability that
p
this seven digit number is divisible by 9 is then (p + q) equals. (Where p & q are co-prime natural
q
numbers)
vadks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 o 9 dks ;kn`fPNd Øe esa lkr vadks dh la[;k cuk;h tkrh gSA bl lkr vad dh la[;k
ds 9 ls foHkkftr gksus dh izkf;drk p/q gS rc (p + q) cjkcj gS (tgk¡ p vkSj q lgvHkkT; izkÑr la[;k,a gSA)
Ans. 10
2. Three numbers are chosen at random without replacement from {1, 2, 3,......, 10}. The probability that
p
the minimum of the chosen numbers is 3 or their maximum is 7 is then (q – 2p) equals.
q
(Where p & q are co-prime natural numbers)
{1, 2, 3,......, 10} esa ls rhu vad fcuk iquZLFkkiu ds ;kn`fPNd :i ls pqus tkrs gSA pqus gq, vadks esa U;wure vad 3
;k vf/kdre~ vad 7 vkus dh izkf;drk p/q gS rc (q – 2p) cjkcj gS (tgk¡ p vkSj q lg vHkkT; izkÑr la[;k,a gS)
Ans. 18
3. In a multiple choice question there are 4 alternative answers of which 1, 2, 3 or all may be correct. A
candidate will get marks in the question only if he ticks all the correct answer. The candidate decides to
tick answers at random. If he is allowed upto 5 chances to answer the question, If the probability that he
will get the marks in the question is p then 3p equals
,d cgqfodYih iz'u ds mÙkjksa ds pkj fodYi fn, gq, gS ftuesa 1, 2, 3 ;k lHkh lgh gks ldrs gSA ,d ijh{kkFkhZ dks
iz'u ds vad rHkh feysxsa tc og lHkh lgh mÙkjksa ij fu'kku yxk;sxkA ijh{kkFkhZ ;kn`fPNd fu'kku yxkus dk fu'p;
djrk gSA ;fn mls iz'u dk mÙkj nsus ds fy, 5 volj feyrs gS rks mls bl iz'u esa vad feyus dh izkf;drk p gS
rc 3p cjkcj gS
Ans. 1
4. 3 firemen X, Y and Z shoot at a common target. The probabilities that X and Y can hit the target are
2/3 and 3/4 respectively. If the probability that exactly two bullets are found on the target is 11/24, then
the probability of Z to hit the target is ‘’ then 6 equals
3 canqd/kkjh X, Y rFkk Z ,d gh y{; ij fu'kkuk yxkrs gSA X rFkk Y ds }kjk y{; Hksnus dh izkf;drk Øe'k% 2/3
rFkk 3/4 gSA ;fn y{; ij Bhd nks xksfy;k¡ feyus dh izkf;drk 11/24 gS] rc Z ds y{; ij Bhd fu'kkuk yxkus dh
izkf;drk  gS] rks 6 cjkcj gS
Ans. 3
5. A mapping is selected at random from all the mappings defined on the set A consisting of three
p
distinct elements. Probability that the mapping selected is one to one is (where p and q are co-prime
q
natural numbers) then p + q is
,d izfrfp=k.k] leqPp; A ls rhu fofHkUu vo;oksa ij ifjHkkf"kr lHkh izfrfp=k.kksa ls pquk tkrk gSA izfrfp=k.k ds
p
,dSdh gksus dh izkf;drk gS (tgk¡ p vkSj q lgvHkkT; izkd`r la[;k gS½ rc p + q dk eku cjkcj gS &
q
Ans. 11
ADVPR - 32
Probability
6. A card is drawn from a pack, the card is replaced & the pack shuffled. If this is done 6 times, the
p
probability that the cards drawn are 2 hearts, 2 diamonds & 2 black cards is then total number of
q
proper divisors of (pq). (Where p & q are co-prime natural numbers):
,d rk'k dh xìh esa ls ,d iÙkk fudkyk tkrk gS rFkk iÙks dk iquZLFkkiu dj xìh dks QSVk tkrk gSA ;fn ,slk 6 ckj
p
fd;k tkrk gS rks fudkys x;s iÙkksa ds 2 ykyiku] 2 b±V vkSj 2 dkys iÙks gksus dh izkf;drk gS rc (pq) ds mfpr
q
Hkktdksa dh dqy la[;k gS (tgk¡ p vkSj q lg vHkkT; izkÑr la[;k,a gS)
Ans. 59
7. There is a three volume dictionary among 40 books arranged on a shelf in random order. Then the
raciprocal of probability of these volumes standing in increasing order from left to right (the volumes are
not necessarily kept side by side) is
,d 'kCndks'k ftlds rhu Hkkx gS] 40 iqLrdksa ds lkFk ,d njkt esa ;kn`fPNd :i ls O;ofLFkr gSA rks bu Hkkxksa ds
o`f)eku Øe esa ck;sa ls nk;sa O;ofLFkr gksus dh izkf;drk dk O;qRØe gSA ¼tcfd Hkkxksa dk ,d ds ckn ,d gksuk
vko';d ugha gSaA½&
Ans. 6
8. There are 4 urns. The first urn contains 1 white & 1 black ball, the second urn contains 2 white & 3
black balls, the third urn contains 3 white & 5 black balls & the fourth urn contains 4 white & 7 black
balls. The selection of each urn is not equally likely. The probability of selecting ith urn is
i2  1
(i = 1, 2, 3, 4). If we randomly select one of the urns & draw a ball, then the probability of ball
34
p
being white is then sum of digits of p is. (Where p & q are co-prime natural numbers) :
q
4 ik=k gS ftuesa ls izFke ik=k esa 1 lQsn rFkk 1 dkyh xsan gS] nwljs ik=k esa 2 lQsn rFkk 3 dkyh xsansa gS] rhljs ik=k esa
3 lQsn rFkk 5 dkyh xsansa gSa rFkk prqFkZ ik=k esa 4 lQsn rFkk 7 dkyh xsansa gSA izR;sd ik=k dks pquuk lelEHkkoh ugha gSA
i2  1
i os ik=k dks pquus dh izkf;drk (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) gSA ;fn ge ;kn`fPNd :i ls ,d ik=k pqurs gS rFkk 1 xsan
34
mlesa ls fudkyrs gS rks fudkyh gqbZ xasn ds lQsn gksus dh izkf;drk p/q gS rc p ds vadksa dk ;ksxQy cjkcj gS
(tgk¡ p vkSj q lg vHkkT; izkÑr la[;k,a gS)
Ans. 20
9. In a Nigerian hotel, among the english speaking people 40% are English & 60% Americans. The
English & American spellings are "RIGOUR" & "RIGOR" respectively. An English speaking person in the
hotel writes this word. A letter from this word is chosen at random & found to be a vowel. If the
probability that the writer is an Englishman is a/b, then (b – a) equals. (Where a & b are co-prime
natural numbers)
,d ukbZftfj;u gksVy esa vaxzsth cksyus okyksa esa ls 40 izfr'kr vaxszt rFkk 60 izfr'kr vesfjdu gSaA vaxzsth rFkk
vesfjdu 'kCn Øe'k% "RIGOUR" ,oa "RIGOR" gSA ,d vaxszth cksyus okyk O;fDr bl 'kCn dks fy[krk gSA ,d v{kj
bl 'kCn esa ls ;kn`fPNd pquk tkrk gSa rFkk ;g ,d Loj ik;k tkrk gSA ;fn fy[kus okys O;fDr ds ,d vaxzst gksus
dh izkf;drk a/b gS rc (b – a) cjkcj gS ¼tgk¡ a vkSj b lgvHkkT; izkd`r la[;k,a gSA½
Ans. 6
10. Mr. Modi is a professional tea taster. When given a high grade tea, he will identify it with probability 0.9
correctly as high grade and will mistake it for a low grade tea with probability 0.1 . When given a low
grade tea, he will identify it with probability 0.8 correctly as low grade tea and will mistake it for a high
grade tea with probability 0.2 . Suppose that Mr. Modi is given ten unlabelled cups of tea, three with
high grade and seven with low grade tea. He randomly picks a cup, tries the tea and solemnly says
“high grade tea”. If the probability that the tea he tasted was low grade tea is express in form of a/b then
(3a – b) equals. (Where a & b are co-prime natural numbers)
ADVPR - 33
Probability
Jheku eksnh ,d pk; ds Lokn dk vPNk tkudkj gSA tc mPp DokfyVh dh pk; nh tkrh gS rks mlds }kjk bldh
xq.koÙkk dks mPp DokfyVh dh igpkuus dh izkf;drk 0.9 gS rFkk xq.koÙkk dks fuEu DokfyVh dh pk; ds :i esa
igpkuus es xyrh djus dh izkf;drk 0.1 gSA tc mldks fuEu DokfyVh dh pk; nh tkrh gS rks mlds }kjk bldh
xq.koÙkk dks lgh igpkuus dh izkf;drk 0.8 gSA rFkk xq.koÙkk dks mPp DokfyVh dh pk; ds :i esa igpkuus es xyrh
djus dh izkf;drk 0.2 gSA ekuk fd Jheku eksnh dks fcuk ekdkZ yxs 10 pk; ds di fn, x, gS ftues rhu mPp
DokfyVh ds rFkk lkr fuEu DokfyVh ds gSA og ;kn`fPNd ,d di mBkrk gS rFkk pk; dks igpku dj dgrk gS fd
''mPp DokfyVh dh pk;'' gSA ;fn mlds }kjk tkaph xbZ pk; fuEu DokfyVh ds gksus dh izkf;drk a/b gS rc (3a – b)
cjkcj gS tgk¡ a vkSj b lgvHkkT; izkd`r gSA
Ans. 1
11. A gambler has one rupee in his pocket. He tosses an unbiased normal coin unless either he is ruined or
unless the coin has been tossed for a maximum of five times. If for each head he wins a rupee and for
p
each tail he looses a rupee, then if the probability that the gambler is ruined is (where p and q are
q
co-prime natural numbers) then p + q is
,d tqvkjh dh tsc esa ,d :i;k gSA og ,d fu"i{kikrh lk/kkj.k flDds dks rc rd mNkyrk gS tc rd ;k rks og
gkj uk tk;s ;k vf/kdre ikap ckj flDdksa dks Qsadk x;k gks ;fn izR;sd 'kh"kZ ds fy, og ,d :i;k thrrk gSa rFkk
p
izR;sd iqPN ds fy, og ,d :i;k gkjrk gS ;fn tqvkjh ds gkjus dh izkf;drk gS (tgk¡ p vkSj q lgvHkkT; izkd`r
q
la[;k gS½ rc p + q dk eku gS &
Ans. 27
12. 3 cards are given, one of them is red on both sides, one is blue on both sides & one is blue on one side
and red on the other side. One of them is chosen randomly & put on the table. It shows red colour on
p
the upper side. If probability of the other side of the card being red is (where p and q are co-prime
q
natural numbers) then q – p is
fn;s x;s 3 iÙkksa esa ,d iÙkk nksuksa rjQ yky] ,d iÙkk nksuksa rjQ uhyk rFkk ,d iÙkk ,d rjQ uhyk rFkk nwljh
rjQ yky gSA buesa ls ,d ;kn`fPNd pquk tkrk gSa rFkk est ij j[kk tkrk gSA ;g mijh vksj yky jax n'kkZrk gSaA
p
nwljh vksj yky jax gksus dh izkf;drk gS rks tgk¡ p vkSj q lgvHkkT; izkd`r la[;k gS] rc q – p dk eku cjkcj gS
q
&
Ans. 1
13. In a purse there are 10 coins, all 5 paise except one which is a rupee. In another purse there are 10
coins all 5 paise. 9 coins are taken out from the former purse & put into the latter & then 9 coins are
taken out from the latter & put into the former. Then the chance that the rupee is still in the first purse is
p then 19p – 9 equals :
,d cVq,sa esa 10 flDds gSa ftuesa ,d :i;s dk flDdk gS vkSj 'ks"k lHkh 5 iSls ds flDds gSA nwljs cVq, esa 5 iSls okys
10 flDds gSA igys cVq,sa esa ls 9 flDds fudkydj nwljs esa j[k fn;s tkrs gS vkSj blds i'pkr nwljs esa ls 9 flDds
fudkydj igys esa j[k fn;s tkrs gS] rks :i;s dk flDdk vc Hkh igys cVq,sa esa gh gksus dh izkf;drk p gS rc
19p – 9 cjkcj gS
Ans. 1
14. A Teacher wrote either of words “PARALLELOGRAM” or “PARALLELOPIPED” on board but due to
malfunction of marker words is not properly written and only two consecutive letters "RA" are visible
p
then the chance that the written word is “PARALLELOGRAM” is then (p + q) equals. (Where p & q
q
are co-prime natural numbers) :
ADVPR - 34
Probability
,d v/;kid 'kCn “PARALLELOGRAM” ;k “PARALLELOPIPED” dks cksMZ ij fy[krk gSA ekdZj isu ds lgh
dk;Z ugha djus ls 'kCn Bhd ls ugha fy[kk x;k gS rFkk dsoy nks Øekxr v{kj "RA" gh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA rc 'kCn
p
“PARALLELOGRAM” ds fy[kus dh izkf;drk gS rc (p + q) cjkcj gS (tgk¡ p vkSj q lgvHkkT; izkÑr la[;k,a
q
gS) :
Ans. 32
15. The numbers ‘a and b ’ are randomly selected from the set of natural numbers. Probability that the
p
number 3a + 7b has a digit equal to 8 at the units place, is then p + q is : (Where p & q are co-prime
q
natural numbers)
izkd`r la[;k ds leqPp; ls la[;k,sa ‘a vkSj b ’ ;kn`fPNd pquh tkrh gSA la[;k 3a + 7b ds bdkbZ LFkku ij vad 8
p
vkus dh izkf;drk gS rc p + q dk eku gSA ( tgk¡ p vkSj q lgvHkkT; izkd`r la[;k gS) -
q
Ans. 19
16. Suppose that of all used cars of a particular year, 30% have bad brakes. You are considering buying a
used car of that year. You take the car to a mechanic to have the brakes checked. The chance that the
mechanic will give you wrong report is 20%. Assuming that the car you take to the mechanic is selected
" at random" from the population of cars of that year. The odds in favor of chance that the car's brakes
are good given that the mechanic says its brakes are good is m : n then (m – 7n) equals. (Where m & n
are co-prime natural numbers)
ekuk fd fdlh o"kZ esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh dkjksa esa ls 30% ds czsd [kjkc gSA ;fn vkidks ml o"kZ dh ,d iqjkuh
dkj [kjhnuh gSA vki dkj dks feL=kh ds ikl czsd psd djkus ys tkrs gksA feL=kh }kjk xyr tkudjh nsus dh
lEHkkouk 20% gS] tks dkj vkius yh gS og ml o"kZ dh lHkh dkjksa esa ls ;kn`fPNd :i ls pquh xbZ gSA dkj ds czsd
ds lgh gksus dh izkf;drk ds i{k esa la;ksxkuqikr m : n gS ;fn feL=kh dgrk gS fd blds czsd lgh gSA rc (m – 7n)
cjkcj gS ¼tgk¡ m vkSj n lgvHkkT; la[;k,a gSA½
Ans. 7
17. A bag contains (n + 1) coins. It is known that one of these coins has a head on both sides, whereas the
other coins are normal. One of these coins is selected at random & tossed. If the probability that the
toss results in head, is 7/12, then the value of n is.
,d cSx esa (n + 1) flDds gSaA ;g Kkr gSa fd buesa ls ,d flDds ds nksuksa rjQ 'kh"kZ gSa tcfd vU; flDds lkekU;
gSA bu flDdksa esa ls ,d flDdk ;kn`fPNd :i ls pquk tkrk gSa rFkk mNkyk tkrk gSA ;fn mNkys gq, flDds ij
'kh"kZ vkus dh izkf;drk 7/12 gksa rks n dk eku gksxk
Ans. 5
18. In a certain factory machines A, B and C produce bolts. of their production A, B and C produce 2%, 1%
and 3% defective bolts respectively. Machine A produces 35% of the total output of bolts machine B
produces 25% and machine C produces 40%. A bolts is chosen at random from the factory’s
production and its found to be defective. The odds in favor that it was produced on machine C is m : n
then (m –n) equals. (Where m & n are co-prime natural numbers)
fdlh QsDVªh esa rhu e'khuksa A, B vkSj C }kjk cksYV dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA bl mRiknu esa e'khu A, B ,oa C
Øe'k% 2%, 1% ,oa 3% =kqfViq.kZ cksYV mRikfnr djrh gSA dqy mRiknu dk 35% e'khu A }kjk] 25% e'khu B }kjk
rFkk 40% e'khu C }kjk mRikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA QsDVªh esa gq, mRiknu esa ls ,d cksYV dk pquko ;kn`fPNd :i ls
fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ik;k tkrk gS fd ;g =kqfViw.kZ gSA ;g cksYV e'khu C }kjk mRikfnr gksus dh izkf;drk ds i{k esa
la;ksxkuqikr m : n gS rc (m – n) cjkcj gS ¼tgk¡ m vkSj n lgvHkkT; la[;k,a gSA ½
Ans. 5
ADVPR - 35
Probability
19. In each of a set of games it is 2 to 1 in favor of the winner of the previous game. If the probabilty that
p
the player who wins the first game shall win three at least of the next four is then pq equals : (Where
q
p & q are co-prime natural numbers)
izkd`r la[;k ds leqPp; ls la[;k,sa ‘a vkSj b ’ ;kn`fPNd pquh tkrh gSA la[;k 3a + 7b ds bdkbZ LFkku ij vad 8
p
vkus dh izkf;drk gS rc p + q dk eku gSA (tgk¡ p vkSj q lgvHkkT; izkd`r la[;k gS&)
q
Ans. 36
1 1 1
20. A couple has one or two or three children with probability , and respectively. Probability of a
4 2 4
p
couple having exactly four grandchildren in such a type of society is then sum of digit of q equals.
q
(Where p & q are co-prime natural numbers)
1 1 1
,d ;qxy ds ,d ;k nks ;k rhu cPps gksus dh izkf;drk, Øe'k% , rFkk gSA bl izdkj ds leqnk; esa ,d
4 2 4
p
;qxy ds Bhd pkj ikSrs ;k ikSfr;k¡ gksus dh izkf;drk gSA rc q ds vadksa dk ;ksxQy cjkcj gS (tgk¡ p vkSj q lg
q
vHkkT; izkÑr la[;k,a gSA)
Ans. 11
PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

