IEE Lab Manual PDF

INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
EED101
AUGUST 5, 2014
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Shiv Nadar University
History
Nature of Experiment Nos. Prepared By For the Academic Year

Work
Initial Manual 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 G. Naveen Babu Jan 2012 – May 2012
Preparation
Sandeep Joshi
First change 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 G. Naveen Babu August 2013
Sandeep Joshi
Second Change 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 Madhur Upadhyay August 2014
Atul Vir Singh
G Naveen babu
PC Jain
Contents
History ....................................................................................................................... 1
List of Lab Experiments ................................................................................................... 6
LAB Manual to be prepared by............................................................................................ 6
Lab Manual will contain the following ................................................................................... 7
Lab Evaluation Policy ...................................................................................................... 7
Safety precautions to be taken in the Lab ............................................................................... 8
Regulations and Instructions to students................................................................................ 8
Format of Lab Report ...................................................................................................... 9
EXPERIMENT NO. 1 ...................................................................................................... 10
Aim: ..................................................................................................................... 10
Equipment /Components Required: ................................................................................ 10
Procedure: .............................................................................................................. 10
Observation Table: .................................................................................................... 10
Function generator / DSO ......................................................................................... 10
Multimeter & Power Supply ....................................................................................... 11
Procedure: .............................................................................................................. 11
Result ................................................................................................................... 11
EXPERIMENT NO. 2 ...................................................................................................... 12
Aim: ..................................................................................................................... 12
Equipment / Components Required: ................................................................................ 12
Circuit Diagram: ....................................................................................................... 12
Procedure: .............................................................................................................. 12
Observation Tables: ................................................................................................... 13
Result:................................................................................................................... 13
Experiment No. 3 ......................................................................................................... 14
Aim: ..................................................................................................................... 14
Apparatus Required: .................................................................................................. 14
Diode Characteristics: ................................................................................................. 14
Procedure: .............................................................................................................. 15
Circuit diagram: ........................................................................................................ 16
Observation Table: Forward Characteristics ..................................................................... 16
Reverse Characteristics: .............................................................................................. 16
Zener Diode Characteristics: ......................................................................................... 17
Procedure: .............................................................................................................. 17
Forward Biased: ....................................................................................................... 17
Reverse Bias: ........................................................................................................... 17
Conclusion: ............................................................................................................. 18
Experiment No. 4 ........................................................................................................ 19
AIM: ..................................................................................................................... 19
Apparatus: ............................................................................................................. 19
Useful Equations and Theory: ...................................................................................... 19
Regulation with a varying input voltage (line regulation): .................................................... 19
Regulation with the varying load (load regulation):............................................................ 20
Procedure and Observation Table:- ............................................................................... 20
Line Regulation: .................................................................................................... 20
Load Regulation: ................................................................................................... 21
CONCLUSION:- ......................................................................................................... 21
Experiment 5 ............................................................................................................. 22
Aim: ..................................................................................................................... 22
Equipment /Components Required: ................................................................................. 22
Procedure: .............................................................................................................. 23
Theoretical Calculations: ............................................................................................. 23
Table 1. Practical .................................................................................................... 23
Table 2. Theoretical ................................................................................................ 23
Experiment 6 ............................................................................................................. 25
Aim: ..................................................................................................................... 25
Circuit Diagram: ....................................................................................................... 25
Procedure: .............................................................................................................. 26
Table 1. Equivalent Circuit values ................................................................................ 26
Table 2. Maximum power transfer ................................................................................ 27
Result ................................................................................................................... 27
Experiment 7 ............................................................................................................. 28
Aim: ..................................................................................................................... 28
Circuit Diagram: ....................................................................................................... 28
Procedure: .............................................................................................................. 29
Table 1. Superposition theorem ................................................................................... 30
Result ................................................................................................................... 30
EXPERIMENT NO. 8 ...................................................................................................... 31
Aim: ..................................................................................................................... 31
Equipment /Components Required: ................................................................................ 31
Circuit Diagram: ....................................................................................................... 31
Procedure: .............................................................................................................. 31
Result:................................................................................................................... 33
Experiment No. 9 ......................................................................................................... 34
Aim: ..................................................................................................................... 34
To verify operation of pn junction diode as a clipper circuits. ................................................. 34
Apparatus/Components Required: .................................................................................. 34
Circuit Diagram: Unbiased Ideal clipper ............................................................................ 34
Biased Ideal Clipper: .................................................................................................. 34
Procedure: .............................................................................................................. 35
Result ................................................................................................................... 35
Experiment No. 10 ....................................................................................................... 36
Aim: ..................................................................................................................... 36
Application of PN Junction Diode as .............................................................................. 36
a) Clamper - Positive and Negative Clamper..................................................................... 36
b) Biased Clamper .................................................................................................. 36
Equipment/Components Required: ................................................................................. 36
a) Clamper - Positive and Negative Clamper: ....................................................................... 36
Circuit Diagram ..................................................................................................... 36
Procedure: .............................................................................................................. 36
Result. ................................................................................................................... 37
b) Biased Clamper: .................................................................................................... 37
Circuit Diagram ..................................................................................................... 37
Procedure: .............................................................................................................. 38
Result. ................................................................................................................... 38
Experiment No. 11 ....................................................................................................... 39
Aim: ..................................................................................................................... 39
Equipment/Components Required: ................................................................................. 39
a) Inverting Amplifier: ................................................................................................ 39
Circuit Diagram ..................................................................................................... 39
Sample Calculations: .................................................................................................. 40
Procedure: .............................................................................................................. 40
Observations: .......................................................................................................... 41
Result:................................................................................................................... 41
Sample Calculations: .................................................................................................. 42
Procedure: .............................................................................................................. 42
Observations: .......................................................................................................... 42
Result:................................................................................................................... 43
Experiment No. 12 ....................................................................................................... 44
Aim: ..................................................................................................................... 44
Equipments/Components Required: ................................................................................ 44
a) Summer Amplifier: ................................................................................................. 44
Circuit Diagram ..................................................................................................... 44
Sample Calculation .................................................................................................... 45
Procedure .............................................................................................................. 45
Observations: .......................................................................................................... 45
Result ................................................................................................................... 45
b) Difference Amplifier ............................................................................................... 46
Circuit Diagram ..................................................................................................... 46
Sample Calculation .................................................................................................... 46
Procedure .............................................................................................................. 46
Observations: .......................................................................................................... 46
Result:................................................................................................................... 47
Introduction to Electrical
Engineering
EED 101 Monsoon 2014
List of Lab Experiments
1. Study of Digital storage oscilloscope (DSO), function generator, power supply, Digital
multimeter & Bread board.
a. Generate a Square wave form with magnitude 5 V with 𝑓 = 40 𝐻𝑧 across
Channel A.
b. Generate a Triangular wave form with magnitude 3.5 V with 𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧 across
Channel B.
2. Verify KCL , KVL for the given series and parallel circuit.
3. Draw the VI characteristics of PN junction diode and Zener diode with test
measurements. Compare both the characteristics.
4. Application of zener diode as voltage regulator.
5. Verify Thevenin’s theorem for the given circuit. Also verify the Norton’s theorem.
6. Verify maximum power transfer theorem for the given circuit
7. Verify Superposition theorem for the given circuit.
8. Step response of RC circuit
9. Application of PN Junction diode as
a. Half wave rectifier( Clipper) - Positive and Negative clipper
b. Biased Clipper
10. Application of PN Junction diode as
a. Clamper - Positive and Negative clamper
b. Biased Clamper
11. Application of Operational Amplifier
a. Inverting Amplifier
b. Non Inverting Amplifier
12. Application of Operational Amplifier
a. Summer Amplifier
b. Difference Amplifier
LAB Manual to be prepared by

