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 Tazkirah & Peringatan
Fasa ke-4
• Dunia dikuasai oleh bukan Islam
• Meskipun negara dipimpin oleh alim ulama’,
namun masih lagi berlawanan arus gelombang
dunia ketika ini - umat Islam diserang (Cth:
Sultan Brunei vs Hudud)
• Cabaran umat Islam kini sangat hebat lalu Allah
akan memberikan pahala
sebanyak 50 orang soleh zaman Rasulullah SAW
/ sahabat nabi jika ia mempertahankan Islam.
 Penanda aras kedatangan
Qiamat (Fasa ke-4)
• Sudah berlaku: • Belum berlaku:
1. Orang Arab sedang berlumba- 1. Peperangan merebut emas di
lumba membina bangunan tingi- Iraq
tinggi 2. Kejatuhan ekonomi dunia
2. Sg Fujrat sudah mengering sejak sehingga matawang kertas tidak
2014 lagi bernilai
3. Apabila ramai kalangan wanita 3. Arab dipimpin oleh keturunan
adalah biduanita dan ia menjadi Rasulullah tetapi tidak mengikut
perkara biasa ajaran Islam
4. Muzik diterima di mana-
mana termasuk negara Arab
5. Perebutan takhta selepas
kewafatan sultan di Arab**
2.2 Fractional Conversions
 Fractions

• Number point or radix point

Decimal point in base 10
Binary point in base 2
• No exact relationship between fractional
numbers in different number bases
Exact conversion may be impossible
 Decimal Fractions

• Move the number point one place to the right

Effect: multiplies the number by the base number
Example: 139.010 139010

• Move the number point one place to the left

Effect: divides the number by the base number
Example: 139.010 13.910
Decimal Fraction
Converting Base 10 and Base 2
 Decimal Fractions
Base 10 and Base 2

• No general relationship between fractions of types 1/10 k

and 1/2k
Therefore a number representable in base 10 may
not be representable in base 2
But: the converse is true: all fractions of the form
1/2k can be represented in base 10
• Fractional conversions from one base to another are
stopped
If there is a rational solution or
When the desired accuracy is attained
 Decimal Fractions
Mixed number conversion

• Integer and fraction parts must be converted

separately
• Radix point: fixed reference for the conversion
Digit to the left is a unit digit in every base
B0 is always 1 regardless of the base
 Decimal fraction to
binary conversion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FA8yQ0cZyE
 Binary fraction
to decimal conversion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQD3KRPOKNI&t=65s
2.3 Representations for
signed integers
 Complementary Representation

• We normally represent signed integers by a plus

or minus sign and a value
• In computers, we cannot use a sign symbol
Must restrict to 0’s and 1’s
• Representation of signed numbers:
Sign-and-magnitude
1s complement
2s complement
Sign and Magnitude Representation

• Represent signed integers by a plus or minus sign

and a value
• In computer, we cannot use a sign
Must restrict to 0’s and 1’s
• Example:
 One’s Complement

• Numbers that begin with 0 are positive

• Numbers that begin with 1 are negative
• Performed by changing every 0 to 1 and
every 1 to 0 (inversion) → FLIP!
• Example:
 Two’s Compliment
Find the 1’s complement and add 1 to the result. For example, 2’s complement of +2 in binary.
 2nd compliment

Find 2nd compliment of the value 0000

0101 2.

Fast technique: Find the no 1 first from the

right to the left, maintain the first no 1 and
not(inverse) the others.
1111 1011 2

Check:
1st compliment 1111 1010
Add 1 = 1111 1011
2.4 Arithmetic Operations
(addition and subtraction)
 Addition
Addition in Octal

Carry Carry
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4568 777148
+ 1238 + 768
6018 1000128
Remember!!
Digits in Octal are 0
to 7.
 Carry Octal no
1 1
01234567
4568 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
+ 1238 30 ….....

6018 6+3 = 11
Carry 5+2+1 = 10
1 1 1 1 1 4+1+1=6
777148
4+6=12
+ 768 1+1+7=11
7+1=10
1000128
 Addition
Addition in Hexadecimal

Carry 0
1 1 Dec no Hex no

7A616 16 10
9 17 11
+ 2BA16 10 A 18 12
19 13
11 B
A6016 12 C
20 14
21 15
13 D 22 16
6+A=(6+10=16 10)= 10
1+A+B = (1+10+11 = 22 10) = 16 14 E 23 17
7+2+1 = (10 10) = A 15 F
 Addition
Addition in Binary

Carry Carry
1 0 1 1 1
1112 7 001112 7
+ 102 + 2 + 101012 +21
10012 9 111002 28
 Subtraction
Subtraction in Octal

+8 Borrow
2 4 +8

3568 3568
- 1578 - 1578
1778 1778
 Subtraction
Subtraction in Hexadecimal

0
Borrow

B +16 9 +16
C9AD16 C9AD16 9
10 A
- 5A8F16 - 5A8F16 11 B
12 C
6F1E16 6F1E16 13 D
14 E
15 F
 Subtraction
Subtraction in Binary

Borrow

1 1
0 10 10 10
110002 110002
- 1112 - 1112
100012 100012