Hkkx - III : ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd lgh fodYi çdkj
1. In throwing a dice let A be the event ‘coming up of an odd number’, B be the event ‘coming up of an
even number’, C be the event ‘coming up of a number  4’ and D be the event ‘coming up of a number
< 3’, then
(A*) A and B are mutually exclusive and exhautive
(B) A and C are mutually exclusive and exhautive
(C*) A, C and D form an exhautive system
(D) B, C and D form an exhautive system
,d ikls dks QSadus ij ^,d fo"ke la[;k dk vkuk* ?kVuk A gS] Þ,d le la[;k dk vkukß ?kVuk B gS "4 ;k 4 ls cM+k
vad vkukÞ ?kVuk C gS rFkk '3 ls NksVk vad vkuk* ?kVuk D gS] rks &
(A) A vkSj B ijLij viothZ o fu%'ks"k gSA
(B) A vkSj C ijLij viothZ o fu%'ks"k gSA
(C) A, C vkSj D ,d fu%'ks"k fudk; cukrs gSA
(D) B, C vkSj D ,d fu%'ks"k fudk; cukrs gSA
2. If M & N are any two events, then which one of the following represents the probability of the occurence
of exactly one of them ?
;fn M vkSj N nks ?kVuk;sa gS] rks fuEu esa ls dkSulk Bhd ,d ds ?kfVr gksus dh izkf;drk dks iznf'kZr djrk gS &
(A*) P (M) + P (N)  2 P (M  N) (B) P (M) + P (N)  P (M  N)
   
(C*) P M + P N  2 P M  N    
(D*) P M  N + P M  N 
3. Let 0 < P(A) < 1, 0 < P(B) < 1 & P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A). P(B), then:
ekuk 0 < P(A) < 1, 0 < P(B) < 1 vkSj P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A). P(B), rks :
(A) P(B/A) = P(B)  P(A) (B) P(AC  BC) = P(AC) + P(BC)
(C*) P((A  B) ) = P(A ). P(B )
C C C
(D*) P(A/B) = P(A)
ADVPR - 36
Probability
4. A box contains 11 tickets numbered from 1 to 11. Two tickets are drawn similtaneously at random.
Let E1 denotes the event that the sum of the numbers on the tickets drawn is even
and E2 denotes the event that the sum of the numbers on the tickets drawn is odd
Which of the following hold good?
(A*) P(E1/E2) = P(E2/E1) (B*) E1 and E2 are exhaustive
(C*) P(E2) > P(E1) (D) E1 and E2 are equally likely
,d lUnqd esa 11 fVfdV j[ks gS ftu ij 1, 2, 3, ...... 11 vafdr gSA 2 fVfdV ,d lkFk ;kn`fPNd :i ls fudkys
tkrs gSA
ekuk E1 fudkys x;s fVfdVksa ij izkIr la[;kvksa dk ;ksx le vkus dh ?kVuk gSA
rFkk E2 fudkys x;s fVfdVksa ij izkIr la[;kvksa dk ;ksx fo"ke vkus dh ?kVuk gSA
rks fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk lR; gS ?
(A*) P(E1/E2) = P(E2/E1) (B*) E1 ,oa E2 fu''ks"k ?kVuk,¡ gS
(C*) P(E2) > P(E1) (D) E1 ,oa E2 leizkf;d ?kVuk,¡ gS
5. The probabilities of events, A  B, A, B & A  B are respectively in A.P. with second term equal to the
common difference. Therefore A & B are :
(A*) mutually exclusive
(B) independent
(C) such that one of them must occur
(D*) such that one is twice as likely as the other
?kVukvksa A  B, A, B vkSj A  B dh izkf;drk,¡ Øe'k% lekUrj Js<+h esa gS ftldk f}rh; in lkoZvUrj ds cjkcj gSA
vr% A vkSj B gksaxs&
(A) ijLij viothZ gSaA
(B) LorU=k gSaA
(C) bl izdkj gS fd muesa ls ,d t:j ?kfVr gksrh gSA
(D) bl izdkj gS fd ,d ds ?kfVr gksus dh lEHkkouk nwljh ls nqxquh gSA
6. A bag contains four tickets marked with numbers 112, 121, 211, 222. One ticket is drawn at random
from the bag. Let Ei(i = 1, 2, 3) denote the event that ith digit on the ticket is 2. Then
(A*) E1 and E2 are independent (B*) E2 and E3 are independent
(C*) E3 and E1 are independent (D) E1, E2, E3 are independent
,d FkSysa esa pkj fVdV gSa ftu ij la[;k,a 112, 121, 211, 222 vafdr gSA FkSysa esa ls ,d fVdV dks ;kn`PNk fudkyk
tkrk gSA ekuk ?kVuk Ei (i = 1, 2, 3) fVdV ij ioka vad 2gksuk iznf'kZr djrk gS] rks &
(A) E1 vkSj E2 LorU=k gSA (B) E2 vkSj E3 LorU=k gSA
(C) E3 vkSj E1 LorU=k gSA (D) E1, E2, E3 LorU=k gSA
7. In an experimental performance of a single throw of a pair of unbiased normal dice, three events E1, E2
& E3 are defined as follows:
E1: getting a prime numbered face on each dice
E2: getting the same number on each dice
E3: getting a sum total of dots on two dice equal to 8. Then:
(A) the events E1, E2 & E3 are mutually exclusive
(B*) the events E1, E2 & E3 are not pairwise mutually exclusive
(C) the events E1, E2 are independent
(D*) P(E3E1) = 2/9.
ADVPR - 37
Probability
,d fu"i{kikrh lk/kkj.k ikls ;qXe dks QSadus ij rhu ?kVuk;sa E1, E2 & E3 fuEu izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS %
E1: izR;sd ikls ds Qyd ij vHkkT; la[;k vkuk
E2: izR;sd ikls ds Qyd ij leku la[;k vkuk
E3: nksuksa iklksa ds Qydks ds vadks dk ;ksx 8 vkuk] rks
(A) ?kVuk;sa E1, E2 & E3 ijLij viothZ gSaA
(B) ?kVuk;sa E1, E2 & E3 ;qXeksa esa ijLij viothZ ugha gSA
(C) ?kVuk;sa E1, E2 Lora=k gSA (D) P(E3E1) = 2/9.
8. The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after an year of use is 0.1. Then the
probability that out of 4 such bulbs
94
(A*) None of then bulb will fuse after an year of use is 4
10
1
(B*) More then three bulbs will fuse after an year of use is 4
10
9999
(C*) Not more then three bulbs will fuse after an year of use is
10000
1
(D*) All the bulbs will fuse after an year of use is
104
,d cYc ds ,d o"kZ i'pkr~ [kjkc gksus dh izkf;drk 0.1 gS rks izkf;drk Kkr djks fd bl izdkj ds 4 cYcksa esa ls
94
(A*) mi;ksx ds ,d o"kZ i'pkr~ dksbZ Hkh cYc [kjkc ugha gksus dh izkf;drk gSA
104
1
(B*) mi;ksx ds ,d o"kZ ckn 3 ls vf/kd cYcksa ds [kjkc gksus dh izkf;drk gSA
104
9999
(C*) mi;ksx ds ,d o"kZ ckn rhu cYcksa ls vf/kd ugha ds [kjkc gksus dh izkf;drk gSA
10000
1
(D*) mi;ksx ds ,d o"kZ ckn lHkh cYcksa ds [kjkc gksus ds izkf;drk gSA
104
Sol. (A) (1 – 0.1) 4
(B) P(more than 3) = P(all four) = (0.1)4
(C) P(not more than 3) = 1 – P(more than 3) = 1 – (0.1)4
(D) P(all four) = (0.1)4
Hindi (i) (1 – 0.1)4 (ii) P(3 ls vf/kd) = P(lHkh pkj ) = (0.1)4
(iii) P(3 ls vf/kd ugha) = 1 – P(3 ls vf/kd) = 1 – (0.1)4
9. If 4 whole numbers taken at random are multiplied together

