1. The word ‘bit’ is a contraction for what two words?

Binary digit

2. Explain how the terms bit, byte, nibble, and word are related.

Bit: The most basic unit of information, or an state of “on” or “off”(high or low too)
within a computer circuit.
Byte: Group of 8 bits.
Nibble: The division of an 8-bit byte into two 4-bit halves.
Word: Two or more adjacent bites.

3. Why are binary and decimal numbers called positional numbering

systems?

A numeric value can be represented through increasing powers of a radix (or

base). The two most important radices in computer science are binary (base two)
and hexadecimal so you can use this set of numerals for a positional numbering
system which is going to be equal in size to the radix of the system.

4. Explain how base 2, base 8, and base 16 are related.

Those values are correlated because are the number system positional depending
the power of the base. Binary, octal and hexadecimal are base 2, 8 and 16,
respectively.

5. What is overflow, and how can it be detected? How does overflow in

unsigned numbers differ from overflow in signed numbers?
Overflow is a condition that occurs in unsigned binary representations when the
result of an arithmetic operation is not in the range of accurate allowable for the
given number of bits expected.
It can be detected if the carry into the sign bit is different from carry out of the sign
bit.
Overflow in signed numbers occurs when the sign of the result is not correct.
Convert the following unsigned binary numbers to decimals.
a. 10102 b. 1101102
1 0 1 0
  2 4 10 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
  2 6 12 26 54
  2 5 a. 10102 =10
10
 x 1 1 0 1 1 0
x2 x2  x2 
2
2 4 10 20   3 6 13 27 54 1101102 =54
x x2 x2 x2 x2 x2
2
10
2 6 12 26 54
8

c. 111100002

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

  2 6 14 30 60 120 240

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
  3 7 15 30 60 120 240 111100002 =240
x
x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 x2
2
2 6 14 30 60 120 240 480
 d. 000110001010011102

0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
  0 0 0 2 6 12 24 48 98 196 394 788 1576 3154 6310 12622
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
  0 0 1 3 6 12 24 49 98 197 394 788 1577 3155 6311 12622
x2 x2  x2  x2  x2  x2  x2  x2  x2 x2  x2  x2  x2  x2  x2  x2 
0 0 0 2 6 12 24 48 98 196 394 788 1576 3154 6310 12622

111100002 =12622

2.

Hexadecimal Decimal
number 
(A5)16 Ax161 + 5x160 10x16 + 5x1 (165)10
(3B)16 3x161 + Bx160 3x16 + 11x1 (59)10
(FFEF)16 Fx163 + Fx162 + Ex161 + 15x4096 + 15x256 + (65519)10
Fx160 14x16 + 15x1
(D0000000)16 Dx167 + 0x166 + 0x165 + 13x268435456 + (3489660928)10
0x164 + 0x163 + 0x162 + 0x16777216 + 0x1048576
0x161 + 0x160 + 0x65536 + 0x4096 +
0x256 + 0x16 + 0x1

Flip(for
Two’s complement binary +1 Decimal
negative)
10102
0101 0110 -6
1101102
001001 001010 -10
011100002
=01110000 + 112
011100112
=01110011 + 115
3.
a. 100110012 + 010001002

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
+ 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
(8 bits)
b. 110100102 + 101101102

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
+ 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
(9 bits) =overflow