STEPENOVANJE

Proizvod a ⋅ a ⋅ ... ⋅ a = a n naziva se n -tim stepenom broja. Ako je a ∈ R , a ≠ 0 i neka je n ∈ N

n − puta

Po definiciji je:

0
4
1) a 0 = 1 → primer: 50 = 1, (−3) 0 = 1,   = 1
7
1 1 1 1 1
2) a − n = n → primer: 3− 2 = 2 = , 5−3 = 3 =
a 3 9 5 125
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Još važe sledeća pravila:

3) a m ⋅ a n = a m + n → primer: 32 ⋅ 35 = 32+ 5 = 37
4) a m : a n = a m − n → primer: 710 : 7 6 = 710−6 = 7 4
5) (a m ) n = a m⋅n → primer: (23 ) 5 = 23⋅5 = 215
6) (a ⋅ b)n = a n ⋅ b n → primer: (12 ⋅11)5 = 125 ⋅115
n 2
a an 7 72
7)   = n → primer   = 2
b b 4 4
−n n −2 2
a b 2 3 32 9
8)   =  → primer   =   = 2 =
b a 3 2 2 4

O čemu treba voditi računa?

Treba paziti na zapis: (−5) 2 = (−5)(−5) = 25 , dok − 52 = −5 ⋅ 5 = −25 . Uopšteno važi:

(−a ) paran = a paran

(− a ) neparan = − a neparan

Dakle, paran izložilac “uništi’’ minus.

1
 ZADACI

(2 7 : 25 ) ⋅ 23
1) Izračunati:
24 : 22

(27 : 25 ) ⋅ 23 27 −5 ⋅ 23 22 ⋅ 23 22 +3 25
4 2
= 4− 2
= 2
= 2 = 2 = 2 5 − 2 = 23 = 8
2 :2 2 2 2 2
_____________________________________________________________

35 ⋅ 93
2) Izračunati:
27 2 ⋅ 3

35 ⋅ 93 35 ⋅ (32 )3 35 ⋅ 36 35
= = = = 35−1 = 34 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 = 81
27 2 ⋅ 3 (33 )2 ⋅ 31 36 ⋅ 31 31

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( x 4 )3 ⋅ x 3 : x 5
3) Izračunati: =
( x 5 : x 2 )3

( x 4 )3 ⋅ x 3 : x 5 x12 ⋅ x 3 : x 5 x12+3−5 x10

5 2 3
= 5− 2 3
= 3 3 = 9 = x10−9 = x1 = x
(x : x ) (x ) (x ) x
_______________________________________________________________

3n +1 ⋅ 3n + 2
4) Izračunati:
32 n + 4

3 n +1 ⋅ 3 n + 2 3 n +1+ n + 2 3 2 n +3
= 2 n + 4 = 2 n + 4 = Pazi na zagrade zbog minusa
3 2 n+ 4 3 3
1 1
= 3( 2 n + 3) −( 2 n + 4) = 32 n+ 3− 2 n− 4 = 3−1 = 1 =
3 3
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2
5) Izračunati 0,5 −1 + 0,25−2 + 0,125−3 + 0,0625 −4
0,5 −1 + 0,25−2 + 0,125−3 + 0,0625−4 =
−1 −2 −3 −4
1 1 1 1
  +  +  +  =
2 4 8  16 
1 2 3 4
 2   4   8   16 
  +  +  +  =
1  2 1  1 
21 + 4 2 + 83 + 16 4 = 2 + 16 + 512 + 65536 = 66066
_________________________________________________________________

6) Izračunati 1−1 + 2 −2 + 3−3 + (−1) −1 + (−2) −2 + (−3) −3

1−1 + 2 −2 + 3−3 + (−1) −1 + (−2) −2 + (−3) −3 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ 2+ 3+ + + =
1 2 3 (−1) (−2) 1 2
(−3) 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
1+ + −1 + − = + = =
4 27 4 27 4 4 4 2
_________________________________________________________________