16
(A*) Probability that the last digit in the product is 1, 3, 7 or 9 is
625
369
(B*) Probability that the last digit in the product is ‘5’ is
10 4
3727
(C) Probability that the last digit in the product is 0 is
104
2357
(D) Probability that the last digit in the product is 0 is
10 4
ADVPR - 38
Probability
;fn 4 iw.kZ la[;k;sa ;kn`fPNd ysdj mudk xq.kuQy fudkyk tkrk gS

16
(A*) muds xq.kuQy esa vfUre vad 1, 3, 7 ;k 9 gksus dh izkf;drk gSA
625
369
(B*) xq.kuQy esa vfUre vad ‘5’ gksus dh izkf;drk gSA
10 4
3727
(C) xq.kuQy esa vfUre vad 0 gksus dh izkf;drk gSA
104
2357
(D) xq.kuQy esa vfUre vad 0 gksus dh izkf;drk gSA
10 4
10. The probability that 4th power of a positive integer ends in the digit  is P()
,d /kukRed iw.kkZad la[;k dh prqFkZ ?kkr dk bdkbZ vad  gksus dh izkf;drk P() gS rc
4 4 1 1
(A*) P(6) = (B*) P(1) = (C*) P(5) = (D*) P(0) =
10 10 10 10
11. Mean and variance of a Binomial variate of 10 trials of the experiment are in the ratio of 3 : 2.
(A*) The most probable number of happening of variable is 3
(B) Sum of the mean and variance is 10
8064
(C*) Probability of getting exactly 5 success is 10
3
(D) The most probable number of happening of variable is 5
iz;ksx ds 10 ijh{k.kksa esa f}in fopj dk ek/; rFkk izlj.k 3 : 2 ds vuqikr esa gSA
(A*) pjksa ds gksus dh vf/kd mi;qDr la[;k 3 gSA
(B) ek/; vkSj izlj.k dk ;ksx 10 gSA
8064
(C*) Bhd 5 lQyrk vkus dh izkf;drk gSA
310
(D) pjksa ds gksus dh vf/kd mi;qDr la[;k 5 gSA
12. A student appears for tests I, II & III. The student is successful if he passes either in tests I & II or tests I
& III. The probabilities of the student passing in the tests I, II & III are p, q &
1/2 respectively. If the probability that the student is successful is 1/2, then:
(A*) p = 1, q = 0 (B*) p = 2/3, q = 1/2
(C*) p = 3/5, q = 2/3 (D*) there are infinitely many values of p & q.
,d Nk=k rhu ijh{kk I, II rFkk III ds fy, mifLFkr gksrk gSA Nk=k lQy gksrk gSa ;fn og I rFkk II ;k I rFkk III ijh{kk
ikl dj ysrk gSA Nk=k ds ijh{kk I, II rFkk III esa lQy gksus dh izkf;drk Øe'k% p, q rFkk 1/2 gSA ;fn Nk=k ds lQy
gksus dh izkf;drk 1/2 gS rks
(A*) p = 1, q = 0 (B*) p = 2/3, q = 1/2
(C*) p = 3/5, q = 2/3 (D*) ;gk¡ p rFkk q ds vuUr eku gSA
13. A student has to match three historical events i.e. Dandi March, Quit India Movement and Mahatma
Gandhi’s assasination with the years 1948, 1930 and 1942 and each event happens in different years .
The student has no knowledge of the correct answers and decides to match the events and years
randomly. Let Ei : (0  i  3) denote the event that the student gets exactly i correct answer, then
,d fo|kFkhZ dks rhu ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dk feyku djuk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ & nk.Mh ;k=kk] Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu vkSj
egkRek xk¡/kh th dh gR;k dk o"kksZ 1948, 1930 o 1942 ds lkFk] tcfd çR;sd ?kVuk fHké&fHké o"kksZ esa gksA fo/kkFkhZ
dks lgh mÙkj dk dksbZ Kku ugha gS rFkk og mudks ;kn`fPNd :i ls feykus dk fu.kZ; ysrk gSA ekukfd Ei : (0  i 
3) fo|kFkhZ }kjk Bhd i lgh mÙkj ikus dh ?kVuk dks iznf'kZr djrk gS rc&
(A*) P(Eo) + P(E3) = P(E1) (B*) P(Eo) . P(E1) = P(E3)
(C*) P(E0  E1) = P(E2) (D*) P(E0) + P(E1) + P(E3) = 1
ADVPR - 39
Probability
14. For any two events A & B defined on a sample space,

P (A)  P (B)  1
(A*) P  A B  , P (B)  0 is always true
P (B)
(B)  
P A  B = P (A) - P (A  B)
(C*) P (A  B) = 1 - P (Ac). P (Bc), if A & B are independent
(D) P (A  B) = 1 - P (Ac). P (Bc), if A & B are disjoint
izfrn'kZ lef"V esa ifjHkkf"kr fdUgha nks ?kVukvksa A vkSj B ds fy, &
P (A)  P(B)  1
(A) P  A B  , P (B)  0 ges'kk lR; gSA
P(B)
(B)  
P A  B = P (A) – P (A  B)
(C) P (A  B) = 1 – P (Ac). P (Bc), ;fn A rFkk B Lora=k gSA
(D) P (A  B) = 1 – P (Ac). P (Bc), ;fn A rFkk B ijLij viothZ gSA
15. An unbiased coin is tossed n times. Let X denote the number of times head occurs. If
P(X = 4), P (X = 5) and P(X = 6) are in AP, then the value of n can be
,d fu"i{kikrh flDds dks n ckj mNkyk tkrk gSA X 'kh"kZ vkus dh la[;k dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA ;fn
P(X = 4), P (X = 5) rFkk P(X = 6) lekUrj Js<+h esa gks] rks n dk eku gks ldrk gS
(A*) 7 (B) 10 (C) 12 (D*) 14
x
 1
16. A random variable x takes values 0, 1, 2, 3, ....., with probability proportional to (x + 1)   , then
5
x
1
,d ;kn`fPnd pj x ds eku 0, 1, 2, 3, ....., dh izkf;drk,a (x + 1)   ds lekuqikrh gS rc
5  
16 112 9 25
(A*) P(x = 0) = (B*) P(x  1) = (C*) P(x  1) = (D) E(x) =
25 125 25 32
17. Let X be a set containing ‘n’ elements. If two subsets A and B of X are picked at random. The
probability of A and B having same number of elements
ekuk X ,d leqPp; gS tks ‘n’ vo;o j[krk gSA ;fn X ds nks mileqPp; A vkSj B dks ;kn`fPNd pquh tkrk gS rc A
vkSj B esa vo;oksa dh leku la[;k gksus dh izkf;drk gS
2n
Cn 1 1.3.5.....  2n  1 3n
(A*) (B)
2n
(C*) (D)
22n Ccn 2n.n! 4n
18. A square matrix of order 3 × 3 is formed using the elements of the set {–2016, 0, 2016}
1
(A*) Probability of getting a matrix which is symmetric 3 is
3
1
(B*) Probability of getting a matrix which is skew symmetric 6 is
3
1
(C*) Probability of getting a matrix which has maximum trace is 3
3
1
(D*) Probability of getting a matrix which has minimum trace is 3
3
leqPp; {–2016, 0, 2016} ds vo;oksa dh lgk;rk ls 3 × 3 Øe ds ,d oxZ vkO;wg dks cuk;k tkrk gSA
ADVPR - 40
Probability
1
(A*) vkO;wg ds lefer gksus dh izkf;drk gSA
33
1
(B*) vkO;wg ds fo"ke lefer gksus dh izkf;drk gSA
36
1
(C*) vkO;wg ds vf/kdre vuqjs[k gksus dh izkf;drk gSA
33
1
(D*) vkO;wg ds U;wure vuqjs[k gksus dh izkf;drk gSA
33
PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
Hkkx - IV : vuqPNsn (COMPREHENSION)
Comprehension # 1
If sample space contains infinite number of points then with the help of geometry that is length, area,
volume many problems of probibility can be solved
For example : A point is selected randomely inside the circle then the probability that it is nearer to
centre then its circumeference
r 2
Favourable Area 1
Probability = = 42 =
Total Area r 4
vuqPNsn # 1
;fn izfrn'kZ lef"V esa fcUnqvksa dh la[;k vuUr gS rc T;kferh dh lgk;rk ls yEckbZ] {ks=kQy] vk;ru tSls iz'uksa
dh izkf;drk,a Kkr dh tk ldrh gS
mnkgj.k ds fy, : ,d fcUnq dks o`Ùk ds vUnj ;kn`fPNd pquk tkrk gS rc blds ifjf/k dh rqyuk esa] dsUnz ls utnhd
gksus dh izkf;drk gS
r 2
vuqdwy {ks=kQy 1
izkf;drk = = 42 =
dqy {ks=kQy r 4
1. A sphere is circumscribed over a cube. Find the probability that a point lies inside the sphere, lies
outside the cube.
,d ?ku ds ifjxr ,d xksyk cuk;k tkrk gSA rks xksys ds vUnj fLFkr ,d fcUnq ds ?ku ls ckgj fLFkr gksus dh
izkf;drk gS
2 1 1 2
(A*) 1 – (B) 1 – (C) 1 – (D) 1 –
 3  3 2 3 2 3
2. A parallelogram is inscribed inside a circle of radius 10 cm. One side of parallelogram being 12 cms.
Then the probability that a point inside the circle also lies inside the parallelogram.
,d 10 lseh f=kT;k ds o`Ùk esa ,d lekUrj prqHkqZt cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk lekUrj prqHkqZt dh ,d Hkqtk 12 lseh gS rks
o`Ùk ds vUnj fLFkr ,d fcUnq lekUrj prqHkqZt ds Hkh vUnj gksus dh izkf;drk gS
48 24 42 1
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
25 25 25 2
3. The sides of a rectangle are chosen at random, each less than 10 cm, all such lengths being equally
likely. The chance that the diagonal of the rectangle is less than 10 cm is
ADVPR - 41
Probability
,d vk;r dh Hkqtk;sa ;kn`fPNd pquh tkrh gSaA izR;sd Hkqtk 10 lseh- ls de gS rFkk lHkh yEckbZ;k¡ lelEHkkoh gSaA
vk;r ds fod.kZ dh yEckbZ 10 lseh ls de gksus dh izkf;drk gS &
(A) 1/10 (B) 1/20 (C*) /4 (D) /8
Comprehension : # 2
A JEE aspirant estimates that he will be successful with an 80 percent chance if he studies 10 hours
per day, with a 60 percent chance if he studies 7 hours per day and with a 40 percent chance if he
studies 4 hours per day. He further believes that he will study 10 hours, 7 hours and 4 hours per day
with probabilities 0.1, 0.2 and 0.7 respectively.
,d JEE es Hkkx ysus okyh vuqeku gS fd ;fn og izfrfnu 10 ?k.Vs i<rh gS rks mldh lQyrk dh 80%, ;fn og
izfrfnu 7 ?k.Vs i<rh gS rks 60% rFkk ;fn og 4 ?k.Vs izfrfnu i<rh gS rks 40% gksxhA iqu% mls fo'okl gS fd
izfrfnu 10 ?k.Vs] 7 ?k.Vs vkSj 4 ?k.Vs i<+us dh izkf;drk,a Øe'k% 0.1, 0.2 ,oa 0.7 gSA
4. The chance he will be successfull is

mlds lQy gksus dh izkf;drk gksxh :
(A) 0.28 (B) 0.38 (C*) 0.48 (D) 0.58
5. Given that he is successful the chance that he studied for 4 hours, is

fn;k gS fd og lQy gS rks mlds 4 ?k.Vs i<us dh izkf;drk gksxh :
6 7 8 9
(A) (B*) (C) (D)
12 12 12 12
6. Given that he does not achieve success, the chance that he studied for 4 hour, is
fn;k gS fd mls lQyrk ugh feyrh gS rks mlds 4 ?k.Vs i<us dh izkf;drk gksxh :
18 19 20 21
(A) (B) (C) (D*)
26 26 26 26
Comprehension : # 3
A bag contain 6 Red and 4 White balls. 4 balls are drawn one by one without replacement and were
found to be atleast 2 white.
7. Then the probablity that next draw of a ball from this bag will give a white ball.
34 19 90 24
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
115 115 115 115
8. If the next draw of a ball from this bag will give a white ball then the probablity that the drawn of four
balls initially contain two white and two red balls.
8 15 13 13
(A) (B*) (C) (D)
17 17 17 34
vuqPNsn # 3
,d FkSys esa 6 yky vksj 4 lQsn xsansa gSA 4 xsnksa dks ,d ,d djds fcuk foLFkkiu ds fudkyk tkrk gS rFkk muesa de
ls de 2 lQsn xsan ik;h tkrh gSA
7. rks bl FkSys ls vxyh fudkyh xbZ xsan ds lQsn gksus dh izkf;drk gS
34 19 90 24
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
115 115 115 115
8. ;fn bl FkSys ls vxyh fudkyh xbZ xsan lQsn gksrh gS rc vkjEHk esa fudkyh xbZ pkj xsanksa esa ls nks lQsn vkSj nks
yky xsnsa fudkyus dh izkf;drk gS
ADVPR - 42
Probability
8 15 13 13
(A) (B*) (C) (D)
17 17 17 34
Comprehension : # 4
Eight digit number can be formed using all the digits 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,5.
9. A number is selected at random then the probability such that no two identical digits appear together
37 43 17 23
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
84 84 84 84
10. A number is selected at random then the probability that it has exactly two pair of identical digits
occuring together
1 2 3 4
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
7 9 5 9
vuqPNsn # 4
lHkh vadks 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,5 dh lgk;rk ls vkB vadks dh la[;k,a cuk;h tk ldrh gS