1. Madhur – 1,2 and 8
2. Atul – 3,4 and 9
3. Naveen – 5,6,7
4. Prof PC Jain – 10,11,12
Lab Manual will contain the following
1. Aim
2. Table with list of equipments to be used with specifications
3. Circuit diagram with values written across the eleements.
4. Observation table
5. Sample Calculation
6. Procedure
7. Graph (if any)
8. Undertaking by the student that the data used in lab exercise is not copied and
obtained after performance.
Lab Evaluation Policy
Lab Policy and Grading Percentage
Mid term 30
End Term 30
Day to Day Evaluation and Lab Report 40
Total 100
Safety precautions to be taken in the Lab
1. Wear Rubber sole shoes while working in lab. Do not wear Slippers/Chappals.
2. Do not touch any naked wire or terminal in the laboratory.
3. While performing the experiment get the circuit checked by Lab
Technician/Instructor before you switch on the power supply.
4. Turn off the switches; clear all loose wires on your table before leaving the laboratory.
5. Be careful of metal objects on your body.
6. Do not wear loose clothes.
Regulations and Instructions to students
1. Reports are due every week at the beginning of the lab class as per the format decided.
2. For extra/incomplete work take time slot from the lab instructor.
3. You are required to be familiar with the location of the emergency trip switch in the
laboratory.
4. You should take explicit permission if you have to leave during the lab.
5. You are required to be punctual, latecomers will be refused entry.
6. Pre-lab questions must be answered prior to the laboratory session.
7. During the lab class, it is required that one student of the group is always at the work
table once the experiment has started.
8. Carry tracing sheets for tracing the waveforms from the oscilloscope.
9. You should carry pen/paper/graph sheet/pencil/calculator.
10. Do not switch on the circuit/experiment until you have it checked once by lab
technician/Instructor
11. At the end of the class hour check what you have to do for your next experiment, hand
in all components issued to you for the lab, see that your lab observation copy has
been signed by the Instructor/lab technician.
12. Use of mobiles is prohibited inside the lab.
13. Keep the work bench neat and tidy.
14. Copying of lab records is not allowed. If found, student(s) will be awarded zero for
that experiment.
Format of Lab Report
TITLE
- Indicate the experiment name.
LAB PARTNER(S) - Specify your lab partner's name.
DATE - Indicate the date the lab was performed.
OBJECTIVE - Clearly state the objective of performing the lab.
EQUIPMENT USED - Indicate which equipment was used in performing the experiment. The
Manufacturer and model number should be specified in a tabular form.
Theory- Brief theory about the experiment
PROCEDURE - Provide a concise summary of the procedure used in the lab.
Circuit Diagram- Draw the circuit diagram neatly with pencil on the left hand side of the lab record.
DATA - Provide a record of the data obtained during the experiment. Data should be retrieved
from the lab notebook and presented in a clear manner using tables.
OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS - The student should state what conclusions can be
drawn from the experiment. Plots, charts, other graphical medium, and equations should be employed to
illustrate the student's viewpoint. Sources of error and percent error should be noted
here.
CONCLUSIONS - The student should present conclusions, which may be logically deduced,
from his/her data and observations.
SIGNATURE - Include the statement "This report is accurate to the best of my knowledge and
is a true representation of my laboratory results and is not copied."
SIGNED _______________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Aim:
Study of Digital storage oscilloscope (DSO), function generator, power supply, Digital multimeter & Bread board.
a. Generate a Square wave form with magnitude 5 V with 𝑓 = 40 𝐻𝑧 across Channel A.
b. Generate a Triangular wave form with magnitude 3.5 V with 𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧 across Channel B.
Equipment /Components Required:

1. Bread board.
2. DC power supply.
3. Digital multimeter (DMM)
4. Digital Signal Oscilloscope (D. S. O.)
5. Function Generator
6. BNC cables
7. Connecting wires
Procedure:
1. Connect the output of function generator to Channel -1 of the DSO through BNC cable.
2. Turn on both function generator and DSO.
3. Select the shape of signal by selection knob (Sine/Triangular/Square) of function generator.
4. Set the required frequency by frequency knob of function generator..
5. Set the required voltage level by amplitude knob of function generator..
6. Adjust the offset as required by offset knob of function generator. (For this case offset is zero.)
7. Adjust the time per division knob of DSO for Channel -1.
8. Adjust the Volt per division knob of DSO for Channel-1.
9. Connect second function generator to channel -2 of the DSO for other signal and repeat the step
from 4 to 8 for channel -2 of DSO.
10. Note down the amplitude, frequency, time period, peak to peak voltage of both signals on DSO
Observation Table:
Function generator / DSO

S.NO. Wave generated Function Generator DSO
Amplitude Frequency Amplitude Frequency
1. Sine
2. Square wave
3. Triangular
SNO. Wave Amplitude Time period Frequency(Hz) Peak to Peak
generated (V) Amplitude
(Vpp)
1. Sine
2. Square
3. Triangular
Multimeter & Power Supply

Procedure:
1. Turn on the power supply. Set 5V DC on power supply.
2. Connect the DMM to the power supply. Set the selection knob of DMM on DC Volt.
3. Measure the voltage on DMM.
4. Take a resistor read the coding on the resistor find theoretical value of resistance.
5. Connect the terminal of resistor with DMM probes.
6. Set DMM knob on resistor value.
7. Note down the resistance value on DMM.
SNO. Theoretical value of Measured value of Error

Resistance Resistance
1.
2.
3.
Bread Board
1. Connect two resistors in series on the bread bord and measure total resistance.
2. Connect two resistors in parallel and measure total resistance.
Result
"This report is accurate to the best of my knowledge and is a true representation of my laboratory results and
is not copied."
SIGNED _______________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Aim:
verify KCL, KVL for the given series and parallel circuit.
Equipment / Components Required:

1. Bread board
2. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
3. Resistors (100 Ω -02, 50Ω -01, 220Ω -02,150Ω -01)
4. DC power supply
5. Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram:
Fig. 1 resistive network
Procedure:
1. The circuit of Fig. 1 contains constant voltage source. Solve this circuit using node-voltage method
(KCL). Determine the currents through all the elements and voltages across all elements. Note carefully
the direction of all currents and the polarity of all voltages. Use Table 1 and Table 2 to record all your
answers.
2. Make circuit on bread board. Connect with DC power supply of 5V.
3. Measure Voltage across and current through DMM.
4. Repeat step 1 to 3 using the mesh current method (KCL).
.
Observation Tables:
Theoretical Values
S.NO. Vs VR1 VR2 VR3 VR4 VR5 VR6 IR1 IR2 IR3 IR4 IR5 IR6
1.
Measured Values
S.NO. Vs VR1 VR2 VR3 VR4 VR5 VR6 IR1 IR2 IR3 IR4 IR5 IR6
1.
Result:
Compare measured and theoretical values. Compare KCL and KVL method.
is not copied."
SIGNED _______________________________________
Experiment No. 3
Aim:
To plot and compare the Current –Voltage (I-V) characteristics of p-n junction diode and Zener diode.
Apparatus Required:
1. P-N Diode (1N4007) and Zener diode (1N 4733A, 5.1 V, 1W)
2. D.C. Regulated Power supply (0-20V)
3. Resistor 1KΩ.
4. Digital multimeter.
5. Bread board.
6. Connecting wires.
Diode Characteristics:
Semiconductor PN junction diode characteristic (Ideal and Practical) are shown in fig. below
Fig. 1 V-I characteristics of diode

Figure 2 shows the current versus voltage curve for a Zener diode. Observe the nearly constant voltage in the breakdown
region. Vz is Zener breakdown voltage.
Fig 2: Zener diode characteristic curve
Procedure:
1. Using bread board, Connect the power supply, voltmeter, current meter with the diode as shown in
the figure for forward bias. You can use multimeter (one to measure current through diode and other
to measure voltage across diode).
2. Increase voltage from the power supply from 0V to 20V in step as shown in the observation table.
3. Measure voltage across diode and current through diode.
4. Note down readings in the observation table.
5. Reverse DC power supply polarity for reverse bias.
6. Repeat the above procedure for the different values of supply voltage for reverse bias.
7. Draw VI characteristics for reverse bias and forward bias in one graph.
8. Similarly, repeat the experiment by replacing normal diode with Zener diode in the circuit.
Circuit diagram:
Fig 3. PN Junction diode
Observation Table: Forward Characteristics
S. VS(V) Voltage Voltage across If

No. across Diode𝑉𝐷 (V) Diode
resistor Current
𝑉𝑅 (𝑉)
1 0
2 0.2
3 0.4
4 0.6
5 0.8
6 1.0
7 2.0
8 4.0
-----
Reverse Characteristics:
S. VS(V) Voltage Voltage across Diode
No. across Diode𝑉𝐷 (V) Current Ir
resistor
𝑉𝑅 (𝑉)
1 0
2 2
3 5
4 8
5 10
6 15
7 20
8 ---
---
Zener Diode Characteristics:

Use circuits as given in Fig.4.
Procedure:
Repeat the experiment with Zener diode.
1. Similar to diode experiment, make the measurement table for Zener diode characteristics.
2. In forward bias it will be similar to the normal diode.
3. For reverse bias monitor the current through the Zener diode and operate within the rated current
value.
4. Operate it within the rated values of current (ask if rating is not known to you).
Forward Biased:
Reverse Bias:
Fig.4 circuit for Zener characteristics

Plot the characteristics of the two diodes on the same graph paper overlapping one above other and compare
them.
Conclusion:
Conclude your findings by writing the observation you made through the graphical analysis.
(During comparison of the two diodes note the reverse breakdown voltage).
is not copied."
SIGNED
Experiment No. 4
AIM:
To study zener diode as voltage regulator and calculate percentage line regulation & load
regulation.
Apparatus:
Zener diode, Resistors, DC Power supply, Multimeter
Fig. 1
(Line Regulation: 𝑅𝑠 = 220Ω, 𝑅𝐿 = 1𝑘Ω, 𝑉𝑠 = (0 − 1 𝑉)),
[Load Regulation: 𝑅𝑠 = 220Ω, 𝑉𝑠 = 10𝑉, 𝑅𝐿 = 100Ω, 150Ω, 180Ω, 220Ω, 1𝑘Ω, 2.2𝑘Ω]
Useful Equations and Theory:
The input source current, IS = IZ + IL………….. (1)
The drop across the series resistance, Rs = Vin – Vz …….. (2)
And current flowing through it, Is = (Vin – VZ) / RS ………….. (3)
From equation (1) and (2), we get, (Vin - Vz )/Rs = Iz +IL ………… (4)
Regulation with a varying input voltage (line regulation):

It is defined as the change in regulated voltage with respect to variation in line voltage. It is
denoted by ‘LR’. In this, input voltage varies but load resistance remains constant hence, the
load current remains constant. As the input voltage increases, form equation (3) Is also
varies accordingly. Therefore, zener current Iz will increase. The extra voltage is dropped
across the Rs. Since, increased Iz will still have a constant Vz and Vz is equal to Vout. The
output voltage will remain constant. If there is decrease in Vin, Iz decreases as load current
remains constant and voltage drop across Rs is reduced. But even though Iz may change, Vz
remains constant hence, output voltage remains constant.
Regulation with the varying load (load regulation):