−4 2 −2
1 3 5
7) Ako je a = 53 ⋅   ⋅   i b = 10 3   nadji a ⋅ b −1
4 2 3

−4 2 4
1 3 4 3
2
53 ⋅ 44 ⋅ 32
a = 5 ⋅   ⋅   = 53 ⋅   ⋅ 2 =
3

4 2 1 2 22

53 ⋅ (22 ) 4 ⋅ 32
= 2
= 53 ⋅ (22 )3 ⋅ 32 = 53 ⋅ 26 ⋅ 32
2
−2 2
5 3 3 103 ⋅ 32 (5 ⋅ 2)3 ⋅ 32 53 ⋅ 23 ⋅ 32
b = 10 ⋅   = 10 ⋅   =
3
2
= 2
= 2
= 5 ⋅ 2 3 ⋅ 32
3 5 5 5 5

1
Konačno, računamo a ⋅ b −1 = a ⋅
b

1
a ⋅ b −1 = 53 ⋅ 26 ⋅ 32 ⋅ = 52 ⋅ 23 = 25 ⋅ 8 = 200
5 ⋅2 ⋅ 3 1 3 2

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3
   5 x −5  −2  y −1  −3 
8) Izračunati   − 2  ⋅  −1   : 10 x 2 y −3
  2 y   5x  
 
  5 x −5  −2  y −1  −3 
  ⋅  −1   : 10 x 2 y −3 =
 −2 
  2 y   5x  
 
 5 −2 ⋅ x10 y3 
 − 2 4 ⋅ −3 3  : 10 x 2 y −3 =
 2 ⋅y 5 ⋅x 
(5 − 2+ 3 ⋅ x10−3 ⋅ y 3− 4 ⋅ 2 2 ) : 10 x 2 y −3 =
(51 ⋅ x 7 ⋅ y −1 ⋅ 4) : 10 x 2 y −3 =
20 7 − 2 −1−( −3)
x y = 2 x 5 y −1+3 = 2 x 5 y 2
10
__________________________________________________________

1 −3 1 − 4
10 + 10
x
9) Ako je 10 = 2 2 Odrediti x.
55 ⋅10 −7

1 −3 1 − 4 1 1
10 + 10 +
2 2
−7
= 2000 20000 = (izvučemo gore zajednički)
55 ⋅10 55
10000000
1  1 1 11 11
1 +  ⋅
2000  10  2000 10
= = 20000 =
55 55 55
10000000 10000000 10000000
11 ⋅10000000 11 ⋅10000000 10000000
= = = 100 = 102
20000 ⋅ 55 11 ⋅100000 100000

sada je 10 x = 10 2 , dakle x = 2
________________________________________________________

10)
a) A ⋅10 −5 = 0,2 ⋅ 0,008 b) B ⋅10 −6 = 0,04 ⋅ 0,006
A ⋅10 −5 = 2 ⋅10 −1 ⋅ 8 ⋅10 −3 B ⋅10 −6 = 4 ⋅10 − 2 ⋅ 6 ⋅10 −3
A ⋅10 −5 = 16 ⋅10 − 4 B ⋅10 −6 = 24 ⋅10 −5
16 ⋅10 − 4 24 ⋅10 −5
A= B=
10 −5 10 −6
A = 16 ⋅10 −4−( −5) B = 24 ⋅10 −5+ 6
A = 16 ⋅10 −4+5 B = 24 ⋅10
A = 16 ⋅10 B = 240
A = 160 4
Ovde smo koristili zapisivanje realnog broja u sistemu sa osnovnim 10. Ovo je dobra

opcija kada je broj “glomazan’’.