9. ,d la[;k dks ;kn`fPNd pquk tkrk gS rc dksbZ Hkh nks loZle vad lkFk lkFk ugha gks
37 43 17 23
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
84 84 84 84
10. ,d la[;k dks ;kn`fPNd pquk tkrk gS rc blds loZle vadksa ds Bhd nks ;qXe lkFk lkFk gksus dh izkf;drk gS
1 2 3 4
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
7 9 5 9

PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
Hkkx - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE ¼fiNys o"kksZ½ ds iz'u
* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
* fpfUgr iz'u ,d ls vf/kd lgh fodYi okys iz'u gS -
1. Consider the system of equations [IIT-JEE 2008, Paper-1, (3, –1), 81]
ax + by = 0 ; cx + dy = 0, where a, b, c, d  {0, 1}
3
STATEMENT-1 : The probability that the system of equations has a unique solution is .
8
and
STATEMENT-2 : The probability that the system of equations has a solution is 1.
(A) STATEMENT-1 is True, STATEMENT-2 is True ; STATEMENT-2 is a correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B*) STATEMENT-1 is True, STATEMENT-2 is True ; STATEMENT-2 is NOT a correct explanation
for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is True, STATEMENT-2 is False
(D) STATEMENT-1 is False, STATEMENT-2 is True
fuEu lehdj.k fudk; yhft,
ax + by = 0 ; cx + dy = 0, tgk¡ a, b, c, d  {0, 1}
ADVPR - 43
Probability
3
dFku-1 : lehdj.k fudk; ds vf}rh; gy gksus dh izkf;drk gSA
8
vkSj
dFku-2 : lehdj.k fudk; dk gy gksus dh izkf;drk 1 gSA
(A) dFku-1 lR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gS; dFku-2, dFku-1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k gSA
(B) dFku-1 lR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gS; dFku-2, dFku-1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k ughas gSA
(C) dFku-1 lR; gS] dFku-2 vlR; gSA
(D) dFku-1 vlR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gSA
2. An experiment has 10 equally likely outcomes. Let A and B be non-empty events of the experiment. If A
consists of 4 outcomes, the number of outcomes that B must have so that A and B are independent, is
(A) 2, 4 or 8 (B) 3, 6 or 9 (C) 4 or 8 (D*) 5 or 10
,d iz;ksx ds 10 leizkf;d (equally likely) ifj.kke gSaA ekuk A o B bl iz;ksx dh nks vfjDr (non-empty) ?kVuk;sa
gSaA ;fn A esa 4 ifj.kke gSa] rks A o B ds Lora=k (independent) gksus ds fy;s B ds ifj.kkeksa dh la[;k gS
(A) 2, 4 vFkok 8 (B) 3, 6 vFkok 9 (C) 4 vFkok 8 (D) 5 vFkok 10
[IIT-JEE 2008, Paper-2, (3, –1), 81]
Comprehension (Q.3 to 5)
A fair die is tossed repeatedly until a six is obtained. Let X denote the number of tosses required.
,d fu"i{k ik¡lk (fair die) ckjEckj rc rd mNkyk tkrk gS tc rd fd N% u izkIr gks tk;A eku yhft, fd X
vko';d mNkyksa dh la[;k dks n'kkZrk gSA
3. The probability that X = 3 equals [IIT-JEE 2009, Paper-1, (4, –1), 80]
X = 3 gksus dh izkf;drk gS&
25 25 5 125
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
216 36 36 216
4. The probability that X  3 equals [IIT-JEE 2009, Paper-1, (4, –1), 80]
X  3 gksus dh izkf;drk gS&
125 25 5 25
(A) (B*) (C) (D)
216 36 36 216
5. The conditional probability that X  6 given X > 3 equals [IIT-JEE 2009, Paper-1, (4, –1), 80]
X > 3 fn;k gksus ij X  6 gksus dh izfrcfU/kr izkf;drk gS&
125 25 5 25
(A) (B) (C) (D*)
216 216 36 36
6. Let  be a complex cube root of unity with  1. A fair die is thrown three times. If r1, r2 and r3 are the
numbers obtained on the die, then the probability that r1  r2  r3 = 0 is
[IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-1, (3, –1), 84]
ekuk fd  bdkbZ dk ,d lfEeJ ?kuewy gSa] tgk¡  1A ,d fu"i{k ik¡lk rhu ckj mNkyk tkrk gSA ;fn r1, r2 ,oa
r3 ] ik¡ls ds mNkys tkus ij izkIr vad n'kkZrs gSa rks r1  r2  r3 = 0 gksus dh izkf;drk fuEu gS&
1 1 2 1
(A) (B) (C*) (D)
18 9 9 36
ADVPR - 44
Probability
4 1
7. A signal which can be green or red with probability and respectively, is received by station A and
5 5
3
then transmitted to station B. The probability of each station receiving the signal correctly is . If the
4
signal received at station B is green, then the probability that the original signal was green is
[IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-2, (5, –2), 79]
4 1
,d flXuy] ftlds gjk vFkok yky gksus dh izkf;drk,¡ Øe'k% rFkk gSa] LVs'ku A }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk
5 5
LVs'ku B dks ikjxr (transmit) fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd LVs'ku }kjk flXuy dks lgh :i ls izkIr djus dh izkf;drk
3
gSA ;fn LVs'ku B }kjk gjk flXuy izkIr fd;k tkrk gS] rks flXuy ds ewy :i ls gjk gksus dh izkf;drk fuEu gS
4
3 6 20 9
(A) (B) (C*) (D)
5 7 23 20
Comprehension (Q.8 & 9)
Let U1 and U2 be two urns such that U1 contains 3 white and 2 red balls, and U2 contains only 1 white
ball. A fair coin is tossed. If head appears then 1 ball is drawn at random from U1 and put into U2.
However, if tail appears then 2 balls are drawn at random from U1 and put into U2. Now 1 ball is drawn
at random from U2.
vuqPNsn (iz'u la- 8 o 9)
eku yhft, U1 vkSj U2 nks dy'k gSA dy'k U1 esa 3 'osr ,oa 2 yky xsans gS vkSj U2 esa dsoy 1 'osr xsan gSA ,d
fu"i{k flDds dks mNkyus ij ;fn 'kh"kZ fn[kykbZ nsrk gS rks dy'k U1 ls ,d xsan ;kn`PN;k fudkyh tkrh gS vkSj
dy'k U2 esa j[k nh tkrh gS] ;fn iqPN fn[kykbZ nsrk gS rks U1 esa ls ;kn`PN;k 2 xsans fudkyh tkrh gS vkSj U2 esa j[k
nh tkrh gSA vc] 1 xsan ;kn`PN;k U2 ls fudkyh tkrh gSA [IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-1, (3, –1), 80]
8. The probability of the drawn ball from U2 being white is

dy'k U2 esa ls fudkyh xbZ xsan 'osr gksus dh izkf;drk (probability) gS
13 23 19 11
(A) (B*) (C) (D)
30 30 30 30
9. Given that the drawn ball from U2 is white, the probability that head appeared on the coin is
;fn U2 ls fudkyh xbZ xsan 'osr gS rks flDds ij 'kh"kZ vkus dh izkf;drk fuEu gS&
17 11 15 12
(A) (B) (C) (D*)
23 23 23 23
11
10.* Let E and F be two independent events. The probability that exactly one of them occurs is and the
25
2
probability of none of them occurring is . If P(T) denotes the probability of occurrence of the event T,
25
then [IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-2, (4, 0), 80]
11
eku yhft, E rFkk F nks Lora=k ?kVuk;sa gSA muesa ls dsoy ,d ds ?kfVr gksus dh izkf;drk vkSj muesa ls fdlh
25
2
ds Hkh u ?kVus dh izkf;drk gSA ;fn ?kVuk T ds ?kfVr gksus dh izkf;drk P(T) gS] rc
25
4 3 1 2
(A*) P(E) = , P(F) = (B) P(E) = , P(F) =
5 5 5 5
2 1 3 4
(C) P(E) = , P(F) = (D*) P(E) = , P(F) =
5 5 5 5
ADVPR - 45
Probability
11.* A ship is fitted with three engines E1, E2 and E3. The engines function independently of each other with
1 1 1
respective probabilities , and . For the ship to be operational at least two of its engines must
2 4 4
function. Let X denote the event that the ship is operational and let X1, X2 and X3 denotes respectively
the events that the engines E1 E2 and E3 are functioning. Which of the following is (are) true ?
3 7
(A) P  X1c | x   (B*) P[ Exactly two engines of the ship are functioning | X] =
  16 8
5 7
(C) P[X | X2] = (D*) P[X | X1] = [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-1, (4, 0), 70]
16 16
,d tgkt esa rhu batu E1, E2, vkSj E3 yxs gSa tks ,d nwljs ls LoraU=k :i ls dk;Z djrs gS vkSj ftuds dk;Z djus
1 1 1
dh izkf;drk Øe'k% , vkSj gSA tgkt dks pyus ds fy;s de ls de nks batuksa dk dk;Z djuk vko';d gSA
2 4 4
ekuk fd tgkt pyus dh ?kVuk X gS vkSj E1 , E2 vkSj E3 ds dk;Z djus dh ?kVuk;sa Øe'k% X1, X2, vkSj X3 gSA rks
fuEu esa ls dkSu lgh gS@gSa ?
3 7
(A) P  X1c | x   (B*) P[ nks vkSj dsoy nks (exactly two) batu dk;Z dj jgs gSaA X] =
  16 8
5 7
(C) P[X | X2] = (D*) P[X | X1] =
16 16
12. Four fair dice D1, D2, D3 and D4 each having six faces numbered 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 are rolled
simultaneously. The probability that D4 shows a number appearing on one of D1, D2 and D3 is
pkj fu"i{k ik¡lksa (fair dice) D1, D2, D3 vkSj D4 dks] ftlesa izR;sd ds Ng Qydksa (faces) ij la[;k,¡ 1,2,3,4,5 ,oa
6 vafdr gSa] ,d lkFk Qsadk tkrk gSA ik¡ls D4 ij nf'kZr la[;k ds D1, D2 vkSj D3 ij nf'kZr la[;kvksa esa ls dksbZ ,d
gksus dh izkf;drk (probability) fuEu gS& [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-2, (3, –1), 66]
91 108 125 127

(A*) (B) (C) (D)
216 216 216 216
1 1 1
13.* Let X and Y be two events such that P(X | Y) = , P(Y | X) = and P(X  Y) = . Which of the
2 3 6
following is (are) correct ? [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-2, (4, 0), 66]
2
(A*) P(X  Y) = (B*) X and Y are independent
3
1
(C) X and Y are not independent (D) P(XC  Y) =
3
1 1 1
nks ?kVuk;sa X vkSj Y bl izdkj dh gSa fd P(X | Y) = , P(Y | X) = vkSj P(X  Y) = A rc fuEu esa ls dkSu
2 3 6
dFku lgh gS@gSa \
2 1
(A*) P(X  Y) = (B*) X vkSj Y Lora=k gSa (C) X vkSj Y Lora=k ugha gSa (D) P(XC  Y) =
3 3
1 3 1 1
14. Four persons independently solve a certain problem correctly with probabilities , , , . Then the
2 4 4 8
probability that the problem is solved correctly by at least one of them is
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (2, 0)/60]
1 3 1 1
pkj O;fDr Lora=kr;k fdlh ,d leL;k dks izkf;drkvksa , , , ds lkFk Bhd gy djrs gS] rc leL;k ds muesa
2 4 4 8
ls de ls de ,d O;fDr }kjk Bhd gy fd;s tkus dh izkf;drk gS&
235 21 3 253
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
256 256 256 256
ADVPR - 46
Probability
15. Of the three independent events E1, E2 and E3, the probability that only E1 occurs is ,only E2 occurs is
 and only E3 occurs is . Let the probability p that none of events E1, E2 or E3 occurs satisfy the
equations (– 2) p = and (– 3) p = 2. All the given probabilities are assumed to lie in the
interval (0, 1).
Pr obability of occurrence of E1
Then =
Pr obability of occurrence of E3
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (4, – 1)/60]
rhu Lora=k ?kVukvksa E1, E2 rFkk E3 esa ls dsoy E1 ds ?kVus dh çkf;drk gS] dsoy E2 ds ?kVus dh çkf;drk gS
rFkk dsoy E3 ds ?kVus dh çkf;drk  gSA ekuk fd ?kVukvksa E1, E2 ;k E3 esa ls fdlh ds Hkh u ?kVus dh çkf;drk p,
lehdj.kksa (– 2) p = rFkk (– 3) p = 2dks lUrq"V djrh gSA lHkh çkf;drk,¡ vUrjky (0, 1) esa fLFkr
?kVuk E1 ds ?kfVr gksus dh izkf;drk
ekuk tkrh gSA] rc =
?kVuk E3 ds ?kfVr gksus dh izkf;drk
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (4, – 1)/60]
Ans. 6
Comprehension (Q.16 & 17) vuqPNsn (iz'u la- 16 o 17)

