NAME:

HAROON HANIF

ENROLLMENT NUMBER:
FA18M3MA007

CLASS:
MBA (04 YEARS)

SEMSTER:
2nd (SPRING 2019)

COURSE TITLE:
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN NBUSINESS

COURSE CODE:
DMS - 21203

SUBMITTED TO:
MR. MOHSIN MATEEN
LECTURER ON COMPUTER APPLICATION IN BUSINESS
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

OPERATING SYSTEM
The software used to control, monitor, or facilitate the use of the computer is called system
software.
System software provides the interface to the computer and controls basic operations like saving data
on the disk, making computer to work for our use, printing, etc. The system software includes the
operating system, the language translators, the linkers, loaders and utility programs, etc.

Definition:
“An operating system is a set of programs running on a computer system, and provides an
environment in which other programs can be executed and the computer system can be used
effectively”

Programmers and users

Operating System
Hardware

Application Programs

The operating systems provides the most common functions needed

by any user. In this way the operating wraps around the hardware. This is shown in the figure above.
From the figure it is obvious that the operating system will not provide programs for doing different
tasks but will also provide an interface to its users (i.e. programs, programmers etc.).

Examples of Operating Systems

Laptops, tablets, and desktop computers all run operating systems that you've probably heard of.
Some examples include versions of Microsoft Windows (like Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows
7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP), Apple's Macintosh OS (formerly OS X), Chrome OS,
BlackBerry Tablet OS, and flavors of the open source operating system Linux.
 Types of Operating System
1. Single- and multi-tasking
A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time, while a multi- tasking operating system
allows more than one program to be running in concurrency. This is achieved by time sharing, where
slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems, such
as Solaris and Linux—as well as non-Unix-like, such as Amiga OS—support preemptive
multitasking. Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the
other processes in a defined manner.16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-
tasking.32-bit versions the available processor time is divided between multiple processes. These
processes are each interrupted repeatedly in time slices by a task-scheduling subsystem of the
operating system. Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co-operative types. In
preemptive multitasking, the operating system of both Windows NT and Win9x, used preemptive
multi-tasking.

2. Single- and multi-user

Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users, but may allow multiple
programs to run in tandem. A multi-user operating system extends the basic concept of multi-tasking
with facilities that identify processes and resources, such as disk space, belonging to multiple users,
and the system permits multiple users to interact with the system at the same time. Time-sharing
operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting
software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources to multiple
users.

3. Distributed
A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a
single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate
with each other gave rise to distributed computing. Distributed computations are carried out on more
than one machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation, they form a distributed system. \

4. Templated
In an OS, distributed and cloud computing context, templating refers to creating a single virtual
machine image as a guest operating system, then saving it as a tool for multiple running virtual
machines. The technique is used both in virtualization and cloud computing management, and is
common in large server warehouses.

5. Embedded
Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are
designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to operate with
a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design.
WINDOWS CE and MINIX 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.

6. Real-time
A real-time operating is an operating system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific
moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when
multitasking, it uses specialized scheduling algorithms so that a deterministic nature of behavior is
achieved. An event-driven system switches between tasks based on their priorities or external events
while time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.

7. Library
A library operating system is one in which the services that a typical operating system provides, such
as networking, are provided in the form of libraries and composed with the application and
configuration code to construct a unikernel: a specialized, single address space, machine image that
can be deployed to cloud or embedded environments.