Primeri:

1) Brzina svetlosti je približno c ≈ 300000000m / s a mi je “lakše’’ zapisujemo

c ≈ 3 ⋅108 m / s , 108 - znači da ima 8 nula iza jedinice!!!
1 1 1 2
2) = = ⋅10 −5 = ⋅10 −5 = 2 ⋅10 −1 ⋅10 −5 = 2 ⋅10 −6
500000 5 ⋅10 5
5 10
−5 −5
3) 0,000069 = 6,9 ⋅10 ≈ 7 ⋅10
4) Površina zemlje je 510083000km 2 ali mi zapisujemo ≈ 5 ⋅108 km 2

 3a − x 2a − x ax  a−x
11) Izračunati  − −  :
1− a
−x
1 + a − x a 2 x − 1  a x − a − x

 3a − x 2a − x ax  a−x
 − − : =
1− a
−x
1 + a − x a 2 x − 1  a x − a − x
 3 2  1
 ax x a x
 x
 − a − 2x  : a =
1 1 a −1 1
 1− x 1+ x  a − x
x

 a a  a
 3 2  1
 x x a x  x
 xa − xa − 2 x  : 2ax =
 a −1 a + 1 a −1  a −1
 x 
 a ax  ax
 3 2 ax  1
 x − −  : 2x =
 a − 1 a + 1 (a − 1)(a + 1)  a − 1
x x x

3(a x + 1) − 2(a x − 1) − a x a 2 x − 1
⋅ =
(a x − 1)(a x + 1) 1
3a x + 3 − 2a x + 2 − a x (a − 1)(a + 1)
x x

⋅ =
(a x − 1)(a x + 1) 1
= 3+ 2 = 5

5
  x − x −2 x − x −1  1 − x −1
12) Izračunati  − 2 −1
− −2
:
−1  −1
 x + x +1 1+ x + 2 ⋅ x  1+ x

 x − x −2 x − x −1  1 − x −1
 −2 −1
− −2 −1 
: −1
=
 x + x +1 1+ x + 2 ⋅ x  1+ x
 1 1  1
 x − x2 x−
x  1−
x =
 1 1 −
1 2
:
1
 2 + +1 1+ 2 +  1+
x x x x x
 x3 − 1 x2 − 1  x −1
 
 x2 − x : x =
 1+ x + x
2
x2 + 1 + 2x  x +1
 
 x2 x2  x
 ( x − 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) x( x − 1) ( x + 1)  x −1
 − : =
 x 2
+ x + 1 ( x + 1) 2  x +1
 

 x − 1 x( x − 1)  x − 1
 − : =
 1 x +1  x +1
( x − 1)( x + 1) − x( x − 1) x + 1
⋅ =
x +1 x −1
( x − 1) [ ( x + 1) − x ] x + 1
⋅ = x +1− x = 1
x +1 x −1

6
  an a −n   a n a −n 
13) Izračunati A =  +  −  + 
 1− a
−n
1 + a − n   1 + a −n 1 − a − n 
 an a−n   an a −n 
A= −n
+ −
  + 
 1− a 1 + a −n   1 + a−n 1 − a−n 
 1   1 
 an n   an an 
A= + a −
  + 
1 1 1 1
 1− n 1+ n   1+ n 1− n 
 a a   a a 
 an 1   1 
 n   an n 
A =  n1 + na  −  n + na 
 a −1 a +1   a + 1 a −1 
 n   
 a an   an an 
 a2n 1   a2n 1 
A= n + n − n + n 
 a −1 a + 1   a + 1 a −1 
a 2 n (a n + 1) + 1(a n − 1) a 2 n (a n − 1) + 1(a n + 1)
A= −
(a n − 1)(a n + 1) (a n + 1)(a n − 1)
a 3n + a 2 n + a n − 1 − (a 3n − a 2 n + a n + 1)
A=
(a n − 1)(a n + 1)
a 3n + a 2 n + a n − 1 − a 3 n + a 2 n − a n − 1
A=
(a n − 1)(a n + 1)
2a 2 n − 2 2(a 2 n − 1) 2 (a n − 1) (a n + 1)
A= = = =2
(a n − 1)(a n + 1) (a n − 1)(a n + 1) (a n − 1) (a n + 1)