A box B1 contains 1 white ball, 3 red balls and 2 black balls. Another box B2 contains 2 white balls, 3 red
balls and 4 black balls. A third box B3 contains 3 white balls, 4 red balls and 5 black balls.
,d isVh B1 esa 1 lQsn xasn] 3 yky xsans rFkk 2 dkyh xasnsa gSaA ,d nwljh isVh B2 esa 2 lQsn xsansa] 3 yky xsansa rFkk 4
dkyh xsansa gSaA ,d rhljh isVh B3 esa 3 lQsn xsansa] 4 yky xsansa rFkk 5 dkyh xsansa gSA
16. If 1 ball is drawn from each of the boxes B1, B2 and B3, the probability that all 3 drawn balls are of the
same colour is
;fn isfV;ksa B1, B2 rFkk B3, esa çR;sd ls 1 xaasn fudkyh tkrh gS] rc fudkyh xbZ lHkh 3 xsanksa ds ,d gh jax ds gksus
dh çkf;drk gS % [JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]
82 90 558 566
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
648 648 648 648
17. If 2 balls are drawn (without replacement) from a randomly selected box and one of the balls is white
and the other ball is red, the probability that these 2 balls are drawn from box B2 is
;fn 2 xsansa ,d ;kn`fPNd p;fur isVh ls (fcuk çfrLFkkiu ds) fudkyh tkrh gSa rFkk ,d xsan lQsn o nwljh xsan
yky fudyrh gS] rc bu 2 xsanksa dh isVh B2 ls fudyus dh çkf;drk gS%
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]
116 126 65 55
(A) (B) (C) (D*)
181 181 181 181
18. Three boys and two girls stand in a queue. The probability, that the number of boys ahead of every girl
is at least one more than the number of girls ahead of her, is [JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]
1 1 2 3
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3 4
rhu yM+ds vkSj nks yM+fd;ka ,d ifaDr esa [kM+s gSaA og izkf;drk (probability), tc gj yM+dh ds vkxs [kM+s gksus okys
yM+dksa dh la[;k mlds vkxs [kM+h gksus okyh yM+fd;ksa dh la[;k ls de ls de ,d vf/kd gks] fuEu gS&
1 1 2 3
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3 4
Ans. (A)
ADVPR - 47
Probability
Comprehension (Q.19 & 20) vuqPNsn (iz'u la- 19 vkSj 20)
Box 1 contains three cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3; box 2 contains five cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3,
4, 5; and box 3 contains seven cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. A card is drawn from each of
the boxes. Let xi be the number on the card drawn from the ith box, i = 1, 2, 3.
isVh 1 esa rhu dkMZ gS tks 1, 2, 3 vadksa ls lwphc) gS] isVh 2 esa ikWp dkMZ gS tks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 vadks ls lwphc) gS
rFkk isVh 3 esa lkr dkMZ gS tks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 vadks ls lwphc) gSA gj isVh ls ,d dkMZ fudkyk tkrk gSA ekuk
fd ioh isVh (ith box) ls fudkys x;s dkMZ ij vad xi (i = 1, 2, 3) gSA
19. The probability that x1 + x2 + x3 is odd, is
x1 + x2 + x3 ds fo"ke gksus dh izkf;drk gS&
29 53 57 1
(A) (B*) (C) (D)
105 105 105 2
Ans. (B)
20. The probability that x1, x2, x3 are in an arithmetic progression, is

x1, x2, x3 ds lekUrj Js.kh (arithmetic progression) esa gksus dh izkf;drk gS&
9 10 11 7
(A) (B) (C*) (D)
105 105 105 105
Ans. (C)
21. The minimum number of times a fair coin needs to be tossed, so that the probability of getting at least
two heads is at least 0.96, is
,d U;k; flDds (fair coin) dks U;wure fdruh ckj mNkyuk iM+sxk] ftlls fd de ls de nks fpr (head) çdV
gksus dh çkf;drk de ls de 0.96 gks\ [JEE (Advanced) 2015, P-1 (4, 0) /88]
Ans. 8
Let n1 and n2 be the number of red and black balls, respectively, in box I. Let n3 and n4 be the number
of red and black balls, respectively, in box II.
ekuk fd ckWDl I esa n1 yky xsan vkSj n2 dkyh xsan gSA ekuk fd ckWDl II esa n3 yky xsan vkSj n4 dkyh xsan gSA
[JEE (Advanced) 2015, P-2 (4, –2)/ 80]
22. One of the two boxes, box I and box II, was selected at random and a ball was drawn randomly out of
1
this box. The ball was found to be red. If the probability that this red ball was drawn from box II is ,
3
then the correct option(s) with the possible values of n1, n2, n3 and n4 is(are)
(A*) n1 = 3, n2 = 3, n3 = 5, n4 = 15 (B*) n1 = 3, n2 = 6, n3 = 10, n4 = 50
(C) n1 = 8, n2 = 6, n3 = 5, n4 = 20 (D) n1 = 6, n2 = 12, n3 = 5, n4 = 20
ckWDl I vkSj ckWDl II esa ls] ;n`Pp;k (at random) ,d ckWDl dks pquk x;k vkSj bl pqus gq, ckWDl ls] ;kn`Pp;k ,d
1
xsan fudkyh x;hA ;g xsan yky jax dh ikbZ x;hA ;fn bl yky xsan ds ckWDl II ls fudkys tkus dh izkf;drk gS]
3
rc fuEufyf[kr esa ls n1, n2, n3 vkSj n4 ds lgh laHko eku gS ¼gSa½
(A*) n1 = 3, n2 = 3, n3 = 5, n4 = 15 (B*) n1 = 3, n2 = 6, n3 = 10, n4 = 50
(C) n1 = 8, n2 = 6, n3 = 5, n4 = 20 (D) n1 = 6, n2 = 12, n3 = 5, n4 = 20
Ans. (A,B)
ADVPR - 48
Probability
23. A ball is drawn at random from box I and transferred to box II. If the probability of drawing a red ball
1
from box I, after this transfer, is , then the correct option(s) with the possible values of n1 and n2
3
is(are)
(A) n1 = 4 and n2 = 6 (B) n1 = 2 and n2 = 3
(C*) n1 = 10 and n2 = 20 (D*) n1 = 3 and n2 = 6
ckWDl I esa ls ;kn`Pp;k (at random) ,d xsan fudkyh tkrh gS vkSj mls ckWDl II esa izfrLFkkfir (transfer) dh tkrh
1
gSA ;fn bl izfrLFkkiuk ds ckn] ckWDl I esa ls ,d yky xsan fudkyus dh izkf;drk gS] rc fuEufyf[kr esa ls n1
3
vkSj n2 ds lgh laHko eku gS ¼gSa½
(A) n1 = 4 vkSj n2 = 6 (B) n1 = 2 vkSj n2 = 3
(C*) n1 = 10 vkSj n2 = 20 (D*) n1 = 3 vkSj n2 = 6

Ans. (C,D)
24. A computer producing factory has only two plants T1 and T2. Plant T1 produces 20% and plant T2
produces 80% of the total computers produced. 7% of computers produced in the factory turn out to be
defective. It is known that
P(computer turns out to be defective given that it is produced in plant T1)
= 10 P(computer turns out to be defective given that it is produced in Plant T2),
where P(E) denotes the probability of an event E. A computer produced in the factory is randomly
selected and it does not turn out to be defective. Then the probability that it is produced in plant T2 is
,d lax.kd (computer) fuekZ.k djus okys dkj[kkus esa dsoy nks la;a=k (plant) T1 vkSj T2 gSaA dqy fufeZr lax.kdksa
dk 20% la;a=k T1 vkSj 80% la;a=k T2 fuekZ.k djrs gSA dkj[kkus esa fufeZr 7% lax.kd [kjkc (defective) fudyrs
gSA ;g Kkr gS fd
P(lax.kd [kjkc fudyrk gS ;fn ;g fn;k x;k gS fd lax.kd la;a=k T1 esa fufeZr gS½
= 10 P(lax.kd [kjkc fudyrk gS ;fn ;g fn;k x;k gS fd lax.kd T2 esa fufeZr gS½]
Tkgk¡ P(E) ,d ?kVuk E dh izkf;drk n’’kkZrk gSA dkj[kkus esa fufeZr ,d lax.kd ;kn‘`PN;k pquk tkrk gS vkSj og [kjkc
ugha fudyrk gSA rc mlds la;a=k T2 esa fufeZr gksus dh izkf;drk gS
36 47 78 75
(A) (B) (C) (D)
73 79 93 83
Ans. (C)
Football teams T1 and T2 have to play two games against each other. It is assumed that the outcomes
of the two games are independent. The probabilities of T1 winning, drawing and losing a game against
1 1 1
T2 are , and , respectively. Each team gets 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 point for a
2 6 3
loss in a game. Let X and Y denote the total points scored by teams T1 and T2, respectively, after two
games. [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-2, (3, –1)/62]
ADVPR - 49
Probability
QqVckWy nyksa T1 rFkk T2 dks ,d nwljs ds fo:) nks [ksy (games) [ksyus gSA ;g eku fy;k x;k gS fd nksuksa [ksyksa
ds ifj.kke ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj ugha djrsA ny T1 ds ny T2 ds fo:) ,d [ksy esa thrus] cjkcj gksus vkSj gkjus dh
1 1 1
izkf;drk Øe’’”k% , vkSj gSaA izR;sd ny thrus ij 3 vad] cjkcjh ij 1 vad vkSj gkjus ij 0 vad vftZr djrk
2 6 3
gSA ekuk fd nks [ksyksa ds i’’pkr ny T1 vkSj ny T2 ds }kjk vftZr dqy vad Øe’’'k% X vkSj Y gSaA
25. P (X > Y) is
P (X > Y) dk eku gS&
1 5 1 7
(A) (B*) (C) (D)
4 12 2 12
26. P (X = Y) is
P (X = Y) dk eku gS&
11 1 13 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
36 3 36 2
Ans. (C)
1 1 2
27. Let X and Y be two events such that P(X) = , P(X|Y) = and P(Y|X) = . Then
3 2 5
[JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-1,(4, –2)/61]
1 1 2
Ekkuk fd X vkSj Y bl izdkj dh nks ?kVuk;sa (events) gSa fd P(X) = 3 , P(X|Y) = vkSj P(Y|X) = 5 gSA rc
2
4 1 2 1
(A) P(Y) = (B) P(X|Y) = (C) P(X  Y) = (D) P(X  Y) =
15 2 5 5
Ans. (A,B)
28. Three randomly chosen nonnegative integers x, y and z are found to satisfy the equation x + y + z = 10.
Then the probability that z is even, is [JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-2,(3, –1)/61]
;g ik;k x;k gS fd ;kn‘fPNd (randomly) :Ik ls p;fur rhu v_.kkRed iw.kkZad (nonnegative integers) x, y
,oe~ z lehdj.k x + y + z = 10 dks laUrq”"V djrs gSaA rc z ds le (even) gksus dh izkf;drk (probability) gSa
1 36 6 5
(A) (B) (C) (D) 
2 55 11 11
Ans. (C)
PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
Hkkx - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE ¼fiNys o"kksZ½ ds iz'u