It is defined as change in load voltage with respect to variations in load current. To calculate
this regulation, input voltage is constant and output voltage varies due to change in the load
resistance value. Consider output voltage is increased due to increasing in the load current.
The left side of the equation (4) is constant as input voltage Vin, IS and Rs is constant. Then
as load current changes, the zener current Iz will also change but in opposite way such that
the sum of Iz and IL will remain constant. Thus, the load current increases, the zener current
decreases and sum remain constant. Form reverse bias characteristics even Iz changes, Vz
remains same hence, and output voltage remains fairly constant.
Procedure and Observation Table:-
Line Regulation:
1. Choose the zener diode to start the experiment, please note it’s rating.
2. Connect the circuit in the breadboard, Insert the series resistance value.
3. Fix the load resistance Rs value.
4. Increase the voltage (Vin) value, greater than Vz (e.g. 5.1 V Zener).
5. Note down the corresponding input voltage and output voltage and tabulate it.
6. Plot the graph in which VIN at x-axis VL at y-axis.
S. No. Vin, (V) IZ IL VL, (V) %

Regulation
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
Calculate the percentage of Line regulation as given by
where V0 is the output voltage and VIN is the input voltage and ΔV0 is the change in output
voltage for a particular change in input voltage ΔVIN.
Load Regulation:
1. First 3 steps are same as above.

2. Fix the power supply at desired voltage (Vin).
3. Change the load Resistance with the interval of 100 Ω/1000 Ω up to maximum range.
4. Note the reading and tabulate it.
5. Plot the graph between V0 along x-axis and RL along y-axis
S.No. RL (ohm) IZ IL Vo (volt) i.e. (VL) %

Regulation
1. 100
2. 150
3. 180
4. 220
5. 1k
6. 2.2k
Let us consider VNL is the output voltage when load resistance is zero and VFL is the output
voltage when load resistance is maximum. Percentage of Load regulation =
where is the null load resistor voltage (ie. remove the load resistance and measure the
voltage across the Zener Diode) and is the full load resistor voltage.
CONCLUSION:-
Depending on your experimental observationand understanding write your conclusion.
is not copied."
SIGNED
Experiment 5
Aim:
To verify Thevenin’s theorem for the circuit diagram given.
S. No Name of the Equipment Specifications / Values Quantity

1 D.C. Regulated Power (0-10V) 1
Supply
2 Resistors a. 50 1
b. 100 2
c. 150 1
d. 220 2
3. Digital Multi-meter - 1
(DMM)
4. Breadboard - 1
5. Connecting Wires - few
Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 2. Thevenin’s equivalent circuit diagram
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit in the breadboard as shown in Figure 1.
2. Open Circuit the load the resistor RL.
3. Using multi-meter, measure the voltage across A-B.
4. Replace the voltage source with a short circuited wire.
5. Using multi-meter, measure the equivalent resistance across A-B. (Note: Change
the multi-meter settings to measure resistance).
6. Observe and enter the readings in Table 1.
7. Verify the same using theoretical calculations and enter the readings in Table 2.
8. Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit with the observed values as shown
in Figure 2.
Theoretical Calculations:
𝑅𝑇ℎ = {[(𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅6 ) + 𝑅2 ] ∥ 𝑅3 } + 𝑅4
Observation Table:
Table 1. Practical
S.NO. VTh (V) RTh ()

1.
Table 2. Theoretical
S.NO. VTh (V) RTh ()

1.
Result
is not copied."
SIGNED
Experiment 6
Aim:
To verify Maximum Power Transfer theorem for the circuit diagram given.

Supply
b. 100 3
c. 150 1
d. 220 3
(DMM)
4. Breadboard - 1
Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit to verify maximum power transfer
Procedure:
2. Open Circuit the load the resistor R L.
3. Using multi-meter, measure the voltage across A-B.
4. Replace the voltage source with a short circuited wire.
5. Using multi-meter, measure the equivalent resistance across A-B. (Note: Change
the multi-meter settings to measure resistance).
6. Observe and enter the readings in practical section of Table 1.
7. Verify the same using theoretical calculations and enter the readings in
theoretical section of Table 1.
8. Connect the equivalent circuit as shown in Figure 2.
9. For the load resistance, connect 50, 100, 150 and 220 one by one
and using multi-meter, measure the Voltage across the load resistance.
10. Note down the observed values in the practical section of Table 2.
11. From the observed values, calculate the observed power and enter the
values in the practical section.
12. Calculate the theoretical load voltage and the respective power for the
resistors and enter the calculated values in the theoretical section of Table
2.
𝑅𝑇ℎ = {[(𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅6 ) + 𝑅2 ] ∥ 𝑅3 } + 𝑅4
𝑅6 𝑅3
𝑉𝑇ℎ = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 ( )( )
𝑅6 + 𝑅1 𝑅3 + 𝑅2
Observation Table:
Table 1. Equivalent Circuit values

S.NO. Practical Theoretical
VTh (V) RTh () VTh (V) RTh ()
1.
Table 2. Maximum power transfer
S.NO. RL () Practical Theoretical
VL (V) 𝐏 = 𝐕𝐋𝟐 /𝑹𝑳 (W) VL (V) 𝐏 = 𝐕𝐋𝟐 /𝑹𝑳 (W)
1. 50
2. 100
3. 150
4. 200
Result
is not copied."
SIGNED
Experiment 7
Aim:
To verify Superposition theorem for the circuit diagram given.

