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Ccalorimeter =
In the second part of this experiment, the team will measure the enthalpy of the
dissolution of each salt using two Styrofoam cups constructing a calorimeter. Two trials
will be performed for each salt, and the average molar heat of dissolution will be
calculated as the final molar heat for the given salt. A thermogram will be recorded and
graphed to find the stabilizing temperature of each salt. From our findings, we will be
able to conclude whether the enthalpy is exothermic or endothermic. An exothermic
reaction between a salt and water produces a hot pack because the heat released will raise
the temperature of the contents. An endothermic reaction will produce a cold pack
because the heat will be absorbed thus lower the temperature in the pack. To determine
the unit production cost, we will base it on the mass we found in out previous steps in
order to determine if the company will make a profit per pack.
Calculations for determining the ΔHdissolution of each salt
ΔHdissolution =
moles of substance =
Experimental Procedure
1. Press the On button on the MeasureNet station.
a. Press Main Menu, then F2, Temperature, then F1, Temperature vs. Time.
b. Half fill a 150-ml beaker with ice and water. Press Calibrate calibrate the
temperature probe. When prompted, enter 0.0 °C as the actual temperature of
the constant. Press Enter. Place the temperature probe in the ice water. Stir
temperature probe until the temperature reaches near 0.0 °C. Press Enter.
c. Remove the temperature probe.
d. Press SetUp then Press F1 to set the limits for the graph. Use the arrow keys
to move from min to max. The Y-axis is for temperature, so set the min
temperature 15-18°C. Press Enter.
f. The X-axis is for time. Set X axis limits from 0 seconds (min) to 250 seconds
(max). (If the experiment is completed before 250 seconds elapses, press
Stop at any time to end the experiment).
g. When steps e-g are completed, press Display to accept all values. The
MeasureNet workstation is now ready to record a thermogram.
h. After 5-10 seconds, raise the calorimeter lid, and quickly but carefully
pour the hot water into the calorimeter. Immediately replace the lid.
i. When the temperature has risen and become stable at the final
temperature, press Stop.
j. Press File Options. Press F3 to save the thermogram. Enter a 3 digit code
when prompted. Record the file number.
k. Press Display to clear the thermogram.
l. Repeat steps a-k to record a second trial.
m. From the tab delimited files saved and emailed to partners, create plots of
temperature versus time graph using Excel. Save this part for after the lab.
n. Using the thermograms, determine the equilibrium temperature. Record in
lab report
3. Determine the molar heat of dissolution for each of the sample salts.
a. Use the same calorimeter setup in the first part of the experiment.
b. Obtain 1.000 grams each of ammonium nitrate, calcium chloride, lithium
chloride, and potassium chloride. Record the exact mass of each of the
salts to three decimal places (0.001g).
c. Obtain 25.0 mL of distilled water. Determine the mass of the distilled
water to three significant figure, assuming the density is 1.00 g/L. Record
the initial temperature of the water to one decimal place (0.0°C).
d. Add the water to the calorimeter. Press Start. Wait 5-10 seconds, raise the
calorimeter lid and add one of the salts from above. Wait for the final
temperature to stabilize. Press Stop.
e. Press File Options, then F3 to save the thermogram. Enter a 3 digit code
when prompted. Record the file number.
f. Press Display to clear the thermogram
g. Remove the temperature probe assembly from the mixture. Remove the
stir bar with a magnetic rod. Thoroughly rinse the stir bar and temperature
probe with distilled water and dry with towel.
h. Decant the mixture into the sink and thorough rinse and dry the
calorimeter.
i. Repeat steps c-h using each salt.
j. Perform a second trial, repeating steps c-i.
k. Use the thermograms to determine the ΔHdissolution for each trial and find
the average for each salt. Determine which salt is exothermic or
endothermic.
Create a Thermogram
f. Click Next. Then highlight all cells in columns A and B that contain time and
temperature data. An XY plot of the data will appear.
g. Click Next. Click Titles. Chart Title is the name of the plot. Enter a name for your
plot. The x-value box is for labeling the X axis (Time, s), and the y-value box is
for labeling the Y axis (Temperature, °C) on your plot.
h. If you wish to remove the gridlines, Click on Gridlines and click on the axes that
are checked to turn off the gridlines.
i. Click Next. You can save the plot as a separate sheet, which can then be printed.
Alternatively, you can save it as an object in the current worksheet.
Results
= 118. 4 J/°C
( )
ΔHdissolution =
( )
Potassium Chloride: ( ) ( ) ( )
Mass solution = 23.389 g + 1.378 g = 24.767 g
−qdissolution = -((24.767 g)(4.184 J/g°C)(14.46°C-20.19°C))+((118.4 J/°C)( 14.46°C-
20.19°C)) = -84.66 J
Moles ( ) = ( )
( )
ΔHdissolution =
( )
Lithium Chloride: ( ) ( ) ( )
Mass solution = 22.583 g + 1.061 g = 23.644 g
−qdissolution = -((23.644 g)( 4.184 J/g°C)(35.22°C-19.09 ⁰C))+((118.4 J/°C)(35.22°C-19.09
⁰C)) = 314.1 J
Moles ( ) ( )
( )
ΔHdissolution =
( )
Calcium Chloride: ( ) ( ) ( )
Mass solution = 25.000 g + 1.031 g = 26.031 g
−qdissolution = -((26.031 g)( 4.184 J/g°C)(23.31°C-18.78⁰C))+((118.4 J/°C)(23.31°C-
18.78⁰C)) = 42.97 J
Moles ( ) ( )
( )
ΔHdissolution =
( )
( )
ΔHdissolution =
( )
Potassium Chloride: ( ) ( ) ( )
Mass solution = 25.026 g + 1.023 g = 26.049 g
−qdissolution = -((24.767g)(4.184 J/g°C)(18.71 ⁰C -20.19°C))+((118.4 J/°C)( 18.71 ⁰C -
20.19°C)) = -21.87 J
Moles ( ) = ( )
( )
ΔHdissolution =
( )
Lithium Chloride: ( ) ( ) ( )
Mass solution = 25.030 g + 1.034 g = 26.064 g
−qdissolution = -((26.064 g)( 4.184 J/g°C)(25.94°C-18.72 ⁰C))+((118.4 J/°C)(25.94°C-18.72
⁰C)) = 67.49 J
Moles ( ) ( )
( )
ΔHdissolution =
( )
Calcium Chloride: ( ) ( ) ( )
Mass solution = 25.018 g + 1.030 g = 26.048 g
−qdissolution = -((26.048 g)( 4.184 J/g°C)(23.69°C-18.51⁰C))+((118.4 J/°C)(23.69°C-
18.51⁰C)) = 48.77 J
Moles ( ) ( )
( )
ΔHdissolution =
( )
3. What is the average ΔHdissolution for each salt? Which salt is exothermic and
endothermic?
Ammonium Nitrate
ΔHdissolution: Endothermic
Potassium Chloride
ΔHdissolution: Endothermic
Lithium Chloride
Potassium Chloride
Lithium Chloride
Calcium Chloride
Bibliography
Stanton, B. ; Zhu, L. ; Atwood, C. H. Experiments in General Chemistry featuring
MeasureNet, 2nd ed.; Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning: Belmont, 2006; p 243-251, p 395-
399