1 A 1 B 2
1. It is given that the events A and B are such that P(A) = , P  = and P   = . Then, P(B) is
4 B 2 A 3
[AIEEE 2008 (3, –1), 105]
1 A 1 B 2
?kVuk,¡ A rFkk B bl izdkj gS fd P(A) = , P   = rFkk P   = rc P(B) dk eku gksxk
4 B
  2   3
A
[AIEEE 2008 (3, –1), 105]
1 1 2 1
(1) (2*) (3) (4)
6 3 3 2
ADVPR - 50
Probability
2. A die is thrown. Let A be the event that the number obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the event that
the number obtained is less than 5. Then P(A  B) is [AIEEE 2008 (3, –1), 105]
,d iklk mNkyk x;kA ;fn bl ij 3 ls vf/kd vkuk ?kVuk A gS rFkk 5 ls de vkuk ?kVuk B gS rc P(A  B)
gksxk [AIEEE 2008 (3, –1), 105]
3 2
(1) (2) 0 (3*) 1 (4)
5 5
 1
3. In a binomial distribution B  n, p   , if the probability of at least one success is greater than or equal
 4
9
to , then n is greater than : [AIEEE 2009 (4, –1), 144]
10
1 9
,d f}in&caVu B  n, p   , esa ;fn de ls de ,d lQyrk izkIr djus dh izkf;drk ;k blls vf/kd gS rc
 4  10
n fuEufyf[kr ls vf/kd gS& [AIEEE 2009 (4, –1), 144]
1 9 4 1
(1) (2) (3) (4*)
log10 4  log10 3 log10 4  log10 3 log10 4  log10 3 log10 4  log10 3
4. One ticket is selected at random from 50 tickets numbered 00, 01, 02, ....., 49. Then the probability that
the sum of the digits on the selected ticket is 8, given that the product of these digits is zero, equal :
[AIEEE 2009 (4, –1), 144]
la[;kvksa 00, 01, 02, ....., 49 ls vafdr 50 fVdVksa es ls ,d fVdV ;kn`fPNd :i ls pquk tkrk gSA rc pqus x,
fVdV dh la[;k ds vadksa (digits) dk ;ksxQy 8 gksus dh izkf;drk tcfd fn;k x;k gS fd bu vadksa dk xq.kuQy
'kwU; gks] cjkcj gS & [AIEEE 2009 (4, –1), 144]
1 5 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4*)
7 14 50 14
5. Four numbers are chosen at random (without replacement) from the set {1,2,3,.....,20}.
Statement -1 : The probability that the chosen numbers when arranged in some order will form an AP
1
is . [AIEEE 2010 (8, –2), 144]
85
Statement -2 : If the four chosen numbers form an AP, then the set of all possible values of common
difference is {±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5}
(1) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true ; Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for Statement -
1.
(2*) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(3) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true.
(4) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
leqPp; {1, 2, 3,....., 20} esa ls pkj la[;k,¡ ;kn`PN;k ¼fcuk izfrLFkkiuk½ ds pquh tkrh gSA
1
izdFku -1 : fdlh fo'ks"k Øe esa j[ks tkus ij bu pquh xbZ la[;kvksa ds lekUrj Js<+h esa gksus dh izkf;drk gSA
85
izdFku-2 : ;fn pquh gqbZ pkjksa la[;k,¡ lekUrj Js<+h esa gS] rks mlds lkoZvUrj ds lHkh laHkkfor ekuksa dk leqPp;
{ ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5} [AIEEE 2010 (8, –2), 144]
(1) izzdFku-1 lR; gS] izdFku-2 lR; gS ; izdFku-2, izdFku-1 dh lgh O;k[;k ugha gSA
(2*) izdFku-1 lR; gS] izdFku-2 feF;k gSA
(3) izdFku-1 feF;k gS] izdFku-2 lR; gSA
(4) izdFku-1 lR; gS] izdFku-2 lR; gS ; izdFku-2, izdFku-1 dh lgh O;k[;k gSA
Ans. (2)
ADVPR - 51
Probability
6. An urn contains nine balls of which three are red, four are blue and two are green. Three balls are
drawn at random without replacement from the urn. The probability that the three balls have different
colours is
[AIEEE 2010 (4, –1), 144]
,d dy'k esa ukS xsansa gS ftuesa rhu xsansa yky gS] pkj xsansa uhyh gS rFkk nks xsansa gjh gSA dy'k ls rhu xsansa ;kn`PN;k
fcuk izfrLFkkiu ds fudkyh tkrh gSA rhuksa xsanksa ds fofHkUu jaxksa ds gksus dh izkf;drk gS&
[AIEEE 2010 (4, –1), 144]
2 1 2 1
(1*) (2) (3) (4)
7 21 23 3
Ans. (1)
7. Consider 5 independent Bernoulli’s trials each with probability of success p. If the probability of at least
31
one failure is greater than or equal to , then p lies in the interval : [AIEEE 2011, I, (4, –1), 120]
32
cjukSyh ijh{k.k ds vUrxZr 5 Lora=k ijh{k.k] ftuesa ls izR;sd ds lQy gksus dh izkf;drk p gS] ij fopkj dhft,A
31
;fn de ls de ,d ds vlQy gksus dh izkf;drk ds cjkcj ;k vf/kd gS] rks p ftl vUrjky esa gS] og gS&
32
[AIEEE 2011, I, (4, –1), 120]
 1 3  3 11   1  11 
(1)  ,  (2)  ,  (3*) 0,  (4)  , 1
 2 4  4 12   2  12 
8. If C and D are two events such that C D and P(D)  0, then the correct statement among the following
is : [AIEEE 2011, I, (4, –1), 120]
;fn C rFkk D nks ,slh ?kVuk,¡ gSa ftlesa C D rFkk P(D)  0, rks fuEu esa ls lR; dFku gS:
[AIEEE 2011, I, (4, –1), 120]
P(D)
(1) P(C|D) = P(C) (2*) P(C|D)  P(C) (3) P(C|D) < P(C) (4) P(C|D) =
P(C)
9. Let A, B, C be pariwise independent events with P(C) > 0 and P(A  B  C)  0. Then P(A c  Bc / C) .
[AIEEE 2011, II, (4, –1), 120]
ekuk A, B, C ;qXer% Lora=k ?kVuk,¡ gSa tgk¡ P(C) > 0 gS rFkk P(A  B  C)  0. rks P(A c  Bc / C) cjkcj gS%
[AIEEE 2011, II, (4, –1), 120]
(1) P(1) – P(Bc) (2) P(Ac) + P(Bc) (3) P(Ac) – P(Bc) (4*) P(Ac) – P(B)
10. Three numbers are chosen at random without replacement from {1, 2, 3, ..., 8}. The probability that their
minimum is 3, given that their maximum is 6, is : [AIEEE-2012, (4, –1)/120]
{1, 2, 3, ..., 8} esa ls ;kn`PN;k izfrLFkkiu fcuk] rhu la[;k,¡ pquh xbZA ;g fn;k gS fd muesa ls vf/kdre la[;k 6
gS] rks U;wure la[;k 3 ds gksus dh izkf;drk gS : [AIEEE-2012, (4, –1)/120]
3 1 1 2
(1) (2*) (3) (4)
8 5 4 5
11. A multiple choice examination has 5 questions. Each question has three alternative answers of which
exactly one is correct. The probability that a student will get 4 or more correct answers just by guessing
is :
[AIEEE - 2013, (4, – 1) 120]
,d cgqfodYih ijh{kk esa 5 iz'u gSA izR;sd iz'u ds 3 oSdfYid mÙkj gSa] ftuesa ls dsoy ,d lgh gSA ,d fo|kFkhZ
}kjk dsoy vuqeku ls 4 ;k mlls vf/kd iz'uksa ds lgh mÙkj nsus dh izkf;drk gS : [AIEEE - 2013, (4, –1),360]
17 13 11 10
(1) 5 (2) 5 (3*) 5 (4) 5
3 3 3 3
ADVPR - 52
Probability
1 1 1
12. Let A and B be two event such that P A  B 
6
 
, P(A  B) =
4
and P A 
4
 
, where A stands for
the complement of the event A. Then the events A and B are : [JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]
(1*) independent but not equally likely (2) independent and equally likely
(3) mutually exclusive and independent (4) equally likely but not independent
1 1 1
   