Functions of Operating System

There are Many Functions those are Performed by the Operating System But the Main Goal of
Operating System is to Provide the Interface between the user and the hardware Means Provides the
Interface for Working on the System by the user. The various Functions those are Performed by the
Operating System are as Explained below:-
1. Operating System as a Resource Manager: 
Operating System Also Known as the Resource Manager Means Operating System will Manages
all the Resources those are Attached to the System means all the Resource like Memory and
Processor and all the Input output Devices those are Attached to the System are Known as the
Resources of the Computer System and the Operating system will Manage all the Resources of the
System. The Operating System will identify at which Time the CPU will perform which Operation
and in which Time the Memory is used by which Programs. And which Input Device will respond to
which Request of the user means When the Input and Output Devices are used by the which
Programs. So this will manage all the Resources those are attached to the Computer System. 
2. Storage Management:
Operating System also Controls the all the Storage Operations means how the data or files will
be Stored into the computers and how the Files will be Accessed by the users etc. All the
Operations those are Responsible for Storing and Accessing the Files is determined by the Operating
System Operating System also Allows us Creation of Files, Creation of Directories and Reading and
Writing the data of Files and Directories and also Copy the contents of the Files and the Directories
from One Place to Another Place.  
3. Process Management: 
The Operating System also Treats the Process Management means all the Processes those are
given by the user or the Process those are System‘s own Process are Handled by the Operating
System. The Operating System will create the Priorities foe the user and also start or Stops the
Execution of the Process and Also Makes the Child Process after dividing the Large Processes into
the Small Processes. 
4. Memory Management: 
Operating System also manages the Memory of the Computer System means Provide the Memory to
the Process and Also DE allocate the Memory from the Process. And also defines that if a Process
gets completed then this will DE allocate the Memory from the Processes. 
 5. Extended Machine: 
Operating System also behaves like an Extended Machine means Operating system also Provides us
Sharing of Files between Multiple Users, also Provides Some Graphical Environments and also
Provides Various Languages for Communications and also Provides Many Complex Operations like
using Many Hardware’s and Software’s.  
6. Mastermind: 
Operating System also performs Many Functions and for those Reasons we can say that Operating
System is a Mastermind. It provides Booting without an Operating System and Provides Facility to
increase the Logical Memory of the Computer System by using the Physical Memory of the
Computer System and also provides various Types of Formats like NTFS and FAT File Systems.

Operating System also controls the Errors those have been Occurred into the Program and Also
Provides Recovery of the System when the System gets Damaged Means When due to Some
Hardware Failure , if System Doesn’t Works properly then this Recover the System and also Correct
the System and also Provides us the Backup Facility. And Operating System also breaks the large
program into the Smaller Programs those are also called as the threads. And execute those threads
one by one.

Features of Windows 10
For organizations and their employees, Windows 10 may very well be Microsoft’s greatest platform
ever made. Windows 10 is not only more familiar from a user experience standpoint, but it also
includes so much of what businesses need—including enterprise-grade security, identity and
information protection features, which reduces complexity and proves a better experience for the
modern needs of business.
The newest powerhouse platform offers a host of new and advanced features; below are our top five:

1. New Start Menu

Microsoft has brought back the Start Menu. Now, when you click on the Start button at the bottom
left of the screen, you get two panels side by side, with the left column showing pinned, recently and
most-used apps.
You also get a power button at the top for options such as Hibernate, Standby and Shutdown, while
the right column features a selection of live tiles that you can customize, resize and reorganize. Plus,
you can have the Start Menu expand to full screen whenever you want, eliminating the need for a
Modern UI Start Screen.
2. Cortana Integration
Windows 10 will bring Microsoft’s voice-controlled digital assistant Cortana to desktop computers,
to make it easier for you to interact with your device without lifting a finger. You will be able to
search your hard drive for specific files, pull up photos from specific dates, or launch PowerPoint
presentations just by telling your PC to do so. You can even get Cortana to send an email while
you’re working on a spreadsheet, making multi-tasking much easier.

3. Microsoft Edge Web Browser

Internet Explorer was replaced by Microsoft Edge, which features a new rendering engine called
EdgeHTML. Edge also integrates with the Cortana Digital Assistant to provide voice control, search,
and personalized info to users.
Users can also use Edge to annotate web pages, and these annotations are stored on One Drive and
can be used with other users. There is also a “Reading List” function that syncs content between
devices and a “Reading Mode” that strips out formatting to allow easier reading on devices. Many of
the alterations have been made to keep Edge more in line with rival browsers, such as Chrome and
Firefox.

4. Virtual Desktops
Unless you have a multi-monitor setup it can be easy to run out of screen space. For that reason,
Windows 10 provides multiple desktops that you can work in and quickly switch between. The
virtual desktops feature in Windows 10 is called “Task View” and is located on the Taskbar. To add
a new desktop, all you need to do is click the Plus sign. You create multiple desktops, and switching
between them is just a matter of clicking the Task View button again and moving your mouse over
the thumbnail of the one you want. Once the workspace is displayed above, click on it (or click the
Task View button again) to start using it.

5. Universal Apps
To make the transition across devices more seamless, Microsoft is introducing a new category of
software called Universal Apps, which use the same code but adapt their interface to the device in
your hand. Microsoft is also bundling its own set of Universal apps with the OS, including Photos,
Videos, Music, Maps, People & Messaging and Mail & Calendar, which all function the same way
on tablets, phones and PCs. The content is stored and synced via Microsoft’s cloud service One
Drive so you can pick up where you left off on another device.