Supply
b. 220 1
(DMM)
4. Breadboard - 1
Circuit Diagram:
Fig. 1 Resistive network
Fig. 2a. Circuit with Voltage source V1 only

Fig. 2b. Circuit with Voltage source V2 only
Procedure:
2. Using multi-meter, measure the voltage across A-B and enter the reading in
Table 1.
3. Replace the voltage source V2 with a short circuited wire as shown in Figure 2a
and enter the reading as VAB1 in Table 1.
4. Now remove the short circuit wire and connect back the voltage source V2.
5. Replace the voltage source V1 with a short circuited wire as shown in Figure 2b
and enter the reading as VAB2 in Table 1.
6. Add VAB1 and VAB2 and enter the sum in the last column of Table 1.
7. Theoretically calculate VAB, VAB1, VAB2 and VABsum and enter the values in the
theoretical section of table 1.
8. Verify the practical and the theoretical values.
𝑅𝑎 = 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑅3
𝑅𝑎
𝑉𝐴𝐵1 = 𝑉1 ( )
𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅1
𝑅𝑏 = 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2
𝑅𝑏
𝑉𝐴𝐵2 = 𝑉2 ( )
𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅3
𝑉𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑢𝑚 = 𝑉𝐴𝐵1 + 𝑉𝐴𝐵2
Observation Table:
Table 1. Superposition theorem
VAB (V) VAB1 (V) VAB2 (V) VABsum (V)

Practical
Theoretical
Result
is not copied."
SIGNED
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
Aim:
To verify and plot the step response of an RC circuit for a D.C. source.

8. Bread board.
9. DC power supply.
10. Digital multimeter (DMM)
11. Resistors.
12. Stop watch.
13. Connecting wires.
Circuit Diagram:
Fig: 1 Circuit Diagram

R = 120KΩ C =1000uF Vi (t) = 25V.
Procedure:
1. Turn on DC power supply.
2. Set DC supply voltage level 25 V. Cross verifies with the help of DMM.
3. Turn off the output of DC power supply.
4. Make the RC circuit on the bread board as shown in Fig. 1.
5. Connect the Output of DC power supply to the bread board as per the Fig.1.
6. Connect the DMM across the capacitor. Turn it on.
7. Turn on the DC power supply and start the stop watch at the same instant.
8. Note down the voltage across capacitor at different instant of time (say after 20 / 30sec)
9. Note down the time when the capacitor get fully charged. The voltage across capacitor also.
10. Reset the stop watch.
11. Turn off power supply output. Short these terminals and start the stop watch at same instant.
12. Note down the voltage across capacitor at different instant of time (say after 20 / 30sec). Note the time
when capacitor gets fully discharges.
13. Repeat the experiment for two more observations. Calculate average charging and discharging time
for RC circuit.
14. Change the resistor with new value R1, keep the capacitor same 1000uF. Repeat steps 4 to13.
15. Keep resistor 120KΩ and capacitor of new value C1. Repeat the steps 4 to 13.
16. Draw voltage V/s time curve for three cases.
Observation Table:
Separate tables for Charging and Discharging of Capacitor

S. No. Vc Time constant
(Voltage across capacitor) (in seconds)
1(Time constant)
2(Time constant)
3(Time constant)
Fig: 2 Capacitor Charging
Fig: 3 Capacitor Discharging

Result:
charging time and discharging time theoretically and measured. What is the effect of change in resistor and
capacitor on charging and discharging time and maximum voltage across the capacitor?
is not copied."
SIGNED
Experiment No. 9
Aim:
To verify operation of pn junction diode as a clipper circuits.
Apparatus/Components Required:
DSO, Resistor (R= 1kohm, RL= 1kohm), Function Generator, Connecting wires, Diode, DC voltage source for
biased clipper (~2V).
Circuit Diagram: Unbiased Ideal clipper
Fig. 1
Change the orientation (polarity of the diode) and write your observation.
Biased Ideal Clipper:

Fig.2
Procedure:
1. Make the circuit as shown in Fig. 1. on breadboard.
2. Generate a waveform by function generator (5- 10 V). and apply to the circuit.
3. See the output waveform in DSO.
4. Observe the out put wave shape, save it, peak voltage.
5. Change the diode polarity and repeat the experiment.
6. Write your observation.
7. Simmilarly, repeat the experiment for biased clipper for given circuits (Fig.2). Use bias voltage (e.g
1.8 V).
Observation Table:
Vin (Input Sine Wave DC Bias Voltage (V) Vo (Positive swing) Vo (negative swing)
Voltage @ 1kHz)
Result
Save the input and out put wave shapes. What are the differences you observe in your input and output
waveform? Write your observations and try to find and understand the reasoning for the same.
is not copied."
SIGNED
Experiment No. 10
Aim:
Application of PN Junction Diode as
a) Clamper - Positive and Negative Clamper
b) Biased Clamper
Equipment/Components Required:
SNO. Name of Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Function Generator 1
2 DSO 1
3 Multiple power Supply 1
4 Bread Board 1
5 Diode IN4001 1
6 Resistors R= 1kohm, C=6.8uF As Required
7 Connecting Wires & As Required
Probes
a) Clamper - Positive and Negative Clamper:
Circuit Diagram
Procedure:
1. Connect capacitor C in series and a diode with downward direction for
negative clipper and upward direction for positive clipper alongwith a resitor
R to ground as shown in circuit diagram
2. Apply square wave at capacitor C input from function generator and
measure output voltage at resistor R using DSO
3. Observe and plot the waveform at the input and outpu
Observation Table:
S.No. input Signal Output Signal Output Signal Results
value value(+) value(-)
1 10V,50Hz. Positive
clipper
2 10V, 50Hz. Negative
clipper
3 10V, 1KHz. Positive
clamper
4 10V , 1KHz. Negative
clamper
Result.
b) Biased Clamper:
Circuit Diagram
Both positive and negative bias of 3V is to be applied in both positive and
negative clamper as shown in Fig. below:
Procedure:
1. Connect capacitor C in series and a diode with downward direction for
negative clipper and upward direction for positive clipper alongwith positive
and negative bias V1and a resitor R to ground as shown in circuit diagram
2. Apply square wave at capacitor C input from function generator and
measure output voltage at resistor R using DSO
3. Observe and plot the waveform at the input and output
Observation Table:
S.No. input Signal Output Signal Output Signal Results

value value(+) value(-)
1 10V,50Hz. Positive
clipper
2 10V, 50Hz. Negative
clipper
3 10V, 1KHz. Positive
clamper
4 10V , 1KHz. Negative
clamper
Result.
is not copied."
SIGNED
Experiment No. 11
Aim:
Application of Operational Amplifier using Op-Amp IC- 741
a) Inverting Amplifier
b) Non-Inverting Amplifier
Equipment/Components Required:
2 DSO/CRO 1
4 Bread Board 1
5 Op-Amp IC -741 1
6 Resistors 𝑅1 = 1K &𝑅𝐹 = 2.2KΩ As Required
Proves
a) Inverting Amplifier:
Circuit Diagram
Sample Calculations:
Voltage Gain = - 𝑅𝐹 /𝑅1

Input Voltage 𝑉𝑖 = 5 V/10V (𝑉𝑃−𝑃 ) and Frequency (f) = 50Hz
Output Voltage = - (𝑅𝐹 /𝑅1 )* 𝑉𝑖
Here the Negative sign indicates that the output voltage is 1800 out of phase
with the input.
Procedure:
1. Insert IC 741 in the breadboard

2. Connect resistance R1 of 1kohm between pin2 of IC741 and Function
generator leads
3. Connect RF 2.2kohms between pin 2 and 6
4. Connect pin3 to ground
5. Apply +Vcc to pin 7 and -Vcc to pin 4
6. Connect DSO leads to pin 6 and ground
7. Apply Vi sine wave from function generator to resistor R1
8. Measure the Vo at pin 6 using DSO
9. Observe the phase relationship between Vi and Vo in DSO and plot the
waveforms
Observations:
SNO. Input Amplitude Time Output Amplitude
(Volts) period(Sec) (Volts)
Practical Theoretical
1.
2.
Result:
b) Non-
Inverting
Amplifier:
Circuit
Diagram:
Sample Calculations:
Voltage Gain = [1 +(𝑅𝐹 /𝑅1 )]
Input Voltage 𝑉𝑖 = 5 V/10 V (𝑉𝑃−𝑃 ) and Frequency (f) = 50Hz
Output Voltage = [1 + (𝑅𝐹 /𝑅1 )]*𝑉𝑖
Procedure:

2. Connect resistance R1 of 1kohm between pin2 of IC741 and ground
3. Connect RF 2.2kohms between pin 2 and 6
4. Connect pin3 to Function generator leads
6. Connect DSO leads to pin 6 and ground
7. Apply Vi sine wave from function generator to pin 3
8. Measure the Vo at pin 6 using DSO
9. Observe the phase relationship between Vi and Vo in DSO and plot the
waveforms
Observations:
SNO. Input Amplitude Time Output
(Volts) period(Sec) Practical Theoretical
1.
2.
Result:
is not copied."
SIGNED
Experiment No. 12
Aim:
Application of Operational Amplifier
a) summer Amplifier
b) Difference Amplifier.
Equipments/Components Required:
2 DSO 1
4 Bread Board 1
5 Op-Amp IC -741 1
6 Resistors 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 =1KΩ, As Required
Rf=1kΩ
Probes
a) Summer Amplifier:
Circuit Diagram
Fig 1: Summer Amplifier circuit Diagram

Sample Calculation
𝑅 𝑅
Output voltage (VO) = – [ 𝐹 𝑉1 + 𝐹 𝑉2 ]
𝑅1 𝑅2
Procedure

2. Connect resistance R1 and R2 of 1kohm between pin2 of IC741 and two DC
sources
3. Connect RF 1kohms between pin 2 and 6
4. Connect pin3 to ground
6. Connect DMM to pin 6 and ground
7. Apply V1 at resistor R1 and V2 at resistor R2
8. Measure the Vo at pin 6 using DMM
Observations:
SNO. Input Voltage (Volts) Output Voltage (Volts)
V1 V2
1.
2.
Result
b) Difference Amplifier
Circuit Diagram
Fig: 2 Difference Amplifier Circuit diagram
Sample Calculation
𝑅 𝑅
Output voltage (VO) = [ 𝐹 𝑉2 − 𝐹 𝑉1 ]
𝑅1 𝑅1
Procedure

2. Connect resistance R1 of 1kohm between pin2 of IC741 and a DC source
3. Connect RF 1kohms between pin 2 and 6
4. Connect resistance R2 of 1kohm between pin3 and another DC source and
R3 of 1kohm between pin3 and ground
6. Connect DMM to pin 6 and ground
7. Apply V1 at resistor R1 and V2 at resistor R2
8. Measure the Vo at pin 6 using DMM
Observations:
SNO. Input Voltage (Volts) Output Voltage (Volts)

V1 V2
1.
2.
Result:
is not copied."
SIGNED

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INTRODUCTION TO

Nature of Experiment Nos. Prepared By For the Academic Year

List of Lab Experiments

LAB Manual to be prepared by

Lab Manual will contain the following

Lab Evaluation Policy

Lab Policy and Grading Percentage

Day to Day Evaluation and Lab Report 40

Regulations and Instructions to students

LAB PARTNER(S) - Specify your lab partner's name.

DATE - Indicate the date the lab was performed.

OBJECTIVE - Clearly state the objective of performing the lab.

Theory- Brief theory about the experiment

PROCEDURE - Provide a concise summary of the procedure used in the lab.

Equipment /Components Required:

Function generator / DSO

Multimeter & Power Supply

SNO. Theoretical value of Measured value of Error

Equipment / Components Required:

Fig. 1 resistive network

Fig. 1 V-I characteristics of diode

Fig 2: Zener diode characteristic curve

Fig 3. PN Junction diode

Observation Table: Forward Characteristics

S. VS(V) Voltage Voltage across If

Zener Diode Characteristics:

Fig.4 circuit for Zener characteristics

Useful Equations and Theory:

The input source current, IS = IZ + IL………….. (1)

The drop across the series resistance, Rs = Vin – Vz …….. (2)

And current flowing through it, Is = (Vin – VZ) / RS ………….. (3)

Regulation with a varying input voltage (line regulation):

Regulation with the varying load (load regulation):

Procedure and Observation Table:-

S. No. Vin, (V) IZ IL VL, (V) %

1. First 3 steps are same as above.

S.No. RL (ohm) IZ IL Vo (volt) i.e. (VL) %

Equipment /Components Required:

S. No Name of the Equipment Specifications / Values Quantity

Fig. 1 resistive network

S.NO. VTh (V) RTh ()

S.NO. VTh (V) RTh ()

Equipment /Components Required:

S. No Name of the Equipment Specifications / Values Quantity

Fig. 1 resistive network

Table 1. Equivalent Circuit values

Equipment /Components Required:

S. No Name of the Equipment Specifications / Values Quantity

Fig. 1 Resistive network

Fig. 2a. Circuit with Voltage source V1 only

VAB (V) VAB1 (V) VAB2 (V) VABsum (V)

Equipment /Components Required:

Fig: 1 Circuit Diagram

Separate tables for Charging and Discharging of Capacitor

Fig: 2 Capacitor Charging

Fig: 3 Capacitor Discharging

Circuit Diagram: Unbiased Ideal clipper

Biased Ideal Clipper:

a) Clamper - Positive and Negative Clamper:

S.No. input Signal Output Signal Output Signal Results

Voltage Gain = - 𝑅𝐹 /𝑅1

1. Insert IC 741 in the breadboard