ekuk A rFkk B nks ,slh ?kVuk,sa gS fd P A  B  , P(A  B) = rFkk P A  gS tcfd A ?kVuk A ds
6 4 4
iwjd dks n'kkZrk gSA rks ?kVuk,sa A rFkk B : [JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]
(1) Lora=k gS ijUrq lelEHkkoh ugh gS (2) Lora=k gS rFkk lelEHkkoh gS
(3) ijLij viothZ rFkk Lora=k gS (4) lelEHkkoh gS ijUrq Lora=k ugh gS
13. If 12 identical balls are to be placed in 3 identical boxes, then the probability that one of the boxes
contains exactly 3 balls is [JEE(Main) 2015, (4, – 1), 20]
11 10 12 11
55  2  2  1  1
(1)   (2) 55   (3) 220   (4) 22  
3 3 3 3 3
;fn 12 ,d tSlh xasnsa] 3 ,d tSls cDlksa esa j[kh tkrh gS] rks buesa ls ,d cDls esa Bhd 3 xasnsa gksus dh izkf;drk gS&
[JEE(Main) 2015, (4, – 1), 120]
11 10 12 11
55  2  2  1  1
(1)   (2) 55   (3) 220   (4) 22  
3 3 3 3 3
Ans. (1)
14. Let two fair six-faced dice A and B be thrown simultaneously. If E1 is the event that die A shows up four,
E2 is the event that die B shows up two and E3 is the event that the sum of numbers on both dice is odd,
then whic h of the following statements is NOT True ? [JEE(Main) 2016, (4, – 1), 120]
(1) E2 and E3 are independent (2) E1 and E3 are independent
(3) E1, E2 and E3 are independent (4) E1 and E2 are independent
ekuk nks vufHkur N% Qydh ikls A rFkk B ,d lkFk mNkys x;sA ekuk ?kVuk E1 ikls A ij pkj vkuk n'kkZrh gS]
?kVuk E2 ikls B ij 2 vkuk n'kkZrh gS rFkk ?kVuk E3 nksuksa iklksa ij vkus okyh la[;kvksa dk ;ksx fo”ke n’kkZrh gS] rks
fuEu esa ls dkSu-lk dFku lR; ugh gS?
(1) E2 rFkk E3 Lora=k gSaA (2) E1 rFkk E3 Lora=k gSaA
(3*) E1, E2 rFkk E3 Lora=k gSaA (4) E1 rFkk E2 Lora=k gSaA
15. For three events A, B and C, P(Exactly one of A or B occurs) = P(Exactly one of B or C occurs) =
1 1
P(Exactly one of C or A occurs) = and P (All the three events occur simultaneously) = . Then
4 16
the probability that at least one of the events occurs, is :
rhu ?kVukvksa A, B rFkk C ds fy, P(A vFkok B esa dsoy ,d ?kfVr gksrh gS ) = P(B vFkok C es ls dsoy ,d ?kfVr
1
gksrh gS) = P(C vFkok A es ls dsoy ,d ?kfVr gksrh gS) = rFkk P (lHkh rhu ?kVuk,¡ ,d lkFk ?kfVr gksrh gS) =
4
1
gS] nks izkf;drk fd de ls de ,d ?kVuk ?kfVr gks] gS [JEE(Main) 2017, (4, – 1), 120]
16
7 7 7 3
(1) (2*) (3) (4)
32 16 64 16
ADVPR - 53
Probability
16. It two different numbers are taken from the set {0,1,2,3,....., 10}; then the probability that their sum as
well as absolute difference are both multiple of 4, is [JEE(Main) 2017, (4, – 1), 120]
;fn leqPp; {0,1,2,3,....., 10} esa ls nks fofHkUu la[;k,a fudkyh xbZ] rks muds ;ksxQy rFkk muds vUrj ds fujis{k
eku] nksuksa ds pkj ds xq.kkad gksus dh izkf;drk gS&
6 12 14 7
(1*) (2) (3) (4)
55 55 45 55
17. A box contains 15 green and 10 yellow balls. If 10 balls are randomly drawn, one-by-one, with
replacement, then the variance of the number of green balls drawn is [JEE(Main) 2017, (4, – 1), 120]
,d cDls esa 15 gjh rFkk 10 ihyh xsansa gSA ;fn ,d&,d djds ;kn`‘PN;k] izfrLFkkiuk lfgr] 10 xsansa fudkyh tk,¡]
rks gjh xsanksa dh la[;k dk izlj.k gS&
12 6
(1) (2) 6 (3) 4 (4)
5 25
Ans. (1)
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
fo"k;kRed iz'u ¼SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS½
1. Urn A contains 6 red & 4 black balls and urn B contains 4 red & 6 black balls. One ball is drawn at
random from urn A & placed in urn B. Then one ball is drawn at random from urn B & placed in urn A. If
one ball is now drawn at random from urn A, then find the probability that it is red.
ik=k A esa 6 yky vkSj 4 dkyh xsans gSa vkSj ik=k B esa 4 yky o 6 dkyh xsans gSA ik=k A esa ls ;kn`fPNd :i ls ,d xsan
fudkydj ik=k B esa j[krs gS vc ik=k B ls ,d xsan ;kn`PN;k fudkydj ik=k A esa j[krs gSA vc ik=k A esa ls ,d xsan
;kn`PN;k fudkyh tkrh gS rks blds yky gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
32
Ans.
55
2. Let p be the probability that a man aged x years will die in a year time. Then find the probability that out
of 'n' men A1, A2, A3,......, An each aged 'x' years. A1 will die & will be the first to die.
ekuk fd ,d O;fDr ftldh vk;q x gSa ds ,d o"kZ esa ejus dh izkf;drk p gSA n O;fDr;ksa A1, A2, A3,......, An ftuesa
izR;sd dh vk;q x o"kZ gS esa ls A1 ds ejus rFkk lcls igys ejus dh izkf;drk gS &
1  (1  p)n
Ans.
n
3. A Sudoku matrix is defined as a 9 × 9 arrary with entries from {1, 2, 3 . . . . . 9} and with the constraint
that each row, each column and each of the nine 3 × 3 boxes that tile the array contains each digit from
1 to 9 exactly once. A Sudoku matrix is chosen at random (so that every Sudoku matrix has equal
probability of being chosen). We know two of square in this matrix as shown. Then find the probability
that the square marked by ? contains the digit 3.
,d oxZ igsyh 9 × 9 js[kkvksa ds lkFk ifjHkkf"kr gS ftlds vo;o {1, 2, 3 . . . . . 9} gSA izfrcU/k ds lkFk izR;sd iafDr]
izR;sd LrEHk rFkk 3 × 3 ds 9 oxksZ eas izR;sd esa vad 1 ls 9 rd Bhd ,d ckj vkrk gSA
,d oxZ igsyh ;kn`fPNd pquh tkrh gS (tcfd izR;sd oxZ igsyh ds pquus dh izkf;drk cjkcj gS) fp=k esa bl igsyh
ds nks oxZ n'kkZ, x, gSA rc fpUg ? okys oxZ esa fpUg ? ds vad 3 gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
ADVPR - 54
Probability
1
2
?
2
Ans.
21
4. 5 girls and 10 boys sit at random in a row having 15 chairs numbered as 1 to 15, then find the
probability that end seats are occupied by the girls and between any two girls an odd number of boys
sit
5 yM+fd;k¡ rFkk 10 yM+ds ,d iafDr esa ;kn`fPNd :i ls 1 ls 15 rd ukekafdr dqflZ;ksa ij cSBrs gSa] rc vafre
dqlhZ;ksa ij yM+fd;k¡ cSBus rFkk nks yM+fd;ksa ds chp esa fo"ke la[;k esa yM+dksa ds cSBus dh izkf;drk gS &
20  10! 5!
Ans.
15!
5. Team A plays with 5 other teams exactly once. Assuming that for each match the probabilities of a win,
draw and loss are equal then find the probability that A wins and losses equal no. of matches.
Vhe A, 5 vU; Vheksa ds lkFk dsoy ,d-,d ckj [ksyrh gSA ;fn gj Vhe ds fy, thrus gkjus vkSj cjkcjh dh
izkf;drk leku gS rks izkf;drk gksxh fd thrus vkSj gkjus dh la[;k] eSpksa dh la[;k ds cjkcj gSA
17
Ans.
81
6. Suppose that S be the set of all the ordered 4-tuples (x, y, z, w) of the +ve integers, which are the
solutions of x + y + z + w = 21. One such ordered tuple of solution is selected at random from S. Then
find the probability that x > y.
ekuk fd S ,d lHkh 4 Øekxr /kukRed iw.kk±dksa (x, y, z, w) dk leqPp; gS tks fd x + y + z + w = 21 ds gy gS S
es ls ,d ;qXe dk ;kn`fPNd p;u fd;k tkrk gS izkf;drk gksxh ;fn x > y :
35
Ans.
76
7. In a betting game in an exhibition two dice P and Q are being used. Dice P has four red faces and two
white faces where as dice Q has two red and four white faces. A fair coin is tossed once. If it shows
head the game continues by throwing dice P. If it falls tail dice Q is thrown. If first n throws of the die all
turns up red then find the probability that P is being used.
,d izn'kZuh ds cYysckth [ksy esa nks ikals P o Q mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSA ikals P ds 4 yky Qyd o 2 lQsn Qyd gS
rFkk ikals Q ds 2 yky o 4 lQsn Qyd gSA ,d fu"i{k flDdk ;kn`PN;k ,d ckj mNkyk x;kA ;fn fpÙk vkrk gS
rks P ds }kjk iklk Qsadk tkrk gS rks ikals Q dks Qsadk tkrk gSA ;fn igys n ckj esa yky jax vkrk gS rks izkf;drk
gksxh fd iklk P dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS :
2n
Ans.
2n  1
ADVPR - 55
Probability
8. On a particular day, six persons pick six different books, one each from different counters at a public
library. At the closing time, they arbitrarily put their books to the vacant counters. Then find the
probability that exactly two books are at their previous places.
fdlh fuf'pr fnu ,d iqLrdky; esa 6 O;fDr 6 vyx-vyx rkfydkvksa ls 6 vyx-vyx fdrkcs mBkrs gSA
iqLrdky; can gksrs le; os viuh fdrkcksa dks [kkyh rkfydk eas ;kn`fPNd j[k nsrs gSA izkf;drk gksxh fd Bhd 2
fdrkcs vius iwoZLFkku ij gS:
Ans. 3/16
9. A dice has one 1, two 2’s and three 3’s on its faces. A player throws it till he gets three consecutive 1’s.
If pn is the probability that no 3 consecutive 1's appear in n throws, then prove that
,d ikls ij ,d ckj 1, nks ckj 2, rhu ckj 3 gSA ,d f[kykM+h bldksa rc rd Qsadrk gS tc rd fd og rhu
Øekxr 1 ugha ik tkrk gSA ;fn r mNkyksa esa rhu Øekxr 1 ds uk vkus dh izkf;drk Pn gksA rc fl) dhft, fd
215
(i) p = p = 1 and vkSj p =
1 2 3 216
5
(ii) pn 
216
pn3  6pn2  36pn1 , n  3
10. n students filled their forms for a competitive exam. Probability that exactly r students will not appear in
the exam is proportional to r. If probability that out of remaining n–r students exactly i students are
selected is proportional to i. Prove that the probability of two students finally selected is
fdlh izfr;ksxh ijh{kk ds fy, n fo|kFkhZ viuk QkeZ Hkjrs gSA Bhd r fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ijh{kk esa uk cSBus dh izkf;drk r
ds lekuqikrh gSA ;fn cps gq, n – r fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ls Bhd i fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds p;u gksus dh izkf;drk i ds lekuqikrh gks]
8   1 1  1 1 1 
rc fl) dhft, dh vUr esa 2 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds p;u gksus dh izkf;drk n     ......    gS
n(n  1)   2 n   3 4 n 
A
8   1 1  1 1 1 
n        ......   
n(n  1)   2 n   3 4 n 
11. In an organization number of women are µ times that of men. If n things are to be distributed among
 1  1 n1 
them then the probability that the number of things received by men are odd is      Evaluate
2 2 
 
.
fdlh laLFkku esa efgykvksa dh la[;k iq:"kksa dh la[;k dk µ xquh gSA ;fn r oLrq,sa muesa ckVauk gks rFkk iq:"kksa }kjk
 1  1 n1 
fo"ke oLrq,sa izkIr djus dh izkf;drk      gksA rc  dk eku Kkr dhft,&
2 2 
 
Ans. =3
12. The color of a person’s eyes is determined by a single pair of genes. If they are both blue eyed genes,
then the person will have blue eyes ; if they are both brown -eyed genes, then the person will have
brown eyes; and if one of them is a blue-eyed gene and the other a brown-eyed gene, then the person
will have brown eyes. (Because of the latter fact we say that the brown-eyed gene is dominant over the
blue-eyed one.) A newborn child independently receives one eye gene from each of its parents and the
gene it receives from a parent is equally likely to be either of the two eye genes of that parent. Suppose
that Smith and both of his parents have brown eyes, but Smith’s sister has blue eyes. Suppose that
Smith’s wife has blue eyes. Find
ADVPR - 56
Probability
(i) What is the probability that both of Smith’s parents has one blue-eyed gene and one brown
eyed gene?
(ii) What is the probability that Smith’s possesses a blue-eyed gene ?
(iii) What is the probability that Smith's first child will have blue eyes ?
(iv) If Smith's first child has brown eyes, what is the probability that both Smith’s genes are brown-
eyed genes?
(v) If Smith's first child has brown-eyes, what is the probability that Smith's next child will also have
brown eyes ?
fdlh O;fDr dh vka[k dk jax dsoy ,d tksM+h thal (Genes) }kjk fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA ;fn O;fDr ds nksuksa vka[kksa ds
thu uhys gS rc mldh vka[ks uhyh gksrh gSA blh izdkj Hkwjs thu ij Hkwjh vka[ksA ysfdu ;fn ,d uhyh thu rFkk
nwljk Hkwjk thu gS] rc Hkh O;fDr dh vka[ks Hkwjh gksrh gSA ¼blh rF; ds dkj.k Hkwjh vka[kksa okys O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k
uhys vka[kksa okys O;fDr;ksa ls T;knk gksrh gSA½ ,d cPpk Lora=k :i ls rFkk lde lEHkkoh :i ls ,d ,d thu vius
eEeh vkSj ikik ls ysrk gSA fLeFk vkSj mlds eEeh vkSj ikik nksuksa dh vka[ks Hkwjh gS] ysfdu fLeFk dh cgu rFkk mldh
iRuh dh nksuksa vka[ks uhyh gSA Kkr dhft,A
(i) fLeFk ds eEeh vkSj ikik nksuksa ds ,d uhyk thu rFkk ,d Hkwjk thu gksus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
(ii) fLeFk ,d uhyk thu j[krk gSA bldh izkf;drk D;k gksxh
(iii) ;fn fLeFk ds igys cPpsa dh vka[ks uhyh gSA rc bldh D;k izkf;drk gSA
(iv) ;fn fLeFk ds igys cPpsa dh vka[ks Hkwjh gSA rc fLeFk ds nksuksa thu Hkwjs gksa bldh D;k izkf;drk gksxh
(v) ;fn fLeFk ds igys cPpsa ds vka[ks Hkwjh gksA rc fLeFk ds nwljs cPps dh vka[ks Hkh Hkwjh gks] bldh izkf;drk
Kkr dhft,A
Ans. (i) 1 (ii) 2/3 (iii) 1/3 (iv) 1/2 (v) 3/4
13. Each square of a 3 × 3 board is coloured either red or blue at random (each having probability 1/2).
Then find the probability that there is no 2 × 2 red square.
3 × 3 ds cksMZ dk izR;sd oxZ ;k rks yky ;k uhys jax (nksuksa dh izkf;drk 1/2 gS) ls jaxk x;k gS rks izkf;drk gksxh
;fn dksbZ 2 × 2 dk oxZ yky ugh gS
417
Ans.
512
14. A fair coin is tossed (2m + 1) times, then find the probability of getting at least m consecutive heads.
,d fu"i{kikrh ikls dks (2m + 1) ckj mNkyk tkrk gS U;wure m Øekxr 'kh"kZ izkIr djus dh izkf;drk gS |
(m  3)2m  1
Ans.
22m 1
15. In a single throw of three dice find the probability of the event ‘a total of 8.
rhu iklksa dks ,d lkFk QSadus ij vadks dk ;ksx vkB vkus dh izkf;drk Kkr djksA
Ans. 7/72
21 7
mijksDr lehdj.k ds gyksa dh la[;k 7C2 gSA n (E) = 21  P= =
216 72
3 5
16. Suppose A & B shoot independently until each hits his target. They have probabilities , of hitting
5 7
the target at each shoot. Find the probability that B will require more shots than A.
ekukfd A rFkk B LoarU=k :i ls ,d y{; dks rc rd fu'kkuk lk/krs gS tc rd fd os muds y{; dks Hksn ugha nsrsA
3 5
izR;sd fu'kkus esa muds y{; dks Hksnus dh izkf;drk,¡ Øe'k% , gSA rc izkf;drk Kkr djks fd B dks y{; Hksnus
5 7
ds fy;s A ls vf/kd fu'kkuksa dh vko';drk gksxhA
6
Ans.
31
ADVPR - 57
Probability
17. A quadratic equation is chosen by selecting to real numbers as its roots such that the quadratic
equation doesn't change by squaring the numbers. Now find probability that both roots are equal .
okLrfod la[;k ds ewyksa dks pqus tkus okyh f}?kkr lehdj.k bl izdkj gS fd la[;kvksa dk oxZ djus ij lehdj.k esa
cnyko ugha gksrk gSA rc izkf;drk Kkr dhft, fd nksuksa ewy cjkcj gSA
1
Ans.
2
18. Five team of equal strength play against each other in a tournament and each match either ends in a
win or loss for a team. Find the probability that no team win all its games or loss all its game.
cjkcj n{krk ds f[kykfM;ksa dh ikap Vhe ,d nqljs dks VwukZesUV esa rFkk izR;sd eSp dk vUr ;k rks thr ;k gkj gks
izkf;drk fd tcfd dksbZ Hkh Vhe blds lHkh eSpks dks thrs ;k lHkh eSpks dks gkjsA
17
Ans.
32
19. If A and B has (n + 1) and n fair coins respectively. Then find the probability that A gets more heads
then B.
;fn A, (n + 1) rFkk B, n fu"i{kikrh flDds j[krs gSA A ds }kjk izkIr 'kh"kZ B ls T;knk gksus dh izkf;drk 1/2 gSA
Ans. 1/2
20. Let the probability pn that a family has exactly n children be pn, where n  1 and p0 = 1 – p(1 + p + p2
+ .....) (0 < , p < 1). Giving birth to a boy and girl is equally likely. If k  1, then find the probability that
the family has exactly k boys.
ekuk fd izkf;drk pn ifjokj ds Bhd n cPpksa dks j[krk gS] pn gSA tgk¡ n  1 rFkk p0 = 1 – p(1 + p + p2 + .....)
(0 < , p < 1) ekuk fd n cPps ds fyax forj.k dh leku izkf;drk j[krk gS n'kkZb;s fd k  1 ds fy, izkf;drk Kkr
dhft, fd ifjokj es Bhd k cPps gSA
2pk
Ans.
(2  p)k 1
9 16
21. A bear hides itself either behind bush A with probability or behind bush B with probability .A
25 25
hunter have 5 bullets each of which can be fired either at bush A or B. Hunter hits each target
independtly with an accuracy of 1/4. How many bullets can be fired at bush A to hit the bear with max.
probability.
9 16
,d Hkkyw ds vius vki >kMh A ds ihNs Nqius dh izkf;drk gS ;k >kMh B ds ihNs Nqius dh izkf;drk gSA
25 25
,d f'kdkjh ds ikl 10 cqysV gS tks ;k rks A ij ;k B ij nkxh tkrh gSA f'kdkjh ,d y{; dks Lora=k :i ls 1/4
rjhds ls Hksfnr djrk gSA >kMh A ij fdruh cqyVs nkxh tkrh gS ftldks Hkkyw ekjus dh vf/kdre izkf;drk gS-
Ans. 1, 2
22. Set A : {randomly choosen 100 years in which 76 are simple and 24 are leap years}
Set B : {randomly choosen 100 years in which 75 are simple and 25 are leap years}
An year is chosen from either set A or set B and is found to have 53 sundays. Probability that the
chosen year was a leap year.
leqPp; A : {;kn`fPnd 100 o"kZ pqus tkrs gS ftlesa 76 lkekU; gS vkSj 24 yhio"kZ gSA}
leqPp; B : {;kn`fPnd 100 o"kZ pqus tkrs gS ftlesa 75 lkekU; gS vkSj 25 yhio"kZ gSA}
leqPp; A ;k leqPp; B ls ,d o"kZ bl izdkj pquk tkrk gS fd 53 jfookj vkrs gSA izkf;drk gksxh fd pquk x;k o"kZ
yhi o"kZ gSA
98
Ans.
249
ADVPR - 58
Probability
23. In ten trials of an experiment, if the probability of getting '4 successes’ is maximum, then find the range
of probability of success in each trial.
,d iz;ksx ds 10 ijh{k.k esa ;fn '4 lQyrk;sa’ izkIr djus dh izkf;drk vf/kdre gS rks fn[kkb, fd izR;sd ijh{k.k esa
lQyrk izkIr djus dh izkf;drk dk ifjlj Kkr dhft,A
4 5
Ans. p  , 
 11 11
24. There are two lots of identical articles with different amounts of standard & defective articles. There are
N articles in the first lot, n of which are defective & M articles in the second lot, m of which are
defective. K articles are selected from the first lot & L articles from the second & a new lot results. Find
the probability that an article selected at random from the new lot is defective.
nks ykWV esa loZle oLrq,a gS tks fd vyx&vyx izdkj dh rFkk nks"k;qDr gSA ;gka izFke ykWV esa N oLrq,a gS] ftuesa ls
n nks"k;qDr gS rFkk f}rh; ykWV esa M oLrq,a gSa ftuesa ls m nks"k;qDr gSA izFke ykWV esa ls K rFkk fa}rh; ykWV esa ls L
oLrq,¡ fudkyh tkrh gSa rFkk ,d u;k ykWV cuk;k tkrk gSaA u;s ykWV esa ls ,d oLrq ds ;kn`fPNd fudkyus ij blds
nks"k;qDr ik;s tkus dh izkf;drk Kkr djksA
K nM  L mN
Ans.
MN (K  L)
25. Find the chance of throwing 10 exactly in one throw with 3 dice.
3 iklksa dks ,d ckj QSadus ij Bhd 10 vkus dh izkf;drk Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 1/8
26^. Two players of equal skill, A and B, are playing a set of games; they leave off playing when A wants 3
points and B wants 2 (in each game winner get one point). If the stake is Rs.1600, what share ought
each to take?
nks f[kykM+h A rFkk B tks fd leku :i ls prqj gSa] [ksyksa dks [ksy jgs gSaA tc A dks 3 rFkk B dks 2 vad fey tkrs gSa
rks os [ksyuk can dj nsrs gSaA ;fn mudk ;g nk¡o 16 :- dk gS] rks izR;sd dks fdruk fgLlk feysxk \
Ans. 500 Rs. & 1100 Rs.
27. A family has three children. Event ‘A’ is that family has at most one boy, Event ‘B’ is that family has at
least one boy and one girl, Event ‘C’ is that the family has at most one girl. Find whether events ‘A’ and
‘B’ are independent. Also find whether A, B, C are independent or not.
,d ifjokj esa 3 cPps gSaA ifjokj esa vf/kdre ,d yM+dk gksus dh ?kVuk ‘A’ gS] ifjokj esa de ls de ,d yM+dk ,oa
,d yM+dh gksus dh ?kVuk ‘B’ gSa vkSj ifjokj esa vf/kdre 1 yM+dh gksus dh ?kVuk 'C' gSaA Kkr dhft, fd ?kVuk,¡ 'A'
vkSj 'B' Lora=k gSa ;k ughaA ;g Hkh Kkr dhft, fd A, B, C Lora=k gSa ;k ughaA
Ans. A and B are independent but A,B,C are not independent
A vkSj B Lora=k gS ijUrq A,B,C Lora=k ugh gSA
28. A line segment of length a is divided in two parts at random by taking a point on it, find the probability
that no part is greater than b, where 2b > a
,d js[kk[k.M ftldh yEckbZ a gSA bl js[kk[k.M dks ;kn`fPNd :i ls ml ij fLFkr fdlh fcUnq ds lkis{k nks VqdM+ksa
esa ck¡V fn;k tkrk gSA bl ckr fd izkf;drk Kkr djsa fd dksbZ Hkh [k.M b ls cM+k u gks]
tgk¡ 2b > a
2b  a
Ans.
a
29. Two ants are on the opposite corners of a grid of size 8 × 8 if they move then what is the probability
that they will meet after each travelled eight steps (Assuming that they do not move in backward
direction)
ADVPR - 59
Probability
nks phafV;k¡ 8 × 8 vkdkj ds ,d fxzM ds foijhr dksukasa ij gS ;fn os nksuksa pyuk vkjEHk djrh gS rks muds izR;sd
vkB in pyus ds ckn] feyus dh izkf;drk D;k gksxh (ekuk fd os ihNs dh vksj ugha pyrh gSA)
16
C8
Ans. 16
2
Comprehension (Q. 30 to 32)
If r1, r2, r3, r4 are four numbers which belongs to the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. If y = ir1  ir2  ir3  ir4 ,
where i = 1
30. Probability of getting y = 4
31. Probability of getting y = –4
32. Probability of getting y = 0
vuqPNsn (iz'u la[;k 30 ls 32)
;fn r1, r2, r3, r4 pkj la[;k;sa leqPp; {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} ls lacfU/kr gS ;fn y = ir1  ir2  ir3  ir4 , tgk¡
i = 1
30. y = 4 vkus dh izkf;drk gS&
31. y = –4 vkus dh izkf;drk gS&
32. y = 0 vkus dh izkf;drk gS&

1 1 9
Ans. 30. 31. 32.
256 256 64
33. Match : A box contains n coins. Let P(Ei) be the probability that exactly i out of n coins are biased.
If P(Ei) is directly proportional to i(i + 1) ; 1  i  n.
(3n  1)
(A) Proportionality constant k is equal to (p)
4n
3
(B) If P be the probability that a coin selected at (q)
n(n  1)(n  2)
random is biased then P is
3
(C) If a coin selected at random is found to be (r)
n2
biased then the probability that it is the only
biased coin in the box is
24
(D) P(En) is equal to (s)
n(n  1)(n  2)(3n  1)
Ans. Aq ; B–p, C–s, d–r
ADVPR - 60
Probability
feyku dhft, :
,d lUnwd es n flDds gSA ekuk P(Ei) izkf;drk gS tcfd n flDdksa esa ls Bhd i flDds i{kikrh flDds gSA ;fn P(Ei),
i(i + 1) ds lekuqikrh gS ; 1  i  n.
(3n  1)
(A) lekuqikrh vpj k cjkcj gS & (p)
4n
3
(B) ;fn P izkf;drk gS fd ,d flDdk ;kn`fPNd (q)
n(n  1)(n  2)
pquk tkrk gS tks i{kikrh gS rc P gS &
3
(C) ;fn ,d flDdk ;kn`fPNd pquk tkrk gS tks i{kikrh ik;k (r)
n2
gS rc lUnwd es dsoy i{kikrh flDdk gksus dh izkf;drk gS &
24
(D) P(En) cjkcj gS & (s)
n(n  1)(n  2)(3n  1)
Ans. Aq ; B–p, C–s, d–r
ADVPR - 61

(10965) Sheet 02 Probability B PDF

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Probability

(I) Important terminology :

In set notation it can be interpreted as the universal set.

Self practice problems :

(iv) Complement of event :

(vii) Equally likely events :

(viii) Mutually exclusive / disjoint / incompatible events :

Note : If Ai  Aj =   i, j  {1, 2, ..., n} where i  j, then A1  A2  A3 ....  An =  but converse need

Self practice problems :

Self practice problems :

(II) Classical (a priori) definition of probability :

Now, A number is divisible by 4, if last two digits of the number is divisible by 4

1,3 2 first 4 places can be filled in 3×3×2×3 = 54 ways

2 4 first 3 places can be filled in 3×3×2 = 18 ways

Self practice problems :

(III) Addition theorem of probability :

P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB)

De Morgan’s laws : If A & B are two subsets of a universal set U, then

Distributive laws : (a) A  (B C) = (A B)  (A C)

For any three events A, B and C we have the figure

The shaded region denotes the simultaneous occurrence of A and B

Self practice problem :

(V) Independent and dependent events

Solution : Consider the following events :

= P(E) P( F ) + P( E ) P(F) [ E and F are independent]

(iii) E1 and E2 are mutually exclusive (iv) E1 & E2 are dependent

(VII) Bayes’ theorem :

Now, P(A  Bi) = P(A) . P(Bi/A) = P(Bi) . P(A/Bi)

Self practice problems :

(VIII) Binomial probability theorem :

Self practice problems :

(IX) Probability distribution :

(ii) Variance of a random variable is given by, 2 = (xi – µ)2 . pi

(iv) iwjd ?kVuk : (Complement of Event)

(vi) feJ ;k la;qDr ?kVuk% (Compound Event)

mnkgj.k # 4 : ,d flDds dks mNkyus ds iz;ksx esa lHkh ?kVuk,¡ fyf[k,A

(II) izkf;drk dh mPp Lrjh; ifjHkk"kk : (Classical (A priori) Definition of Probability)

1,3 2  izFke pkj LFkku 3×3×2×3 = 54 rjhdksa ls Hkjs tk ldrs gSaA

2 4  izFke rhu LFkku 3×3×2 = 18 rjhdksa ls Hkjs tk ldrs gSa

(III) izkf;drk dh ;ksx izes; : (Addition theorem of probability)

fdUgh rhu ?kVukvksa A, B rFkk C ds fy, fuEu js[kkfp=k esa

vr% P  A  B  = P(A) – P(A  B) = 0.11

(V) Lora=k vkSj vkfJr ?kVuk,¡ (Independent and dependent events)

gy : ekuk ?kVuk,¡ fUkEu gSSA

(VI) dqy izkf;drk izes; (Total Probability Theorem)

vc, P(A  Bi) = P(A) . P(Bi/A) = P(Bi) . P(A/Bi)

(VIII) f}in izkf;drk izes; (Binomial Probability Theorem) :

(iii) f}in fopj ‘X’ ds fy, izkf;drk forj.k %

Kkr dhft, fd&

rc f[kykM+h ds fy, [ksy ds Hkqxrku dk laHkkoh eku

 Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.

Section (A) : Problems based on Classical definition of Probability (PRCD)

Find the probability that the rectangle is a square.

A-7. In throwing a pair of dice, find whether the two events

B-2 If P(A) = 0.7 and P(AB) = 0.5 find

Section(C) : Problems based on Conditional Probability/ Total probability & Bayes'

Section (D) : Problem based on Binomial Distribution / Expectation / mean

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

(ii) The range of values of P(A  B) is

(iii) P(A  B) ds ekuksa dk ifjlj gS&

(A) mutually exclusive (B) forming an exhaustive system

PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

(C) n1 = 10 vkSj n2 = 20 (D) n1 = 3 vkSj n2 = 6